Professional Documents
Culture Documents
زبان
زبان
.
. 1
.
.
. .
.
.
.
A. J. Ayer
2 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
Sociology of Language
Sociolinguistics
2
3
4
5 . .
.
.
.
.1
.
:
.
.
.
. 7
.
4
Ernesto Laclau
Chantal Mouffe
6
.
7
E. Hunt and F. Agnoli
5
.
(.)2003
.2
.
.
.
.
( .)344 :2003
.
.
.3
.
.
. ( )1994
.
5
().
.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ..)139 :1389
.
.
.
. .
(.)88 :2000
. .
.
.
.
.
. !
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ( )1997
:
( ) .
.
(.)18 :
.
:
-1
8
-2
-3
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
. 8
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
8 .
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( )1995 1992 .
.
.
.
.
.
()
( .)8 :2005
.
.
11
.
.
. 910
11 12 13 14
.
.
:
.
( .
( .)170 :1392
.
. .
9
moment
element
11
Nodal points
12
closure
13
Field of dicursivity
14
exclusion
10
12
.
. .
.
. .
( .)82 :1990
.
( )1990 .
.
15 .
( )esse ( )entity
.
. .
.
.
( )
. ()
.
being
13
15
.
.
.
.
.
14
. : ) 1392(
. : ()
. : :) 1389(
Barker, Chris (2000) Cultural Studies, Theory and Practice, London: Sage.
Fairclough, Norman (1992) Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fairclough, Norman (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.
Hall, Stuart, ed. (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying
Practices, London: Sage Publications.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2003) On Language and Linguistics, NY: Continuum.
Laclau, Ernesto and Mouffe, Chantal (1990) PostMarxism: Without Apologies, in
Laclau, Ernesto, New Reflections on the Revolution of our Time, London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto (1990) The Impossibility of Society, in Laclau, Ernesto, New
Reflections on the Revolution of our Time, London: Verso.
Lund, n. (2003) Language and Thought, NY: Routledge.
Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct, NY: William Morrow and Company.
Torfing. Jacob (2005) Discourse Theory: Achievements, Arguments and
Challenges, in Discourse Theory in European Politics, London: Palgrave.
15