BI VIT V ROUTING PROTOCOLS CHO CP CCNA

Tc gi: n
g Quang Minh

I. SO SNH CLASSFUL V CLASSLESS ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Cc routing protocols nhm classful khng qung b network mask cng vi a ch

destination trong cc gi routing update. Do , khi router nhn c cc update ny,
router phi ly gi tr network-mask mc nh c cng vi a ch lp mng ca a ch
ch.

Nu a ch ch l kt ni trc tip (connected), network-mask uc ly cng vi mask

uoc cu hnh trn interface kt ni n mng . Nu dia ch dest khong connected,
router s ly dia chi SM default cua dia chi ch
Cc routing protocols nhm classless cho php router gi subnetmask trong cc qung
b routing. Do , classless cho phep s dng VLSM (l c ch cho php phn chia cc
subnet c cc gi tr netmask khc nhau trn mng v cc subnet ny c th kt ni
c vi nhau). Ngoi ra, classless cho php phn bit cc subnet all-zeros v subnet
dnh cho broadcast (all-ones), trong khi classfull th khng.

V d 1:

Gi s chng ta c mt mng nh th ny, mng ny chy routing protocol l RIP

Version 1
Mang A(10.10.0.0)--->Router1<----(192.168.10.0)--->Router2<----Mng B(10.11.0.0)
Mng ny cu hnh rt d nhng khi config xong th mng khng chy: bn s thy
trong bng nh tuyn Router1 khng c ng n mng B(10.11.0.0) cn trong bng
nh tuyn Router2 khng c ng n mng A(10.10.0.0). khi chng ta khng th
t ngi t Router1 ping sang mng B c??
Ti sao li vy?

Nguyn nhn l: RIP version 1 l classful routing protocol, khi qung b thng tin nh
tuyn n router khc s khng c thng tin v subnet mask.
Router1 c mng 10.10.0.0 connected th n hiu l mng 10.0.0.0 (ly subnetmask
mc nh l 8), do khi Router2 gi thng tin v mng B n Router 1. Router1 ngh
rng: N c mng 10.10.0.0 (mng A, c subnet l /16) connected ri, gi li nhn
c mt thng tin v mng 10.0.0.0 (thc cht l mng B) na nhng vi mng ny
km chi tit hn (/8), th th n s khng thm con ng n mng B na. Chnh v
th trong routing table ca Router1 s khng c route no n mng B (10.11.0.0/16).

gii quyt vn ny, dng static routing hoc dng cc routing h tr VLSM.
Khi ny th cn phi c cc routing protocol support VLSM ( nh RIP v2, OSPF , hay
EIGRP)
Cn RIP v1 ch h tr classfull. Ngha l trong 1 topology, tt c cc subnet ch c
chia cng mt subnet mask duy nht. V khi cc routing protocol nhn cc routing
update v cc net khc (cc network khng kt ni trc tip), th cc classfull routing
protocol s ly gi tr subnet mask trn cng (interface) ca router m n nhn c
routing update v cc NET .

V d 2:

Khi gi update:
Trc khi router1 gi update cho router2, n kim tra thng tin sau: Thng tin subnet
c cng mng ln (major net) vi interface (s gi update) khng?

- Khng: Router1 tng hp a mng v major net v qung co mng tng hp ny.
- C: Mng c cng subnet mask vi interface (s gi update) khng?
+ C: Router 1 s advertise subnet
+ Khng: Router s loi b network, v khng advertise n.
Khi nhn update :
KHi RIP hay IGRP nhn mt update, chng thc hin kim tra trc khi chp nhn
update v s dng subnetmask. Qu trnh sau s din ra trc khi Route2 chp nhn
update t Router 1:
Subnet nhn c trong update c cng major net vi interface nhn update khng?
- C: Router 2 dng mask ca interface nhn update. Ny mng c qung co c mt
bit lm host th Router 2 s dng host mask /32. Trong trng hp RIP, n tip tc
advertise route /32 ti cc router khc, nhng IGRP th khng.
- Khng : C bt k subnet ca major net tn ti trong bng nh tuyn khng (bit t
cc interface khc)? Ch mng ca upadate
+ C: router 2 b qua update.
+ Khng: Router 2 dng classful mask.
V d c th vo hnh:

Gi update:
Router 1 gi update ti router 2, n thc hin cc kim tra:
131.108.5.0/24 c cng major net vi 131.108.2.0/24 khng ?
- C: Mng 131.108.5.0/24 c cng subnet mask vi 131.108.2.0/24 khng?
+ C: Router 1 advertise network

137.99.88.0/24 c cng major net vi 131.108.2.0/24 khng?

- Khng: Router 1 summarizes 137.99.88.0/24 thnh major net v advertises mng
l 137.99.0.0.
Kt qu qu trnh ny Router 1 l gi 131.108.5.0 v 137.99.0.0 trong update ti
Router 2. C th dng lnh debug ip rip trn Router 1 kim tra:
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0 (131.108.2.2)
subnet 131.108.5.0, metric 1
network 137.99.0.0, metric 1
Nhn update:
Dng lnh debug ip rip, c th thy cc update nhn c trn Router 2 t Router 1:
RIP: received v1 update from 131.108.2.2 on Serial0
131.108.5.0 in 1 hops
137.99.0.0 in 1 hops
Router 2 s thc hin nh sau:
Major net 137.99.0.0 nhn c c cng vi 131.108.2.0 (interface nhn update)
khng?
- Khng: C bt k subnet no ca major net ny trong bng nh tuyn (bit c t
cc interface khc) khng?
+ Khng: Router2 chp nhn mask mc nh (/16) v 137.99.0.0 l a ch lp B.
Subnet 131.108.5.0 c cng major net vi subnet 131.108.2.0 khng?
- C: Router 2 dng mask /24, l mask nhn ca interface nhn update.
Qu trnh ny dn ti kt qu bng nh tuyn Router2 khi dng lnh sho ip route nh
sau:
R 137.99.0.0/16 [120/1] via 131.108.2.2, 00:00:07, Serial0
131.108.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
R 131.108.5.0 [120/1] via 131.108.2.2, 00:00:08, Serial0
C 131.108.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0
C 131.108.3.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tm tt:

Classful l cch m bn mun chia mt class IP ra bao nhiu phn cng c v cc

phn c ct ra lun lun = nhau . VLSM l cch m bn mun chia mt class bao
nhiu phn ty v mi phn ct ra c kch thc ln nh ty , khc vi classful
ch khi route n phi km theo SM. CIDR l cch m bn c c mt subnet ln
(supernet) bng cch ly nhiu subnet (C) ghp li nhng supernet ny c bit khc
vi 2 subnet trn ch mc d c nhiu subnet nhng n ch c mt entry trong
routing table

II. SO SNH DISTANCE VECTOR V LINK-STATE:

Distance Vector v Link State u l cc giao thc nh tuyn ng (Dynamic Routing

Protocol) cu hnh trn cc thit b layer 3 ni chung v router Cisco ni ring.Chng
u l cc Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGP), c trin khai bn trong 1 khu
vc c bit gi l Autonomos System (AS,khu vc dng chung ti nguyn v chu
chung s qun l k thut duy nht).
Distance vector:
Distance Vector gi bng routing ca n cho cc router neighbor bng cch broadcast
thng tin trong bn tin cp nht nh tuyn trn cc interface c cu hnh chy giao
thc nh tuyn m khng quan tm n vn cc router neighbor c nhn ng hay
khng, khng cn chy gii thut phc tp nhn tm ra route tt nht. V vy DV
khng yu cu nhiu ti nguyn h thng chy.
Tuy nhin, nhc im ca DV l cp nht theo chu k. Cc router phi sau mt s chu
k mi nhn c thng bo v cc thay i ca mng, t dn n vic loop trn
mng (slow convergence).
Mt s giao thc dng DV, nh RIP, dng hop-count lm thng s xc nh ng
i tt nht, nn khng thch hp vi mng ln, c nhiu link vi cc tnh cht:
bandwidth, reliable... khc nhau.

Cc routing protocol nhm distance vector s ly d liu v topology t thng tin mng
trn bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging. Sau router s cp nht bng nh tuyn theo
nh k. c im ca distance vector l thi gian hi t chm. i vi cc routers
ang chy routing protocol nhm DV, nh k mi 30 giy, cc routers s trao i ton

b bng routing table sang cho cc routers k cn.

V cho d topology mng ca bn khng b thay i, cc routers vn gi update sau
nhng khong thi gian ny.

Link state:

Routing protocol nhm ny l s quan st tng th ton topology ca lin mng. Mi

Router lm vic c lp trong vic tnh ton ng dn ngn nht i n mng ch,
cp nht thng c khi pht t cc thay i ca topology, thi gian hi t nhanh
chuyn cc cp nht nh tuyn n cc router khc, s chim nhiu traffic khi khi
ng v trao i cc topology bn cnh vi nhau update vo routing table, tnh gii
thut ng i ln nht v chim nhiu b nh (link state routing protocols OSPF,
NLSP, IS-IS).

Ti liu tham kho cho hc vin CCNA ca VnPro

My A mun lin lc vi my X,phi bit IP address ca n (hoc

hostname/domainname).My A d trong ARP cache tm a ch MAC ch c
cha,nu cha s dng ARP gi thng ip (broadcast) n tan mng .

C 2 trng hp:
1/ Host X cng segment vi n :

Host A gi thng ip vi a ch IP ch ( bit) v MAC ch l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-

FF hi xem MAC ca a ch ny l g.Cc host trn segment u nhn v x l gi

ny ,host no c a ch IP trng vi yu cu s gi li thng tin cho host A l "IP ny
c MAC l : ......".Host A nhp thng tin vo ARP cache (RAM).Khi mun lin lc vi
X th li tra trong ARP cache bit a ch MAC cn n.

ARP l g?
Trong protocol TCP/IP c ARP protocol. ARP t ng cp nht cc MAC tng ng
vi cc IP v xy dng mt bng ARP table trong my tnh trong cng mng subnet.
Khi ny , nu A v X trong cng LAN, th khi A mun gi packet cho X, no' s match
IP ca X vi MAC tng ng trong bang ARP ca no'.
Nu A bit IP ca X , nhng khng match c MAC tng ng trong bang ARP ca
no' , th khi ny n s gi mt packet , gi l ARP request, vi a ch MAC broadcast
FFFFFFFFFF . Khi ny tt c my tnh trn cng mt mng s nhn c gi ny v
chuyn ln lp Network; nhng ch c my c IP match vi IP destination address
trong ARP request mi gi tr li gi tin c cha dia ch MAC tng ng m my A
mun tm . Gi tin ny l ARP reply.
Khi gi tin ARP request s c MAC ngun l MAC ca A, MAC ch l FF-FF-FFFF-FF-FF.
Nu Host X available trn Segment th n s bit l gi tin ny gi cho n nh vo a
ch IP m Host A ghi trong gi tin ARP request v n s tr li bng 1 gi tin ARP
reply. Gi tin ARP reply s c MAC ngun l MAC ca Host X, MAC ch l MAC
ca Host A, khi Host A nhn c gi tin ny t nhin s bit c MAC ca X.
Sau khi A nhn c ARP reply , n s m gi v update bng ARP table ca n: IP v
MAC ca my X.
2/ Host X khng cng segment vi host A :

lc phi nh n router forward yu cu ny n cc segment khc. Trong trng

hp ny, router s gi a ch MAC ca interface m nhn gi ARP request trn Router
cho my gi ( my A ).
Mt cch khc lin lc vi mt my tnh khc khng cng nm trn 1 segment l
"default gateway". Default Gateway l mt phn ca mt host (my tnh). N l mt
a ch IP ca mt interface trn router, v c cu hnh cho host. a ch IP ca host
v ca Default Gateway phi cng segment mng. Kh ny, my gi (A) s kim tra
xem n v my nhn (B) c cng nm trn mt subnet hay khng. Nu khng, n s

ng gi packet gi vi IP destination address l ca my nhn v MAC address

destinaiton l ca Router ni vi subnet ca n.
Nu Proxy ARP hay default gateway khng c cu hnh, th khng c "traffic" no
c th ri khi mt subnet (mt mng cc b). Phi c mt trong hai ci c cu hnh
( hay cho php) c th giao tip vi cc segment mng khac c.
"IP source v dest khng bao gi thay i, ch c MAC source v dest l thay i thi".
Proxy ARP: Theo cch thc hot ng ca proxy ARP, ta c th thy rng client khi
mun bit MAC ca mt host no , n ch n gin l broadcast ARP-Request ln
mng. Router s c trch nhim p tr li bng ARP-Reply nu n nhn thy IPdestination l thunc mng khc. Nh vy, cu hnh IP cho client cc k n gin,
nhng gnh nng li ln router. Th tng tng c sau 1p', ARP-entry b hy b,
th l cc client thi nhau broadcast ln mng th router "tiu" nh chi. Ngoi ra, proxy
ARP cn gp mt bt li nu trong segment c ti hn 1 router. Chn router no, nu
nh cc router u c route n mng ch?
Default-Gateway: Nu client bit rng IP-dest khng thuc mng ca n, n dng
MAC ca default-gateway gi gi tin, router default-gateway nhn ly gi tin s bit
phi x l tip theo nh th no (da trn IP source/destination). Cch ny gim ti cho
router, gii quyt c trng hp c nhiu router ni vo cng segment, v gy
nhm ln.
Nu Host A c cu hnh s dng Defaul gateway trong TCP/IP protocol th gi tin ARP
request s khng phi dng Broadcast m c gi thng n cho Router ( TCP/IP
stack quy nh nh vy). Tt nhin gi c gi tin ny n cho Router th n cng
phi request MAC ca defaul gateway trn Router trc, sau khi c MAC ca
default gateway th Host A s to 1 gi tin ARP request MAC ca Host X vi IP ch l
IP Host X, MAC ch l MAC ca default gateway.

Khi Router gateway nhn c gi tin ny th n s Forward qua interface trn segment
thch hp, ti y phn Datalink header s c ly ra (Pull out) v phn Datalink
header mi s c gn vo vi mc ch truyn trn Segment ca Host B. Khi Host
B nhn c gi tin ARP request th cng s tr li li bng gi tin ARP reply c gi
n DF gateway trn Segment ca n. Khi Router nhn c gi tin ny cng lm vic
tng t nh khi gi i t Host A (pull out Datalink header, gn datalink header mi
v.v....)
Nu Host A khng c cu hnh default gateway (tt nhin s broadcast gi tin ARP

request) nhng nu Router trn Segment ca host A c chc nng ARP Proxy th cn c
trn IP m gi tin ARP request yu cu ROUTER s so snh vi Routing Table ca n
v nhn gi tin ny nu Match trong Routing table, sau s forward qua Segment
thch hp. Qu trnh tip theo tng t nh trng hp A.
Nh vy : nu 1 trong 2 default gateway ca 2 segment cu hnh sai th s dn n vic
Host A khng th lin lc c vi Host X v ngc li. Ngoi ra nu thi gian tn ti
ca ARP cache trong memory qu lu cng vi vic c thay i MAC ca DF gateway
s dn n vic tm thi khng th thc hin ARP request.
V d minh ha cho cc l thuyt nu trn:
xin lu cc IP ca source v destination l khng thay i ch c mac l thay i thi.
cc bn xem mt v d sau hiu hn nh
my A-------Router1--------router2--------router3------my B
u tin my A ng gi gi tin nh sau
IP ngun l IP ca my A. IP ch l IP ca my B xung n tng datalink my A s
xem my B c trong cng subnet vi mnh khng, trong trung hp ny l khng.
lc ny my A s dng :
MAC ngun l ca my A. MAC ch l mc ca interface trn router1 ni vi subnet
A.
Router1 s xem IP ch c nm trong subnet ca mnh hay khng trong trung hp ny
l khng, lc ny router s dng gi a ch MAC ngun l mc ca interface m router
ny ni vi router2, mc ch s l mc trn interface ca router2, router2 cng x l
ging router 1 v chuyn n router3.
Router3 s xem IP ny c nm trong subnet ca mnh khng, nu c th n s xem xt
a ch mac tng ng vi IP ny (router3 bit c v n tra trong bng ARP ca n c
cha my B v B cng subnet) 1ng vi IP ny router3 xc nh c MAC l my B
lc ny my B nhng n vn gi Brodcast n tt c cc my trong subnet c my B
nhng ch my B nhn gi tin v n c MAC trng vi MAC ch trong gi tin.
A s gi 1 gi tin gi l ARP request (ARP = Address Resolution Protocol) bng c ch
broadcast tt c cc my u c th nhn c gi tin ny