Bry IN THE CLass Wve’ “Ths nday Feb Lrove Nosven newt No A Ten Ged Proprens. 36, VV 3 513.6 Ve big yas d-29 % BE F215 33.8 Calculate the radius of an iridium atom, given that tr has an FCC erystal structure, a density of 22.4 g/em’, and an atomic weight of 192.2 g/mol. ‘Solution We are asked to determine the radius ofan iridium atom, given that Ir has an FCC ental structure. For FCC, n= atomsanit cell, and V¢= 1682472 (Equation 34). Now, Ay TEN, _ Wen AN ‘And solving for R from the above expression yields 3 mA a (ratte) (4 atomsfunit cell (192.2 g/mol) > THD glem'}(6022 = 10 atoms/maiN) = 1,36 « 10° em = 0.136 nm Excerpts ftom this work may be reproduced by istators for distribution ona nt fret has fo esting or instrtional purposes only ear ore tomaes for whieh te textbook hasbeen adopted. ny oer repradution oF translation of this work Beyond that permed By Salmons 109 or 108 of he 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner ts unlaw fal3.18 Zinc has an HCP crystal structure, a c/a ratio of 1.856, and a density of 7.13 giem’. Compute the atomic radius for Zn Solution In order to calculate the atomic radius for Zn, we must use Equation 3.5, as well as the expression which relates the atomie radius to the unit cell volume for HICP; Equation 3.S1 (from Problem 3.6) is as follows: = 6 Revi In this case ¢= 1.856a, but, for HCP, a = 2R, which means that Vo = 6R2(1.8S6V2RWI3 = (1.856)(12V/3)R? ‘And from Equation 3.5, the density is equal to na, pe ten VoN, — (@.856)(12V3) RN 4, And, solving for & from the above equation leads to the following: "0 ae nd 850012 DP Ma ‘And incorporating appropriate values for the parameters in this equation leads to - (6 atoms/unit cell) (65.41 g/mol) ° (1.856) (12y/3)(7.13 gfem®)(6.022 * 10° atoms/mol), = 1.33 « 10 em=0.133 am Excerpts fom his work may be reproduced by instustots for ditrbution vm 8 not-for-profit basis for testing of isructional purposes oly to rodents chrfed in courses Tor which the exthok has Been aGopted. ny ater reproduction or iranslanon af ths work beyond that permuted Ip Sections 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright lt wathou the permission of the copyright owner is unlanhCrystal Systems 3.20 Below is a unit cell for a hypothetical metal (a) To which erystal system does this unit cell belong? (b) What would this erystal structure be called? () Catculate the density ofthe material, given that its atomic weight is 141 g/mol. Solution (a) The unit cell shown in the problem statement belongs to the tetragonal crystal system since a= b = 0.30 = 90°, rm, ¢* 0.40 nm, and & (b) The erystal structure would be called bouy-centered tetragonal. (©) Aswith BCC, n=2 atoms/unit cell. Also, for this unit cell Vo = (3.0 x 10-8 em)?(4.0 x 10°8 cm) = 3.60 x 10°29 cm@unit cell ‘Thus, using Equation 3.5, the density is equal to nA, Na (2 atoms/unit cell) (141 g/mol) G60 < 10 em*unitcell)(6.022 « 1077 atoms/mol) = 13.0 gle? ‘Excerpts from his work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution ona not-for-profit ass for testing of instrstional purposes only to Stient envlled an courses for which the fetbook hasbeen adopted. other reproduction or translation of ths work beyond that permuted by Secrions 109 or 108 of he 1978 United States Copyright Act wathout the permission ofthe copright owner is unlawful.Point Coordinates 3.22 List the point coordinates for all atoms that are associated with the FCC wnit cell (Figure 3.1). Solution From Figure 3.1b, the atom located of the origin of the unit cell has the coordinates 000. Coordinates for cxer atoms inthe bottom face are 100, 110, 010, nd +19. (The = coordinate for al these points is zero.) Forte top unit cell fice, the coordinates ae 001, 101, 111,011, and 2.31 Coordinates for those atoms that are positioned at the centers of both side faces, and centers of both front and back faces need 10 be specifed, For the front and back-center fee atoms, the coordinates are 12-4 and O14, respectively. While forthe left and right side centr-face atoms, the respective coordinates are 40+ and + 1 22 Excerpts from this work may be eproduced by instructors for distnbution ona not-for-profit basis for testing of instructional purposes only to ‘Rodents cold in courses fr which ie textbook has ben adopted. ether reproduction or translation of his work Beyond tha permited by Secrons 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Aet wathow the permission ofthe copyright owner 1s unlawful3.30 Within a cubic unit cel, sketch the following directions: @ (710, @ UT, (2n, @ (122), (9 (012), @ U2, @ (33), () (103), ‘Solution TThe directions asked for are indicated in the cubic unit cells shown below. 1072) i 122] [Excerps from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis fr testing ve instructional purposes nly to ‘runs envlled sn courses for whch the textbook has been adopted. ny other ryprodacion or translation of hs work beyond that permited $y Seenons 109 or 108 ofthe 197% United States Copyright let wie the permission ofthe copyright owner ts unlawful,3.60. Using the data for aluminum in Table 3.1, compute the interplanar spacings for the (110) and (221) sets of planes. Solution From the table, aluminum has an FCC crystal structure and an atomic radius of 0.1431 nm, Using Equation 3.1 the lattice parameter, a, may be computed as a= 2RY2 = (2)(0.1431 nm)(-/2)= 0.4047 nm Now, the interplanar spacing may be determined using Equation 3.14 as 04047 nm _ = a = = 0.2862 nm do" ToRrarso ve And, similarly for dy, 24047 nm 9.1349 am Pr +2) +? Excerpts fom this work may be reproduced by instrvtors for dsibution on anotforproft basis for testing or nstrational purposes only to Haare eejad in courses br whe the extook hasbeen alopted. ny other reproduction or translasion ofthis work beyond that permited Seton 10" or 108 ofthe 197% United States Copyright Ae witout the permission ofthe copyright owner is unlawfi3.61 The metal iridium has an FCC erystal structure, Ifthe angle of diffraction for the (220) set of planes occurs at 69.22° (first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm is used, compute (a) the interplanar spacing for this set of planes, and (b) the atomic radius for an iridium atom. Solution (a) From the data given in the problem, and realizing that 69.22° = 26, the interplanar spacing for the (220) ‘set of planes for iridium may be computed using Equation 3.13 as (b) In order to compute the atomic radius we must first determine the lattice parameter, a, using Equation 3.14, and then R from Equation 3.1 since Ir has an FCC erystal structure, Therefore, = dyn OF +O? + OP = (0.1357 nm 0.3838 nm And, from Eq) = 0.1357 am Excerpts fom his work may be reproduced by instructors for dsribution on 8 noe-for profit basis fr testing of instructional purposes only to ‘Stents enol n courses for which the textbook as been adopt ny oer repodiction or translation ofthis work beyond tat permed by Seen 109 oF 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright et wihowr dhe permasson ofthe copys owner unl4.14 Calculate the number of atoms per cubic meter in aluminum. Solution In order to solve this problem, one must employ Equation 4.2, w= Nabat Aat ‘The density of Al (from the table inside of the front cover) is 2.71 glem?, while its atomic weight is 26.98 g/mol. Thus, (6.022 < 1023 atoms/mol)(2.71 g/m’ N 2698 g/mol = 6.05 « 102? atoms/em? = 6.05 « 10°8 atoms/m? Excerpts fom this work may be eproduced by instr for distribution ona not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes ony 10 “dents eral in courses forwhich te exthook has been adopted. Another rpraduction or translation ofthis work Beyond that permitied by Scions 109 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright det withow th permason of the copyright ower 8 unlawfulAss. 4.15 The concentration of carbon in an iron-carbon alloy is 0.15 w1% What is the concentration in kilograms of carbon per cubie meter of alloy? Solution In order to compute the concentration in kg/m? of C in a 0.15 wi% C-99.85 wt% Fe alloy we must employ Equation 4.9 as, rom inside the front cover, densities for carbon and iron are 2.25 and 7.87 g/em*, respectively; and, therefore ous os 99.85 O15, _ 9 2.25 gem? "7.87 gem x10 = 11.8 kg/m? Excerpts fom this work may be reproduced by instructors for istbution on ano. profit basis fr testing or instructional purposes ony 0 ‘Students ence in courses for which the textbook fs been adopted. Any oer reprdtion oF translation ofthis wark yan tht permite Ip Sietions 107 or 108 of he 1976 United States Copyright Ae without the permission of he copyright owmer is unlawful431 For each of the following stacking sequences found in FCC metals, cite the type of planar defect that exists: (a)... ABCABCBACBA @)... ABCABCBCABC Now, copy the stacking sequences and indicate the position(s) of planar defect(s) with a vertical dashed line. Solution (a) The interfacial defect that exists for this stacking sequence is a twin boundary, which occurs at the indicated position ABCABTBACBA ‘The stacking sequence on one side of this position is mirrored on the other side. (b) ‘The interfacial defect that exists within this FCC stacking sequence is a stacking fault, which occurs between the two lines. apcapcnasc Within this region, the stacking sequence is HCP. Excerpts fom this work may be teproduced by instructors for dstbution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to ‘tuts envlled in courses Tor whieh the textook hasbeen adopted. ny other reproduction or translation ofthis work byond that permited $y Seerions 109 or 108 ofthe 1976 United Stator Copsight Ae without the permission ofthe copyright owner ts unlawselGrain Size Determination 432 (a) Using the intercept method, determine the average grain size, in millimeters, of the specimen whose microstructure is shown in Figure 4.14(b); use atleast seven straight-line segments. (b) Estimate the ASTM grain size number for this material Solution {(a) Below is shown the photomicrograph of Figure 4.14(6), on which seven straight line segments, each of \hich is 60 mm long has been constructed; these lines are labeled “1” through “7”. In order to determine the average grain diameter, it is necessary to count the number of grains intersected by each of these line segments. These data are tabulated below. Line Number ‘No, Grains Intersected Excerpts fom this work may he reproduced by instructs for distribution of a not-for-profit basis fr testing of isiustional purposes only to ‘sents ented in courses for whch the textbook has heen aopted. ay other ropraduction or translation ofthis work beyond that permite by Sections 107 o 108 ofthe 1978 United States Copyright Act wuhow the permission ofthe copyright owner és dine‘The average number of grain boundary intersections for these lines was 9.1, Therefore, the average line tength intersected is just 60mm 9. 6.59 mm. Hence, the average grain diameter, dis ave, line length intersected _ 6.59 mm ‘magnification a = 659 «10°? mm (b) This portion of the problem call for us to estimate the ASTM grain size number for this same material. “The average grain size number, n, is related to the number of grains per square inch, N, at a magnification of 100% according to Equation 4.16. Inasmuch as the magnification is 100x, the value of N is measured directly rom the micrograph, The photomicrograph on which has been constructed a square 1 in. on aside is shown below. ‘The total number of complete grains within this square is approximately 10 (taking into account grain fractions). "Now, in order to solve for 1 in Equation 4.16, its first necessary to take logarithms as log N = (1 ~ 1) log 2 From which » equals, log N Tog 2 Excerpts fom this work may be reproduced by instructors fr distribution ona na-o-profit basis fr testing o¢ instructional pups only to ‘tudes ented sn courses for which the textbook hasbeen adopted. ny ovher reproduction or translation ofthis work Beyond tha permited by Secrons 107 o 108 ofthe 196 United States Copyright lt wethou the permission ofthe copyright owner's unlawful_ los 10 log 2 41243 Excerpts fom this work may be reproduced by instructors for disbuton on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes ony 10 ‘dents envoled in courses fr which the fxtbook has Been adopted. over reproduction or iranslanion of his work beyond that permite Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Stats Copyright Act wet the permission ofthe copyright owner i unlawful4.34 For an ASTM grain size of 8. approximately how many grains would there be per square inch at (a) a magnification of 100, and (b) without any magnification? Solution (@) This part of problem asks that we compute the number of grains per square inch for an ASTM grain size ‘of 8 at a magnification of 100x, All we need do is solve for the parameter in Equation 4.16, inasmuch as n= 8 Thus Neg a 128 grains‘in? (b) Now it is necessary to compute the value of 1 for no magnification. In order to solve this problem itis necessary to use Equation 4.17: where Nyy = the number of grains per square inch at magnification A, and 1 is the ASTM grain size number. Without any magnification, Min the above equation is 1. and therefore, . Ny] = 2% sb) ‘And, solving for Ny, N = 1,280,000 grains/in2. Excerpts frm this work may be eproduced hy instructors fo distbuton on a not-for-profit hai fo esting or istatonal purposes only 0 enacts crite in courses fr which the textbook has Been adopted 4 ether reproduction or translation of ths work Beyond that permited BhSecnons 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright let wou th permission o the conright owner wna.S.11 Determine the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.45 wi% at a position 2 mm into an iron-carbon alloy that initially contains 0.20 w1% C. The surface concentration is to be ‘maintained at 1.30 wt% C, and the treatment isto be conducted at 1000%C: Use the diffusion data for Fe in Table 52, Solution In order to solve this problem itis first necessary to use Equation 5.5: 0.45 ~ 0.20 _ 2273 = 1 x aap" 02 «et i) or 1 - 02973 = 0.7727 et( ee By linear interpolation using data from Table 5.1 z 08s 0.7707 z om 0.90 0.7970 2=0:850 _ 0.7727 0.7707 0.900 - 0.850 0.7970 — 0.7707 From which Now, from Table 5.2, at 1000°C (1273 K) Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by istics for distribution on a not-for-profit basis fo esting or insrctional purposes only to Students envlled in courses for wih the textbook hasbeen adoped Any ofher reproduction or translation ofthis work beyond that permed by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Sate Copsright Act without the permission ofthe copyright owner i unlawful.148,000 mot (631 Smol- K)A273 K) cont ef = 1.9310! mis Ths, «103 0.854 2010" m @y (1.93 x 107 m/s) (0) Solving for # yields =7.1x10'S=19.7h Excerps fom this work may be reproduced by isco for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purpases only to Students enrolled in couses for which the textbook has Been adopted Ar oder reproduction or translation af this work beyond tha permiied by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission ofthe copsright owner is unl.5.22. The diffusion coefficients for silver in copper are given at two temperatures: TCO) Divs) 630 5.510% 900. 13x10” (a) Determine the values of Dy and Qu (b) What is the magnitude of D at 875°C? Solution (a) Using Equation 5.9a, we set up two simultaneous equations with Q. and Dy as unknowns as follows: a) 1 In, = Indy (4) a) Solving for Qin terms of temperatures 7; and > (923 K [650°C] and 1173 K [900°C}) and D, and Dy (5.5 « 106 InD, = InDy and 1.3 x 10° mPis), we get (831 Yinol-K)fin (55 x 10°19) ~ n(13 « 10°] 7 T T “BK = 196,700 Jimol ‘Now, solving for D, from Equation 5.8 (and using the 650°C value of D) ta ‘Bxceps from this work may be reproduced by instustes fr distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing o insretiona purposes only to ‘Stents enlled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. eter reprduction or translation ofthis work beyond that permited [Dy Sections 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyrigh det without the permission f the copyright owner is unlawfi96,700 Hino 5.5 « 10-6 m2/s)exp) 19.700 Hn | ‘ ©, i mol KYO2SR) 5x10 ms (b) Using these values of Dy and Q,, D at 1148 K (875°C) is just 196,700 mol i ere {8.31 J/mol- K\(1148 K). 83x10 ms Note: this problem may also be solved using the “Diffusion” module in the VMSE software. Open the “Diffusion” ‘module, click on the “D0 and Qd from Experimental Data” submodule, and then do the following: |. In the left-hand window that appears, enter the two temperatures from the table in the book (converted from degrees Celsius to Kelvins) (viz. “923” (650°C) and “1173” (900°C), in the first two boxes under the column labeled “T (K)". Next, enter the corresponding diffusion coefficient values (viz. “5.5e-16” and “I.3e-13") 3. Next, atthe bottom of this window, click the “Plot data” button, 4. A log D versus 1/T plot then appears, with a line for the temperature dependence for this diffusion system. At the top of this window are give values for Dg and Q,j for this specific problem these values are 7.55 x 10° mis and 196 ki/mol, respectively 5. To solve the (b) part of the problem we utilize the diamond-shaped cursor that is located at the top of the line on this plot. Click-and-drag this cursor down the line to the point at which the entry under the “Temperature (1) label reads “1148” (1e., 875°C). The value of the diffusion coefficient at this temperature is given under the label “Diff Coeff (D):”. For our problem, this value is 8.9 x 10°" m?is, Excerpts fom this work may be reproduced by insets for distribution on a not-for-profit ass for esting o insrtional purposes only to ‘Sant enlled in couses for which the textbook has Been adopted. Any othr reproduction or translation of this work Beyond that permiied ‘by Sections 107 o 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission ofthe copyright owner is unlawful,