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24 Jap05-1167
24 Jap05-1167
The purpose of this paper is to describe dielectric and electrical properties of strontium barium noibates
(Srx Ba1-x Nb2 O6 ceramics were prepared by the low-cost solid state reaction technique. Composition dependent variations of complex permittivities were studied at room temperature exhibit normal dielectric behavior,
attributed to Maxwell-Wagner type interfacial polarization. Strontium barium noibates (SBN) ceramics shows
positive temperature (PTC) behavior. The themistor constant, activation energy, sensitivity index () and stability
factor (SF) of SBN are also reported. The themistor constant lies in the range of 204 K to 707 K.
1. INTRODUCTION
Monitoring and control of temperature is of overriding
importance in of our everyday life. Temperature sensors are present not solely in domestic and industrial
activities however additionally in laboratory and medical procedures. NTC thermistors find intensive use in
circuit compensation, aerospace, cryogenic, automotive
temperature measure and management applications.13 The
elements based on the materials with the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) found the wide
application practically in all the branches of engineering.4
PTC thermistor applications build use of the characteristics inherent in their composition. Theyre used as protection devices, heating components, temperature sensors.
typically for fabricating such elements the ceramic materials, supported the semiconductor barium titanate(BaTiO3 ,
are used.5 One of the perspective directions in using PTCR
materials is their application in surface heaters with regulation of temperature and temperature sensors in varied electronic devices and integrated circuits. The interest group
during this association raises an issue of creating thin film
structures on the basis of materials with positive temperature coefficient of electric resistance.6
In regard of environmental issues, lead free materials
are being considered for several applications and strontium barium noibates (Srx Ba1x Nb2 O6 is among the few
materials that are within the fore-front thanks to glorious
2168-1996/2014/3/001/006
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KEYWORDS: Strontium Barium Noibates (SBN), Electrical Properties, PTC, Activation Energy, Thermistor Constant.
Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Srx Ba1x Nb2 O6 (0.40 X0.75) Ceramics
of the parallel plates designed for the interfacial polarization where a rapid fall with frequencies in the mid frequency region, a long tail in the high frequency region. In
general, the decreases in permittivities are rapid at lower
frequencies and slower at higher frequencies. This is a
normal behavior of dielectrics because at lower frequencies different types of polarizations (i.e., dipole, atomic,
ionic, electronic, interfacial) are present in the compound.
A monotonic decrease in permittivity with increase in
frequency is known as relaxation dispersion typical for
dipole and migrational or interfacial polarization. Ionic
and electronic polarization experiences resonance dispersion, where the permittivity first grows, then decreases,
traverses the minimum and reaches a constant value at
very high frequencies,9 as observed in other ferroelectric systems.1013 The low frequency dispersion in SBN
is observed due to space charge effect and slowly all
polarization vanishes at higher frequency except electronic
polarization. When the frequency increases, the number of mechanisms involved in the dynamic polarization
decreases. At very high frequencies, only the electronic
contribution of the polarization remains.14 15 The dielectric
structure is assumed to be consisting of well-conducting
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Mathad et al.
Mathad et al.
Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Srx Ba1x Nb2 O6 (0.40 X0.75) Ceramics
decreases on increase in frequency which indicates a normal behavior of the dielectric materials. However these
SBN ceramics have moderate dielectric constants, which
might be applicable in dynamic random access memory (DRAM), microwave telecommunications, multilayer
capacitors applications and MICs.22
2.2. AC Conductivity Studies of SBN
To understand the conduction mechanism and the type of
polarons responsible for conduction, the variation of AC
conductivity carried out at room temperature as a function of frequency is represented Figure 3. The ac conductivity (ac was calculated from dielectric data using the
relation,23
ac = 0
(1)
ln
R30 /R90
1/T30
1/T90
(2)
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solids, the electrical conduction is attributable to migration of ions and this ionic transport depends on the angular frequency.22 24 At higher frequencies the frequency
of the hopping ions couldnt follow the applied field
frequency and it lags behind. so conductivity decreases
at higher frequencies. Thus, ac conductivity is proportional to angular frequency confirming linear nature, that
eventually provides rise to dc conductivity at the lowest frequencies.25 All the plots are linear confirming that
the conductivity altogether SBN samples is attributable to
small polaron hopping. In few circumstances the conductivity slightly decreases, attributing to the conductivity by
mixed polarons.26
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Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Srx Ba1x Nb2 O6 (0.40 X0.75) Ceramics
Mathad et al.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Mathad et al.
Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Srx Ba1x Nb2 O6 (0.40 X0.75) Ceramics
3740
5906
4488
4488
4675
6608
5343
6600
40944
20409
31992
70764
0.068
0.059
0.037
0.065
0.005
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.097
0.048
0.076
0.167
SF = log
Rmax
Rmin
(3)
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=
Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Srx Ba1x Nb2 O6 (0.40 X0.75) Ceramics
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Mathad et al.