ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS FOR SONAR TRANSDUCER TEST PERSONNEL STUDENT GUIDE NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER New London, Connecticut 1 MARCH 1990TABLE OF CONTENTS Section/Topic Page FRONT MATTER Table of contents I Course Introduction Ll A. Course information i 1. Purpose T-1 2. Objectives I-l B, Sonar overview 110 1. Introduction 110 2. General application of sonar 1-10 3. Detection methods L10 4. Fleet sonars 113 II Principles of Acoustics T-1 A. Nature of sound . I1-2 1. Introduction II-2 2. Elastic media I-2 3. Compressional waves I-7 B. Sound generation and reception TI-13 1. Introduction I-13 2. Magnetostrictive effect I-15 3. Piezoelectric effect I-17 4. Electrostrictive effect II-18 5. Sonar transducer construction II-19 6. Sonar transducer terminology TI-23 C. Characteristics of sound fields II-25 1. Introduction TI-25 2. Sound intensity I-25 3. The decibel II-26 4. Logarithms I-27 5. Spherical spreading I-32 6. Directional sources I1-35 7. Spherical waves and plane waves 11-36 D. Underwater acoustic measurements 11-37 1. Sound pressure level I-37 2. Transmitting voltage response Tl-413. Transmitting current response 4, Free-field voltage sensitivity 5. Transducer directivity patterns in sonar applications 6. Directivity Factor/Index 7. Transducer Efficiency 8. Reciprocity calibration of sonar transducers 9. Hydrophone sum/difference null test 10, Transducer linearity measurments 11. Harmonie distortion 12. Transducer Impedance E. Measurement considerations 1. Choice of Testing Geometry 2. Signal interference 3. Air bubble effects 4. Cavitation effects 5. Impedance matching 6. Additional cable effects 7. Transducer preparation (soaking, washing, degassing) III Conclusion A. Review Instructional References Appendix A. Reciprocity Calibration B. Recriprocity Parameter Values C. Signal Interference Calculations for Continuous Wave Measurements D. Methods of Calculating Directivity Index II-44 TI-45 11-49 11-64 IL-64A 11-64C 11-68 1-73 1-74 I-77 11-79 1-79 I-86 TI-96 11-98 II-100 TI-103 TI-106 Il-1 TIl-2 Al B-1 C-1 D-1