www.campusgate.co.in 1. Parts of Speech Parts of speech’ are the basic types of words that English hes. Most grammer books say that there are eight paris of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunc- tions, prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type: articles. Noun: Announ Is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, ling crea ture, qualty, or action, Examples: cowboy, theatre, box. thought, tree, kindness, ariaval Pronoun: A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repetition of the noun. Examples: |, you, he, she, #, we, they verb: A.vetb Is @ word which descrbes an action (doing something) or a state (being some- thing). Examples: walk tak, think, believe, Ive, Ike want An adjective is a word that describes a noun, It provides information about the noun Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beaut- fu, quick, important adverb: ‘An adverb Is @ word which usually daserbes fa verb, It tells you how an action is done. it may also tell you when or where something happened Examples: slowly, inteligently, well, yester- day, tomorrow, here, everywhere reposition: A prepostion usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase to show what rela- tion the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. it joins the noun to some other part of the sentence, Examples: on, in, by, wth, under, through, Conjunction: A conjunction joins two phrases or sen- ‘ences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or Interjection: An interjection is not grammatically related to any part of the sentence, because t often stands alone. Interjections are words whien express emotion or surprise, and they are Usually folowed by exclama tion marks. Examples: Ouch!, Helol, Hurrayl, Oh no Articles: ‘An article Is usad to introduce a noun. Examples: the, a, an 2. Phrases Phrases 5. ‘A phrase Is a group of words functioning as a unt. It does not express a complete thought. It does not contain a fite verb. A finite vero shows tense, number, and person eg: He ran away to avold punishment, phrase ‘Tne commonest type of phrases are (1) Noun phrases (2) Agjectve parases (3) Verbal phrases (4) Adverbial phrases and (5) Prepostional phrases. Noun phrases: These are the phrases which have @ noun as their head word The letter arrved yesterday. The letter is a noun phrase, ii The naughty boy called his teacher a silly old fool Here noun phrases are 1. ‘The naughty boy 2. his teacher 3. a slly old foo! Adjective phrases:_These phrases modify nouns. ‘Old cot, Dark night , Tall Bulling ‘Apart from this present participles and past partciples act as adjectives, i The boy, erving bittarly, was carried home, ‘The tee, bending under the weight ofits frult, \vas the first thing he looked! at every morning, Verbal phrases: A group of words acting tke a verb and nsisting of ton He put out the lamp, |. The bus got off. ii, He gave up smoking. Adverbial phrases: These units are more mobie than fother phrases. tis possible to have several in the same single sentence. LHe leamtto speak English very quickly iL He almost invariably arrives late, lL Next year we hope to tour Canada is throughly as possibie. Propositional phrases: These are sometimes de- scribed as adverbial because they often tel us , when, \where , why or how something happened. They can, however function in other role. ‘She hit the thie with the hand bag. She hit the thiaf with the sear Both the phrases marked out. are prepostional (they begin with prepositions). But the frst phrase toll us about now the thief was nt. Hence i ls an Adverbia phrase. The second describes the thiet . Hence its adjectival The essential difference between the phrase and the Grammar and Error detection Page 1www.campusgate.co.in clause, ‘Aclause has a sublect and a predicate, A phrase is a unit of words only. Clauses can be divided into tvo classes. They are (1) Main clauses (2) subordinate clauses or dependent clauses Main Clause Subordinate claus eg: He would be very sad / fhe lived along, 3. Clauses The main clause Is independent depends on the main clause The subordinate clause Type of clauses: 4. Adjective Clauss ‘Adjective clause mosify @ noun Eg: 1. That is the man who scolded Gopal 2. The Lion which was caged has escaped 3. The car whien he had ought us was green The adjective clause must be placed very close to the wore! modified by it. the adjective clause Is misplaced, the sentence becomes confusing to the reader. Example |W: He rode the cycle in the garden which was bought by his father R He rode the cyele, which was bought by his father, in the garden, In the above example, the misplaced word “which” gives an impression that the garden was bought by his father. The sentence can be corrected by placing “which” before the adjective clause 2.ADVERB CLAUSE, An adverb clause Is @ subordinate clause that functions like ‘an adverb. It answers the questions like where, when, why. lunder what condttons and with what results. It contains @ subject and @ predicate and makes complete Examples 4. You can leave when she comes, 2, Wear warm clothes Because the weather is cold 3. I willnot speak to her til she telephones me. An adverb clause modifies an adverb, verb or an adjective in the main clause 1. Advert clause of te (ti, ater, when etc) | will write the assignment after | read the instructions care fully 2. Adverb clause of place (whereas, where, etc) You can tell him where to mest you 3 ‘Adverb clause of suppostion (though, even if, although etc) Athough he smiled, he was angry 1. Adverb clause of caussireason (so that. n order that etc) He called me yesterday so that he could know the detals of the meeting 5. Advetb clause of condition (whether, if ete) Ifthey offer you a better salary, you should join them immediately 6. Adverb clause of consequence that etc.) He hit the ball so hard that if landed outside the stadium ‘Adverb clause of comparison (than, as, etc) He Is stronger than | (am) 3.Noun Clause ‘A noun clause is @ subordinate clause that functions as @ noun. A noun clause can be a predicate, subject, nominative, appesitive, direct abject, object of preposition or an indirect object. Useful Hint: Substtute “something or someone" in the place Of the clause” if the meaning is clear then it Is a noun clause. Examples 1. | hope Lpass the test, |! hope “something” sentence stil making sense] 2. He wanted to know what had taken place in the market. 3. He does not understand what you speak. here the In the above examples. the words in bold text act as nouns as they are the objects of a verb. A noun clause can take the place of a subject, object or a complament of the subject. Certain clauses can act in all he three ways, Thus, @ noun clause is identifed by its function in the sentence, Examples. 1, Why he did not anrve isthe question. (Subject of a verb) 2. We have said that this is not the right way. (Object of a transitve verb). 3. Pay attention to what the teacher is saving (Object of a preposition) 4. His conviction that she would stand first at th ‘2xamination encouraged her to study harder. (In oppostion te noun/pronoun), 5. My conviction is that she would stand frst, (Complement of a verb) &. We are sorry that you missed your tain. (After an Intranstive verb ‘to be) Grammar and Error detection Page 2