Trn HLR lun cp nht thng tin ca MS v VLR m n ang ng k.

Khi c 1 s thu bao khc gi n s ca bn, MSC s gi bn tin location request

n HLR H Ni, HLR ny s tr v 1 s gi l roaming number (i vi mng GSM)
v TLDN (i mng CDMA) da vo s ny m MSC tip tc nh tuyn i vo i
HCM.
Trong GSM, khi MS bt my ln n s scan tt c cc tn s trong BA list (danh sch
cc tn s BCCH ca serving cell v neighbor cells). Danh sch ny c MS lu li
trc khi n ri mng (ra ngoi vng ph sng hoc tt my), nu khng tm ra c
knh tn s no camp on, MS s qut ton b cc knh tn s c assign
cho GSM tm ra tn s no c C1 tt nht, sau qu trnh nhn thc v LU mi
c thc hin. CDMA th thay v BCCH, MS s scan knh Pilot th phi.
Theo mnh ngh th trong mt mng c th c nhiu OMC, mi OMC c mt HLR,
trong s thu bao c sn m ca HLR ri, chng hn nh s ca mnh (+84) 93992... m mng l 93 cn 992 chnh l m HLR ca n (Mnh c bit th cc thu
bao ca VMS4 l 93-9... v 90-8..., ca VMS3 l 90-5..., VNP3 l 91-4...). Nn khi
quay s thu bao l mng nhn ra ngay cn phi tm n HLR no ri. Khng bit
mnh c nhm ch no khng nh? Mong c ch gio hiu r hn.
Tr li:ng l mi mang th c vi ci HLR nhng khng nhiu ch 3 hay 4 ci g
thi phn b 3 min. V d mng mobifone c cc HLR H Ni, Nng, H Ch
Minh, Cn Th. V ung nhin cc s m bn ni nh 992 trn khng phi l s
m HLR v nu nh vy th s c rt nhiu HLR hay sao. S in thoi th ch c 2 s
u kia l xc nh mng cn tt c cc s khc l ca thu bao c th thay i.
Tr li b sung:C 2 kiu u HLR : Phn tn v tp trung. Hin ti th VMS v c
Viettel ang u kiu phn tn. Mi trung tm c vi HLR. Mi HLRqun l mt vi
u s, nhng xu hng sau ny s l 1 HLR tp trung.
Bn sinh ra th phi lm h khu, v d nh bn Khnh Ho th lm h khu Khnh
Ho, HLR cng vy, SIM c khai vng no th n nm vng . V d nh
mng Mobifone c 4 HLR H Ni, Nng, H Ch Minh, Cn Th, th
mi HLR mt phm vi qun l.
Bn c h khu Khnh Ho, nhng khi bn vo H Ch Minh hc i hc th bn
phi ng k tm t HCM, ci ny cng ging nh VLR vy. Khi thu bao chuyn
vng ti vng no th s ng k vo VLR ca vng .
MS trong vng nh v LA, mi thng tin do VLR hin ti qun l. Khi MS sang
vng nh v khc n s lm th tc cp nht v tr mi v copy ton b thng tin
t HLR sang VLR mi.
VLR cho php xc nh v tr ca MS chnh xc hn HLR, VLR thng c lin kt
vi cc chc nng ca MSC
kt cui c BTS v BSC th phi c truyn dn E1 em . Trn thc t hin nay
cc nh mng thng s dng 1 trong 2 loi truyn dn sau :
Th nht : dng viba kt cui vi BSC ( ci ny th nhiu hng lm mi nh mng
dng 2 n 3 loi ny nh Nec , Minilink...)
Th hai : thu lung truyn dn ca cc nh cung cp ng truyn nh Vin thng
tnh, VTN, EVN Viettel......
Mi BTS c qun l trn BSC qua giao din Abis hay c th nh sau: BSC -----Giao din Abis--------Knh truyn dn -------BTS.
Cu hi:Theo mnh bit trm di ng (MS) giao tip vi BSS, c th y l BTS qua
giao din Um, s dng giao thc LAPDm trn ng truyn v tuyn.
Giao tip gia BTS v BSC s dng giao din Abis, giao thc LAPD. Lung truyn

dn quang l E1.
Gia BSC (thuc BSS) v MSC (thuc SS) giao tip qua giao din A, giao thc
BSSAP trn ng truyn quang E1 hoc STM-1.
Theo mnh im chung ca cc giao din Um, Abis, A l truyn d liu ngi dng v
bo hiu. C ng khng???
Cc bn gii thch gip mnh hiu cc giao din v giao thc trn hot ng nh th
no? Mnh khng hiu n g ht.
V chuyn mch. Trong di ng s dng chuyn mch knh, internet th dng chuyn
mch gi (switch ip) v chuyn mch ATM(switch atm). Mnh khng r n hot ng
nh th no.
TL: Cc thc th khc nhau trong h thng mng GSM c kt ni vi nhau thng
qua tn hiu mng. Bo hiu c s dng cho v d nh i vi thu bao di ng,
ng k thu bao,thit lp cuc gi, v.v.. Vic kt ni n cc thc th khc nhau c
gi l 'cc im tham chiu' (reference points). Bao gm:
- iao din A: Kt ni gia BSC v MSC
- iao din Abis: Kt ni gia BSC v BTS
- iao din D: Kt ni gia MSC v HL
- iao din Um: Kt ni v tuyn gia MS v BTS
Ngoi ra c n c cc giao din khc cho cc kt ni ti cc thit b khc trong mng
GSM:
- MSC vi VLR: L giao din B.
- HLR vi VLR: L giao din D
- MSC vi ISDN: L giao din Di
- MSC vi MSC: L giao din E
- MSC vi EIR: L giao din F
- VLR vi VLR: L giao din G
- HLR vi AUC: L giao din H
- DMH vi MSC: L giao din I
- MSC vi PLMN: L giao din Mi, v.v...
C n rt nhiu cc giao din khc na, chng ta hy tm hiu chi tit v 3 giao din
chnh A, Abis v Um.
Nhim v chnh ca bo hiu l thit lp v xo kt ni cuc gi. Ngy nay cc ng
dng mi lun lun c thm vo, trong l vic t ng truy cp c s d liu
hoc Cc dch v c m rng trn mt vng rng ln ca mng vin thng.
Giao din A:
Trn lp vt l, giao din A bao gm mt hoc nhiu lin kt PCM gia MSC
v BSC vi bng thng khong 2Mbps. t gia BSC v MSC l TRAU (Transcoder
Adapter Rate Unit) l mt thit b thch ng tc , y c n c qu trnh m ho v
gii m ting mt c th trong thng tin di ng c tin hnh. V th c th chia
giao din A thnh 2 phn nh sau:
- Phn th nht gia BSC v T AU, ni d liu ti trng truyn dn vn c nn.
Nh trn giao din Abis, mt knh lu lng n ch chim 2 trong s 8 bit ca mt
knh PCM. iu ny gii thch ti sao c th truyn 4 knh lu lng ton tc trn
mt knh PCM. Khng k n cc TS ni thng tin bo hiu c mang. Thng tin
bo hiu yu cu ton b 64Kbps ca knh.
- Phn th hai l gia TRAU v MSC, ti ni ton b d liu khng c nn, bi
v mi knh lu lng yu cu tt c 8 bit hoc chim ton b 64Kbps ca knh PCM.
Giao din A l giao din gia BSC v MSC, n c xy dng trn chun giao tip

ang tn ti l h thng bo hiu SS7 c s dng khp trong NSS. Chun bo hiu
ny rt ph bin trong giao tip in thoi. Trong mng vin thng PSTN v ISDN, h
thng bo hiu knh chung CSSN07 l tiu chun ton cu nh ngha truyn thng
bng lin minh truyn thng quc t ITU. Knh bo hiu c th chim mt khe thi
gian bt k trn cc ng truyn dn 2Mbps tr khe TS0 v c s dng truyn
tt c cc bo hiu ca cc knh thoi on ni tng ng.
iao din Abis:
Giao din Abis kt ni BTS vi BSC. Giao din l phn c nh ca mng v giao tip
thng qua bi cp thng thng. in hnh l mt lin kt PSM 30 (cng
nh ISDN 30) c s dng vi 32 knh mi knh 64kbps, cung cp bng thng
2Mbps. Cng ngh nn cho php GSM s dng cc gi ln ti 8 knh lu lng trn
mt knh n 64kbps. iu ny cho php ti 10 TRXs trong BTS, nhng mt c th
ci t l mt BTS c 1 n 4 TRXs. Khi s dng 2 lin kt ISDN 30, ti a 16 T Xs
c th c ci t trn mt BTS.
iao din Air Um:
Giao din khng kh l giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS. Giao din ny c so
snh khc nhiu vi cc giao din khc, bi v giao tip v tuyn l giao din m rt
nhy cm vi s xm nhp t ngoi hn l vi cable, nhng i li c bng thng
ln. Giao thc lp 2 trn giao din Um c gi l LAPDm (LAPD mobile). y l
mt ci tin ca LAPD. S khc nhau gia LAPD v LAPDm l ch pht hin v sa
li Um c thc hin chc nng lp 1. Mt im khc nhau na l cc khung
LAPD c th di hn nhiu so vi cc bn tin ca LAPDm v khung ca LAPDm phi
hiu chnh t va cc cm (burst).
So snh gia giao din A v Abis bn c th xem thread
ny: http://vntelecom.org/diendan/showthread.php?t=1294
hiu c Chuyn mch knh, Chuyn mch gi, ATM bn cn c cc ti liu v
Chuyn mch Tng i ( C s K thut chuyn mch v tng i- Nguyn Hng
Sn, K thut chuyn mch- Mai Vn u, Nguyn Hu Kin, Bi ging cng ngh
chuyn mch- Nguyn Duy Nht Vin,...).
Chuyn mch l s thit lp ni kt theo yu cu truyn thng tin t ng vo yu
cu n ng ra c yu cu trong mt tp ng vo v ng ra (ITU-T). Mc ch l
thit lp ng truyn thng tin qua mng theo cu trc c nh hoc bin ng.
Chuyn mch knh: L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp
knh dn trc tip gia cc i tng s dng. X l cuc gi c tin hnh qua 3
giai on:
1/ Thit lp ng dn da vo nh cu trao i thng tin.
2/ Duy tr knh dn trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin.
3/ Gii phng knh dn khi i tng s dng ht nhu cu trao i.
c im:
- Thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc user trn trc thi gian thc.
- Cc user lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i.
- Hiu sut thp.
- Yu cu chnh xc thng tin khng cao.
- Ni dung trao i khng mang thng tin a ch.
- Ph hp vi dch v thoi.
- Khi lu lng tng n ngng no th cuc gi mi c th b kho, mng t chi
mi yu cu kt ni mi n khi c th.
Chuyn mch gi: Bn tin c chia thnh cc gi vi chiu di xc nh, mi gi c

phn header mang thng tin a ch v th t gi. Mi gi i qua cc node c tin

hnh theo phng php store and forward nh chuyn mch tin. Ti u thu tin hnh
sp xp cc gi tr li.
c im:
- Trao i thng tin khng theo thi gian thc nhng nhanh hn chuyn mch tin.
- i tng s dng khng lm ch knh dn.
- Hiu sut cao.
- Thch hp truyn s liu.
- Vic kim tra li tng chng l m bo gi truyn khng li nhng li lm gim tc
truyn gi qua mng.
- Bng thng thp, tc thp.
- Ph hp vi mng truyn dn cht lng thp.
Mng thng tin di ng vi cng ngh GSM hin nay ang s dng phng thc ghp
knh TDM (Time Division Multiplex) trong mi tn s c chia nh ra cho nhng
ngi s dng khc nhau, mi ngi s dng ny c phn bit vi nhau bng cc
khe thi gian (Time slot). Vi khong bng tn s dng cho di ng GSM 900 l 890
Mhz - 960 Mhz ta c tt c 124 knh tn s hay s c 992 knh vt l.
S khc nhau gia Chuyn mch knh v Chuyn mch gi c th a thnh mt v d
nh: Bn i xe t H Ni ti Hi Ph ng chng hn, nu bn dng t ring i ( xe
hi chng hn-chuyn mch knh) so vi bn i xe khch (chuyn mch gi) th
ng nhin s c s khc nhau. Nu bn thu xe con th ngha l bn ch mnh bn
ngi trn xe i trong sut tuyn hnh trnh, c n nu bn i xe khch th ngoi bn ra
c n nhiu ngi khc na ngi ta cng i cng bn trn sut hnh trnh, v v th
ng nhin l chi ph cho vic thu xe con s t hn l i xe khch ri.
Chuyn mch ATM: Cung cp mt mng ghp knh v chuyn mch tc cao,
tr nh, p ng cho cc dch v a phng tin,t hi gian thc. S dng ghp knh
theo thi gian khng ng b ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexer),
trong , cc bn tin c phn thnh tng gi c kch thc c nh gi l t bo
(cell). Cc cell c gn cho mt nh danh ca ng truyn (a ch trong header
ca cell) v bt k l dch v no th cc cell cng c cng kch thc v bao gm
header v payload. Mi cell c truyn n ch theo a ch ca cell. Cc cell c
di c nh v kch thc b nn tr nh v x l n gin hn. S dng thit b truyn
dn s tc cao vi kh nng kim sot li, cho php cc bn tin mc tuyn n
gin hn. S dng ATDM bng vic ghp cc lung tn hiu vo cc khic kch
thc c nh gi l cell ATM.
Giao din A l giao din tiu chun E1, nhng ngi xut tiu chun ny thch t
n tn l A, cn ci anh Abis l A th hai (bis l th hai, nh th c s nh 152, li c
s 152 bis vy) do cng c dnh dng n giao din A (cng l E1 song tc mt
knh thoi nn trn l 16 kbps ch khng phi l 64 kbps nh giao din A,
trong GSM cn c giao din Ater na y - ter l vit tt ca tern, bi ba, thuc v th
ba, nh m tam phn th gi l ternary code vy). Um th l giao din ngi s dng
(U = User) c ci bin cho ng v tuyn (m = modified).
Truyn dn gia MS v BTS l truyn dn v tuyn s, s dng iu ch GMSK, tc
~271 kbps vi k thut a truy nhp TDMA.
Truyn dn BTS - BSC thng l truyn dn quang hoc vi ba s theo cu hnh chain,
i khi th qua VISAT, c n BSC-MSC th thng l truyn dn quang bi dung lng
tng cng t cc BTS v n BSC thng kh ln.

TRAU khng phi l t ti MSC, m l nn gn t gn MSC tit kim truyn dn,

v 1 TRAU c th kt ni vi nhiu BSC, cc BSCc th t ti cc qun, tnh. Nh
vy, T AU c t gia MSC v BSC chuyn i tc gia 16kbit/s v
64kbit/s.TRAU, BSC, BTS to thnh h thng BSS.
t TRAU u nn cn c vo mng truyn dn.
t TRAU ti BTS th qu tn ng truyn dn, b li, knh 64 kb/s khng b nn
qu li cho php chu li ng truyn tt hn, bo m cht lng cuc gi end-toend.
t TRAU ti MSC th tit kim truyn dn nht song knh 16 kb/s phi truyn i trn
mt khong cch qu ln, d b li hn, m knh 16 kb s d tn thng hn knh 64
kb/s v l knh thoi nn. Nu cht lng truyn dn tuyt ho th nn t nh th,
song hi i, chi ph (tin bc v thi gian thi cng) c c mi ng truyn dn
tt nhng y li khng nh. y l cha k n cc rc ri khi cn pht trin mng.
V vy, gii php trung dung l t TRAU ti BSC.

 Lung s t MS n BTS c tc 13Kb s sau chn thm cc bit ng b,bo

hiu... chuyn thnh 16kb/s.Ghp 4 lung 16kb/s to thnh lung 64kb s.Sau
ghp tip 32 lung 64kb s thnh lung trung k 2Mb/s.
T MS-> BTS tc l 13kb/s (full rate) -> chn cc bit thnh cc lung 16kb/s, sau
cc lung 16kb/s ny s ghp 4 lung thnh 1 lung 64kb/s (4 cuc gi khc
nhau) hoc ghp tip thnh lung 2Mb/s (128 cuc gi) ri truyn ti BSC(viba or
quang) -> n b TRAU: ti Interfacer: chuyn tip lung 64kb/s or tch 2Mb/s thnh
cc lung 64kb/s -> mi lung 64 kb/s ti b sub-multiplexer c tch thnh 4 lung
16kb/s -> mi lung con 16kb/s ti b trancosding rate adaption nng ln tc
64kb/s (mt knh thoi s c bn) -> tip theo 32 lung 64kb s c bn ny c ghp
thnh lung trunk 2Mb/s (trong khung TDM 32 khe thi gian) v c truyn ti tng
i MSC chuyn mch.
Qu trnh t MSC -BSC-BTS-MS th ngc li.
Nu mi trm BTS u t mt TRAU th s rt tn km bn . Thng thng th cm
t BSC T AU lun i km vi nhau, ging nh MSC VLR vy, m ch T AU c
t ti BSC l ng vi thit k ca khi TRAU.
Nhng thc t, TRAU li c u tin t ti MSC. Ta c tc d liu sau BSC l
16kbps, cn tc vo MSC l 64kbps MSC c th chuyn mch ra mng c
nh PSTN thng thng. Nu t TRAU ti BSC, ng truyn di hn ca chng ta
t TRAU --> MSC l 64kbps, nu dng E1 th ch c th truyn c 32TS/1 knh E1.
tit kim ng truyn dn E1, ta t TRAU ti MSC, ng truyn i xa s l
16kbps, nu dng E1 s c 128TS/1 knh E1.
MS--BTS--Abis- BSC--A--TC--MSC----******.
MS ---- BTS: Mi Time Slot c l m ho 13kps, sau thm bt thnh chun
16kps, sau li thm cc bit gi thnh 64kps. iu ny s gii thch cho cc bc ti
sao 1 BTS thng i 1 lung E1 v BSC ( bi v vi cu hnh 4/4/4 bn s cn khong
24 time slot ( v Half ate cng tnh l 64Kps) cng vi bo hiu na l 32 khe thi
gian- to thnh lung 2M). Nhng mt s BTS c th dng 2 E1 truyn v BSC ( v
trm cu hnh cao, 8/4/4 chng hn). ng thi cng c khi 2 BTS dng 1 E1
truyn v BSC( miBTS cu hnh 2/2/2)
BTS- BSC: dng E1 ( gii thch nguyn nhn trn).
BSC- TC: ci ny lng nhng y. Th nht mi TS ca 1 MS kt ni n BTS l
13kps, nhng sau khi v BSC ri n y ln 64kps, BSC s b phn bit gi i, ch
c n 16kps thi. Sau khi c cc lung th 16kps, ti BSC s tng hp cc lun 16kps
gp thnh cc lung E1 v BSC ( ti sao li l cc E1- gim gi thnh, cc bc
c tng tng thu 1 E1 khong 20 tr/ thng, tit kim 5 ci l 100 tr ri. V d th,
khng nh VTN cho thu bao nhiu, cc bc thng cm, v chnh l do tit kim ln
ti BSC s cng din ra cc qu trnh bin i 16kps-64kps).
iu ny s l gii ti sao 1 BSC qun l 100 BTS ( tng ng 100 E1) nhng
truyn v TC t hn rt nhiu, khong 15E1 l c ri, nghn m thm, c m ch
bao gi qu 30 E1.
t TC v MSC, ti y s din ra qu trnh bin cc lung 16kps( nhn c t BSC)
thnh cc lung 64kps- ti sao l 64 m khng phi 32 hay ai loi th- v chuyn
mch MSC ch lm vic c vi bn ny thi, quy nh quc t ri. Thnh chun v
h thng no cng th.
iu ny gii thch ti sao cc bc chuyn mch s u 1 lung vo ( t BSC-TC) ra
thnh 4 lung ( TC- MSC), 1 lung vo n chnh l 1 E1( E1 c nht cc lung
16kps), sau khi cc lung 16 bin thnh 64 th n ra l 4 lung ch cn g na.

Th ln nu TC t cnh MSC th c li l :
1. tit kim chi ph vi cc bn i thu, lung c n lm vic khc.
2. D dng ng cu- MSC kiu g ch c ngi trc, thit b d ph ng cng tp trung
hn
3. phi i dy- nu t ti BSC s lng dy s tng ln 4 ln.
4.tit kim TC - nu t cnh BSC th thng 1 TC ch qun l 1 BSC, c n t MSC 1
TC c th qun l nhiu BSC.
V nguyn l th giao din t BSC n BTS l giao din Abis. Hin nay giao din
Abis thng s dng l lung E1 (2M). Vic u ni tBSC n BTS c th s dng
lung E1 quang hoc E1 Viba hoc c th s dng HDSL(cp ng). Giao din
t BSC n MSC l giao din A hay cn gi l trung k. Giao din ny cng c s
dng l lung E1 cn s dng bao nhiu E1 l ty thuc vo lu lng cuc gi
ca BTS v BSC . Nu lu lng cuc gi ln c th s dng STM1. Cn E1 hay
STM1 c cu trc nh th no chc ban bit.
Giao din gia BTS v BSC gi l Abis. Thc cht Abis ch l 1 lung E1 (trong
bao gm :traffic ca cc TRX trong BTS, bo hiu cho cc T X - bo hiu LAPD
cng vi phn O&M ca trm BTS ) tt c gi gn vo trong 1 lung E1 ( iu ny
gii thch v sao cu hnh max ca 1 trm BTS l 4/4/4)
Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A: bn ch cn quan tm n vic chuyn i
tc t 16 --->64k thng qua b TRAU.
Nhiu lung Abis tp trung ti BSC, BSC tp hp li ri truyn n MSC thng qua
giao din A v chuyn i tc TD t 16-->64k.
VSWR t 1.5-1.9 l hng ri hin nay con s ang c sit cht, trc y l <1.3
hin nay VMS l <1.25 v vinaphone l <1.2
Nu nm trong khoang 1.5-1.9 th s ko loss cell trn 1.9 cell s t ng ngt bo v
TX-RX
Ci ny th tu theo quy nh tng nh mng thi cc bc ah.tu theo tng di
tng GSM 900 hay GSM 1800.nhng hin nay th tt c u l di VS <1.3
cn cch khc phc th
- kim tra u conector,kim tra feeder c b mp ...,kim tra feeder c b vo nc
hay khng?
- swap feeder test th
- kim tra card thu pht(dng my o cng sut...)
Frequency range : 824 960 MHz
Polarization :Vertical
Gain :15 dBi
Half-power beam width H-plane: 65
E-plane: 15
Electrical downtilt :315, adjustable in 1 steps
Side lobe suppression : > 12 dB (0... 20 above horizon)
Front-to-back ratio : > 25 dB
Impedance :50
VSWR : < 1.4

Intermodulation : IM3 < 150 dBc

(2 x 43 dBm carrier)
Max. power : 400 Watt (at 50 C ambient temperature)
Input : 7-16 female
Connector position : Bottom
Height/width/depth : 1294 / 258 / 103 mm
1. anten sector cng l anten, ni chnh xc th n l anten nh hng. Vi
loi BTS dng 3 sector th mt anten ph 120 , nu l BTS dng 6 sector th mt
anten ph 60 .
2. Cc thng s l
Frequency range : 824 960 MHz --> di tn cng tc ca anten
Polarization :Vertical --> anten phn cc sng ng (iu ny d thy v anten ca bn
gn nh dng ng vi mt t --> phn cc ng).
... cc thng s cn li, bn dch thi, c k l thuyt anten (phn u, cc thng s
anten)... c th tham kho thm cun antenna theory- analysis and design (file ting
Anh, A.Balanis).
cho mnh hi hi chui 1 cht nghen cc trm BTS c 3 hoc 4 tm panel mu trng
c phi l antenna ko theo cc ti liu mnh c th ngi ta gi 3 hoc 4 tm panel
gi l sector antenna vy sector antenna c phi l antenna thu pht khng hay lm
nhim v khc,n c phi l antena ca BTS ko
Tr li: Cc tm mu trng trng ng l cc ng-ten trm gc. Chng c gi l
cc plate antennas, thng th c rng bp sng na cng sut l 65 ph sng
cho mt vng r qut (sector). N c th l ng-ten va thu va pht. Phin hnh trn
mu trng dng tang trng cng treo trn ct (c trm c, c trm khng) ng-ten trm
gc th l ng-ten parabol ca vi ba t chc ng back-haul.
cc bn c th gii thch cc thng s sau ca 1 panel antenna trn trm BTS gim
mnh c khng:
Frequency range : 824 960 MHz Di tn cng tc ca ng-ten (y l ngten BTS cho GSM di 900 MHz)
Polarization :Vertical Phn cc sng pht ra t ng-ten, l phn cc ng (vc-t in
trng E vung gc vi b mt tri t nu ng-ten dng ng v khng c chc
in)
Gain :15 dBi Tng ch ca ng-ten, 15 dB so vi ng-ten isotropic (l ng-ten gi nh
khng c tht, c radiation pattern - tc l th phng hng - l hnh cu hon
ho)
Half-power beam width H-plane: 65 rng bp sng na cng sut trn mt phng
ngang (mt phng vc-t t trng, k hiu l H) l 65 . y l gc vi tm l tm
pha ca ng-ten, gii hn bi cc tia vi tng ch gim 3 dB (hai ln) so vi tia chnh
gia hng pht x
E-plane: 15 rng bp sng na cng sut trn mt phng ng (mt phng vc-t
in trng E) l 15 .
Dng bp sng pht x t ng-ten nh vy ging nh mt tri chui
Electrical downtilt :315, adjustable in 1 steps c chc ng-ten iu khin theo
phng php in (iu chnh pha sng a ti cc chn t ng-ten bn trong tm ngten mt cch thch hp s c th quay bp sng theo hng mong mun - nghch ln

hay cp/chc xung) l t 3 n 15 , c th iu chnh c theo cc bc iu

chnh tng mt
Side lobe suppression : > 12 dB (0... 20 above horizon) trit bp sng ph: ln
hn 12 dB (bc x bp sng ph s c lm gim i hn 12 dB, tc l 16 ln, vi gc
tnh t ng gii hn 3 dB ca rng bp sng na cng sut ln/xung so vi
phng nm ngang t 0 n 20
Front-to-back ratio : > 25 dB T s phn cch hng pht sng v hng sau lng l
25 dB (l chnh lch mc cng sut gia hng pha trc v sau lng ng-ten)
Impedance :50 Tr khng 50 m, dy phi- 1 2 inches (ci ny ti cng khng
chc lm)
VSWR : < 1.4 T s sng ng in p (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) nh hn 1.4
Intermodulation : IM3 < 150 dBc (2 x 43 dBm carrier) T s xuyn iu ch bc ba
(3rd order InterModulation) nh hn -150 dBc, tc l chnh lch mc cng sut hi
bc ba gy ra do tnh phi tuyn ca ng-ten so vi cng sut thnh phn tn hiu hu
ch (l cng sut sng mang - ch c trong dBc l vit tt ca carrier, l sng mang) nh
hn 150 dB, vi ng-ten c cp 2 sng mang c cng sut mi sng mang l 43 dBm =
20 Watts
Max. power : 400 Watt (at 50 C ambient temperature) Cng sut ln nht cho php
cp cho ng-ten l 400 Watts ti nhit mi trng 50 C
Input : 7-16 female Connector u vo ng-ten l connector ci
Connector position : Bottom V tr ca connector u phi vo ng-ten l di y
ng-ten
Height/width/depth : 1294 / 258 / 103 mm Kch thc ng-ten tnh theo mm
Cao/rng/su.
Quy trnh chuyn giao cuc gi
V c bn, th tc Handover bao gm 4 giai on:
iai on 1: BSC quyt nh thc hin th tc handover m bo kt ni ca
cuc gi.
iai on 2: Mt kt ni mi c thit lp, song song vi kt ni gc.
iai on 3: MSC chuyn cuc gi sang kt ni mi.
iai on 4: Kt ni gc c gii phng.
Theo ti c bit th 1 cell th chi cn s dng 1BTS thi.Cn khi 1 MS i ra
khi Cell th c BTS ca Cell khc phc v ri nn khng cn phi c
nhiu Cell phc v.
Gc tilt ca anten (tc l cp hay ngng ca anten so vi phng nm ngang) th
tu thuc vo nhiu yu t: mt v s phn b dn c, lu lng c th ca tng
trm... m c gc tilt ph hp m bo l ph hp vi lu lng ca tng trm v
trnh nhiu.
Cch tnh s thu bao ca mi trm th phi tu vo cu hnh ca tng trm.
Gi s mt trm BTS c cu hnh l 4 4 4. Nh vy th mi cell c 4 TRx v s c s
knh vt l l: 4x8 =32 knh trong s knh phc v cho thoi l 32-2=30 knh (v 1
knh dng truyn tn BCCH, v 1 hay nhiu knh dng cho knh SDCCH, y l
dng 1 knh cho SDCCH). Nh vy l mt cell th c th phc v ti a 30 cuc gi
ng thi cng 1 lc v c trm s phc v l 3x30=90 cuc gi ng thi cng mt
lc.
Vic tnh ton s lng thu bao ph thuc vo Gos v s knh dnh cho TCH. Thng
thng ngi ta tnh ton GOS = 2 hay 5%, t tra bng GOS vi s lng knh
thoi (TCH) s tnh c s lng trafic gi cao im m cell phc v --> Vi mc

gi hin nay, 1 thu bao c trafic trung bnh = 12-15 mE --> S lng thu bao
1 cell phc v = trafic gi cao im/ traffic trung bnh ca thu bao
Mnh cn hiu r v gc Tilt hay cn gi l gc ngng:
N c chia ra lm 2 loi:
- electrical titl: c hai gi tr 0 v -6( ngha l ang downtilt xung 6) c 1 s loi ph
bin : Katrien : K 739636, Andrew : 858DG65T6( beam =65 tilt =6)
- machine Tilt: Ci ny do chng ta xt lc install.( G chnh tilt ca Antennal c
khung chnh t 0 - 6)
Ngoi ra c 1 s antenna c th thay i tilt Electrical.
t 2 loi trn kt hp li ta c th chnh gc ngng, cp ca Antenna xung -12.
- c tilt m chng ta ni n l total tilt = E Tilt + M tilt
Exp:
bn dng antenna kathrein loi K 739636( E tilt = -6), lp t M tilt = +3( tc l y
ln 3) . Khi bn c Total Tilt = 3 + (-6) = -3
"Thng thng cc tnh thng gc ngng = 0" Cu ny ca bn cn tu thuc vo
bn dng Antenna no na.
Nh cc bn bit di tn 900 c tn s rt hn ch nn ch cu hnh 4/4/4 l tt nht.
Mi nh cung cp mng ch c dng khong 42 tn s. Nh vy cu hnh 4/4/4 ca
1 trm BTS dng mt 12 tn s ri. Vic dng cu hnh cao hn s rt kh cho vic
chn tn s ca cc trm neighbour -> s dn n nhiu ng knh. l l do m
ngi ta hi bn l ti a ch c 4 T x trong 1 cell. Nhng vi di tn 1800 th c
nhiu tn s hn nn vic chn cu hnh cho 1 trm c th cao hn nn n 12 TRx
cho 1 cell.
Theo mnh c bit l 1 TRX ch c 8 time slot (TS), nh vy 1 sector cu hnh 4 (
tc l gm 4 T X) th c 32 TS nhng tr 1 s TS cho knh BCCH, GPGS... th cn
khong 28 TS.
Nu l full rate th 1 sector ch phc v cng 1 lc l 28 TB, nu cu hnh ca trm l
4/4/4 th nhn 3 ln. Cn nu sector c khai half rate th phc v c 56 TB, tng
t nu c 3 sector u khai HR th trm s phc v cng 1 lc l 56x3 = 168 TB.
1) 1cell = 1sector. Nhiu ngi thng hiu sai trong cc hnh v v cell. trong hnh v
thng ngi ta v cc hnh lc gic u biu th cho 1 cell. v trm BTS khng
phi l t gia ci hnh lc gic , m t im giao nhau gia 3 hnh lc gic
lin k. Nn mi hnh lc gic l 1 cell hay 1 sector. cn 1site = 1 trm BTS ( c th c
1 , 2 hoc 3 sector l tu .)
2) Tnh ton vng ph thng ngi ta cn c vo a hnh, a chnh, khu dn c, c
im dn c tnh ra s trm BTS. Cng vic planning cng kh phc tp, mnh
mong cc bn ni thm v vn ny.
Mnh gii thch qua 1 cht v loi Antenna oc dng trong di ng. Mi ai antenna
u c 1 gi tr Beamwidth ( rng chm) nht nh Thng thng c 2 loi:
- Antenna omni c Beam l 360 deg( loi antenna v hng pht trn)
- Antenna sector( nh hng) c loi Beam = 65 , c loi Beam =90
Do 1 v ng ta ch c 360 m mi Beam di qut ca chng ta l 65 -> 90
ri t suy ra khi chng ta thit k trm BTSSD antenna Sector ch c 2 loai:
- 2 sector
- 3 sector
HPBW (Half-Power Beam Width) l rng bp sng na cng sut, l gc trn gin
hng (radiation pattern) ca antenna gia 2 tia hng knh m cng sut trn
hng ca cc tia bng 1/2 cng sut ca tia chnh gia (c cng sut ln nht).

Vng ph, xt v gc (xt trn gin hng), - hay tm gi l gc ph sng ca mt

ng-ten -, thc t th ln hn HPBW ( rng bp thc t, c tnh n c cc tia c
cng sut di 1/2 cng sut tia chnh gia, th rng hn HPBW nhiu).
ng-ten c HPBW 65 (trn mt ct ngang - HP = Horizontal Plane) th cung cp
gc ph n hn 120 mt cht, v do vy ng-ten sector vi trm 3 sector dng loi
ny. ng-ten c HPBW 90 th c gc ph ln n ~ 180 v c dng cho trm
2 sector, thng dng ph sng ng quc l hay ng cao tc, nht l trong giai
on u trin khai mng ca mt nh khai thc in thoi di ng no (trong cc
giai on sau, ph nt ra su 2 bn ng th h li i thnh cc cell 3 sector).
2 sector bn vo cng mt hng mc ch chc l " Chng nghn" v lu lng cao!
V mt sector ch vo ng hm nhng khng p ng nhu cu cuc gi nhiu th
2 sector bn vo cng mt hng!
Tt nhin 2 sector ny phi c nhng tn s ca cc TRX phi khc tn s.Thng
dng nhiu trong trng hp share lu lng ny l dng gii php 1 anten 900 Mhz
v 1anten 1800Mhz
Thng thng th nu 2 antenna cng hng th 1 l 900, ci kia l 1800 share ti
cho nhau, vi vy khi ng hng s dn n hin tng pingpong khi ms thu c t
2 cell mc thu ngang nhau, gii quyt vn ny th trn h thng s xt tham s
CRO:cellreselec ofset cho 2 cell l khc nhau, v thng th gn s u tin cho 1800
bng cch khai CRO=10db tc l u tin cng thm cho thng 1800 10db, sau xa l
900 s phc v, v th gii hn vng ph khng b bt ln xn.
Trong GSM 1 sector c th hiu l mt cell, nhng trong WCDMA 1 sector c th c
nhiu cell. Cc cell trn cc sector ny s c cc tn s khc nhau.
- Vi cu hnh 1/1/1 th sector 1 c mt cell, sector 2 c mt cell, sector 3 cng c
mt cell ( mi sector s c mt cell)
- Vi cu hnh 2/2/2 th mi sector s c hai cell, v hai cell ny dng cc tn s khc
nhau (trm ny s c 6 cell)
- Tng t cho cu hnh 3/3/3 v 4/4/4.
Mi Operator ch c ti a 3 tn s nn cu hnh cc i l 3/3/3.
Vic chn cu hnh no cn phi cn nhc n cc vn nh dung lng, nhiu,..
Trong WCDMA th ngi ta nh ngha Cell = sector X sng mang
Sector: chnh l hng pht ca anten
Sng mang: tn s pht
Vi cu hnh 1/1/1 tc l c 3 cell v 3 sector , trong mi sector ch pht 1 tn s
Cu hnh 2/2/2 th c 6 cell v 3 sector (3 hng pht) v mi sector s pht 2 tn s
Tng t vi cu hnh 4 4 4 cng vy s c 12 cell v 6 sector , mi sector s pht 4
tn s.
Cch vit cu hnh 4/4/4 th thng c ni n trong mng 2G.Cn trong 3G vi
cu hnh 4/4/4 s c vit l Cu hnh 3x4 (C 12cell vi 3 sector, mi sector pht 4
tn s).Bn c th tng tng cu hnh 3x4 nh 1 hnh tr trn: chiu dc c b
lm 3 phn (3sector), chiu ngang c b lm 4 phn(4 tn s), nh vy lc bn s
chia hnh tr trn (vng cn ph sng) c 12 phn (12cell)..
Vit Nam th di tn 3G c 4 nh mng c cp php khai thc l : Viettel,
Mobilephone, Vinaphone v lin doanh gia EVN-HT mobile. Mi nh mng c
cp php 3 tn s, mi tn s c rng l 5MHz.Do , VIt Nam cu hnh ti a
l 3x3 (hay 3/3/3).Vic tng cu hnh ch yu l vi mc ch tng dung lng ca
mng...V cc vn khc thfi i ti u ca nahf mng cng tnh ton ti..!

 Ci ny khng ng u. 2 anten bn trong t lch nhau 90 , v t so vi ngang

mt t l +45 & -45. Vai tr ca 2 anten ny l nh nhau.
Trong SM, T X c pht trn tt c cc anten, do vy ko th ni 1 anten pht v 1
anten thu c. Khi , c 2 ci cng pht, nhng ci ny lm diversity cho ci kia.
Cn trong CDMA hay WCDMA, nu ch dng 1 khi thu pht, 1 u Tx x v 1 u
x th ng l 1 anten pht 1 anten thu, nhng cm vo ci no cng c.
Dng nhiu antena tng dung lng l chnh. Cn vic vng ph th bn c th yn
tm, vi li xung quanh cng c n nhiu trm khc m. Khi dng nhiu antena cng 1
site (cosite, c 900 v 1800), thng khai bo theo kiu underlaid (TCH, SDCCH) v
overlaid (BCCH). Thng s u ng b gia cc trm ny trnh rt do ng b
km.
Trong SM, 2 anten bn trong t lch nhau 90 , v t so vi ngang mt t l +45
& -45. Vai tr ca 2 anten ny l nh nhau.Do khi ta cm nhm feeder t anten
xung card thfi n vn thu pht bnh thng, v vai tr ca nso l nh nhau.
Tuy nhin trong 3G (WCDMA) th 1 anten va thu va pht (Tx x), v 1 u ch
thu(Rx) nn yu cu ni feerder t nten xung card phi chnh xc, v khi ta ni nhm
th anten s khng pht c.(tc l ta ni nhm Tx/Rx trn anten vo Rx ca
card).nh vy vi 3Gth ch c 1 ng pht v 2 ng thu phn tp!!