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SPE 15765
Practical Limitations in Obtaining PVT Data for Gas
Condensate Systems
by D.G.P. Eyton, British Petroleum Exploration Co. Ltd.
SPE Member
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
The choice of the most profitable
development scheme for any gas condensate
reservoir is dependent upon various factors,
including:
tax regime
SPE 15765
The flowing system invariably becomes twophase before reservoir fluid reaches the
surface, and frequently before it enters the
wellbore.
Sampling during gas condensate well testing is
usually carried out at surface. Downhole samples
are sometimes taken but their validity is often
dubious. Irrespective of the sampling location,
the following criteria must be met in order to
obtain a representative sample from the flowing
system:
Effective unloading of the wellbore7,
All soluble contaminants removed from the
3ystem (e.g. oil-based mud, hydrate inhibitor,
etc.), and
( g field
(1)
lab
D.G.P. Eyton
SPE 15765
Physical Measurements
Multi-operator repeatability limits have
been calculated from the variability of results of
repeated measurements. When insufficient repeat
measurements have been made to calculate an
experimental repeatability, this term has been
estimated by considering the experimental
procedure, a~plYing the laws of error
propagation 1 and by incluging random errors in
the independent variables' Consider for example
a density measurement:
2
R
(...E.) .. (-!!!)
p
m
ACCURACY OF RESULTS
This section describes the approach
adopted in order to quantify the uncertainties in
laboratory generated PVT data.
Theory
In order to establish the absolute
accuracy of a measurement, it is necessary to
compare the measurement with an accepted
reference, or control, level 13 This is not
standard practice when performing PVT studies
using petroleum fluids. Therefore, it is possible
only to establish the precision of measurements,
i.e. the degree of mutual agreement between
individual measurements. The terms repeatability
and reproducibility are used to describe the
variability of results within a single haboratory
and between labo atories, respectivelyl . It is
common practice 1 .15 to estimate the _95%
repeatability limit (R). which is the largest
difference between two test results that can be
considered a random effect, where:
(~) (2.)
aT
(5)
2
RV
2
(R V cell calibration)
(6)
L(Rvmercury injection/removal)
2.8 s
(2)
Lower limit
Upper limit
As a general rule. if results from two laboratories. differ by more than twice the estimated
single laboratory repeatability. then it is
recommended that the experiment be repeated.
(3)
(4 )
Chemical Measurements
The methods used for analysing petroleum
fluids are mostly non-standard; analyses have not
been repeated to establish their repeatability.
Therefore, the repeatability limit of these
measurements has been estimated, see Table 2,
based upon experience and a limited number of
references.
Gases are analysed up to C12 This
requires the use of four chromatographic'columns,
as shown in Table 3. The Single-operator repeatability limit of the ASTM 01945 method 1,;! is
represented diagramatically in Figure 3. This
method is applicable only for gases containing
less than 2 mol% hexanes-plus. Frequently, gases
studied in the laboratory do not satisfy this
limitation. Also included in Figure 3 are
repeatability limit values for gas analyses. as
reported by YarborOugh 20 .
In this paper, a power-law relationship.
also shown in Figure 3. is assumed to represent
the repeatability limit of gas analyses:
0.43
RXl.
0.07 xi
(7)
SPE 15765
DISCUSSION
Reservoir Fluid Analysis
m~asurements
are repeatable,
SPE 15765
D.G.P. Eyton
Use of Correlations
2.
3.
4.
5.
SPE 15765
NOMENCLATURE
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
mass, g
Pressure, psig
Temperature,
Volume, cm3
= 1)
1)
Density, g/cm 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
1.
Eilerts, C.K. et al.: Phase Relations of GasCondensate Fluids, Monograph 10, Bureau of
Mines, American Gas Association, New York
(1957) 1.
D.G.P. Eyton
SPE 15765
'fABLE 1
S P /57&;5
SAJIPLE
Separator
'Tali dation
PV'r BQUIPIIEH
VALUES RBPOIl'RD
Blind Cell
Zg at
Gas
Separator
~etering
conditions
Yg and analysis
Validation
Blind Cell
Single Flash
Flash
Separation
Apparatus
Condensate
analysis
Reservoir
CCE at reservoir
Fluid
temperature
CVD at reservoir
Visual Cell
'Tisual Cell
temperature
Z produced fluid
g
'l'ABLE 2
1lUL!I-OPOA'rOR HBPBA'fABILI'fY LDII'!S
LABORA.'rORY DASUSRBIIBlI'rS
PROPBR'l'Y
HBPEA.'fABILI'rY LDlIT
0.0005p
Pressure (gauge)
Pressure (manometer)
1mm mercury
Pressure (barometer)
0.1= mercury
Temperature
Volume (calibrated vessels)
Volume (other> 20 c( 3 )
Volume (other < 20 cm 3 )
O.OOlV
0.02 cm 3
Mass difference (0 - 1 kg
0.001 g
0.02
0.07xi O 43
0.04JCi
0.0005V
0.07xi
12 g/mol
'fABLE 3
SPE 157&5
IB'fHODS lOR AlALYSIS
COIlPODI'fS
COLUD
IIlmlOD
He, H2 , 2
N2 , C1
5a Molecular
ASTM D1945 19
Sieve
Gas
CO 2 , C2
Poropak Q
ASTM D1945 19
Gas
Individual C1 - nC6
Benzene and Toluene
Fused Silica
Non-standard
KCl/A1 20 3
Gas
Gas
10X Molecular
C6 - C12
Non-standard
Sieve
Liquid
Individual C1 - nC6
Benzene and Toluene
OV-101
Non-standard
Liquid
C1 - C40 +
OV-1
Modified ASTM
D288721 ,22
'fABLB 4
lDL'fI-OPBBA'fOR BBPBA'fABILI!Y
SnmLA'HD 'fBP DIS'fILLA'fIOS BY GLC
True Distillation23
GLC
II
(g/mol)
below 15
1.1
1.0
1 .5
1.5
1.1
15-95
9.8
10.5
10.2
10.1
10.7
84
95-149
149-200
15.0
15.2
15.9
15.6
135
13.7
13.6
13.3
15.3
12.2
138
200-232
7.3
7.3
7.2
6.9
7.8
167
232-342
26.1
26.0
26.0
25.0
25.0
231
342-369
above 369
5.1
4.9
5.0
4.8
5.0
300
22.2
21.5
20.6
22.8
23.0
427
M13+
283
281
278
288
283
108
MoU 002
~
C,
TABLE 50
ARAL'tS1!5
ILASIIID
mmmu.
SWARMlUl
SWARMlUl
R8S1JM>m
GAS
00IIIBISIl'K
GAS
IWID
l.48\.re}
1.44\.re}
.52\.051
.49\.05}
.92 \~I
2.'1> \.11}
\~I
.26
.re
\.01/
9.4\.21
3.43\.12}
9040*
1.000
1.43
\.05}
.571.(5)
3.55\.111
.64\.(5)
7775
1.062\.001
3.25
\.12}
1.00 \.m}
1.18\.m}
7570
1.073\.0011
0.08\+.13}
\m}
.31\.04}
.42\.~)
7490
1.078\.001 }
0.09\+.13}
.34\.(4)
.51\.(4)
7400
1 .084\.001 )
0.07\+.13)
.37\.05}
.68 (.05}
7300
1.091\.001 1
0.07\+.13}
.62\.05}
7185
1 .098\.001 }
0.091+13}
1 .105\.001 }
0.13\+.14}
l.n\.rel
un
nC4
5.6
\.2}
2.2 \.21
iC5
1:-/5
\.(3)
l:n\.13}
1.76
nGs
1.00 \.031
2.8 \.2}
2.53
\.14}
C6
1.52 ( .re}
5.7 \.4)
4.4
\.3}
1.52 Ire}
.02 [.01}
Tol.
.11
(.031
5.1
\.4}
.24 (.04}
360 \31
1.44\.021
339\31
1.30 \.02}
10.5 (.8)
7.2
\.5}
.03\.02}
.64\.05}
9.3 (.71
6.4
\.5}
.04(.021
.53\.~}
6990
1 .112\.001 }
0.14\+.14}
7-3 (.5}
5.0
\.4}
.39\.03}
6895
1.119(.001}
0.23\+.17}
6.0 \.4}
4.1
\.3}
.32\.02}
6800
1 .127\.001 1
0.39\+. 20 1
.26\.02}
6620
1.141 (.001}
0.89\+.25}
1.163(.0011
1.75(+.551
".9 \1.6}
33 \.2}
3.2 \.21
33
23.1
\.2)
1.81\.101
2.39
\1.21
(.171
6370
.16\.03)
.33\.03}
6000
1.201\.002}
3.03\+.67/
2.20
\.15}
.~\.021
.21\.031
5515
1 260 \.002 I
4.51\+.64}
5030
1 .332\.003}
5.54\+.60 }
1.434 (.0031
6.38\+.56)
6.78\+.52/
M'3+
2ffl(12} g/Illll
4505
f4r
28.9(.3} g/Illll
4015
1.5591004}
3710
1.660 \.005\
6.95\+.37)
3415
1.777\.006}
6.91 \+.29/
TAILK 58
SI1PARMrI<JI DlTA
arm
3105
1.938 \.008}
6.70 \+.32}
2.291 (.011}
5.86(+.09)
2.82 (.02)
4.84\+ .09}
395 \.03)
3. ~9\+ .03}
or
rna
GAS
LIQUID
2575
2080
(p&1&)
(~)
(bbl/llb:f)
WAVI'lY (y )
WAVI'lY (YL)
1505
el
7090
4.9 (.4}
.40 (.05}
(%)
9.63\.191
.34\.06}
\.21
\.11}
Ca
tL
\.14}
\.3}
132
C9
ClO
C
C"
'2
C 3+
"
Ben.
(s/ca')
(paiS)
76.6\.41
Zg
4.9:\
18.9
7.1 \.5}
pg
6.2
C2
C3
iC 4
1.00 \.03}
V/Vre
\.51
\.20}
\.4}
.71\.05}
81.8 \.5}
15.8
49.8
SPeJ576:J
~MDlTA
'(!8
48.9
20.0
1m
35OO\00}
.691\.W3/
1.orn\.03}
.7363\.0014\
:7<JJ3[.CXXB }
Reserve Pressure
SPE /5 ?/r;$
'fAlIB ~
RESERVOIR
CONDITIONS
~
tL
j:8
(psi,g)
00
W~)
Zs
Gnp
00
<\.p
PR
----------------------~
00
CRICONDENBAR
1.29
2.2
1.7
3.4
9J4(I't
360(31
1.44(.021
$45
312
8250
323
138
4.0
7tfj5
340
1.27
6.2
. 5.5
7r;ffi
0.17(+.131
346
1.18
7.7
6.9
7z:f5
0.07(+.131
316
1.10
9.6
85
6835
0.60(+.401
342
1.16
12.2
11.1
6415
1.72(+.691
302
1.07
15.0
13.6
5935
3.37(+.001
294
1.12
18.5
17.0
5450
4.93(+.001
a36
0.97
22.8
20.9
10
4975
6.37(+.001
242
1.02
27.1
24.6
11
4470
7.97(+.001
219
097
32.5
29.1
12
4015
8.67\+.491
094
37.5
33.7
13
3530
9.34\+.471
181
0.91
44.1
38.7
14
3015
9.53\+.231
162
0.91
51.1
44.6
15
2495
9.55\+.141
125
0.90
58.8
50.6
16
2010
9.45\+.131
96.3
0.94
66.0
56.3
17
1490
9.00{+.131
70.7
0.93
73.9
62.4
18
1035
9. 67\+.131
49.1
0.94
00.9
67.8
19
650
8.21 \+.131
32.2
093
86.8
72.5
20
290
7.52\+.13)
18.0
0.77
92.3
76.9
~1
96.3
005
98.1
95.5
Residual Condensate
Reservoir pressure
CRITICAL POINT
Pc
GAS
LIQUID
w
a:
:::>
CJ)
CJ)
w
a:
0..
20% LIQUID
I
LIQUID + GAS
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
:i
a:
UJ
::t:
I-
UJ
0\1\\
a:
0
Oe'" 9
Tc
TEMPERATURE
TR
S(JE /5705'
MERCURY
INLET
UPPER
PISTON
SCALE
CHAMBER
------t.:~~lI'J"'/
GLASS CAPILLARY
WATER----~~~~~~~
rr~E~~t
HIGH PRESSURE
WINDOWS
SAMPLE
LowER MERCURY
CHAMBER
---fft
VALVE
MERCURY INLET A
100~------~--~------------------------------------------------~
,-=,-_ _
R 3:1
0.073:1
."3
ASTM
01945
YARBOROUGH
10
-]
~
I-
~ 1.0
2
:E
o(.)
O. 1
0.01~
0.1
______________
~~
1.0
______________
~~
__-*__________
10
~~
____
~~
8000~----------------------------------------------------------~
---- -
EXPERIMENT AL OAT A
: : . OEWPOINT TAIL
1000
"
6000
JI
.....
.21 5000
rn
71
0.
w
a:
::)
(JJ
(JJ
~ 4000
--
3000
2000
1000~
____
______
______
______
______
____
~~
____
~~
____
10000~------------------------------------------------------~
CVD DATA
)(
CCE DATA (SINGLE PHASE)
,I
90001-
lC
lC
8000 I-
lC
7000 I-
"
"
6000 I-
"
01
'0
Q.
"
5000 I-
(J)
(J)
"
a:
a.
"
4000~
x
"
30001If
20001-
"
lC
10001-
"
lC
O~
____________
~~
100
__________
~~'
____________
200
~~
300
____________
400