P4.

1Anidealizedvelocityfieldisgivenbytheformula
V 4txi 2t 2 yj 4 xzk
Isthisflowfieldsteadyorunsteady?Isittwoorthreedimensional?Atthepoint(x,y,z)(1,
1,0),compute(a)theaccelerationvectorand(b)anyunitvectornormaltotheacceleration.
du u
u
u
u
u
v unsteadybecausetimetappearsexplicitlyinthecomponents.(b)The
w
4x 4tx(4t) 2t 2 y(0) 4xz(0) 4x 16t 2 x
Solution:dt(a)Theflowis
t
x
y
z
flow is threedimensional because all three velocity components are nonzero.
dv v
v
v
v
(c)Evaluate,bylaboriousdifferentiation,theaccelerationvectorat(x,y,z)(1,1,0).

u
v
w
4ty 4tx(0) 2t 2 y( 2t 2 ) 4xz(0) 4ty 4t 4 y
dt t
x
y
z
dw w
w
w
w

u
v
w
0 4tx(4z) 2t 2 y(0) 4xz(4x) 16txz 16x 2 z
dt
t
x
y
z
dV
(4x 16t 2 x)i ( 4ty 4t 4 y) j (16txz 16x 2z)k
dt
dV
4(1 4t 2 )i 4t(1 t 3 ) j 0 k
dt
at(x,y,z)(1,1,0),weobtain
or:

Ans.(c)

(d)At(1,1,0)therearemanyunitvectorsnormaltodV/dt.Oneobviousoneisk.Ans.