ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AABIO703 STUDENT'S NOTES Contents, 1. ICE FORMATION, 3 1.4 CuassincaTion ano DeTecToN INTRODUCTION a 12. FACTORS AFFECTING ICE FORMATION. a 43 TYPESOFICE FORMATION a Tor Nose Foe 3 133 Ghat’ 3 135 haw 3 Et Etec On Are 6 32 _ Gets ong on The rsd 5 418 METHODS OF c= DETECTION 7 Wet vial Het od) ce Osa. a 4152 Presuwe Opera ce Detect Hids ° 163 Sormiod Retor itn Detector eas ‘fo 184 _Viatng Roses Detector 4 17 kee Fomsnon spor Lo. 2 18 Auten m0 Deion SstENs 2 19 wrmooucnen 2 a Bestng 2 4182 Arg Satan a 4130. edemcianrlene SYSTEMS -Gencia. 3 4a Fuosysrens 13 fit Winders Pen. 2 12. Aart Sytons ie 113, Propalr Sytem ie 2 PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS 19 122 Ben ® A248. Operon 2 113. THERMAL HOT A) SYSTEM 2 Vist Esha Gas Hoang Sion. a 1432. HetarSiees Sat Fs {4 ELECTRICAL ICE PROTECTION SYSTEN. 2 1142 Seay Ma 2 1343. Wiser Ang 3 1.18. Wnosonee Caan WinooH Deastne SraTENS ey UniKL MIAT | JE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM [Rev 01/2] =} ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AAB1O703 STUDENTS NOTES. 118 RevReveusir oan Reson 17 WINDSCREEN CLEARING SYSTEMS 148 Wrescreen Ween Sreeus, 1482. Beste § 1183 Wissen Wiper Sei 118 PNEUMATICRAN REMOVAL SYSTEMS 4120, WINDSCREEN WASHING SYSTEM, 121 RAINREPELLANT 122, Dramas Heats 123. Waren suretriso Onan nes. te Oenasrs abe eet eases UnKL MIAT ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM [Rev 01/12) | 2 |ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AABI0703 ‘STUDENTS NOTES. 4. ICE FORMATION, {CLASSIFICATION AND DETECTION INTRODUCTION “The operation of ical inte peesent day necesiates yng in all weather eontions {nd iis essen! tht tno arcrat is prcoctod against the buld up of co which may ‘Sect the safely and perfomance of te art Aircraft designed for public wanspot and some mitary seat! must be provided with ‘eran detection and potscton oqupmont for fight which tere is a probaly of ‘encountering ig or ain) condos. In adton to the reqiements cuted above, cotsin basic standards have tobe met by at areran wromer or ot oxy are rewure to be prtwctos Uy Ue tune ‘These basi equrements are ntandd to provide a reasonable protection ihe aia ie flown mtontonaly for shor prods ning cantons. The requrements cover Such ‘onsiderstons asthe eabity and con balance charactors, amma of contol tnd the ably of he engine conte a function. 4.2. FACTORS AFFECTING ICE FORMATION Joe formation on arcaft in igh isthe same a8 thal on the ground can be dass’ ‘indo four main headings, Le Hoar ros, mo, Glaze lea and Pack Snow Dependent fon the creumatancos, varaions ofthese forms of icing can occu and two afferent ‘9pet of ng may appear smutanoousy on prs of he avcraft Ice in the atmospheres caused by cokness acting on moisture nthe a. Water occurs Inthe atmosphere 9 thee forme, Le Inisble vapour, iqud wator and ioe The ‘Salt crops of baud water consti clouds nfo, he target drops cour ony ih ‘am and in betwcon these are the drop making aeze, long consists of crystal, Do fizo and densly bang dependent on th temperature and the hype of water nthe tSmasphere from which they fom. SnoWlakes ar produced when 2 numer ofthese {yea ek tageher orn vor col regions, by smal nda eyes 4.3. TYPES OF ICE FORMATION 4134 HOAR FROST Hoar frost occurs on a surface which isa a temperature below the fost pint of he [scjacant a and of cous, below feeang port tis formed in dear af when water ‘pour condenses onthe cod srrame surface and ls converted act toe and bile upto a hie so-erystaline coating; nema hoar frosts fester. ‘nen haar frost occurs on strat on te ground the weight of he deposits uni to be seriou, but he cepost, not removed tom the alam, may sero wih the Sitow and atanment offing speed uring lake of, he windsereen may bo obscured land the fee working contol surfaces may be affected Hoar fost on ara in fght ‘eualy commences with thi layer af glaze ico on the leading edg0, otowed by the formation of frst which gradual spreads over the whole sua ecuaTicemonnmnorccronsveeuoia ‘lll(YUBA) ice ano rain protection sysreM -AaBt0702 STUDENT'S NOTES ‘gin te effects are not usually serous, tough some change in the landing ‘Characters of he arr conbe expected 4132 RIMEICE “This ce formation, which is oss dense than glaze ic, i an opaque, rough depos. At ground lorl tors i Weezing fog and corals of depoat of sc on the windward $0 of exposed objets. Rime is Ih and porous and fosuts fom tho smal water tops freeing as vidual partes wt tor no spreading, alge amount fe trapped between the paises. erat n fight may experience rime ling when fying trough a cloud of smal water rops with tho ai tmmparature and the tomperatro of he aeamo blow reszig pant. ihe tong buts up on te leg eaye, bl does nat extend Tor back sing tw chore leo of tis iype us Has po great weight, But the danger of time eat Rl efor ‘wn the aw over te wings. Ifthe super-oole érplets are ena enough andthe temperatures low, each droplet froazes instant on impact a2 an inliul parle and bang a now-sdheave cry powder in the sipsream te secumulaton onthe sats not sorous. This call Fepaque ame laze ice isthe glassy deposit hat forms over the village pond in th depth of wile Gn aerating, gaze lc form whan he aera encounters lange wator cope mn ‘Souds or in foezing rain (or supercooled rain) wth to i temperate and the srperature af the aram below Foazing pint. Icons of a ansparent or opaque ‘Coating of ce tha glassy surface ae resus fom bw gid water own ove te ‘Srrame bafrefecaing. Glaze io may be mixed with slat of crow. TT WILL FORM IN GREATEST THICKNESS ON THE LEADING EDGES OF AEROFOLS AND IN REDUCED THICKNESS AS FAR AFT AS ONE HALF OF THE CHORD. oe formed in {hs way is dense, ough and sts ose to the surface of teaver cannot easly be shaken of ard ft roaks off at al comes away in lamps ofan appreciable and ‘sometimen dangerous se “The main danger of glaze ie sil erodymamic but also the weight of tho ios produces Unequal loading and propeler bade vibrators. Gaze ce isthe MOST SEVERE ard ‘ost dangerous frm of formation on erat becauce of ts high RATE OF CATCH, ‘Super-coced vans are f the Sith isles buts more common onthe Contant and Est coast of Noth Amara. Normal, sna fang on an scat fight oes nat sete, but fhe ampere of tho ‘Same is blow fering pot, daze ce may form fom tha meisturo fo snow. The {Eng ofthe arcraf in such conditions, however, is pay due t weler drops, hough ‘snow may subeequenly be enbeddod ine ee so formed.ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AABIO703 STUDENT'S NOTES. Halls formed when water crops, fang as rain, pass rough eng levels and froze ‘Ar curt in some strm clouds (Cumulus) may cay the hi vertically trough the cout 8 numberof times, iereasng the sas ofthe hatone at each past unt iit heavy eneugh fo breakout ofthe base ofthe oud an al towards earth, ‘Ara encountrng tis type of ie formation may sur severe damage in the form of dented stn, cracked wdseroors, blocked intakes and serous damage W gas bine 44 AREAS TO BE PROTECTED canta 2. allaeool lading edge ‘ngine a intakes (using carburetor intakes) © windereens 6. propels pitt static prssure he} ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AAB10703 STUDENT'S NOTES Pres pe eat Icing - Areas tobe Protected Figure “The buld up of ce on the aia is kroun a8 Ye acrelion and, fom the fereging it is evident that fie continues 0 be deposted on the eicraft one, or more, of be {otowing efiocts may occur 2. Decrease in Lit This may our due to changes in wing secton resulting in loss of steamined fw around the leading edge ana top surfaces. i. Increase in Drag ‘iraq wi incraace duo tothe rough sufecs,espetaly If he formation is rie. This Condon resus really Inreased surface fcon , Increased Weight and Wing Loading “The weight of hele may prevent he ara rom mainsning hag 1d. Decrease in Thrust Wan turboprop ane piston engines, te fisoncy of he proper will decroaco de to iteration ofthe blade pel and increased bade thickness Viration may also occur fe to unaven dstbuton of ee along the blades. a eres presICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AAB10703 ‘STUDENTS NOTES, Gas Turine engines may also be affeced by ice on the engine intake, causing ) o> — WINDSCREEN WASH RESERVOIR Electrically Driven Windscreen Wash System Figure 30, UniKL MIAT | ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM [Rev 01/12] EaICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AAB10703 STUDENT'S NOTES ‘Servicing of the system involves functionally testing the system, replenishment of the reservoir and checks for security, leaks and damage. ‘The system may be used in fight and on the ground. 4.21 RAIN REPELLANT When water is poured onto clear glass it spreads evenly to form a thin film. Even when the glass is tiled at an angle and subjected to an air stream, the glass will remain wetted and reduce vision. However, when the glass is treated with certain chemicals (typically silicone based), the water film will break up and form beads of water, leaving the glass dry between the beads. The water can now be readily removed, Thie principio ie uood on come aircraft for romoving rain from windscreens. The chemical is stored in pressurised, disposable cans and is discharged on to the windscreen through propeling nozzles, Examples of rain repellent systems are shown. The following system shows a combined rain repellent and windscreen washing system. UniKL MIAT | ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM [Rev 01/12] zzICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AAB10703 STUDENT'S NOTES ‘The system shown below is a rain repellent only system and uses a disposable pressurised canister. ‘CANISTER PusH BUTTON SweTcHES ciass, 4 supmer Rain ropeliont Syetom Figure 32 ‘The system is operated by a push button which causes the relevant solenoid valve to ‘open. Fluid from the container is discharged onto the windscreen for a period of about 5 seconds under the control of a time delay unit. About Scc of fluid is used with each discharge from the container which holds approximately §0 cc. The solenoid will be de- energised and the button must be re-selected for a further application. The fluid is spread over the screen by the rain which acts as a carter. The system may be used with, or without wipers, depending on the aircraft speed, but it is normally used to supplement the wipers in heavy rain at low altitude where airspeeds are low. Itis essential that the system is not operated on dry windscreens because: ‘+ heavy undiluted repellent will cause smearing ‘= the repellent may form globules and distort vision If the system is inadvertently operated, the windscreen wipers must not be used as this will increase the smearing. The ‘screen should be washed with clean water immediately. The windscreen wash system, i fitted, may be used. UnikL MIAT | ICC AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM [Rev 01/12] ca~ ) ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM - AAB10703, STUDENTS NOTES Rain repellent residues can cause staining or minor corrosion of the aircraft skin. 1.22 DRAIN MAST HEATING (On many large aircraft, the water supply and water drain lines are electrically heated to prevent ice formation. Power is nontally supplied via lie AC bus line and Is available both on the ground and in fight. 1.23 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAIN LINES Heater tapes and blankets are wrapped around some water supply and drain lines, the temperature being controlled by thermostats. In a typical aircraft (Boeing 757), the thermostats control the heating, to open when the temperature exceeds 15.5°C and closes when the temperature drops to 7.2°C. Heating gaskets may be installed on the ends of toilet drain pipes. 1.24 DRAIN MASTS, Drain masts are heated to allow in-fight drainage without freezing. Drain mast heating is controlled by an airiground relay. Low heat is supplied on the ground and high heal in ight Figure 37 overleaf illustrates some of the heating methods used. UnikL MIAT | ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM [Rev 01/12] zk