1

: ( )
-

;
,
.
,
= 0 = 0 = 0 = 0.
(x-1)(x+2) = 0 x-1 = 0 x+2 =0 x-1 x = -2

;
(!
x 2 3x + 2
). ,
= 0 x 2 3 x + 2 = 0 x 0 x 1
x
x =2.
;
) .
: = + = + .
)
. : = = ,
0.
) 2 .
!

;

2 ,
i) = . ( ) .
ii) A = 1, 1 =
iii) = 0, 0, : 0 = 1.

: = -, 0

= , 0

( ) =

() = =()
- =

1
, 0
a

- :
) ( +)2 = 2 + 2 + 2
) (-)2 = 2 2 + 2
) (+)(-) = 2 2
) 3 3 = (-)(2 + +2)
) 3 + 3 = (+)(2 + 2)
) (+)3 = 3 +3 2 + 3 2 + 3
) (-)3 = 3 3 2 + 32 3
) = (-)(-1 + -2 ++-2 +-1)
1
) 3 + 3 + 3 3 = (++) (a ) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2
2
) + + = 0, 3 +3 +3 = 3

! (
), , x29 = x232 = (x-3)(x+3) ,
.
-

;
, -
:
: 0

;
i)
0 0, + 0 ( )
ii)
0 0, + 0 (
)
a
iii)
, 0
0.

iv)

, 0

v)

R : 2 0

: ( )
;
i) .
: , + +
ii)

, . :
0 ,
iii)

, . :
0 ,

2 ! ( .. 11)
:
1 x
x +1
( x

2
x 1
x
)
:
1 x
1 x
x +1
x +1
2

2
0 ( ).
x 1
x
x 1
x
x ( x + 1) 2 x( x 1) (1 x)( x 1)
x 2 + x 2 x 2 + 2 x ( x 1 x 2 + x)

0
0
x ( x 1)
x ( x 1)
x +1

0 x ( x 1) ( x + 1) 0
x ( x 1)

-1
x
(x+1)
(x-1)
x(x+1)(x-1)
-

x 1 0 x 1
: x 0 x1.
x 1 0 < x < 1.
x ( ,1] (0,1)

+
+

+
+
-

+
+
+
+

;
) , ,
. :

, + +

) ,
, . :

, , , 0
,

, 0 N, :

) a .
)
, ,
, :
1
1
, ,

;
, , . :

a = x x = ,
x 0

.
! , = 1/2
1) 0
2)

( )

= , = , . 2 = ,

3) , 0, :

a =

4) , 0 0, :

3 =

5) , 0 , , :

( )

6) 0 , , :

a =

7)

8) 0 , : / = a
!!
1

1 1

a = a =

1
= a

1/ =

! .
.
- ,
.
: x = 6 x
: x 0. ( x ) 2 =| x |= x :
( x ) 2 = (6 x ) 2 x = 36 12 x + x 2 x 2 13 x + 36 = 0 x = 4 x =9.

4 = 6 4 . x = 4.
9 = 3 6 9 . !

x2 + x + 0;
! ! !
) 0, , 1 2
:
x2 + x + = (x-1)(x 2)
) = 0, , :
x2 + x + = (x )2
) 0, .

x2 + x + 0 xR;
) 0, , x1 x2 :

x
f(x)

x1

x2

( ) x
( )
x .
B) = 0, f(x) :
x
f(x)

f(x) R -

, .
2

) 0, xR.
, x1 < x
< x2 x1, x2 .

:
x2 + x + = f(x) x1, x2 x1+ x2 = -/ x1 x2 = /

- : x .
! ( ) !

:
20
20
1 =
x+2
x+3
:
: x + 2 0 x 2 x + 3 0 x -3
( )
20
20
( x + 2)( x + 3)
( x + 2)( x + 3) 1 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)

,
x+2
x+3
20( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x + 3) = 20( x + 2) x 2 + 5 x 14 = 0 x = 2 x = -7
, .
-
:
a = , 0
-, 0

-
1) a 0

a -

a = 2

2) 0, :

x = x= x=-
x = a x= x=-
3) 0, :

x - x

4) 0, :

x x - x

5) 2 =
! !

,
| x 1 | +2 = x | x 1 |= x 2 | x 1 | 2 = ( x 2) 2 x 2 2 x + 1 = x 2 4 x + 4 2 x = 3 x =

, :
| x 1 | + | x 2 |= 2
: (1 2)

3
2

x
|x 1|
|x 2|
|x 1| + |x-2|
:

-
-x + 1
-x + 2
-2x + 3

1
0

x1
-x + 2
1

x < 1 : - 2x + 3 = 2 -2x = -1 x =
1 x 2 : 1 = 2 .
x > 2 : 2x - 3 = 2 2x = 5 x =

2
0

x-1
x2
2x - 3

1
< 1
2

5
> 2 .
2

:
(x-)
2 :
10:
P(x) x- P(x),
P()=0
20:
(0)
x + -1x-1+1 x+0 = 0
0, 1,, 0.
,
, :

:
P(x) = x3 3x2 + x + 2
P(x) = 0
: 2 1,2 .
P(2) = 0 x 2 ( ) P(x).
:
x3 3x2 +x + 2
-x3 + 2x2
- x2 + x + 2

x2
x2 x -1

+x2 2x
- x +2
+x-2
0

x3 x ->x2

0 ( )

P(x) = (x-2) (x2-x-1)

1 5
1+ 5

2
2
1 5
1+ 5
P(x) = (x-2) (x )(x )
2
2

To x2 x -1

P (x) = 0 x = 2 x =

1 5
1+ 5
x=
2
2

-
(2x2, 2 2 ):
1x + 1y = 1
2x + 2y = 2

( ) ,, R

,
(.. y) .
(
)
a1 1
1 1
1 1
D=
,
Dx =
,
Dy =
a2 2
2 2
2 2
Dx
Dy
,y=
D
D
) D = 0 (Dx 0 Dy 0) ()
) D = 0 Dx = 0 Dy = 0 () (
)

: ) D 0 () x =

x - y = - 1
2
x - 2y =

(). , ,

: .
,
- 1: D, Dx, Dy:
1
:
D= 2
= - 2 + 2 = (-2)

1 1
= -2(-1) + = 2

2
1
Dy = 2
= 2 2 (-1) = 2 (1- +1) = 2(2-)

Dx =

- 2: , D = 0
: D = 0 (-2) = 0 = 0 = 2
- 3: .
i) 0 2, D 0 ,
( 2)
Dx
1
2
:
x=
=
=
=D
( 2)
( 2)

 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2)
Dy
=
=
= -
D
( 2)
( 2)
ii) = 0, :
0 x y = 1
y =1

0 x 2 y = 0
y = 0
y=

iii) = 2, :
2 x y = 1
2 x y = 1

4 x 2 y = 2
2 x y = 1
2x y = 1 y = 2x -1,
(x, 2x-1), x .

:
(), () 1, 2, 3,,,

,
= 1 + (-1) ( 0) (- )
+

= [2a1 + ( 1) ] = 1
-
S =
2
2

() 1, 2, 3,.,
(0 1) ,
= 1 -1 (- ) S =
S =
-1 1 0.

a1 ( 1)
1

a1

1

. xIR x ( 2).
xIR x, :
f: IR IR f(x) = x,
, 1, .
( = 1, f(x) = 1.)
,
f(x) = x >1,
:
IR. ( .16)
( .16) (0, + ) .
IR. x1, x2IR :
x1 <x2, x1 < x2
yy (0,1)
x.
(.2)

 f(x) = x 0<<1, .
R x.

: f(x) = x 0< 1, :
x1 x2 a x1 a x 2
, , :
a x1 = a x 2 , x1 = x2.
, : a x1 = a x 2 x1 = x 2
:
1 :
1
i) 2 3 x =
ii) 9 x 8 3 x 9 = 0
64

i) :
1
23x =
2 3 x = 2 6 3 x = 6 x = 2
64

[ 1-1]

ii) H
3 2 x 8 3 x 9 = 0 (3 x ) 2 8 3 x 9 = 0 9=32 (32)x=32x
3x = y, y 2 8 y 9 = 0
-1 9. :
3x = -1 3x = 9. , 3x > 0, 3x = 32
x = 2, .
2 :
2
1
1
1 2
ii) ( ) x + x <
i) 3 x 3 x >
9
4
2

i)
2
2
1
3 x 3 x > 3 x 3 x > 3 2 x 2 3 x > 2 x 2 3 x + 2 > 0 x < 1 x > 2
9
3x . .
ii)
1
1 2
1
1 2
( ) x + x < ( ) x + x < ( ) 2 x 2 + x > 2 x 2 + x 2 > 0 x < 2 x > 1
2
2
4
2
x
(1/2) . .

:
: e x ;
y. , , ( 1)
2, , 2 8; log2 8 = 3
23 = 222=8! !

10

 :
ln(x y) = lnx + lny
x
ln = lnx lny
y

lnx = lnx
ln 1 = 0, lne = 1
x, y 0.
log ( 10).

: ln x = y x = ey ( log x = y x = 10y )
( e , loge x = lnx.
. 10 log)

;
, . 20
2004 :
2xlnx + x = 0 x (2lnx + 1) = 0.
- .
y = lnx y = logx x1 x2 lnx1 lnx2
( log). .
x1 = x2 lnx1= lnx2 1-1.
.
2004, 4 0
1
1
1
1

( ) x 1 ln ln( ) x ln 1
2
5
2
5
1
1
1
y = lnx . ln x ln 0 ln < 0
5
5
2
1
ln 2
1

( !)
< 1 ln 0 x
5
ln 5
5
2004 4

N0 N
N
N
N 01
1
1
1
9
=
O - 1=
0 =1+

=
t
N
N
N
8
8
8
8
N0e
t:
9
9
9
1
et =
t = ln t =
ln
8
8
8
:

11

 ( / . )
x(2lnx+1)=0
1
2
x = 0 x = e -1/2. lnx (0,
1
.
+ ). x = e-1/2 =
e
(.
) : x (2lnx +1) 0.
2lnx + 1 0 x (0, + ) x 0.
1
2 lnx + 1 0 lnx 2
E y = lnx , ln ln
.
1
1
lnx lnx lne -1/2 x e -1/2 x
2
e
( e

, ei + 1 =0!).

x=0

2lnx + 1 = 0

x=0

lnx = -

- :

y = x +

y yo = (x-xo)

x=x0

(x-xo)2 + (y yo)2 = 2

y2 = 2px

x2
y2
+
=1
a2
2

x2
y2
- 2 =1
a2

12

yy (0,)


(xo, yo)




(xo,yo)

p
( ,0)
2
p
x =
2

(-, 0), (, 0)
2 = 2 2

(-, 0), (, 0)
2 = 2 + 2

y 2 y1
A(x1,y1) B(x2,y2) 2
x 2 x1
. = x .
1 : y = 1x + 1 2 : y = 2x + 2
, 1//2 1 = 2
1: y = 1x + 1 2 : y = 2x + 2
-1, 1 2 1 2 = 1
- ;
( ) !
( , )
- =

10:
(xA,yA) (xB,yB).

x + xB y A + yB
H () ( ) A
,

2
2

(),
y yA
xB x A
1
() = -1 () . () =
.
=
() = AB
xB x A
yB y A

x + xB
(xB x A )
y A + yB
=
x A

2
2
yB y A
(! !)
() .
() 2
, d(,) = d(,) (x,y) ().

() : y -

20:
(xo,yo) . ,
C, (x xo)2 + (y - yo)2 = 2 d(M,K) = ,
(x,y) C , (>0) .
,
.
- ( )

13

0 0 rad

300
450
600
900

0
1
2

1
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

2
2
3
2
1

0
3
3
1

3
3
0

(
= 0)

! 180 0 rad, () = 1800 (rad) /

:
)
x, -x
:
(-x) = -x,
(-x) = x,
(-x) = -x,
(-x) = - x
)
x, -x
, :
(-x) = x,
(-x) = -x,
(-x) = -x,
(-x)= -x
)
x,

-x
2
:
(

-x) = x,

-x) =x,

-x)=x
2
2
2
2
)
x, +x
, :
(+x) = -x,
(+x) = -x,
(+x)=x,
(+x) = x
-

-x) = x,

(+) = +
(+) =
+
(+) =
1
2 = 2

(-) = -
(-) = +

(-) =
1 +

2 = 22 - 1 2 =

14

1 + 2
2

(1)

2 = 2 2
2 =

2
1 2

1 2
(2)
2
(1) (2)
.
2 = 1-22 2 =

! =.

.
-

.(
)

x = 2 +
) x =
, Z.
x = 2 +
) x = x = 2 , Z
) x = x = + ,
) x = x = + ,
!
, [0,2),
0, 1, 2 ,
[0,2).

;

(x,y),:
= y ( )
i)
= x ( )
ii)
:

, 1.
: - 1 1 -1 1
iii)
x2+y2=12
2 + 2 = 1 .

( , ).
20
10

+
+

30
+
+

40
+

15

M(x,y)

: xx yy .
1.

( ! )
- ;
R.
(function) f, xA
y. y
f x f(x).
: f: R xA f(x) = yR.
x, ,
y f x,
( x). f
Df.
- ;
x
. . f :
x2 + 3
x2 + 3
x
f(x) =
x 1
x 1

( ) f ;
f xA,
f(A). f(A) = {yR xA y = f(x)}

;

)
) f(x) xA,
.
!
!
- , ;
x, f(x) ,
f(x)R. :

16

R.
x+2
f(x) = 2
f,
x 1
x2 -1 x2 -1 = 0 (x = 1 x = -1)
f = R {-1,1}.

, R x
, .
f(x) = x 2 4 , :
x2 4 0 x -2 x 2 ( ,
1). f = (- , -2] [2, + ).

f(x) = x, 1, 0 R.

H f(x) = logx, 1, 0 = (0, + )

log, ln
(, >0).
f(x) = ln(x2 5x +4)
x2 5x + 4 0 ( ;)
53
5+3
= 25 16= 9 x1=
= 1, x2 =
= 4.
2
2
x2 5x + 4
1
4
+
x
-
2
x -5x +4
+
0
0
+
f : Df = (- , 1) (4, + )

, f(x) = 1/ (x2 5x +4) ,

( )
, x2-5x+4>0 (x-1)(x-4)>0 x<1 x>4, =(- ,1) (4, + ).
- f ;
(x,y) y = f(x),
(x,f(x)), xA. f
Cf. ! Cf
y = f(x) , (x,y)
y = f(x) Cf.
- f;
: y = f(x)
f(x) = 3x + 5
y = 3x + 5

-
;
.

17

y
f (x0)??

x0

! x=x0
2 .

;
) Cf
Df = [, ]
II) f, f(A) Cf
: f (A) = [f(), f()]

f()

f()

f xoA ;
x = x0
. , xx
xo,
yy f(xo)
f xo f(xo).
- ;
1.
18

2. ()
3. (. , . )
4. ((x, f(x))
xx ( f(x)=y=0), yy ( (0,f(0)) .
2 3
.
y=(2x-1)2(x+1)

Y
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
X
0.5
-0.50 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-5 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
-5

Created with a trial version of Advanced Grapher - http:/ / www.alentum.com/ agra

:
1. f
2. f
3. f

19


1. : 22x+1 4 2x = 0
2. :
i) 5 x

5 x + 6

1
ii)
2

x +1

1

2

2 x4

iii) log(x+1) + 2log 5 x < 2

3. o :
3 x + 2 y = 11
x
3 2 y = 7
4. :
i) log(x+1) + log(x-1) = log2
iii) 5x = 21-x

ii) log(x2 +1) logx = log2

iv) 3x-1 = 2x+1

5. :
i) 2 x 3 = 8

ii) x + 3 = 2 x 5

6. :
i) 2 x + 1 3

ii) 2 x 3 5

7. :

2 x 2 - x + 1 = 12

8. 3 x 7, =
x.
9. :
i) x = 1
ii) x = -1
iv) x = 1
v) x = -1

x 2 6x + 9 +

x 2 14 x + 49

iii) x = 0
vi) x = 0

10. :
i) x = 1
ii) x = -1
iii) 2x = 3
2
2
v) x 3 x + 2 = 0
iv) x = 3
11. :
i) y = x
ii) y = x
iii) y = 1/x
iv) y=x2 -3x +2
2
x
vii) y = lnx
viii) y = 2x+1
v) y= 2 x +3x +2 vi) y=e
xi) y=ln(x-2)
ix) y = 2 |x| +1
x) y=e-2x
12. P(x)
P(x)>0, P(x) = x3+2x2+3x+6.

20