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HF Operators: Magnetics: Ferrites, Beads and Baluns
HF Operators: Magnetics: Ferrites, Beads and Baluns
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MAGNETICS:
FERRITES, BEADS and BALUNS
by
John White
VA7JW
24 March 2011
NSARC HF Operators
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! HF Dipoles and coaxial cables have a nasty compatibility
problem
! Dipoles are balanced structures
! Coax is an unbalanced feed line
! Connecting an unbalanced circuit
directly to a balanced circuit leads
to undesired effects
! Performance properties of the coax and antenna are
compromised
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NSARC HF Operators
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! Dipoles are ideally balanced due to their symmetry, but
24 March 2011
NSARC HF Operators
The Issues
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24 March 2011
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Requirements
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! Convert unbalanced feed line to match a balanced feed point
! Force balanced currents into the antenna feed point to
compensate for local unbalancing effects
! Keep RF signal INSIDE the coax thus eliminating RF currents
from the coaxial feed line that will radiate.
! Restore radiation patterns to that of the antenna alone
! Suppress noise currents on outside of coax from entering the
coax and being part of the received signal
! Some required background on Magnetics
24 March 2011
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MAGNETICS
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Iron
Nickel
Zinc
Manganese
Cobalt
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Magnetic Flux B
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Inductance
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! Wires, straight or coiled, with or without and cores, have
Inductance due to the presence of a current & magnetic field
! Type of material, the number of turns, the frequency of
operation and core selection all determine design of the
inductor
! Inductance is inherent in Transformers, Beads and Baluns
! The challenge is to tailor the magnetic component the
application
! Reminder: inductive reactance. This is an impedance to the
flow of AC currents, frequency dependent, & increases with
frequency
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Permeability
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! Flux Density can be increased by inserting different cores,
that is, magnetic materials inside the coil
! The ability of a material to intensify a magnetic field is
referred to as PERMEABILITY, symbol of
! Cores come with many different permeability's
! Range from = 1 (air) to 10,000 + for RF cores
! The higher the Permeability, the higher the inductance
! High permeability is needed to meet the low-frequency
requirements for inductance i.e. at 160 m / 1.8 MHz
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Core Losses
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! Hysteresis
! Eddy currents
" Core materials are conductive metals
" Changing magnetic field causes circulating
currents to flow in the core material
" Core materials are not great conductors
" Heat is generated in the core since P = I 2 R
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Loss Reduction
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! Have to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses
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Core Saturation
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RF Materials
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! Core material has to be carefully chosen for the application
! Frequency is the greatest consideration
! High efficiency = low losses & minimal heating
! Three Choices:
! Magnetic Steel cores 60 Hz thru audio < 20 kHz Not for RF
! Iron Powdered Iron cores - audio thru HF +
! FERRITE core audio thru UHF
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NSARC HF Operators
Possibly RF
YES for RF
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Ferrite Material
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! MO-Fe2O3 Metal oxide-Ferric oxide
" Fe, iron, is as always, the main component
" MO refers to oxides of Zinc, Nickel and others ..
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Choice of Shapes
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! Lots of geometries
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Rods
Toroid
Sleeves
Pot cores
E I Structures
Others
Given a shape- choose different sizes
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Core Shielding
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(coupling)
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! Suppress RF currents flowing on wiring
! RF Interference control
" Keep RF out of shack equipment malfunction / shock hazard
" Suppress interference with home electronics
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Ferrite Suppressors
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! Beads & Snap on ferrites are used
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Suppressor Properties
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! Typical impedance performance - 1 bead with single wire
passing through is a 1 turn inductor
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! RFI problems generally result from transmitted signal
radiated from close-by antenna
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! Example
! Ferrites on Alarm sense leads
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AC Power Cord
DC Power
+
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Sources of Supply
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BALUNS
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! Balun is derived from BALanced to UNbalanced
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ANTENNA
RADIATION
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ANTENNA
RADIATION
ANTENNA
1A
0.9 A
Antenna
1A
1A
0.1 A
FEED LINE
RADIATION
Coax Center
Conductor 1
COAX
1A
0.1 A
1A
RIG
METAL
RADIO
CABINET
0.1 A
RF IN THE
SHACK
RF AMP
1A
1A
Rig
1A
0.1 A
Ground
Earth
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! Skin effect RF flows on SURFACE of conductor
Center conductor
Inside surface of braid
Outside surface of braid
Desired RF exists between center conductor & inside surface of
the braid RF signal is contained, except at the end
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Impedance
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!
!
!
!
!
!
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Current exits coax BRAID at antenna
Free to flow to antenna AND outside of coax on braid
Impedance of these two paths determines division of current
The lower impedance hogs the current
Antenna 25 100 ? ? thereabouts
Coax braid + equipment + ground impedance uncontrolled
Could be High or Low
" path length = multiples of quarter wave = Hi Z
" Path length = multiples of half wavelength = Low Z
" Given a fixed length of feed line, problem of RF in shack could
be very dependent on operating frequency
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Consequences
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! Radiation from feed line will alter antenna radiation pattern
" Effect of coax radiation is indeterminate
" Antenna system radiation patterns not as designed
! RF in the shack
"
"
"
"
"
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Transformers
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Conventional Transformer
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I2 is I1
1:1
1:1
I1
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I2
I1
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I2
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TLT - Current
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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I1
OUT
I2
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! Chokes off current flow on outside of the Braid
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Ununs
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! UNbalanced to UNbalanced
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TLT - Voltage
!
!
!
!
!
!
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V/2
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W3
W2
IN
V
V/2
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OUT
V/2
W1
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OUT
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ANTENNA
ANTENNA
RADIATION
ANTENNA
RADIATION
NOT CHOKES
TRANSMISSION LINE
TRANSFORMER
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V
1A
I2
1A
1A
1A
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Coaxial Balun
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! Simple & Least expensive cost of coax
Makes an RF choke
Keeps RF off outside of coax
Hang at feed point
better
Coil does NOT affect RF
inside the coax (the signal)
! Issues
" Heavy
" Inductance is low
! choking at low frequencies 160, 80 40 m is compromised
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! Notice narrow band effectiveness of coil
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Impedance Ratios
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! Bead Balun
" Choking action can be expected on receive preventing noise signals
picked up on outside of coax from entering coax
" Receive noise levels could be lower compared to that of no balun
! Current Balun
" Receive currents from antenna are forced equal regardless of the
reality of an unbalanced antenna
" Noise currents on outside of coax braid are rejected
" Quieter
! Voltage Balun
" Does not offer coax noise rejection
! Coax Balun
" Limited noise rejection, narrow-banded
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Summary
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! Current baluns
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" Install ferrite beads on coax at antenna to choke off radiating line current
" Purchased Balun may cost about same and provides a support eye
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References
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http://www.dxengineering.com/techarticlepopup.asp?ID={3E5220F7-2D0F45B5-85F7-3B654F804C4F}
http://www.fair-rite.com/newfair/materials.htm
http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_baluns.htm
http://www.arraysolutions.com/Products/baluns.htm
http://www.yccc.org/Articles/Antennas/N1IW/Balun_short_version.ppt#256,1,
Balun/Unun Construction
http://w2du.com/r2ch21.pdf
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Addendum 1
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Transformer Construction
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! Wire Winding
" Wind primary on bobbin
" Insulation layer
" Wind secondary overtop
! Core Construction
"
"
"
"
"
bobbin
E I lamination
core stack
finished transformer
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60 Hz Power Transformer
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! 60 Hz low frequency applications characterized by
"
"
"
"
Large cores
Large inductances
Large number of turns
Heavy & Big
! Chokes
" Smoothing rectified AC to DC
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Addendum 2
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! Iron powders
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! Permeabilitys up to 100
! Frequency range usually to 1 MHz
! Depending on application, an be used into HF region.
! Cost is low to moderate
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Addendum 3
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B-H curve
! B AND H
! MAGNETIC UNITS
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! HARD magnetic material
"
"
"
"
"
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B and H
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Magnetic Units
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