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Analiza 2 Sve Aleksandar Torgasev
Analiza 2 Sve Aleksandar Torgasev
IIorJiaBJLe 1
f(x)
a < b ~ B. CTora aKo cpyHKUHj a f (x) rroce,IJ;yje rrpHMHTHBHY cpyHKUHjy na neKOM HHTepBaJiy D = (A, B), ona rroce,IJ;yje
IIpi1MI1TI1BHy cpyHKUHjy ll Ha CBaKOM IIO,Il;I1HT8pBaJiy (a, bJ TOr HHTepBaJia.
HHTepBaJiy (a,
b), rrpH
~eMy j e
rrpH~mTHBHa cpyHKUH.i a
AHAJI113A II 3A HH<I:JOPMATHLIAPE
f(x),
cpym<:o;:vrje
3a cBaKo
xED
:vrcrryEheHo je
F'(x) = f(x).
O.n;aB.n;e je:
G(x)
F(x) + C
f(x).
f(x) Ha
= G'(x) = f(x),
F'(x)
G(x)- F(x)
KOHCTaHTa C E
D. CTora rrocToj:vr
G(x) = F(x) +C.
0
TaKBa .n;a je
G(x)- F(x) = C,
Tj.
HeKa
Ona TeopeMa je o.n; vr3y3eTHe Ba.JKHOCTVI jep cy cne eneMeHTapHe cpyHK:O:Hje H81Ip8KH)l;H8 Ha CBaKOM HHT8pBaJiy KOjH je ca.n;p>KaH y fbHXOBOj 06JiaCTVI
.n;ecp:vrH:vrcaHocTvr, a o6wmo ce :vr :o;eo I:hHXOB .n;oMeH cacToj:vr o.n; vr3necHe yH:vrje
)l;HCjyHKTHHX HHT8pBaJia ( 0)1; KOjHX Ce H8KH 8B8HTyaJIHO CBO)l;e
Ha TaqKy).
je.n;aH rrpH:Mep cpyHKUH:je Koja TaKoi)e H:Ma caMD je.n;Hy TaqKy rrpeK:vr.n;a Ha o.n;roBapajyneM HHTepBaJiy, aJIH IIOce.n;yje IIpVIMllTllBHY cpyHKUHjy Ha TOM HHTepBaJiy.
IlpHMep.
1.
<l:JyHKUHja
j(x) =
> 0.
AHAJII13A
II 3A I1H<DOPMATI1LIAPE
D = (A, B) 3a Koj11 je A ~ 0,
Ta,n:a je 3a 611JIO Koje x E D MCIIYH>eHo sgnx = 1, rra je YHKUlija F(x) =
3arrcTa, aKo yo"t.IMMO 611JIO KOjM MHTepBaJI
+C
(X)
(C E R).
x E D
licrryiheHo
f(x)
F(x) = -x,
-x + C (C
R).
liaJLe yo"t.IliMO 6mw Koj:vr HHTepBaJI D = (A, B) 3a Kojli je A < 0 li
>
F(x)
F(x)
KaKo j e YHKUlij a
Ha liHTepBaJiy
= c2'
,n:a YHKIJ;lija
F( x)
0 <X< B
A <x <0
H8IIp8KI1)l;Ha y TaqKli
F( -0)
= { X+ cl,
-x + C2,
rra je
cl
0.
= 02 = c,
H:
F(O)
=c.
F( +0)
= cl =
F(x) =
Ho KaKo YHKu:vrja
lxl + C
UliJY
CTora <f>yHI<UMja
f(x) =
sgn
2. fla.JLC D8MO H3.DCCTli IIpH:MCp <f>yHKUHjC KOja. liMa ca.MO jc,n:Hy TaqKy
rrpeKli,n:a Ha cKyrry
<f>yHKUlijy
f (X ) =
{20, . 10 1 r'0
X Slll -
COS - ,
J;
X=
(-oo, +oo) = R.
AHAJ1M3A II 3A MH<POPMATMLIAPE
4
KOJOJ Ta'IKH
X =/=-
,n;aTa Je ca
F (x)
={ x
sin
0,
~ , x =/=- 0 .
X=
f(x) nMa 6ap je,n;Hy rrpHMHTHBHY cpyHKUHjy F(x) Ha HHTepBaJiy D = (A,B), Ta.n:a ce cKyrr cpyHKUHja {F(x) + C:C E R} Ha3HBa
AKo cpyHKUHja
f(x), 11 rrnmeMo:
(1)
Ha3HBa ce
unmezpa~uonoM
y cpopMyJIH (1)
'K:OncmanmoM.
D = (A, B)
~YHK~Hja,
f(x).
(1)
(3)
J
J
sin x dx = - cos x
xP dx
Ko.n: rrpHMepa
+ C;
( 2)
cos x dx = sin x
xP+l
= p+1 +C
(4)
(p
=/=-
-1) ;
( 4)
J~
dx
+ C;
= ln IxI + C.
J(x)
HTHBHY cpJHKUHjy Ha CBaKOM O,llllHTepBaJia ( -CXJ, 0), (0, +oo), KaO H Ha rrpOH3BOJLHOM OTBOpeHOM llHTepBaJiy je,llHOr O,ll THX HHTepBaJia, ll IIpHTOM llHTerpaUllOHa KOHCTaHTa HMa je.UHY Bp8)1:HOCT C1 Ha llHT8pBaJiya ( -CXJ,
0), a .n:pyry
1/x
< 0
H B
> 0,
cpyHKUHja
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<I>OPMATI-FIAPE
<jlyHKUH:je y Ta'IKH: 0.
(2)
j[o:f(x)
+ j3g(x)] dx =a: j
f(x) dx
+ j3 j
g(x) dx +C.
sinx
-X-
dx
e-x
dx,
sinx 2 dx,
HT.IJ;.
TapHy <jlyHKUMjy, OH.D;a ce KaJK8 .n;a ce Taj HHTerpan MOJK8 HallY! y "3aTBOpeHOM
06JIMKy". 36or TOra je O.D; HHTepeca HallY! illTO illMpe KJiace eJieMeHTapHHX
<jlyHKUHja KOje Ce MOry H:HTerpHCaTH y 3aTBOp8HOM 06JIH:Ky. 0BOMe je IIOCBell8H BeJIH:KH 6poj KH>Mra, T3B. Ta6naua HHTerpana.
Y TC16eJIM 1 ( CTp. . .. ) HaBe,Ll;eHH cy Heo.n;pe l)eHH: H:HTerpaJIM H8KH:X OCHOBHH:X eJI8M8HTapHMX <jlyHKUMj a, T3B. Ta6JIH:'IHM H:HTerpaJIH:.
2. MeTo,n.:e HHTerpan;Hje
(1)
= u(x)v(x)-
u(x)v'(x) dx
v(x)u'(x) dx,
Tj.
(2)
j u dv = uv - j v du.
lloKa3.
KaKo je
(u(x)v(x))' = u'(x)v(x)
+ u(x)v'(x)
(xED),
,n;o6vrja ce ..ua je
IlpHMep.
1.
Yo~vrMo VIHTerpaJI
J xex dx.
Ta..ua je rrpn:MeHOM
2. 3a HHTerpaJI
cos
vrManeMo ,n;a je
J =
2x sin x dx = x 2 sin x
x d sin x = x sin x -
+ 2x
cos x
cos
x dx
+C.
+2
jxd
= x 2 sin x + 2x cos x -
cos
2 sin x
+C =
j f(x) dx
Ha VIHTepBaJry
D =(A, B),
f(x)
vr
= x(t)
F(x) =
je HerrpeKvr.n;Ho ,n;vrepeHu;vrja-
AHAJI113A II 3A HH<I:>OPMATlfY:APE
YO'IllMO CJIO/K8HY YHKUHjy
F(x(t))
rrpoMeHJbllBe
t.
7
meH ll3BO,Il; no
je,n;HaK je
(F(x(t))'
o,n;aKJie
t < t2).
F(x(t))
(1)
f(x(t)) x'(t)
(t 1
<
O,n;HOCHO
(2)
f(x) dxl
x=x(t)
CMeHy
f(x).
<l:>OpMyJie (1) llJill (2) ce y rrpaKCll KOpllCT8 TaKO illTO ce yMeCTO IIpllMll-
Tl1BH8 YHKUMj e
YHKUrrj a
cflyHKIJ;Mje
MHB8p3Ha
YHKUHja
F(x)
YHKL{Hjy
= G(t- 1(x)).
= x(t) = tjn
J
= -1
n
11
dx
cost
dt = sin-t
n
J-
- .
t,
.--dt-
1 + t2
sin nx + C .
=-
J+
= arccost,
,n;o611jaMo ,n;a je
= -arctgt
nx
o,n;aKJie je
sinxdx 2
1 + cos x -
Tj. x
-dcosx
+C=
cos 2 x
-arctg
(cosx) +C.
Ca,n;a neMO KOpHmne&eM CMeHe rrpOM8HJLllBHX ll3pa'IyHaTH jom H8KOJillKO Ta6JIH'!HllX llHTerpa.na.
)x 2 + 1 dx.
AHAJIH3A II 3A HH<I>OPMATl1"4APE
= ,fx 2 + 1 .necpMHMcaHa
f(x)
= sh t
3a cse
J8
Jx
+ 1 dx =
=
+ 1 (ch t) dt = ~(ch t) dt =
2
1
ch 2 t dt = ch ( t) + dt.
)sh 2 t
(ch t)(ch t)
dt =
O,nas.ne je:
JJ
+1 dX=
+ 1 dt =
ch (2t)
2
sh (2t)
4
t
C.
+-+
J X 2 +1 dX=
(sh t) (ch t)
2
+-+
2
=2
vx
- xvx + 1 ln (x +
2
+
2
4. YoqMMo ,naJLe MHTerpaJI
j -vh-
)1- x 2 dx
+ 1)
+ .
x 2 dx.
f(x)
J X 2 +1+ ar sh x + C =
= v'1- x 2
.neqmHMCaHa caMo 3a
x = cost
dt =- sin 2 t dt =
cos 2t- 1 d
t,
rra je
JJ
1-x2
dx-
r- - d
cos 2t t -
J- - - - - - + c -dt - sin 2t
J 2
2
4
= :_2 )1- x 2 - 2~arc cos x +C.
JV
X2 -
1 dx.
x :S -1 c:r.,reHy x
2: 1
Jx 2 -ldx=
= -1
2
ysemne1v1o CMeHy x = ch t (t
= -ch t (t 2
2 0),
a y cJiy-qajy .na je
2
)ch 2 t-l(sbt)dt=fsh 2 tdt= lch :-ldt=
ch 2t dt
- -1
2
1 dt
= -sh 2t - -t + C.
4
AHAJU13A II 3A I1H<POPMATI1"Y:APE
KaKo j e ,n:aJI>e
sh (2t)
,n:o6RjaMo ,n:a je
J ch 2 t = -cht
2
2
xJx 2
=
AKo j e x
jJ
:S -1,
+C=
~2 ln (x + J x 2 -
- 1-
+C =
2
1 _ ar ch x
2
= :_ J x 2 _
= :_2 J x2
t
1- -
- -2 ln (x + y
1 2
x -
1)
+C =
1)
+ C.
x 2 - 1 dx
jJ
y 2 - 1 ( -dy)
2
-1
= - [ (-x)v'x
2
=
=
xv'x 2 - 1
2
xv'x 2 - 1
2
1
2
y 2 - 1 dy
1n ( -x +
J x 2 - 1)J + C =
1
+C=
-x+Jx2-1
--~
jJ
=-
= -y
-ln ( -x- y x 2
2
1) +C.
I= xJx
1
-
dx
--
Jx 2
+1
(t
= (ch t) dt = dt
cht
'
O,I(aKJie je 3aM8HOM:
dx
2
v'x + 1
dt
= t + C = ar sh x + C = ln (x + J x 2 + 1) + C.
Jv1-
dx
x2
= Sh t
10
AHAJII13A II 3A l1H<POPT'viATI1'-IAPE
Y OBOM CJiyc:rajy YB8illD8MO CMeHy
= sin t ( -7T /2
<
< 7T /2),
o_n:aKJI8
dx
(cos t)
\11- x
= (cos t)
dt
V1- sin2 t
dt = dt.
cost
CTora je:
dx
= t + C = arc sin x
)1- x 2
dx
.
)x 2 -1
--
> 0).
+ C.
>
YB8CTH CMeHy
= ch t
dx
)x 2 -1
( sh t)
dt
)ch2t- 1
= ( sh t)
dt
= ( sh t)
v'SJ12t
dt
dt
sh t
'
o,n:aKJie je:
= t + C = ar ch x + C = ln ( x +
dx
)x 2 -1
3a Bpe,n:HOCTH
<
dx
J.J
-dy
1 =
y2 - 1 = -
= -ln (y +
=ln
1)
+ C.
-y (y
.Jx 2 -
1)
+C =
o,n:aKJieje
Vx 2 -
.Jx 2 -
.Jy 2 1
-x+vx 2 -1
J.J
>
1),
dy
y2 - 1 =
1) + C = -ln ( -x
+C=
=ln(-x-~1)+C.
CTora je y orrmTeM cJiyc:rajy, aKo je fxl
I=
> 1:
ln (fxl + (sgnx)Vx 2 - 1)
+C.
Pa:o;HoHaJIHe YHK:o;Hj e rrpe,n:cTaBJLaj y H3.)'"38THO B<lli<HY KJiacy eJieMeHTapHHX YHKIJ;Hja 'IHjH Ce Heo,n:pel)eHH HHTerpaJI yBeK MO/Ke HatiH y 3aTBOpeHOM o6JIHKY, Tj. rrpe_n;cTaB.rr,a IIOHOBO 8JI8M8HTapHy yHKIJ;Hjy. ilpHTOM, CBaKa
AHAJI113A II 3A 11H<I>OPMAT:VP-IAPE
11
TaKBa cpyHKUHja rrpe,IlCTaBJba HerrpeKH.IlHY cpyHKUHjy H3Mel)y CBOjH:X cyce,n:HHX CH:HryJiapHHX Ta"t.IaKa, H Ih8H H:HTerpaJI yBeK HaJia3I1MO Ha ,Ili1CjyHKTHHM
aTBapem'!M H:HTepBaJiaMa -.:.rHje cy KpajH>e Ta-.:.rKe cyce,IlHe caHryJiapHe Ta-.:.rKe
aBe cpyHKUH:jeo
Pm(x)
f(x) = Qn(x)
(1)
rrpH qeMy cy
3a cBaKo x E D Ba,)KH:
f(x)
(2)
= R(x) + ~(~),
npeTrracTaBJLaMo ,n;a j e qaTaouy jom I13 cpe,n;H>e mKoJie IT03HaT rrocTyrraK ,n;eJI-
j ei:La HeKor IIOJIH:HOMa p m (X) Ca ITOJIH:HOMOM Q n (X) HHJKer I1JII1 H:CTOr CTeiieHao
2
x +1
HanpaMep, aKa je
f(x)
Ta,n;a je
= 1+
-')- , ,
X2 -
= n = 2,
a ,n;eThei:LeM oBa
f(x)
,n;aKJie
R(x)
= 1 H r(x) =50
Ha OCHOBY cpop:rvryJie
jy .ua je rn ;::
(2)
r(x)/Qn(x).
CTora
m <no
12
AHAJII13A II 3A HH<I>OPMATI1'-IAPE
AKa je ,naJbe Qn(x) nporr3BaJbaH peanaH nanrrHOM cTeneHa n
2: 1,
Ta,na
Z5
BaiKH
+ +m = n.
5
ny HyJie
Zv (v
(x- Z5 )ms,
= 1, ... ,s) .
Qn(x)
= ao IT (x- a:v)m"
(2)
ca
v=1
q=l
KaKa j c .n:a.JLc
-
= x2 -
(2Re,Bq)x + I,Gql
= x 2 + Bqx + Cq,
(3)
Qn(x)
= ao IT (x- av)m
v=l
1
,
IT (x
+ Bqx + Cq)nq,
q=l
rrpvr "Y:eMy j e
m1
+ + mr + 2(nl + nk) = n.
+ Cq
IIMa
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<I>OPMATM'-IAPE
13
CTAB 5. Ceax:a npaea pav,uona.!Lna rfiynx:v,uja f(x) = Pm(x)/Qn(x) capea.!L'H.U.M cunzy.!Lapnu.M ma"ix:a.Ma a1, ... , ar u u.Mazunapnu.M cunzy.!LapnU.M ma"ix:a.Ma
/3 1 , ... , !3k
(4)
(j
(x - ai)j
+ Cij
BijX
(5)
(x + bix +
2
Ci)j
f(x) =
LL
i=l j=l
m;
ij
(x- a)j
t
n;
+~
~
t=l J=l
'""" '"""
(i = 1, ... , r;j
(x 2
ij X
+C
ij
+ bix + ci)j
= 1, ... , mi),
Bij, Cij
(j
= 1, ... , ni;
0Baj M8TO.U je y OIIIIIT8M CJIY'Iajy B80Ma 3aMeTaH, !!I 3aXT8Ba B8JIHKY IIa.iKH.>Y
Y pa.uy.
Ha ocHOBY rrpeTxo,n:Hor cTaBa ce HHTerpauHja rrpoH3BOJLHe pauHoHaJIHe
cpyHKUHje CBO,Ull Ha. H8.Jia.JK8fL8 36Hpa HHTerpa.Jia cflyHK[(Hja 06JIHK8.
I1HTerpaJIH 06JIHKa ( 4) C8 JiaKO HaJia3e CM8HOM X - ai =
t,
(4)
ll
(5).
'IHM8 C8 CBO,Ue Ha
HHTerpaJie o6Jl:HKa
dt
(j
tJ
= 1, 2, ... ).
(x 2
x2
Bx+C
+ bx + x )j
+ bx + C HMa
(j EN),
Ba.lfi.H
b2
KaKo je
+ bx + c = (x + b/2) 2 + c- b2 /4 = (x + b/2) 2 +
4c- b2
4c
< 0.
14
AHAJII13A II 3A I1H<POPJviATM"YAPE
X+ b/2 = t,
Ha 36Mp llHTerpaJia
Btdt
(t 2 +6.)i +(C-bB/2)
J{,') ~t"'"'
6. = (4c- b2)/ 4 > 0. llpsll o.n; OBMX MHTerpaJia JiaKo ce M3paqyHasa CM8HOM t 2 = u. Ko.n; .n;pyror llHTerpaJia Hajrrpe Tpe6a yseCTll eMeRy
rrpll qeMy je
t =
.;K.u,
Jn=
du
(u2+1)n
(n EN).
Jn ll Jn+l
(n EN). TiapunjaJIHOM llHTerpaunjoM .n;o6MjaMo .n;a 3a cBaKO n EN sa/Kll:
Ca.n;a neMO ycrrocTaBllTll peKypeHTHY Be3y II3Mei)y llHTerpaJia
Jn = J(u 2
+ 1)-ndu =
u
(u2 + l)n
u
+ 2n
J
J( +
(u2 + l)n+l du =
u2 1) - 1 du =
(u2 + 1)n+l
+ 2n{Jn- Jn+d
(6)
Jn-'-1
'
cpop:NI}'Jill
(6)
= _2:__
2n(u 2 +l)n
nEN
+ 2n- 1
,. .
Ba~KM:
ln.
J1
M3
cpopMyJie
(6)
du
u2 +
= arctgu,
u
1
u
arctgu
h=2(u2+1)+2J1 =2(u 2 +1)+
2 '
AHAJU13A II 3A HH<POPMATH'-IAPE
HT,II,. 3a rrpoH3BOJ.baH rrpnpo,n;aH 6poj
n,
15
Jn,
(6)
C.
R.
x+1
)(
) dx.
x-2 x+3
x+1
f(x) = (x _ 2)(x + 3)
rrpaBa paD;HOHaJIHa cjlyHKUHja Ca je,II,HHHM CHHI'yJiapHHM Ta'IKaMa x 1 =
x2
=/=
Xl,
-3 H
X2 Ba:tKH
pa3Jiara&e
x+1
(x-2)(x+3)
f(x) =
MHOIKCELCM ca
+1=
a(x
= _a_+ _b_
x-2
x+3"
HaJia3HMO ,II,a je
a+ b = 1,
o,n;aKJie HaJia3HMO ,n:a je
a= 3/5
b = 2/5.
f(x) =
3a- 2b
= 1,
2 _1_
5 X- 2 + 5 X+ 3.
f(x) dx
= 531n /x-
2/ + 2 1n !x + 3 I +C.
(2,+oo).
16
x+3
x 2 +x+ 1
dx.
Hajrrpe rrpHMeTHMO ,n;a je rro,n;HHTerpaJIHa cpyHKD;Hja TaKo!je rrpaBa pan;noHaJIHa cpyHKD;Hja Koja HMa caMo ,n;Be rrpocTe HMarnHapHe cnHryJiapHe Ta'IKe.
KaKo j e ,n;a.rr, e
+ x + 1 = (x + 1/2) 2 + 3/4,
X+ 1/2 = .;3tj2,
yBemneMO CMeHy
-Jt+5/.J3dt-j~
~J~t2+ 1
t2 + 1 + .)3
t2 + 1 -
J -
= -ln (t 2 + 1) +
2
1
2
= -ln (x + x
2
;;:;arctgt + cl =
v3
5
2x + 1
+ 1) + ;;:;arctg v'3 +C.
v3
3
R.
Y OBOj Ta"CIKll yBemneMO yKpaTKO IIOj aM IIOJIHHOMa ll paD;llOHaJIHe cpyHKD;Hje BHill8 peaJIHllX IIpOM8HJbllBI1X X 1 , ... , Xk.
IIo,n;
nD.II,U'IiOMOM
(1)
X Pl
1 XP2
2 . . . XPk
k )
IIoJIHHOM
(n E No)
3a j e.n;aH
o,n;
+ + Pk
n.
TaKo je HarrpHMep
+ 4x2
IIOJillHOM CT8II8Ha 1,
P3 (xr, x2)
IIOJIHHOM CTeiieHa
3.
= xr + 5xrx2 -
3x~
je cTerreHa
+ +Pk
~ n, H 6a.p
AHAJU13A
II 3A I1H<I>OPMATI1"Y:APE
17
n MoJKe ce
Harmcan-r y o6JI:vrKy
(2)
aPlPkxl
L
+.. +PkSn
Pl
Pn(Xl, , Xk) =
P1
xkPk ,
(p 1 + +Pk = n)
pa3JI:vrq:vrT
Pn(x 1, ... ,
(3)
IIpH 'IeMy je
Pm
IIOJIMHOM CT8II8Ha
Qn IIOJIMHOM CT8II8Ha n
1.
(x 1 , ... ,
xk) E Rk 3a Koje je Qn(x 1 , ... , Xk) =/:. 0, Tj. y TaqKaMa OTBOpeHor cKyrra Rk . . . _
Pam1oHaJIHa cfJYHKIJ;:vrja o6JI:vrKa (3) .n:e:vrH:vrcaHa je y Ta'!KaMa
N( Qn). Ta'!Ke cKyrra N( Qn), ,n:aKJie TaqKe y KOjM:Ma oHa HM:je .n:eM:H:vr:caHa,
Ha3HBajy Ce H>8HMM CMHryJiapHYIM TR4KaMa.
IlpHMep. <l>yHKIJ;M:ja
2 + X1
X1X2 + X3
R(x 1 , x2, X3 ) = x~ + 5x 1 x 4 3
X15
Xl, X2, X3.
AHAJU13A II 3A I1H<POPMATI1'-IAPE
18
TpaneMO HeKe RpaiJ;ROHaJIHe cpyHKIJ;Rje t..rRj a Ce RHTerpaiJ;Rja CBO,n;H Ha RHTerpaiJ;Rjy paiJ;ROHaJIHRX cpyHKIJ;Rja.
J =
t.
3aRCTa, KaKO je
2tg ~
sin x = 1 + tg2 ~ '
COS
1- tg 2x2
1 + tg 2X'
2
X=
cne,n:H ,n;a j e
1- t2
cosx = 1 + t2:
2t
sin x = 1
+ t2:
R OCHM TOra:
2 dt
x = 2arctgt,
dx
= 1 + t2
'
t2 ) 2 dt
= R ( -2t-2 ,1-- -,
2
2
1+t
1+t
1+t
1+
t2
R(
1- t
2t
1+
t2'
2
)
t2
1+
R( u, v)
pau;HoHaJI-
U, V.
! ~- J1 -1t
COS X
2 .2!!!:_
1 + t2
= !~
=
1 - t2
J(-1- + _1_)
+
1- t
1 + t2
= ln 11 -
= ln
tl + ln 11 + tl + C
1 - ta.
b;
1 + tg 2
:E./
+C.
1- t
= ln / - I
1+t
I+ C =
dt
19
AHAJII13A II 3A I1H1>0PMATI1"Y:APE
j R(ex) dx.
J =
Ta,lla Ce CMeHOM ex =
t,
Tj.
IJpHMep. JiiHTerpaJI J =
R( t) ~t
e2x- 2
t2 -
ex+ 1
j R~
t) dt.
dx CMeHOM ex=
2
2 dt
t+1
; t
= t(t
t- 2
1)
t+2
- t(t + 1)
t IIOCTaje
+ 1) dt.
KaKo je
t2
2
t(t + 1)
-
t2
+t t(t
t + t + 1'
J = t - 2ln ltl
+ ln It+
11
+C=
1- 2x
+ ln (ex+ 1) +C.
20
AHAJIM3A
II
3A MH<I>OPMATMLIAPE
IIorJiaBJLe 2
1.
R.
b]
a = xo
<
X1
< < Xn
< b)
(a
TaKas .rr;a je
(n EN)
= b
b].
AKo rro.rr;eJie
=Xi-
Xi-1
= {xo,X 1, ...
1, ... , n) a
Q._
b],
dJ, P) = L f(~i)6.xi
i=l
Ha3aaa U'Hmezpa.A'HU.ivt 36upoM cpyHKUHje f(x) rrpa rrocMaTpaHoj no_uemr. KaKo
oaa no_ueJia 3aancH H o.rr; H36opa Ta-rKe ~i E [ai-l: xi], OHa ce jorn 03Ha-raaa H
21
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<I>OPMATMLIAPE
(P, ~)
10""(!, P, ~)-II
BruKM
~ E,
Ta,n:a ce 6poj I Ha3HBa zpa'HU"i'HOM epea'l-lowny cpyHK:o;:aje f(x) Ka,n:a p(P) ----->
H rrHrne ce
I=
p(P)--+0
AKo TaKaB peanaH 6poj I rrocTojH, Ta,n:a ce Ka>Ke ,n:a je cpyHK:o;Hja f(x)
b].
[a, b],
:a rr:arne ce
1b
I=
f(x) dx
[a, bj
03HaG:aBa Ce
R[a, b].
Ilpill\.1ep. AKo j e
(P, ~)
HCIIyfueHO j(~i)
f (x)
= c,
rra je
n
i=l
1b
11
cdx
= c(b- a).
I1oce6Ho je 3a
c = 1,
dx
= b- a.
CTa.BJL3JvfO ,Ua. j 8
H YHK:o;Hjy
1a
f(x) = 0.
22
AHAJU13A
AKo j e ,naJLe
[a,
b] (a< b),
f (x)
II 3A HH<I>OPMATH"Y:APE
f(x) dx = - [
f(x) dx.
1b
f(x) dx
1b
f(x) dx
a< b,
b]
f(x)
Ha
,na. Y B83H TOra YBO)J;HMO rrojaM cr,;yna Mepe 'HY.!W Ha peaJIHOj rrpaBOj.
I= [c, d]
(c <d) peaJIHe rrpaBe ,ny:tKHHa Tor HHTepnaJia .necpHHHme ca m(I) = d- c.
ITo.nceTHMO Hajrrpe .na ce 3a rrpoH3BOJLaH orpaHrrqeH HHTepBaJI
n E N Bai'KH:
Lm(h) ~
t.
k=l
0 TaKol)e
Mepe HyJia.
= 0.
ITo .noroBopy
OH je Hajje.n;HOCTaBHHjH
CKYII Mepe 0.
Mo:>Ke ce JiaKo ,noKa3aTH .n;a CBaKH KOHat.IaH rr cBaKH rrpe6pojHBH cKyrr
rrpe,ncTaBJLa CKYII MCpC HyJia, a. HCTO TaKO H ,na IIOCTOj C HCIIpe6pojHBH CKYIIOBH Mepe 0.
HajBai'KHHje oco6HHe cKyrrosa Mepe HyJia ca.n;pi'Ka.He cy y cJie.n;eheM
CTaBy.
CTAB 1. A'Ko je
ma'Kotje Mepe 0.
A1Co cy A u
A~
~A
AHAJU13A II 3A I1H<POPMAT11"Y:APE
Mepe HyJia, Ta,n:a je H IMIXOBa YHHja
u:=l An
23
b] (a< b)
Cne,n:ena T3B. Jie6eroaa TeopeMa ,n:aje rroTpe6aH n ,n:oao.rr,aH ycnoa HHTerpa6HJIHOCTH yHKunje f(x) Ha orpaHn"t.IeHoM HHTepaaJiy [a,
b].
Oaa Teo-
IIOCJIElUIUA 1.
[a, b] je u'H.mezpa6uJtna.
J(x)
Ha HHTepaany [a,
b]
JeiLe.
lb OB8 IIOCJI8,UHU8 H8IIOCp8,UHO CJI8,Il;H ,n;a je CBaKa 8JI8M8HTapHa 4JyHKUHja HHTerpa6HJIHa Ha IIpOH3BOJLHOM HHT8pBaJiy [a,
b]
+ /3g(x)
max;o!je
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<POPMATHLIAPE
24
1b
[a: f (x)
+ f3 g (x)] dx = a:
1b f (x) dx +
a
{3
1
b
g (x) dx.
BaJKH
1b(-
1b f(x) dx,
1b[f(x) + g(x)] dx = 1b f(x) dx + Jb g(x) dx,
f(x)) dx =-
1b
[f(x)- g(x)] dx =
'U
rjjy'HX:tt,Uje
lf(x)l,
ffi(L'}\',Q
fje U'Hmezpa6UJt'He
npemnocmaev,u aa je
'H,Q,
f(x)g(x)
lf(x)l'
If (X)
if>y'Hx:tt, uja 1
npu aooamHoj
CTAB 4. Ax:o je rjjy'Hx:tt,uja f(x) U'Hmezpa6UJt'Ha 'H,Q, U'HmepeaJty [a, b], maaa
je O'Ha 1mmezpa6u.1t'Ha na cea'X',O.M noouHmepeaJty [a, {3] ~ [a, b].
CTAB 5. A 1\',0 je rjjyH'X',V,Uja f (x) unmezpa6uJtna Ha unmepeaJty [a, b] (a <
b), mao a je 3a CBa'l'Gy ma"-t'X',Y C E (a, b) O'Ha U'Hmezpa6umw 'H. a CBa'i'GOM o() U'HmepeaJta
u eaJ~Cu jeanax:ocm
f(x) dx =
1'
f(x) dx
lb
f(x) dx.
1H
'H. a
1mmepe a.Jty
[m, j\fj,
AHAJU13A II 3A
11H<I>OP~v1AT11LIAPE
25
[a, b],
Ta.ua cy H YHKUHje
j(x)
f(x)n (n EN),
HHTerpa-
ef(x), sin
f(x)
1b
f(x) dx
~ 0.
1b
f(x) dx::;
1b
g(x) dx.
11
f (x) dx I ::;
1b
a
If (x) I dx ::; A1 (b - a) .
U'Hmezpa.JI,a.
[a, b]
A1
u 'HeKa je
= sup{f(x): x
E [a,
b]},
[m, A1]
TTW'K:O
= inf{j(x): x
E [a,
b]}.
f (x) dx
= t-t ( b -
a) .
1b
26
AHAJI113A II 3A 11H<I>OPMAT11LIAPE
II peTrrocTaBHMO .n:a j e
TepBany [a,
b] (a < b).
f (x)
Ta.n:a je 3a cBaKo
1x
F(x) =
<l>yHKrrHj a
(a~
j(t) dt
b).
ttOM.
CTAB 10.
A 'K:O je yn'K:ttuJa
maoa je Y'H'K:V,uja
F(x) =
[a, b].
yn'K:v,uja f(x)
1x
j(t) dt
nenpe'K:uona na unmepeaJLy
[a, b],
maoa je
F(x)
1x
j(t) dt
(a~
~b)
f(x).
b],
BaJKH
HHT8pBaJiy [a,
BaJia
[a,b]
cpyHKUHje
j(x).
b]
[a, b]
(1)
AHAJU13A
II 3A l1H<POPMATI1LIAPE
b.
27
2: b,
3aHCTa, aKO je a =
,n:aKJie rrpH
b, Ta,n:a je
Herrocpe,n;Ho
= 1a f(t) dt = 0 =
1b f(t) dt
cP(a)- t:P(a),
a>
AKa je
1a f(t) dt
0 .n;aa.n;e
HMa~w ,n:a je
= cP(a)- t:P(b).
j e Herrocpe,n:Ho
f(t) dt
=- [
j(t) dt
g(x)
Ha HHTepaaJiy [a,
b].
KaKo je 3a caaKo
(f(x)g(x))'
xE
[a,
b]
Hcrry&eHo
= J'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x),
b
1
a [f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)] dx
1b
a [f(x)g(x)]' dx = [f(x)g(x)Jia-=
= f(b)g(b)-
f(a)g(a).
1b J'(x)g(x) dx
O)l;HOCHO:
(2)
b
b fb
fa f(x) dg(x) = f(x)g(x)Ja- a g(x) df(x).
28
AHAJIH3A II 3A HH<l>OPMATH"LIAPE
ropa.e cflopMyJie rrpe,n:cTaBJba cflopMyJie 3a rrapn;:aj aJIHY ffHTerpan;:ajy KO,ll
b],
a ,n:a je cflYHKL(Hja
X=
ja611JIHa Ha HHTepBany
,n::acflepeH:o;HTa,n:a BaJKH
je,n:HaKOCT
1b
(3)
<J?opMyJia
(3)
f(x) dx =
1:
f(x(t))x'(t) dt.
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<POPMATllY:APE
29
IIorJiaBJLe 3
1. OcHOBHe ,n;ecf>IDIHIJ..Hje
[a, +oo) ,
f(x)
'HeCBOjCmBe'HUM, M
+oo
f(x) dx.
rr peTIIOCTaBH:VIO
a E R.
[a, +oo)
f (X)
,n;a j e cpyHKI.J;Hj a
[a, +oo),
rrpu qeMy
,n;ecpHHM:CaHa Ha MHTepBaJiy
Ha OCHOB,Y
[a,b] (a< b)
HyJia.
Ta,n:a ce HGCBOj CTB8HH MHTerpaJI
+x
j (X) dx ,n;eqmHM:III8 ca
00
(1)
1
a
a.
[a,b]
Mepe
AHAJH13A II 3A HH<I>OPMATM'-IAPE
30
+oo
00
(2)
f(x) dx
= x-++oo
lim (F(x)-F(a)) = lim F(M)-F(a) = F(+oo)-F(a).
M -++oo
j(x)
Ha l1HT8pBaJiy ( -OO,
a]
11
HecBojcTBeHH
jeM a E R.
dx
r+oo
1+
lx
lim
x-++oo
dx
1 + X2
lim arctgx =
x-++oo
1rj2,
2 . .lla.TLe je 3a p
/,1
=/=-
1:
+oo dx -
lim
x-++oo
xP
Jx dx 1
{ p-1'
xP
x,
p>1
p< 1
a 3a p = 1:
t+oo dx
J l
= X-+-roc
lil!l lnx =
oo.
+oo dx
J
1
1.
KOHBeprHpa 3a p
xP
>
3. HecBojcTB8Hl1 HHTerpaJI Jo
+oo
e-x dx
= -e-x l+oo = 1 0
lim X-++oc
eX
=1-
0 = 1.
1 ll ,LJ;HBep-
HH~OPMATM"LIAPE
AHAJU13A II 3A
31
flaJLe DeMO HaBeCTH H8KOJIHKO OIIIDTHX OC06:aHa H8CBOjCTB8HHX H:HTerpaJia ,ne:amrcamrx Ha HCTOM HHTepBaJiy [a, +oo).
u ea::Heu jea'Hax:ocm
a 3a
'X;O'H.-
11
rrpo:a3BOJl>HO
a E R .n;o6:ajaMo .n;a je
a= (3 = 1 ,no6:ajaMo ,na je
"a
L[aJLe DeMO HaBeCTH H8KOJIHKO CTaBOBa KOj:a ce O)l;HOCe Ha KOHBepreHUHjy H8CBOjCTB8HOr' HHTerpaJia HeHeraniBHe <flyHKJJ;Hje.
>0
1x
+oo j(x) dx
'X:O'H.eepzupa
sup
x>a
lx
32
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<I?OPMATML!APE
1b
3a CBe Bp8,UHOCTH
MOJKe 3aMeHHTH H
Xo > a.
r+oo
j(x) dx CJie,.rr;H H
g(x) dx.
1b
r+oo
e-x, a HHTerpaJI lo
e-x dx KOHBeprHpa.
? 1 HCIIYlli8HO e-x
:::;
CTAB 4.
epeanocm
k =
lim f(x)
x->+oo g(x)
+oo
+oo
j(x) dx 'KO'HBepzupa.
--t
1 TJ.
aKO J8
+oo.
IlpHMep.
1.
a],
r+oo
Jl
dx
-YX4+ 1
AHAJU13A II 3A l1H<I>OPMATI1t.IAPE
KOHBeprHpa. KaKo je IIO,IJ;llHTerpaJIHa cpyHKII;Hja
f(x)
33
1
.Yx + 1
4
> 0,
BaJKH
(x-. +oo)
+oo dx
4j3 KOHBeprnpa, 3aK,rr,yqyjeMO .n;a H IIOCMa-
1
X
TpaHH HHTerpaJI TaKolje KOHBeprnpa.
AHAJII13A II 3A I1Hci>OPMATI1LIAPE
34
IIorJia.B.T.he 4
b].
f (x)
HerrpeK:vr,n;Ha Ha 3aTBopeHOM
"'I
6
A
,!+'/' //
_./
'
/"
,/ / '
'
er
0..
X.'
CJI::m<a 1
llpHTOM rro,n;pa3yMeBaMo ,n;a ,n;eJioB:vr Te cfmrype H3Ha,n; oce Ox HMajy rro3HTHBHY Bpe.n;HocT, a ,n;eJIOBH Hcrro,n; oce Ox HeraTHBHY Bpe,n;HOCT. 03HaqHMO
,n;aJLc ca P 36Hp rroBprrnma CBHX ,n;eJioBa oBe qmrype, o,n; KOjHx je ,L~.aKJie
CBaKa IIOHaOC06 II03HTHBHa HJIH HeraTHBHa.
BpeMomfly qmrype 0.
cpoprvryJio:rvr
35
AHAJH13A II 3A I1H<POPMATI1LIAPE
P(D) = P =
Tara, pa3JIMKyjeMo
OcMM
1b
f(x) dx.
1b lf(x)l
P1 =
ITpMTOM je o-cmrne.n;Ho P1
aKO je H8IIp8KM)l;Ha <f>yHKIJ;Mja
2: 0,
j(x)
dx.
caMo
paBHM
X=
Oxy
Ha TOM MHT8pBaJiy.
03Hal..IMMO ca fl <f>Mrypy y
y = JI(x), y = h(x)
orpamr-c..reHy KpHBaMa
H rrpaBaMa
x =a
b.
vd
~
)(
~-
C.TIHKa 2
Ta.n;a je rroBpmHHa qmrype
P (D)
H yBeK je II03HTHBHa jep je
D .n;aTa opMyJioM
lb (
j'(x)
h (x) - h (x)) dx
Ha HHT8pBaJIY [a,
= f(x)
Ta-c..rKe
B(b, f(b)),
l =
(a:::;
x:::; b),
(a, b).
b].
A( a, f(a)) .n;o
3a CBaKO
l..!Hja je je.n;Ha"C..IHHa y =
H3pa>KaBa tPOp1-ryno:tvr
1' /1 + (
f'(x)) 2 dx.
f(x),
O)l Ta-c..rKe
36
AHAJI113A II 3A 11H<I>OPMAT11LIAPE
~l
jj
ci
lr
CL
CJIHKa 3
AKO je Kpvma
x(t), y(t)
= x(t)' y =
l =
t2
v(x'(t))2
+ (y'(t)) 2 dt.
tl
4.
Oxy,
11
II peTrrocTaBHMO ,n;a j e
y =
Kpvma y paBHH
0 poTa:o;HoHa rroBpm Koja HacTaje poTau;njoM oBe KpnBe oKo oce Ox.
AKo YHK:o;nja
Px =
271
1b
J(x)vl
+ ( f'(x)) 2 dx.
x(t):
rh
Px =
5.
paBHH
KpnBe
= f (x) >
71
f 2 (x) dx.
AHAJU13A II 3A HH<I>OPMATHLIAPE
AKo je IT KpHBOJUmHjCKH Tparre3 orpaHH"tJ:eH KpHBaMa y 1
37
= h(x), y2 =
1r
Oy ,n:aTa je opMyJIOM
Vy = n 1d[fi(y)- ff(y)] dy.
AHAJU13A II 3A
38
:I1Hq>QP~v1ATI1t{APE
IIornaBJLe 5
TEOPMJA PELIOBA
1. OcHOBHe ,n;eqnnrn:u.nje
ITpeTrrocTaBHMO .n;a je a 1, a 2, ... rrpo:vr3BoJbaH HH3 peaJIHHX 6pojesa. Ta.n:a rro.n: pe.n;oM
00
(1)
Lan
n=l
rro.n;pa3yMeBaMo HH3
Sn = a1
+ + an
(n E N).
j aJIHHX cyMa
= limn__,oo Sn,
Ta.n;a 6poj
oc
03HaKy
I::
an.
n=l
oc
IlpnMep.
Pe.n:
n=l
0),
Ha3:vrsa ce zeoMempujc?wM
lql > L
Kao H 3a
q = 1
OH .n;HsepreHTaH.
lql < 1,
AHAJU13A II 3A I1H<POPMATI1LIAPE
2.
39
Onep~je H~ pe,npBHMa
~naHoaa
YTM~e
pe,n:a yorrmTe He
Ha llieroay KOHBepreHu;ajy.
L= ).. an
n=l
n=l
L)..an=ALan.
n=l
n=l
03Ha~MMO ca
lloKa3..
pe,n:a
L= an,
ca En = ).. a1
n=l
+ +an
An = a1
+ +)..an
(n E N) rrapu;MjanHy cyMy
L=
Aan. KaKo
n=l
= n-.oc
lim An
(n EN),
oc
an u
n=l
oc
'X:O'Heepzupajy u peaoeu
---+
(an+ bn) u
n=l
n=l
oc
= bn
n=l
oc
oc
n=l
n=l
n==l
rroc::v~a
oc
I:(an- bn)
n=l
:::c
:::c
n==l
n=l
AHAJI113A II 3A 11H<I>OPMAT11LIAPE
40
noKa3.
00
00
,L an, ,L bn,
n=l
n=l
n-+oo
lim En
n-+oo
00
Ta,n:a Je
n=l
01..!HrJI8,llHO
Cn
,L (an + bn),
= An+Bn,
rra 01..!HrJie.n;Ho Cn --+ A+
36Hp My je je,n:HaK A+
B,
B.
D
(X)
an KOHBepreHTaH, H 03Ha1..!HMO ca S
n=l
36Hp Tor pe,n:a. Ta,n:a Ha ocHoay ,n:e<fJHHHUHje Sn --+ S Ka,n:a n --+ oo, o,n:aKJie
CJie,UH ,n:a HH3 Rn
S - Sn
--+
0 Ka,n:a n
--+ oo.
(X)
HarrrrmeMo y o6JIHKY Rn =
,L an+k
k=l
TEOPEMA 4. Peo
.L
n=l
= N(c)
> n)
rrocMaTpaHor pe,n:a.
Haae,n:eHH ycJIOB 01..!HrJie,n:Ho ce MOJKe Harr:vrcaTH y o6JIHKY
ISm- Snl
(m
AHAJU13A II 3A l1H<POPMATlfY:APE
aKO I1 caMO aKO je KomnjeB, Tj. 3a CBaKO E:
6poj
>0
41
N = N(c) TaKaB ,n:a je 3a CBe m > n > N ncrryH>eHo ISm- Snl <
E:.
eKCIIJIMU.-
HTHY Bpe,n:HOCT H>erOBe CyMe S, KOj a Ce y OIIillT8M CJiyqajy TeillKO MO:tKe TaLJ:HO
M3paqyHaTH.
~.
n=l n
an+l
nEN
McrryH>eHo
1
1
1
= - - + - - + + - >
n + 1
n + 2
2n
1
1
1
1
1
>- +- + ... +- = n . - = -.
2n
2n
2n
2n
2
+ + a2n
D
lia.JLe HaBo,n:rrMo je,n:aH je,n:HocTaBaH 'lieonxooa'li yc.twe KOHBepreHn.rrje pe-
,n:a.
oc
TEOPEMA 5.
A?Co peo
:L
n=l
an
--t
?Caoa n
--t 00.
an
= Sn
Sn ____, S
36Hp rroc:tvraTpaHor
s- s = 0 Ka,ZJ;a
n ____, oo.
ITpcTXO,IJ;HH ycnon cc Hajt.rcmrlC KopHC:TH ,n:a 6H JJ.OKa3ann 11a ,IJ;HDcprcH:o:njy nocMaTpaHor pe,n:a. HanMe, aKo ycrreMo ,n:a ,n:OKa.tKeMo ,n:a orrmTH LIJiaH
rrocMaTpaHor pe,n:a He Temrr 0 Ka,n:a n--> oo, Herrocpe,n:Ho cnel(H 11a TaKaB pe,n:
,n:rrBeprrrpa.
oc
IlpHMep. Pe,n:
(-l)n+l
= 1
L (-1)n+l
= 1- 1
+ 1 -
n=l
OLIHrne,n:Ho He Te:tKH Ka
MH<I>OP~vfATM"Y:APE
AHAJII13A II 3A
42
ll
TEOPEMA 6. !Ipemnocmaeu.Mo aa cy
00
2:::: an,
(2)
n=l
00
(3)
I:bn,
n=l
:S
bn.
lloKa.3. 03Ha'!HMO ca An
= a1 +
+an H En
=h
+ + bn (n E
N)
--*
E Ka,n;a n
--*
oo, rra
KaKo je 36or bn
CJie,n;H ,n;a j e En
:S E.
:S
--*
:S En
--*
n E N, CJie,n;n
oo, rra j e pe,n; ( 3) ,UH:s-ep3a CBaKo
an :S bn HHJe
.L - .
n=2
ln n
n 2:': 2 ncrryH:.eHo 1I ln n
)
> 1; n.
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<POPMATMqAPE
43
113 rrpeTxo.n;He TeopeMe Mome ce Kao EheHa rrocne.n;m:r;a .n;oKa3aTn .n;a Bamn
cne.n;ene TBpJ)eEhe.
00
IIOCJIE1Il1UA 1.
A'X:o cy
2::
00
2::
an u
n=l
n=l
H.OeUMa, u npumoM Je
l
- =
Il. f f ian
n-+oo bn
maaa, pP.O
(2)
(O<l<+oo),
(3)
'IWH.Bepzupa.
l
- =
Il. f f ian
n-+oc bn
cne.n;:vr .n;a j e 3a cBe
n 2 n 0 ncrryH>eHo
an < l
bn -
+ 1=
,\,
00
O,LJ;HOCHO an ::; ,\ bn
pe.n;
2:
n=l
2:: ,\ bn
KOHBepreHTaH.
n=l
pe.n;
(2)
TaKoJ)e KOHBepreHTaH.
06pa.THO TDpl)CH>C
CC
an
l
lim-=
n-+oc bn
.
bn
1
ll i D - = an
l
n--=
(O<y<+x).
UJy.MO.AL
00
TEOPEMA 7.
BUM,a, mj. Ba:JICu an
llpemnocmaeU.JvW aaje
>0
2:
n=l
3a ceaJCo n EN.
44
AHAJIH3A II 3A HH<i>OPMATM"Y:APE
A x;o
an+l
z
lim
--=,
an
n->oo
maoa 3a 0 ~ [
<1
< q < 1.
< 1,
>1
M
O?i Oueepzupa.
yo"tiMMO rrpoM3BO.rr:.aH
o,n;HOCHO an+l ~ q an
N,N
+ 1,N + 2, ...
,n;o6MjaMo )la je
aN+l
M
yorrmTe an
< q aN,
aN+2
...
+ aN+2 + aN+3 +
aN q +aN q +aN q
+ ,
< q < 1.
00
pe,U
00
n=l
(> 1.
an+l
an
Tana je 3a n
>
2: N
Mcrry&eHo
1,
00
n=l
= 1 flaJiaM6epOB
Kpi1T8pMjyM He ,n:aje
O,IJ;rOBOp, TaKO ,n:a cy MorynH I1 CJiyqaj 8BH Ka)la IIOCMaTpaHH pe,n; KOHBeprHpa,
HCTo Kao :vr cnyqaj eBH Ka)la orr JlMBeprHpa. CTora Ka:tKeMo )la j e cnyqaj l = 1
Heo,n;pe1)eH.
AHAJII13A II 3A HH<I>OPMATHl:..!APE
IlpHMep.
45
oo
n.
I1ManeMo .n;a j e
n2
an+l
an= 2n'
(n + 1) 2
=
2n+l
o.n;aKJie Je
an+l
an
+ 1)22n = ~
n 2 2n-r-l
2
(n
(1 + ~)2---+
~<1
n
2
(n---+
oo).
Beprvrpa.
TEOPEJ.\tiA 8. IJpemnocmaBU.MO oa je
n=l
BUMa, U npemnocmaBUMO oa nocmoju 'KO'Ha"i'Ha zpa'HU"i'Ha BpeO'HOCm
lim Yn;'(J'-"n - l.
n-+oo
Taoa 3a
OO'K je C./l,y"iaj
>1
O'H oueepzupa,
l = 1 'Heoopetje'H.
a 3a
< qn.
<q<
<
1. CTora j e 3a n
?:: N
McnyfheHo
yra:;; < q,
00
.2::: qn
KOHBepreHTaH: Ha ocHoBy
n=l
00
>
an TaKol)e KOHBepreHTaH.
n=l
1.
Ta.n;a je 3a cBe n
?:: N
::/=-
McrryiLeHo
0. rra pe,u
CX)
n=l
L -;;: (1 + -)
n=l
I1ManeMo .ua j e
an=2n
(1 + -)
n
n2
1)n
v~=2( 1 +~ '
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<I>OPMATMLIAPE
46
o,n;aKJieje
lim ~
n--+CXJ
= n--+oo
lim -1( 1 + -1)n = -e > 1.
n
2
2
0
CJie,n;enYI KpM:TepYijyM Ha3M:Ba ce unmezpaAHU.M. K;pumepujy.M.o.M,
Yr
TaKol)e
2.::
f(n)
n=1
f(x) dx.
}
1
a>
aKo ce yMecTo
1.
1, x 2 = 2, x 3 = 3, ... , Ha peaJIHOJ
Yoq:vrfieMo Ta-rKe x 1 =
Qn
Yr
Qn = ln f(x) dx.
lia.JLe yoqYJ:MO n-Ty rrapuYij aJIHY cyMy pe.n;a
Sn = f(1)
+ f(2) + + f(n).
.f(2_)
Qn ln f(x) dx <
=
Sn-1
(n = 1, 2, ... ).
f(x)dx KOHBeprvrpa.
ITOCTOjH lim
Ta.n;a
47
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<DOPMATMLIAPE
jep je
f(x) > 0
3a
x 2: 1.
= const,
Sn
00
f(x) > 0
3a
x 2: 1,
J(n)
KOHBepr:upa.
+oo
f (x) dx
,n:vrBeprvrpa. KaKo j e
cJie,n:vr ,n:a je
+oo
J(x) dx = lim
rn f(x) dx
= +oo.
n-.oo )1
0 ,n:aB,n:e
:L
n=1
je
Sn-1 2: ln f(x) dx
(n EN),
00
TJ.
n-.oo
n=l
00
:L
n=l
P,
n
rrpvr qeMy
je p 6HJIO Kojvr peaJiaH 6poj. HarroMeHvrMo ,n:a CMO ,n:o ca,n:a rrocMaTpaJivr caMo
a.croB crrcuvrjaJiaH cJiyqa.j Ka,n:a je p = 1, vr ,n:oKa3aJivr CMO ,n:a je Taj pe,n:
,n::vmepreHTaH.
KopHCT8llH HHTerpaJimi KpHTepvrjyM, ,ll;OKa3aneMO ,n:a OIIIIITH xapMOHHjCKH pe,n: KOHBeprvrpa aKO H Ca1viO aKO je p
> 1.
0 Ka.ua n
--+
> 0.
p > 1
H .n;vrBeprHpa 3a
p ::; 1,
J(x) = 1/xP je
2: 1 I1 p > 0, Ha OC-
H cpyHKrrvrja
> 1.
AHAJII13A II 3A MH<I>OPMATM'-IAPE
48
OB,n:e Tpe6a HanoMeHyTH ,n:a, aKo npeTIIOCTaBHMO ,n:a cy HCIIyH>eHH ycJioBH H3 TeopeMe 9, Ta,n:a ce TaKol)e MOJKe H3BpmHTH H oueHa ocTaTKa nocMaTpaHor pe,n:a. HaHMe, noKa3yje ce ,n:a y TOM cJiy'-Iajy BaJKH
Rn ~
r+oo
Jn f(x)dx
(n EN).
Jlaj6HH~a
a1 -
a2
> 0,
+ a3 -
a4
+ ,
< 0,
Ha3HBa ce aAmep'Ha-
1 - - + - - ...
2 3
je rrpHMep je,LUior aJITepHaTHBHor pe,n:a.
CJie,n:enH KpHTepHjyM ce Ha3HBa Jiaj 6HHUOBHM KpHTepHjyMoM KOHBepreHuHje 3a aJITepHaTHBHe pe,n:oBe.
00
TEOPEMA 10.
mo.M je
Ian I ~ Ian+ 11 (n
2::
llpemnocmaeu.Mo aa je pea
N)
S 3aaoeo.!baea
yc.Aoe
Rn 3a cea-x;o n
an aAmep'Hamuea'H, npu
n=l
00.
To. a a noc.Mampa'HU
~ fall
p eo
0 < lSI
EN aa.ooeo.!baea.
yc.ILOB
> 0,
H 03Ha'-IHMO
fRnl ~
fan+ll
1IOKa3.
ca
Sn
a2
< 0, ... ,
S2n
H HH3
S2n
~ 0
(n E I'-l),
(n EN):
AHAJII13A II 3A I1H<POPMATI1'-IAPE
cJie.n;H .n:a je S 2n
<
49
n->=
s.
S 2n =
KaKo je ,n:aJbe
S2n+l
H a2n+l --+ 0 Ka,n:a
= S2n + a2n+l
(n EN),
n ---+ oo, CJie,II;H .n:a H S2n+l ---+ S Ka,n:a n ---+ oo. O,n:aB,n:e
+ ),
< 0,
a2
>0
HT,n:.
HarroMeHHMO .n;a cy Hej e,n:HaKOCTH o6JIHKa IRn I :::; lan+ll rrpH <.J:eMy an+l
---+ 0 Ka,n:a n ---+ oo H3Y38THO Ba>KHe, jep OMoryhyjy .n;a ce 36Hp pe.n;a, Kopmrrhea,eM rrapuHjaJIHe cyMe Sn H3pa'IyHajy ca rrpoH3BOJLHOM yHarrpe.n: 3a.n;aTOM Ta<.J:HOIDny.
IlpHMep. Ha ocHOBY Jlaj 6HHUOBor KpHTepHjyMa Herrocpe,n:Ho J(06HjaMo
,n:a aJIT8pHaTHBHH pe,I(
oo (-1)n-l
n
n=l
I:
KOHBeprHpa, jep je 1
=l-2+3- ...
n=l
IIYHO IIpOH3BOJLHOr 3HaKa, IIITO 3Ha'IH ,n:a H8KH <.J:JI8.HOBH MOry 6HTH Il03HTHBHH, H8KH HeraTHBHH, a HeKH je,n:Ha.KH HYJIH.
yKpaTKO
Yrrope.n:o ca pe,n:OM
L= an,
IlOCMaTpaneMO H pe.n:
n=l
L=
n=l
fberosn
50
00
TEOPEMA 11.
Ax:o pea
n=l
00
I: an,
u pea
u npumoM je ucny'lbeno
n=l
00
00
\~an\~ ~\an\
n=l
n=l
Ha Taj na'-!uH, aKo JKeJIHMO ,n:a ,n:oKaJKeMo KonsepreHI(Hjy pe,n:a rrpou3BOJbHor 3HaKa, ,n:oBOJbHO je ,n:oKa3aTH KOHBeprennujy o,n:rosapajyner pe,n:a
'-Iilj il j e OIJillTil '-IJiaH aiJCOJIYTHa Bp,IJ:HOCT OIJillTer '-!JiaHa TIOCMaTpaHOr pe,n:a.
Ko,n: ucrruTaBaiha ose rrocne)J;fue KOHBeprennuje, Hapasno MoJKeMo ,n:a KOpHcTHMO 5HJIO KOjil O,IJ: HaB8,IJ:8HHX KpilT8pHjyMa KOjil C8 O,IJ:HOC8 Ha pe,n:OB8 Ca
H8HeraTHBHilM '-IJiaHOBHMa.
Tpe6a HaiJOM8HYTil ,n:a y OIIillT8M CJiyqajy He Ba/KH o6paTHO TBpl)eibe,
Tj. ,n:a il3B8CTaH pe,n: rrpOH3BOJhHOr 3HaKa MO/Ke ,n:a KOHBeprupa, a )];a O,IJ:rOBapajynu pe,n: cacTas,n:,en O)J; arrconyTHax spe,n:nocTu ,n:HseprHpa. HasemneMO je,n:aH je,n:HOCTaBaH IIpMJvlep.
1 1 1
1 - - + - - - + ...
2 3 4
KOJil J8 KOHBepreHTaH Ha OCHOBY J1aj6Hili(OBOr KpilTepujyMa.
Ta)J;a o,n:ro-
1+-+-+"
2 3
H O'-Iili"Jie,n:Ho je )J;HBepreHTaH, jep rrpe,n:cTas,n:,a xapMOHHjCKH pe)J; ca rrapaMeTpoM p
= 1.
00
L an
n=l
00
L !ani
n=l
AKo pe,n:
I:
n=l
00
n=l
L (-1) n-l_
51
Ilp:mv~ep. Pe.n;
1
1
1
1--+---+
22
32
42
1 + 22 + 32 + ... =
00
1
n2
n=l
1.
2 >
0
Haj3a.n;, Haao.n;nMo .n;ae aa.>KHe oco6MHe arrcoJiyTHO KOHBepreHTHHX II
TEOPEMA 12.
00-
6uje'HU peo max:o(je ancoAymHo 'IW'HBepzeHm.aH, u UAta ucm.u 36up -x;ao u no"{em'Hu
peo.
TEOPEMA 13.
A.
moz peoa,
npu -x;oJOJ
AHAJ1I13A II 3A HH<POPMATMLIAPE
52
II or JiaBJ:be 2
<PYHKUI10HAJIH11 PEl[OBM
1. 06JiaCT ROHBepren:u_Mje
Tio,n; rjyHx;u,uo'Ha.!I/HUM pedoM rro,n;pa3yMeBaMo rrpm13BOJLaH pe.n: o6mma
00
~ fn(x)
(1)
n=l
f n ( x) (n
R peaJIHe oce.
Penn neMO ,n;a j e cpyHKI(llOHaJIHH pe.n: ( 1) 'KO'HBepze'Hma'H y ma"i'KU Xo E
00
'L
fn(xo)
KOHBepreHTaH.
n=l
rrocMaTpaHor pe.n:a.
06nacT KOHBepreHu;Mje D rrocMaTpaHor pe.n:a MOIKe .n:a 6y.n:e I1 rrpa3aH
cKyrr Tat..IaKa, a Mo;Ke I1 .n:a ce IIOKJIOIII1 ca IJ;eJIHM CKYIIOJ.\1 E.
Pe.n: ( 1) Ha3HBa ce ancoJLym'Ho 'KO'Haepze'Hm'HUM Ha cKyrry
D,
aKo Ha
00
lfn(:r)l.
n=l
S(x)
=L
n=l
fn(x)
(x E D).
LlaKne,
AHAJII13A
II 3A I1Hct>OPMATI1"Y:APE
53
AKo je o,nroBapajyna o6JiacT KOHBepreH.Unje pe.n:a (1) H3BecTaH HHTepBaJI peaJIHe OCe, OH,II;a DeMO Taj llHTepBaJI 3BaTH U'Hmepaa.tWM 'IW'HBepze'HV,Uje
rrocMaTpaHor pe,n:a.
00
3a rrpon3BOJLHO
fn(x) H ca Sn(x)
n=l
fk(x)
(n EN)
k=n+l
Ha3HBa ocmam'J<CoM HJIH n-muM ocmam'J<COM <flyHKO:HOHaJIHOr pe,n:a ( 1) H
----1
0 Ka,n:a n
----1
oo 3a CBaKo <fJHKCHpaHo
Rn (x)
x E D.
2. YHHcpopMHa ROHBepreH:o;Hja
YH:rr<flopMHa KOHBepreHn;nja <fJYHKO:HOHaJIHor pe.n:a je H3y3eTHO BamaH
rrojaM KO.Il ITOCMaTpaH:.a <flyHKIJ;HOHaJIHHX pe,n:oBa 360r TOra illTO Hll3 Ba:rKHHX
TeopeMa B833.HHX 3a cfJYHKO:HOH3JIH8 pe,n:oBe, KOje y OIIillT8M CJiy-cra.jy He Ba:rKe,
HITaK Ba:rKll IIO.z::I: rrpeTITOCTaBKOM ,n:a je TaKBa KOHBepreHn;Hja YHH<fJOpMHa.
ITpeTIIOCTaBHMO .n:a je
00
L fn(x)
(1)
n=l
D. 03Ha-cr:rrMo ca S(x)
cyMy TOr pe,n:a 3a Bpe,n:HOCTH xED, H ca Sn(x) (n EN) rraprr:HjaJIHY cyMy
HCTor pe.n:a 3a Bpe,n:HOCTH x E D.
<flyHKO:HOHaJIHH pe.n: Kojvr KOHBepr:rrpa Ha HeKOM cKyrry
= N(s)
TaKaB .n:a je
(2)
JS(x)- Sn(x)l::; c
3a CBe Bpe.n:HoCTH
n ;::::: N H 3a CBe x E D.
x E D,
L .fn(x) =1 S(x)
n=l
(xED).
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<POPMATMLIAPE
54
PeJiaUHja
(2)
xEO
'-IMM je
N(s).
3. BajepmTpacoB KpHTepHjyM
36or 3Haqaja yHmpopMHe KOHBepreHIJ;Hje, O,.U M3Y38THe BalliHOCTH J8
3HaTH 6ap HeKe ,.UOBOJbHe ycJioBe KOjH rapaHTyjy yHHcpopMHY KOHBepreHu;Mjy
Je,n:aH O,.U TaKBHX OIIillTHX YCJIOBa je CJI8,.U8DM
ea~u
\fn(x)\ ~an 3a
CX)
'2: an -x:o'Heepze'Hma'H,
n=l
maaa pea (1) 1\:0'HBepzupa Y'riUopM'HO u ancoAym'Ho 'Ha CKyny D.
ceaKo x E D u cea-x:o n E N, npu "ieMy je HyMepu"iKU pea
00
an je KOH-
n=l
CX)
\fn(x)i
n=l
00
KOHBepreHTaH 3a CBaKo
x E D. CTora pe,n:
'2:
n=l
CX)
0' n
'2:
n= I
fn(x),
n=l
00
ca
an, a ca S (x) M
0'
+ fn+2(x) +I~
\fn+l(x)\ + \fn+2(x)\ + ~
an+l
3a CBaKO
0'-
= ()'- O'n,
E 0.
liaJLc, 3a rrpOI13I30JLHO
,n:a je
+ an+2 + ...
> 0
pe,n:
n=l
fn(x) Ha cKyrry D.
AHAJII13A II 3A I1H<I>OPMATI1t.IAPE
55
(n EN).
an (x
L cos;x
00
n=l
Ha CKYIIY
n=
R.
n2
I = I cos nx I < ~
n2
n2
00
'2:::: 2 KOHn=l n
Beprnpa, Ha OCHOBY BajeprrrTpaCOBOI' KpHTepHjyMa TIOCMaTpaHH cpyHKUHOHaJIHH pe,n; ne YHHcjJOpMHO KOHBepnrpaTH Ha uenoj peaJIHOj OCH
R.
TEOPEMA 2.
aepzeurnau Ha uurnepaaAy
[a, b],
n=l
AHAJ1113A II 3A l1H<POPMATI1LAPE
56
(X)
n=l
[a, b].
00
lloKro.
b]
:L
pe.n;
fn(x) ymr-
n=l
CBe
>
TaKBa ,n;a je
Jg(x)J
>0
Jg(x)Sn(x)- g(x)S(x)J
= Jg(x)JISn(x)- S(x)l
E:
~ lvf Jvf
= E,
(X)
3a
:L
n=l
Ha HHTepBany [a,
b]
Ka !pyHKIJ;HjH
g(x)S(x).
TEOPEMA 3.
:L
n=l
unmepea.!Ly
[a., b],
je u rfiY'H"'"1~ uja
(n EN)
nenpe"'"uone, maoa
S (x) ma"'"o !Je nenp eKUO'Ha tfiyn"'"u, uja na ucmoM unmepe a.!Ly.
oc
I: f n ( x),
n=l
cpyHKUHje
bL
:L
EN)
n=l
[a, b]
[a, b]
u npOU3BO.!b'H.O X E
jeona?i:ocm
(3)
1:
S(t) dt =
fn(t) dt,
[a, b]
aaJICU
AHAJII13A II 3A l1H<DOPMATI1t.IAPE
57
[a, b]
3a cea~o rfm~
xo E [a, b].
b],
ELeroB 36Hp
S(x) je HerrpeKrr_n;Ha
b].
JiaJbe,
yoqHMO pa3JIHKY
b].
>0
IIOCTOjH H8KO
N(c) > 0
b],
N(c)
3a lipOH3BOJh-
H CB8
HCIIyELeHO
r::
11:
S(t) dt
-1:
:::;
ll
11:
c
I =--lx-xoJ:::;
E
--dt
xo b-a
b-a
CTora je 3a cBaKo n ~
N(c)
HCIIyELeHo
11~ S(t) dt
-1:
x
x
S(t) dt = nl~~
Sn(t) dt
l x0
1xo
= lim
n~.:.:c
TJ.
nl~IIJo
lx n
[ L Jk(t)] dt =
xo k=l
{x fk(t) dt,
}_r
k=l xo
S(t)dt =
/k(t)dt.
E [a,
b]
58
00
'L f n ( t) He KOH-
n=l
b],
1x
S(t) dt =
f 1x
n=l
xa
fn(t) dt.
xo
[a, b],
u Oa rjjy'H'x;V,UO'Ha.!L'HU
00
peo
'L
n=l
ma"t'x;U x E [a, b]
Taoa y npou3eO.!b'HOj
eaxu
[f
(4)
fn(x) ]' =
n=l
[a, b].
Ce
n=l
f~(x),
03Ha'!MMO:
00
00
n=l
n=l
b]
liCIIyfueHO
u(t) dt =
1: [~ f~(t)]
dt =
DC
00
= L[fn(x)-
fn(xo)]
n=l
= S(x)- S(xo).
AJili, KaKo je clJYHK:o;Hja
~ 1>~(t) dt =
cr(x)
00
= L/n(x)- ~ fn(xo) =
n=l
n=l
1
[1:
x
xo
.n;o6:wjaMo .n;a je
cr(t) dt]'
= S'(t),
AHAJIM3A
a-(x)=S'(x),
TJ
II
3A HH<I>OPMATMLIAPE
59
O,UHOCHO
00
[L fn(x)]
n=l
00
L f~(x).
n=l
xo
KormepreHI~J.rje
cTerreHor pe,np.
an (n
N)
rrpOYI3BOJLaH
L an(x- xo)n
(1)
n=O
an (n E N)
rreHor pe.n;a.
lloce6Ho 3a x 0 = 0 HMaMo crerreHH pe.n: o6JIYIKa
00
~anXn
(2)
n=l
OKO TatrKe
X=
0.
(1) MO.tKe rrpc-
X -
Xo
= X.
CJie.n;ena reopeMa Ha3YIBa ce A6eJweo.M meope.A40.Jvt H o,n:HOCH ce Ha YIHrepBaJI KOHBepreHUYij e CT8II8HOr pe,n:a ( 2).
TEOPEMA
mar,;ee Oa je
Ar,;o O'H oueepzupa y 'He'Koj ma"i'KU X2, maoa O'H oueepzupa u 30. cee epeO'HOCmu X
ffiQ.1GBC 00. je
anxn
x=
n=O
00
x1
L an x? KOHBeprHpa.
n=O
Ta,n:a je
lim
n_,oo
an
x? = 0,
60
AHAJII13A II 3A MH<I>OPMATH'-IAPE
I1p8TITOCTaBHMO )la je
H ITOCMaTpajMO pe)l
2::
\anXnj.
l1MaD8MO )la
n=O
je
\anxn\
= \anx~\ \ ~ \n :S
Xl
M qn,
00
rrpH -.:.reMy j e
q = ix / x 1 \ < 1.
KOJIHl:.fHHKOM
q, rrpH 1:.f8MY je
oo
2"::
n=O
IIpOH3BOJbHOj T8.1:.fKH
3a KOjy je
\x\ <
\anxn\
KOHBeprHpa y
00
n=O
anXn
\x1\
00
jxj > jx 2 j.
2::
n=O
anXn
KOHBeprHpa 3a H8KO
TaKBO )la
i-
> R.
-R
c:rr.
<
2.1
(2)
R)
CH-
E ( -R, R)
11
R),
rrpM -.:.reMy je
R > 0,
M pe)l
(2).
61
AHAJ1I13A II 3A I1H<I>OPMATM"Y:APE
Tpe6a HaiiOMeHyTH ,n;a Ha KpajeBHMa IIOMeHyTor HHTepBaJia, TJ.
Ta'!KaMa
= -R
11
=R
(2)
pe,n;
=f
0 HMa HCTH
3a H3pa"C.J:yHaBaihe pa.n;Hjyca KOHBepreH:o;Hje IIOCTOjH H8KOJIHKO cpopMyJia, H OB,LJ;e neMO HaBeCTH CMO H8Ke O,ll; IhHX.
Hajrrpe HaBO,ll;MMO OIIillTY cpopMyJiy 3a H3pa"C.J:yHaBaihe pa.n;Hjyca KOHBepreH:o;Hje cTerreHor pe,n;a, Koja ce Ha3HBa
TEOPEMA 8. Ax;o je l
= n_,.=
lim
1
(3)
=l =
Kowu-Aaa.Mapoeo.M rfiop.MyAo.M.
1
limn_,.=
:::=;
v1C1J
Y B83M
(4)
Jan I
lim lan+l
R = 1/ l - n_,.=
!i-::-11
= l,
AHAJU13A II 3A l1H<I>OPMATI11..IAPE
62
u npumoM je l E
= 1/Z =
1
1
lilln->oo
n~lanl.
V lun I
R=
+oo, o,n;HocHo
= 0 MJIM l = +oo,
R = 0.
R, x 0 + R], [xo- R, xo +
R).
lla 6M y orrmTeM cnyqajy o,n:pe.n;rrnrr o6nacT KOHBepreHu;Mje rrocMaTpaHOr cTerreHor pe.n;a, Hajrrpe rro je,n;Hoj o.n; HaBe,n;eHrrx cpopMyna o.n;pei)yjeMo
rronyrrpeqHrrK KOHBepreHu;rrje oBor pe.n;a, a THMe vr HHTepBaJI KOHBepreHurrje
(xo - R, x 0
+ R)
TipHMep.
= x 0 + R.
00
I: (-l)n-ln2xn.
n=l
lanl
lan+ll
KaKO je
an
I( -1)n-ln21
n2
1(-l)n(n+ 1)21
(n + 1)2
-+
Ka,n;a n -. oo. CTora je IIOJij:rrpeqHvrK KOHBepreHuvrje R = 1, Ta"Ko .n;a rrocMaTpaHM pe,n; aiTCOJIYTHO KOHBeprHpa y HHT8pBaJiy ( -1, 1) .
.liaJLe nelvfO ilCIIHTaTH KOHBepreHUHj y pe,n;a Ha Kpaj 8Bil1Ia ilHTepBaJia
ex:;
n=l
n=l
AHAJB13A II 3A l1H<I>OPMATI1LIAPE
63
0.
00
L (-1)n- 1n 2 ,
Koj:vr
n=l
(-1,1).
D
00
TEOPEMA 11.
Cmene'Hu pea
R)
n=O
[-a: a]
(a
> 0),
nocMampa'Hoz peaa.
00
TEOPEMA 12.
36up
S(x) =
TEOPEMA 13.
Cmene'Hu pea
R.
1Ioce6Ho eaxu
lx (f
3a cear;;o x E ( -R,
3a
antn) dt =
n=O
~ 1 xn+l,
n=O
R).
3a
MHTerpauHjy.
00
TEOPEMA 14.
Cmene'HU pea
J6up S(x) u.M.a. uJeoae 6u.~r,o 'K:OZ peaa. y moM. uHmepea.~r,y u Ja cear;;o
kEN eaxu
jea'Har;;ocm
s( k) (X)
L n (n -
1) ... (n - k + 1) an Xn- k.
n=k
Ilo.!Lynpe"i'HU'K: 'K:O'Heepze'H'Lfltje zop?bez peoa jeona?C je no.~r,ynpe"i'HUKY 'K:O'Heepcc
Ze'H4Uje peoa
an xn' mj. jeonar;; je R.
n=l
2::
AHAJU13A II 3A 11Hci>OPJ\1ATif4APE
64
'Ha U'Hmepea.Jty ( -R, R) (R > 0) aKO Taj pe,n: KOHBepnrpa Ha TOM HHT8pBany,
M
BaiKM J8,UHaKOCT
00
f(x) = ~anXn
(xE(-R,R))o
n=O
MoiKe ce rroKa3aTM ,n:a j e yen on ,n:a ce cpyHK:o;Hj a MOiKe pa3BHTH y cTerreHM pe,n: B80Ma peCTpMKTMBaH,
If
Q.?i,Q.Jl,UffiU"i'ICUM Y'H1CV,UJO.Mao
AKo je YHK:o;vrja
(n = 0, 1, 2,
.f(O) (0)
o),
= j(O) U 0! = 1.
11
3aTH:tv1 CTaBJLajynH
00
Ha
X -
ex:;
f(x) =
L an (x- xo)n
n=O
x E (xo - R, xo
+ R),
f(x)
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<I?OPMATI1LIAPE
rrpH "t.J:eMy je R
> 0,
Ta,n;a 3a Koem:~;ujeHTe
(n=0,1,2, .. 1
an=
r,n;e je J(O) (xo) =
65
f(xo).
f(x) 6ecKOHa"t.J:HO
xo E (a, b). Ta,n;a ce
(a, b)
Ta"t.J:Ka
,n;uepeHuujacTerreHH pe,n;
n=l
f (x).
J8BH
an=
f(n) (xo)
n!
(n=0,1,2, ... )
xo = 0,
f(n)(O)
n=O
n!
xn
f(x)
aKa ma"-iKe 0.
f(x) E
HHT8pBaJiy (xo -
c= (xo - R, Xo
+ R)
R, xo + R) ( ocmvr y Tat.IKH xo r,n;e curypHo KOHBepru:pa), a H aKo je KOHBepreHTaH Ha U8JIOM ITOCJ\1aTpaHOM llHTepBaJiy, ILeroBa CyMa He MOpa 6HTll ITOJia3Ha
--L
. ,xrO
f( x)= {
O,x = 0
Ta,n;a Ce MO/Ke IIOKa3aTH ,n;a je ITOCMaTpaHa cflyHKUHja 6eCKOHat.IHO ,n;ucflep8HUHja6H.i'IHa Ha 6HJIO KOM HHTepBaJiy ( -R,
R) (R
> 0),
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<POPMATMLIAPE
66
=0
(n
= 0, 1, 2, ... ).
CTora je MaKJiopeHOB pe.n; oBe cpyHKI.J;Hje KOHBepreHTaH H 36:11p MY je H,n;eHTHCIKH je,II;HaK HyJIH, ,n;aKJI8 OH Ce y CBHM TaCIKaMa X =1-
f(x).
D
Y B83I1 Tara, IIaCTaBJba ce III1TaH>e o,.n:pe'QHBaELa rraTpe6Hai' I1 ,Il;OBaJhHOr
ycJIOBa KOji1 I13B8CHa cpyHKI.J;Hja Tpe6a ,n;a 3a,n:oBaJLaBa ,n:a 6H 6:11Jia aHaJIHTHCI-
Ka Ha HHTepBaJiy
H .n;aj e Taj ycJIOB.
TEOPEMA 16. PyH~v,uja f(x) je a'/iaAumu'l(,~a 'liO. unmepea.Ay (xo R, x+O + R) a~o u ca.Mo a~o je 6ec~a'lia'Lf,'liO duepenv,uja6uA'Iia 'lia mo.M u'/imepBa.Ay u, 30. cea~o u~cupa1io x E (xo - R, xo + R), u3pa3
n
Rn(x) = f(x)-
[L
(xo)
k!
(x- xo)k]
j(k)
--+
k=O
~aoa
n--+
00.
= 0, 1, 2,.,.
H CBaKa
x E (x 0
R, x 0
+ R)
>0
HcrryfheHa
lf(n)(x)l :S Af.
Pa3BOjM y MrumopeHoB pe-A: OCHOBHMX eJieMeHTapHMX cpyHKIJ:_Mja.
Ha )IaJLc, Hana)IHMa pa3najc y MaKJiopcnan pc.n; ocHommx cncMcHTapHHx YHKUHja ex, sinx, casx, (1 + x)u: (o-: E R) H ln (1 + x).
IlpHTOM Tpe6a Har.'IaCHTH ,n;a cy H CB8 OCTaJie 8JICMCHTapHe cpyHKIJ;Hje
aHaJIHTHCIK8 Ha a.IJ;I'OBapajyfiHM aTBapeHHM llHT8pBaJIH::VIa KajH IIpHIIa)Iajy
AHAJII13A II 3A HH<I?OPMATH"Y:APE
67
+oo),
(-a, a) (a > 0)
a Ha CBaKOM HHT8pBaJiy
[j(nl(x)[ =ex< ea (n = 0, 1, 2, ... ). CTora Ha rrpoH3BOJLHOM HHT8pBaJiy (-a, a), a THM8 H Ha IJ;8JIOj peaJIHOj OCH ( -00, +oo) Ba)Kll
3a,n;oBoJLaBa ycJIOB
pa3BOj
()()
(1)
x2
= 1 + x + - +
xn
= '"""
~ n!
ex
2!
n=O
= oo.
j(sinx)(n)j
( )
mr
{ 0.
n = 0. 2. 4 ....
fn(O)=sin2=
,n;o6M:j arvro ,n;a j e
x3
x2n+l
oo
(2)
+ 1)! =
x-
x 5 _ ...
3T + 5!
n=O
R=oo.
3. Pa3aoj y JllfaK.IWpeuoe peo rjyux;v,uje cos x
Ha rroTrryHo c.rmLiaH HaLIMH, ,n;o6M:ja ce ,n;a je
(3)
cc
cosx
X 2n
x-')
x4
68
= oo.
>
-1.
KaKo je OBaKBa cpyHKUMja 6ecKoHa'IHO ,n;HcpepeauHja6HnHa 3a x
3a CBaKO n
= 0, 1, 2, ...
>
-1, H
Ba;.KH
11
+ 1).
a)
(k
= a( a- 1) (a - k + 1)
k!
'
Jln)(Q) =
(~)
(4)
f(x) =
f(x) rJiacH:
~ (~)x"
11
(4) R
= 1,
3aTrrM
-+
(-1,1).
Pe.n ( 4) Ha3rrBa ce jorn H 6u'HO.M'HU.M peiJo.M.
Harro.tvreHrrMo .na H3 oBor pa3Boj a noce6Ho 3a o:
(5)
(6)
= -1
.no6HjaMo .na je
(-l<x<1),
x ca -x .n:o6HjaMo .n:a je
2
--=1+x+x +x + ...
1-x
(-1<x<1).
69
AHAJU13A II 3A I1H1>0PMATI1'-IAPE
= ln (1 + x),
x > -1
J'(x)=1+x'
Koja ce 3a -1
(5),
<x <
a 3aTHM D8MO H3BpiiiHTH HHTerpaunjy TOr CT8II8HOr pe,IJ;a 'l:JiaH ITO 'l:JiaH.
dt
o 1+t
rx
= Jo
(1 -
t + t2 - t3
+ ... ) dt,
TJ.
ln (1
(7)
x2
+ x)
x-
x3
_ ... =
00
L(-1)(n+l):.
n=l
= 1 H ,IJ;a oBaj
= 1, j ep BafKH j 8,L(HaKOCT
ln 2 = 1 - 2
CTora pa3Boj
(7)
+ - - - + .
1].
f(x) = 4- x = 4- (2
1
:r-2
=-+--+
2
22
X -
2.
x - 2 = u, Ta,n:a je x = 2 + u, o.n;aKne je
+ u) =
(x-2) 2
23
2- u =
1[
u ,2
+.
IX--2 21 < 1,
I
TJ. 3a
jx- 2i < 2:
2.
<l>yHKu;njy
OJ(HOCHO 3a Bp8,Il;HOCTH X E
f(x) = l/(x 2 - 3x + 2)
(0, 4).
AHAJU13A II 3A MH<I?OPMATl'P-IAPE
70
f(x)
KaKO je cpyHKUMja
+ ---=--1'
X
f( x) = - X- 2
3a H3B8CH8 peaJIHe KOHCTaHTe a H b H
j(x)
X=/= 1, 2.
= 1 11 b = -1,
o.n;aKJieje
1
1
1
1
1
f(x)= x-2- x-1 = 1-x -2G(~)"
flaJLe D8MO MMaTH .n;a j e
(1)
1
2
3
--=1+x+x
+x
+,
1-x
(2)
1
1- x/2 = 1 +
(x)2 (x)2
2 + 2 + 2 + ... '
f(x)=
x2- 3x + 2
=(1+x+x 2 +x 3 +)-
- 21 [ 1 + 2X +
(X)
2 (X' 3 ] = 2n-~ + 2) + = L
xn.
n=O
JlaKo ce noKa3yje ,n;a je noJiyrrpeqarrK KOHBepreHUHje ropiDer pe,n;a je,n;HaK 1, rra je ropiLH pe,n: ancoJiyTHO KOHBepreHTaH 3a
lxl < 1.
nepUOO'U"-i'HOJv
(y
f(x)
6poj
T Ha3HBa ce
71
Kao mTo je
II03HaTO, CB8 OCHOBH8 TpHrOHOM8TpHj CK8 cJlYHKUHj 8 KaO IDTO cy sin X, COS
tg
H ctg
X,
cy II8pHO,Z::(:H"tiH8 cJlYHKUHje.
flaJI.e HaBO):(:HMO ,n:a neMO no,n: mpUZO'HOMempujcr.;UM peOOM IIO,n;pa3yMeBaTH npOH3BOJI.aH cJlYHKUHOHaJIHH pe,n; 06JIHKa
00
(1)
ao
cmjH cy KoecpHUHjeHTH
S(x)
E ( -oo,
2rr,
+oo),
(1),
(x E IR)
(1)
KOjH
f(x).
j(x), g(x)
1b
Ha rrpHMep, cpyHKUHje
Bany
Ha3H-
aKo Ba>KH
f(x)g(x) dx = 0.
=x
f(x)
[-1,1], jep je
1
b],
[a,b]
g(x)
= x2
cy opToroHanHe Ha HHTep-
x x dx =
-1
x 3 dx = 0.
-1
flaJLe D8MO penH ,n:a j e H3B8CTaH HI13 HenpCKH)::[HHX cJlYHKUHj a 'P1 (.T),
Y'2(x), ... Ha HHTepBan:y [a,
0 (n
= 1, 2, ... ),
b]
H 3a rrpoH3BOJLHe
m, n EN (m
:F n)
'Pm(x)yn(x) dx = 0.
Ba>KH
<.pn(x)
1:.
AHAJ1113A II 3A llH<I>OPMATll"Y:APE
72
TEOPEMA 18.
n = 1, 2, ... Ba.tKH
i:
cos nx dx =
i:
sin nx dx = 11.
Y cJie.nenoj TeopeM:a rrpeTrrocTaBJLaMo .na ce H3BecHa rrep:ao.nwma cpyHKu:aj a j (X) Ca II8pHO)lOM 211 MO:rKe pa3BHTH y TpHrOHOM8TpHj CKH pe.n, H IIOKa3yjeMO KaKo ce Ta.na KoeqmUI-IjeHTH an (n = 0,1,2, ... )~ bn
A'i'Co 3a cea'I'Co x E
IR eaJICu
00
(2)
f (x)
~ +
u pea (2) ynuop.Mno r.;oneepzupa na unmepea.!/,y [-11, 11], maiJa eaJICe opMyAe:
an = -1
(3)
IT
lrr f (X)
11-rr f (x)
bn = -
7i'
cos nx dx
(n=0,1,2, ... ),
-rr
sin n.T dx
(n
= 1,2, .. .).
-rr
j(x)
AHAJI113A II 3A 11H<!>OPMATML.IAPE
73
~ + I: (an
0
cos nx
+ bn
sin nx)
n=l
an (n
= 0, 1, 2 ... ), bn (n =
1, 2, ... ) ,n;ecfJ:vrH-
an (n = 0, 1, 2, ... ), bn (n
je'HmUMa Y'H'l'GU,Uje f(x).
jeHTM
= 1, 2, ... )
Ha3:vraajy ce
<Pypujeoeu.Jvt 'l'Goeuu,u-
[-71, 71]
pa3BMTM y <lJy-
p:vrjeon pc,n;, TaKo .n.a He MoJKeMo .n.a Harr:vrmeMo .n.a je cyMa owoaapajyner
f(x).
pe.n.a je,n;HaKa
f(x)
:vr
ao
f (x) "" 2
(4)
[-71,71].
MaTpaMo <!Jop~mpaMo owoaapajynM <!>ypt-rjeoa pe.n. oae cj:lyHKn;t-rje, jep cy a.eroat-r Koeqmn;:vrjeHTM O,Upel)eHM Bp8)lHOCTMMa T8 cpyHKIJ;Mje CaMO y HHT8pBaJiy
[-71,71].
Oc:vrM Tora, TaKol)e :rvroJKeMo ,n;a H3Bpm:vrMo rrpo,n;yJKaaaH>e cj:lyHKn;t-rje
ca MHTepaaJia
[-71, 11]
.f(x)
n;:vrja
:vr
F(x)
271.
f(x)
F(x)
F(x)
= j(x).
[-71.11]
f(x)
3a,n:aTy Ha
F(x).
Oa,n;c
F(x)
o6:vrLIHO HeMa
jep je y OIIillT8M
cp yuKu;Mj e.
74
Ha ITHTepBaJiy [a,
a <
X1
<
X2
b]
< <
<
Xn-1
(Xl,X2), ... ,(Xn-l:b) TaKO ,n;a je Ha CBaKOM O.I\ THX ITO,n;ITHTepaaJia clJYHKUITja
JR.,
a clJYHKUITja
j(x)
=COS
[-7r, 7r].
y
b =X,.
CJJ. 2.2
Tio3HaTo je .n;a aKo je cpyHKUrrja
b],
f(c- 0)
lim f(x),
X-->C
f (c + 0) = lim f (x).
X-->C
x<c
x>c
Jlupx.!LeoeoM meopeMoM.
S (x)
ao
00
= 2 + L....., (an
n=l
cos nx
+ bn sm nx)
AHAJIM3A II 3A MH<I?OPMATM"Y:APE
75
(6) S(x) =
rfiyxx:u,uje f(x);
~ [f(x + 0) +
BaJiy
3a
f( -x) -_ j(x)
fla.Jbe
[-l, l]
.f( -x)
Ha3UBa
j(x)
= - f(x).
0.
f(x) nap1-w Ha
H ,n:a 3a,n:oBo.i'LaBa ycJioBe TeopeMe 20. KaKo je rrpou3Bo,n: ,n:Be rrapHe cpyHKUMje
an
cos
nx dx
211r f (x)
=-
-IT
IT
cos
nx dx.
= 1, 2, ...
HcrryiLeHo:
bn
-7r
CTora <l>yp11j eoB pe.n: rrapae YHKUMj e ca,n:pac11 caMo Kocvmyce, Tj. BaffiH
J8,l(HaKOCT
ex::
ao +~an
""'
f(x)"" 2
cosnx.
n=l
AHAJU13A II 3A I1H<I:>OPMATI1"llAPE
76
7r],
[-7r,
f(x) cos nx HerrapHa cpyHKI(Hja, a 3a cBaKo n = 1, 2, ... f(x) sin nx rrapHa cpyHKI(Hja Ha rrocMaTpaHoM HHTepBaJiy. CTora je
1
an = 7l"
bn = -1
7l"
j7T
-71"
j7T
-71"
f (x) cos nx dx = 0
(n=0,1,2 ... ),
(n
= 1, 2, ... ).
CTora o,n;roBapajynH <I:>ypHjeoB pe,n; TaKBe cpyHKI(nje ca,n;pJKH caMo cnHyce, Tj. MOIK8MO ,n;a HaiiHill8MO ,n;a j e
00
f (x) "'
3BHPKA 3A.IIATAKA
II or JiaBJLe 1
HEOliPEnEHM HHTErP AJI
1. p a3HH
THITOBH HHTerpaJia
<flyHKUHja.
j (ax+ b)P dx
(p E
R; a-=/= 0).
= ~1
dt
tP-;;
J = {~
l
tP dt
+ C,
tP+!
p+l
P-:/=
-1
p=-1
a:lnltl+C,
CTora je
(ax+b)P
(ax+ b)P dx
(p+l)a
ln lax+bl
p-:/=
+ C,
+C,
-1
d.T
2
= -1
(x-1)(x+1)
2(x- 1)
2(x + 1)'
= dt,
rra
3B11PKA 3A.llATAKA
,.uo6lijaMo ,.ua je 3a
x =I= 1:
dx = -1 ln lx
x 2 -1
2
J
Cl,
c2' c3
f (x)
x+1
KaKo j e cpyHKUlij a
x - -1 I + C.
-1 ln I-
- 11 - -1 ln Ix + 11 + C =
=
Ha OBliM liHTepBaJiliMa.
j ___ ')
,d~ __
(a =I= 0) .
, _
Perne&e. HaBO,Ul1MO caMo yrryTCTBO 3a pemaBarue OBor 3a,n;aTKa. 06JiliK pemeiLa OBOr 3a,UaTKa ,Ulip8KTHO ne 3aBliCliTli O,U IIplipO,n;e HyJia KBa,UpaTHOr li3pa3a
ax 2
+ bx +c.
ax
KaKo je
4ac- b2
4a
+ bx + c = a(x + b/2a) 2 + - - -
b2 = 4ac, b2
X+
2. AKo j e b2
< 4ac,
< 4ac
bj2a
Jrdtt
2
li
b2
= t,
= -
> 4ac.
t + C.
yBO,UliMO crvreHy
b2
t'
2a
t2
3. Haj3a,n;, aKo je b2
dt
+1 =
> 4ac,
arctg t
+ C.
yBO,UliMO CMeHy
x+ 2a =
vb2- 4ac t,
2a
/ ~1
t2
~lnJx-11 +C.
2
X+ 1
lxl dx = -xlxl
2
(1)
(1) cne,n:M
Pemeii:>e. Je,n:HaKoCT
,n:oKa3aHo ,n:a je q>yHKUI1ja. x
lxl
+C.
3a ape,UHOCTI1
Jlxl J
dx =
x dx
lxl = -x
J(
lx I dx =
+C.
rra je
2
-x) dx = -
~ + C.
J{11 + xI - 11 - xI }
dx.
J{11 +
xI -
11 - xI} dx =
dx -
xI dx
dx
xI d( 1- x)
=(1+x)l1+xl+(1-x)l1-xi+C.
2
3ALL.:\.TAK 6.
Koje a =I= 0:
AKo je
f(x) dx = F(x)
f(ax +b) dx
+ C, OO'/Ca3amu oa
je 3a 6u./I.O
=} F(ax +b)+ C.
ax+ b = t, Tj. x = (t- b)/a, ,n:o6Hja?viO
!(ax+ b) dx
j(t) dt
a
=~
f(t) dt
e-lxl dx.
e-lxl dx =
,IlOK je 3a
:S 0:
e-lxl dx =
ex dx =ex +
c2.
C2 = C1 - 2, rra je Haj3a,n
e-lxl dx = {
x20
X :S 0'
-e-x+ C,
ex- 2 + C,
0
(a)
j tg x dx;
Pemellie.
j ctg x dx;
(6)
(u)
j th x dx;
x
HCIIYILCHO
tg x dx
sin x
- dx
cosx
= -
d cos x
cosx
=!=-
(.n)
j cth x dx.
k1i + 7i/2 (k E Z)
f(x) = tg x .necj:>MHHCaHa Ha
ymijM MHTepBaJia o6m1Ka (krr + 1i /2, (k + l)7i + 1i /2) (k E Z), KOHCTaHTa C tie
Ha CBaKOM o.n TMX HHT8pBaJra rrorrpnMaTH He3aBHCHy Bpe,nHOCT ck (k E Z).
KaKo je rrpHTOM rro,nHHTerpaJIHa cj:>yHKUHja
ctg x dx =
cos x
- . - dx
Slll X
d sin x
Slll X
= ln
I sin xi+ C.
j(x) = ctg X je ,necj:>HHHCaHa Ha YHMjH HHTepBaJia o6JIHKa (krr, (k + 1)7r) (k E Z), rra ne KOHCTaHTa
Ha CBaKOM on: TMX
MHTepBaJia rrorrpHMaTH He3aBMCHY Bpe,nHOCT ck (k E Z).
Tio,n:vmTerpaJIHa cj:>yHKUMja
(u) .llaJLe je
th x dx
sh x
ch x dx
; dch x
ch x
= ln
(ch x)
+ C,
3EI1PKA 3AliATAKA
M
Cn:)
R.
X=/=
Bpe.n;HOCTH
0 HCITymeHO:
cth x dx =
ch x
sh x dx =
i-
0, rra Je 3a
dsh x
sh x = ln ish xi+ C.
(n EN).
cosn x sin x dx
I =
sin n x cos x dx =
sin n x d sin x,
H CM8HOM sin X= t,
I =
tn dt
tn+l
(sinx)n+l
n+l
n+l
= -- + C =
+ C.
COS n X
sin X dx
=-
(cosx)n+l
n+l
+C
(n EN).
sin ax dx
( :o:)
(a
i- ;3);
(e)
sin ru cos f] x dx
(a
i- /3).
(6)
(ai-0);
cos axdx
(.n:)
(a=!= 0);
(a
i- !1);
.
J
Sin
OX
d.T -_
f. 0:
= :_ _
sin2ax
4a.
+C.
cos 2o:x d
X -
3BMPKA 3A1IATAKA
J(
cos 2 ax dx =
1 - sin ax) dx = x -
sin ax dx =
.
.
=J
J
J
{3
sm ax sm x
cos( a - {3)x dx _
2
cos( a+ (3)x dx =
_ sin(a-(3)x _ sin(a+f3)x +C
2(a-(3)
2(a+f3)
(,n:) CJiwmo je 3a a
j.
COS
ax
COS
(3 d
X
{3:
cos(o: + (3)x dx +
cos(o:- (3)x dx =
2
sin(a+{3)x
sin(a-(3)x C
=
+
+ .
2(o:+f3)
2(o:-{3)
=f.
.
J
Slll ax COS
(3d
X
(3:
= jsin(o:+f3)x+sin(o:-!3)xd
X =
2
=
sin( a
+ (3)x
dx
sin(o:- {3)x dx =
sin 3 x dx;
(6)
j sin
x dx; (,n:)
j cos x dx.
j(
J(
1- t
dt =
1 - cos 2 x) d cos x =
J J
2
t dt -
dt =
t3
cos 3 x
= - -t+C= - - -cosx+C.
3BMPKA 3A1IATAKA
( 6) CmrrcrHo j e:
cos 3 x dx
cos 2 x cos x dx
= (1 -
j(
1 - sin 2 x) d sin x
t3
=t - 3 +c =
dt
sin 3 x
= sin x - - 3
+ C.
.
J
sm 4 x dx =
=
=
J( .') = J(
J
+
4 - 2J
J + :_ +
sm-) 2 dx
1 - cos 2x) 2 dx =
2
2
cos 2x dx =
1 - 2 cos 2x
1
dx
cos 2x dx
1
+4
J+
1
= :_ _ sin 2x
sin 4x + C
4
4
8
32
= 3x _sin 2x --'- sin4x +C.
8
4
'
32
cos 4x
dx =
cos 4 x dx =
=
=
j .(cos
x) 2 dx =
J+ +
J +~J
1
2 cos 2x
dx
_ :_
- 4
sin 2x
4
= 3x
8
j (1 + cos2x)2 dx =
2
cos 2x dx =
cos 2x dx
:_
+8+
sin 2x
4
+~
4
sin 4x
32
sin 4x
32
+ .
J+
1
4
cos x dx =
2
C_
j max{ 1: x
dx.
PemeH>e. AKa je
lxl
j max{1,x 2}dx= j
1dx=x+Cl
3BI1PKA 3AIIATAKA
8
.IlaJbe je 3a
lxl > 1,
max{1, x 2} =
x2 ,
2} dx =
max{1, x
+oo),
> 1.
KOHCTaHTa
Jxl >
rra je
3
x dx
+ c2.
f(x)
HerrpeKH,n:Ha, rrpHMH-
THBHa YHKUHja
X=
je y
,n;o6HjaMo ,n:a je
+ 2/3 + C,
x 3 /3
I =
{
O,I\HOCHO:
I=
+ c,
-1 ::;
X ::;
+ C,
x /3-2/3
b
x < -1
+ ~srrn
x +C.
3
+ C, lxl ::; 1
x 3 j3
{ x
x > 1
lxl > 1
'K'.02 T/.0./l,U-
P.n (X ) = ao
CTerreHa
+ a1 X n-1 + + an
(ao
1- 0)
n. Ta,n:a je:
Pn(x) dx
= ao
+ a1xn- 1 ++an) dx =
(aoxn
xn dx
+ a1
xn-l dx ++an
xn+l
xn
= ao - - + a1- + + anx
n +1
n
= boxn+l --L- b1xn + + bn.,
+C
dx =
rrpH qeMy je b0
n+l.
= a0 /(n + 1) f.
x4
( x - 1) 1oo dx
x dx
(x _ 1)100
(t
+ 1) 4 dt
tlOO
(r96
+ 4t 3 + 6t 2 + 4t + 1 dt =
t100
+c =
1
4
6
95 (x- 1)98
96 (x- 1) 96
97 (x- 1)97
4
1
99 (x- 1)99 +C.
98 (x- 1)98
KaKo j e rrpHT01-I cpyHKUHj a
f (x)
(a)
j Jx2 + 9dx;
(.u)
Jvx~+
YnyTCTBO.
x-1
x4
= (
6;
(6)
(e)
c.~~.eoefie
j )x
2 -
JV3-~ x
2;
neoopefjene unmezpa.11.e:
4dx;
()
(u)
j )10- x
dx;
~
-~-
JJt2+1
CJiyqaj eBHMa.
(a)
(r)
dx
)2- x- x 2
CJIH'l:aH riOcTyrraK .uorryHe .uo KBa.upaTa H KopHmnea,a Ta6JIH'IHHX HHTerpaJia KOpHCTH Ce H y rrpeOCTaJIHM CJiyqajeBHMa.
oa
10
3BMPKA 3A.IIATAKA
(a)
(6)
arc cos x dx =
(u:)
arc tg x dx
(,n:)
1r x
+ J1 -
Vl+x 2 + C;
- x arc sin x-
= x arc tg x- ~ ln
11"X
T -
arc ctg x dx =
x 2 + C;
x arc tg x
+ x 2) + C;
(1
2
(1 + x )
+ 2 ln
+ C.
(a)
ar sh x dx = x ar sh x -
(u:)
= xar
ch
X-
ar th xdx = xar th x
J x 2 + 1 + C;
v'x 2 -1
+ C;
')
1n (1- x-)
~ ln
+ C;
2
(x -1)
+C.
X.
x4
+ 1)
(x _
dx.
1 5
(X - 1)
+ 1) 4 + 1 - t 4 + 4t 3 + 6t2 + 4t + 2 t5
t5
-
=t +
4
t2
+ t3 +
4
t4
2
t5 '
3BMPKA 3A1IATAKA
11
It I -
_x_4_+_1_ dx = ln
(X - 1) 5
i-
- i ~3 - _1 + C =
t2
2t4
3 t
4
3
lx - 1 1 - - - - - - x-1
(x-1)2
= ln
4
3(x- 1)3
x5
+ 2x 3 + 4 dx.
X2
-1
f (x) = x3
+ 3x +
3x
+4
(x f. 1).
x2 -1
3x+4
rrpaBH pa3JIOMaK
X 2 -1
I1
pa:o;HOHaJIHa cpyHKIJ;Hja
1,
Ha OCHOBY
3x +4
x 2 -1
3x + 4
(x + 1)(x- 1)
x + 1
b
x- 1'
----=--+--
3x + 4 = a(x- 1)
+ b(x + 1),
3 11 b- a= 4. ll3 OBor
a= -1/2 11 b = 7/2. CTora
f. 1
Ba)KH HJ.(8HTM'IHOCT:
f(x) = x3
+ 3x- 2 x + 1 + 2 x- 1.
I=
f(x) dx
x4
=4
+ 2x 2 -
1n lx + 11 +
1n lx- 11 +C.
(-oc,-1), (-1,1),
12
x3
X3 -
+1
5x 2
+ 6X
dx.
x3 + 1
) HHJe
Pemeir.e. KaKo rro,n;:r,mTerpaJIHa YHKUHja f(x) = (
)(
xx-2x- 3
rrpaBH pa3JIOMaK, Hajrrpe j e IIOTpe6HO H3BpillHTH ,.U8Jh8H>8 HaBe,n;eHHX IIOJIHHOMa. KaKo je
( )
fx=
( x 3 - 5x 2
+ 6x) + (5x 2 x3 - 5x 2 + 6x
6x
+ 1)
5x 2 - 6x + 1
=1+ 3
,
x - 5x 2 + 6x
ll ,n;pyrH ca6HpaK je rrpaBH pa3JIOMaK, ,.UaJhH IIOCTJIIaK HaCTaB.lhaMO Ca OCTaTKOM. KaKo rroJIHHOM x 3 - 5x 2 6x = x(x- 2) (x- 3) HMa TpH rrpocTe HyJie
x1
0, x 2
=j=.
0, 2, 3
=/=-
0, 2, 3
BaJKH .J8,.UHaKOCT:
5x 2 - 6x + 1
a
b
c
=
+
+
2
x3 - 5x + 6x
x
x- 2
x - 3
= a(x 2
5x + 6)
= (a+ b + c)x 2
+ b(x 2 -
2x) =
a+ b + c
H3 Kora HaJia3HMO .n:a je a
= 5,
5a
+ 3b + 2c =
= 1/6, b = -9/2
6a = 1,
6,
H c =
28/3. CTora 3a x
Ba.IKH j e.n:HaKOCT:
j (X) = 1 + 6x -
2X -
28
+ 3 X - 3.
f (x) dx = x + 6 ln IxI - 2 ln Ix
31 + C.
(-X, 0), (0, 2), (2, 3) ll (3, +oc) Ha KOjH~ra je .n:ecfJHHHCaHa IIO,llllH-
TerpaJIHa YHK.UHja
.f(x).
xdx
(x- 1)2 (x
+ 2' .
35MPKA 3A1IATAKA
13
)~(
) je rrpaBM
x-1
x+2
-2 pe,n:a 2 M 1 p8CII8KTHBHO.
X1
1:rr x 2
j(x) = x- 1
+ (x-
1)2
+ x + 2.
2/9, b =
2
f(x) dx = -ln lx
9
IIo.n::rraTerpanaa cpyaKu:rrja
-2), ( -2, 1)
-11- ----ln
3x-1
9
lx
+ 21 +C.
BHCH8 Bpe,n:HOCTH.
dx
x3 +
x + 1 = (x + 1)(x2
3
f(x) = ~< ,
1
= _a . +
X+ 1
bx + c
-a+ b + c
a+ b = 0,
o.n:aKne je
= 0,
a+ c = 0,
11 HHTerpau:rrjo:tvr:
f (x) dx
11 ')
= -1 ln Ix + 11 - 3
x-2
x-- x
+1
dx.
14
KaKo j e ,n;aJne
J
J
=2
(x- 1/2) dx _ ~
(x- 1/2) 2 + 3/4
2
x- 2 dx _
x2- x + 1
-
dx
_
(x- 1/2)2 + 3/4 -
dx
;;;
n .
' 3
CTora je:
f(x) dx =
I=
1n lx + 11-
;;;
2x - 1
1n (x 2 - x + 1)- v 3 arc tg
~ +C.
-1) H ( -1, +:x> J, KOHCTaHTa C Y3HMa ,li;Be H83aBHCH8 Bpe,n;HOCTH y THM HHTepBaJIHMa.
dx
x3 _
j(x)
je ,n;eqmHHCaHa 3a Bpe,n;HOCTH X
X<
1H
X>
dx
x3 - 1
j -t-dt 1 j t dt+ 1
3 -
dx
X3 -
2t - 1
;;;
= - ln It + 11 - - ln (t 2 - t + 1) + v 3 arc tg v'3 + C =
2
1
3
3
1
1
-2x- 1
= -ln 1- x + 11- - ln (x 2 + x + 1) + V3 arc tg
~
+C =
2
3
\
1
1
2x + 1
= -ln lx- 11- - ln (x 2 + x + 1)- V3 arc tg
~ +C. D
2
3
' 3
x dx
(1 +
x 2 )n
h =
X dx ~
1+x22
1
2
d.T2
l+x2 =2ln(1+x )+C.
n E
_)
N .
1.
91
16
IIornantT.be 2
la
(x 2
2x + 3) dx.
PemeH>e. KaKo j e
(x
2x + 3) dx =
x dx- 2
x3
=3
-- x
x dx
+3
dx =
+ 3x + C )
1
1
(x
2x
x311
1 1
7
2 1
- x 1 + 3xl = - - 1 + 3 = -.
3 0
0
0
3
3
+ 3) dx
= -
_ x ex dx.
1
xex dx =
x dex = xex -
ex dx = xex - ex
+ C,
1
-1
xex dx
= xexl
= e- (-1)e- 1 -
- exl
-1
= 2e- 1 = 2/e.
-1
(e- e- 1 )
17
1
2
x 2 ln
dx.
x ln x dx = -1
3
ln x dx 3
3
x ln x _ ~
3
3
3
x ln x
3
x 2 dx
- -1
3
J-
x3 dx
X
3
3
x ln x _ x
3
9
=
+ C.
x ln x
x 2 ln x dx -
12 - -x 3 J2
Sln 2
3
7
9
= - - - -.
3191
jrr
(a)
-rr
x sinxdx;
frr x
(6)
Jo
cosxdx.
Sin X dx
=-
d COS X
= -x cosx
= -X
COS X
COS X dx
+ sinx + C,
l-rrrr
x sin x dx = - x cos x
= -n( -1)
+ (-n)( -1) + 0- 0 =
2n.
(6) liaJLe je
x cos x dx
sin X
+ COS X + 0,
o,n:aKJieje
{11"
x sin x dx = x sin x
111"
+ cos xI
7r
= 0 - 0 + (-1) - 1
= -2.
=0
1bdx
-.
a.
3BI1PKA 3AliATAKA
18
f (x)
j dxx = ln x + C,
M
cpyHKIIHja
-dx = ln b - ln a = ln
dx
J
cf>yHKIIMja
0):
---;; = ln lxl + C = ln
(b)
- .
( -x)
+ C,
1
b
dx
X
)(
x-1 x+ 2
),
(6)
,
x 2 +x+1
1
e /lxl,
(,I()
tg x.
CMHryJiapHMX TaqaKa x 1 = 1
(rr)
b]
aKO
j(x)
[a, b]
Ha
<;;;; ( -oo,
[a, b]
(-2, 1),
[a, b]
(1, +oo).
(6) <I>yHKIJ,Hja
rrpaBoj
-2),
f(x)
= ')
x-
+x +1
je ,I(eqmHMCaHa
HerrpeKH,I(Ha Ha ueJioj
19
3Bl1PKA 3AIIATAKA
[a: b].
[a,b]. CTora Mory .ua HacTyrre caMo .usa cJiy'Iaja: [a:b] ~ (-oo:O) H
[a, b] ~ (0, +x). KaKo je oHa HerrpeKHL(Ha Ha csaKOM o.u HHTepsaJia ( -oo, 0),
(0, +oo), Ha CBaKOM HHT8pBaJiy [a, b] KOjH 3a,UOBOJbaBa HaBe,UeHH YCJIOB Ba/fi:H
BaJiy
b]
Z).
b]
h (k
[-a, a]
(a>
0).
a J(x) dx
= 2
-a
(a f(x) dx.
Jo
I:
= 0.
f(x) dx
a],
I:
HMaMO ,Ua je
f(x) dx
=I:
f(x) dx
1a
f(x) dx
h +I2 .
=t
11 KOpHrnneELe1vi rrapHOCTH
Te cpyHK:O:Hje YICIIY!L8HO:
!1=
f(x)dx=-
-a
10 f(-t)dt=
a
1
.a
O,UaKJI8J8
a
-a
f(x) dx = 2
Jo
f(x) dx.
j(t)dt=h,
20
ro
J-a
f(x) dx =
-1
Jo
o.uaKJie je I= I+I2 = 0.
1 112
PemeH>e.
xi dx.
111 - xI dx
Jt0 11 - xI dx + ;:21 11 - xI dx =
(X - ~2 ) I~ + ( ~2
1
2
(1
- x) dx
(x
- 1) dx =
X)
I:
1 1 1 1
= (1--)
+-2 = -2 +-2 = 1
2
JJxl
dx
= x~xl + C,
CMeHOM
ix-
11 dx =
JJtl
dt
= t~l + C =
(x-
l~lx- ll
+C.
O.uaB.ue je:
(2il- xi dx
}1
(x-
l)ix- liJ2 = ~ - (- ~) = 1.
2
iln xi dx.
xl
je HerrpeKM.UHa Ha
}1/e
PemeH>e.
ITo.n;MHTerpaJIHa cpyHKUMja
MHT8pBaJIY [1/e: e]
f(x) = Jln
IIpMTOM je
Jln xJ = {
-ln x.
ln
x,
<x<1
- 1 ::::; x::::; e
1/ e
21
3BMPKA 3A.IIATAKA
KaKo je Heo.n;pei)eHM MHTerpaJI Jln
r lln
}1/e
I dx
( -ln X)
dx +
1/e
= (x-
Je ln
dx =
xln
=(1--)+1=2--.
3AliA TAK 10. IlpemnocmaeU.MO oa rfiyxx;u,uja f(x) U.Ma xa 'He'K:OM U'Hmepea.tLy [-a, a] (a> 0) npuMumuexy rfiyxx;u,ujy.
Ax;o je rfiyxx;u,uja f(x) napxa, OO'K:a3amu oa je 6ap jeoxa 'lbe'Ha npu.Mumuexa
1x
F(x) =
M
f(x)
rrapHa Ha rrocMa-
F(x) =
1x
f(t) dt
f( -t) dt,
F(x) =
-1-x
f(u) du =
-1-x
F(x) HerrapHa
j(x) HerrapHa Ha
F(x)
Ha MHTepaaJiy
1x
j(t) dt
F(x)
1-x
+C =
= -u,
-1x
F(x)
f(x).
Ta,L(a je
J( -t) dt +C.
.n:o6.11ja~w .n:a je
f(u) du + C = F( -x)
[-a, a].
IIOCMaTpaHOM MHT8pBaJiy, II
F(x)
(-a s; x s; a),
(-as; x s; a),
3BMPKA 3ALIATAKA
22
IIorJiaB.n,e 3
+oo dx
J
1
(p E R).
p>l.
xP
x 2 +x-
f(x) = x2
+ x- 2
(x-1)(x+2)
1 1
3x-1
1 1
3x+2
.rr.eHHI1CaHa H HerrpeKH)J.Ha Ha HHTepBaJiy (1, +oo), Herrocpe)J.HOM llHTerpai(HjOM HaJia3HMO )J.a je:
1
f(x) dx = -ln
3
1 lx + 21 + C = -ln
1
lx- 11- -ln
3
3
CTora j e 3a rrpoH3BOJLHO
a.
f (x) dx
1
3
a > 2:
x - 11 a.
x+2 2
= -ln - -
~x-11
- - +C.
x+2
= -31 ( ln
a- 1
1)
1
a- 1
- - - ln - = -ln 4 - - .
a+2
4
3
a+2'
rra Je
+oo
dx
---- =
_
x2 + x - 2
lim
a..-,oo
( 1 a - 1)
2
-ln - - = -ln 2.
3 a+2
3
3BI1PKA 3A11ATAKA
23
r+x
In
= Jo
dx
(1 + x2)n
(n EN).
1+=
1
= +
0
2nin- 2nln+1
In+1 =
2n -1
cL
In
dx
+oo
1 +X
(n EN).
KaKo je
dx
= 2nin- 2nin+l,
h =
+ 1- 1
(1 + x2)n+l
x
=arc tg x
I+= = 1rj2,
0
+=
dx
JX3+x
1
PemeH..e. C o63vrpoM .n;a je rro.n;HHTerpaJIHa cpyHK:o;vrja J(x) = -.-;==:;.==
.n;ecpHHHCaHa
[1, +co),
H8IIp8KH.ZJ;Ha Ha HHT8pBaJiy
1 3
vx
+x
HCITHTaDeMO KOHBepreH-
!
1
rHpa.
-roo dx
~
r+x
J2
x2 dx
x 4-
x2
+ 1
3BI1PKA 3A1IATAKA
24
PemeH>e.
H8IIpKH,LJ;Ha Ha liHT8pBaJiy
>0
3a
f(x)
x4_x;2+1
2_ 1, HCIIHTaheMO CaMO
x2
f (x)
= x4 ( 1 -
11 + 1I
x2
x 4)
"" -x2,
Ka,n;a
x--+
+oc,
+cc smx
.
-P-dx.
X
r;;onaepzupajy 3a caar;;o p
'
+cc cosx
--dx
xP
> 1.
Peme:a.e. lloKa3aheMo 3arrpaBo ,n;a oBa ,n;Ba HHTerpaJia arrcoJiyTHO KOHBeprHpajy 3a CBaKO p
>
pajy.
KaKo 3a rrpoH3BOJLHo
KOHBeprHpa 3a CBaKO p
HHTerpaJI
>
Jtoo I ~~ xi dx KOHBeprHpa.
8
Jt= ~~
CTora HHTerpaJI
J1+= sinx~ dx
arrcoJiyTHO
> 1.
25
IIorJiaBJLe 4
3Al[ATAK 1. Jf3'[Ja"-ly'Hamu noepwu'Hy '});pueo.AU'HUJC?\,02 mpane3a ozpa'Hu"-le'l-wz npaeaMa x = -1, x = 2, ocoM Ox u '});pueoM y = x 2 + 1.
y
5
4
-2
-!
Cmnm 1
Peme:a:.e. AKo OBY rroBpm:vmy 03Ha1:.!HMO ca S, HManeMo ,n;a je
S =
2
!
f (x) dx
-1
!2
(x
+ 1) dx
-1
3+ j_2
= (~
= 6.
x)
3Al[A TAK 2. Jhpa"-ly'Hamu a.Aze6apc'});y u anco.Aym'Hy epeo'Hocm noepWU'He cfiuzype ozpa'HU"-le'He npaea.Ma x = 0, x = 27T, ocn.M Ox u '1\,pueoM y =sin x.
Peme:a:.e. HarroMeHHMO ,n:a aJrre6apcKa Bpe.n:HocT rroBprrmHe oBe cpHrype
3Ha1:.!H .n:a ce ,n;eJIOBH Te cpHrJ-"pe H3Ha,n; oce
3BMPKA 3A.IIATAKA
26
.n:eJIOBM Mcrro.n: oce
5 =
(1r
(2-rr
J f (x) dx = J sin x dx =
2-rr
0
= 0.
(- cos x) [
x=
2rcl
l27t
f//////y/////A,7;';; ';,,,
-I
CmiKa 2
(2-rr
51
= Jo
(2-rr
lf(x)l dx
= Jo
=J
rr
(-
I sinxl dx
sin x) dx
= (- COS X)
=4.
7r
+ (COS X) 12-rr
rr
aAze6apcKoj
oBe qm:rype:
j-2
1
=
=
x(y) dy
= ( (2- y- y 2 ) dy =
}_2
y2
y3) 11 = 9/2.
( 2y- - - 2
-2
27
----)
-I
'
------C.IIHRa 3
y
b
-a
-b
Slika 4
Pemellie.
(0, 21r).
= a cost,
+ y2 jb 2 = 1 ca
= bsin t
rroJiyocaMa
rroqeTaK, vr cacTaBJLeHa je o,n: qeT:vrpvr H.n;eHTH"tiHa .n:ena rrpH qeMy je.n;aH o.n:
THX .li:8JIOBa JI8X3ll y npBOM KBa.n;paHTy, Tj. o.n;roBapa Bpe.n;HOCTH rrapaMeTpa
t E
(0, 7r/2).
28
4Jofa iy(x)l
= 4
1 rr
0
dx
41rr/2 iy(t)i
x'(t) dt
1rr/2
rr /2
= 4ab
H3HOCH p =
TIT .
ab sin 2 t dt =
1 1 - cos 2t
lloce6Ho 3a
a = b= r
0
3Al(ATAK 5. Hanu
(t
sin 2t)
dt = 4ab - - - -
Irr / 2 = ab1r.
0
R.
Cm,IKa 5
VI
CaCTOjM Ce 0~ qeTMpH
=R
cos (
KBa~paHTY O~rOBapa
= R sin t
KaKo cy
a ~eny
U:8JI8
KPYJKHHUe:
rrr /2
= 4 Jo
= 4R
)(x'(t)) 2 + (y'(t)) 2 dt
rr/2
rrr /2
= 4 Jo
J sin 2 t + cos 2 t dt = 4R
lrr/2
v/( -R
1 dt
sm t)2
cos t)2
= 4R ~ = 21r R.
2
+ (R
= t,
y(t)
= t2
dt
DO ma"ine t
=0
29
3B11PKA 3ALIATAKA
r1/2
= Jo
l
KaKo je oB.n;e
x'(t)
= Jo
= 1,
(12
+ (y'(t)) 2 dt.
v(x'(t)) 2
y'(t)
= 2t,
.n;o6HjaMo .n;a je
(12
)1 + (2t) 2 dt = Jo
V1 + 4t 2 dt.
11 V1
1
l=
V1 + u 2 -du
2
KaKo je
.V1 +
j
u 2 du
=-
+ u 2 du.
= V1 + u 2 + 21n (u + V1 + u 2) + C,
V2 1
Jo(1 V1 + u2 du = uv1 2+ u2110 + 211n (u + V1 + u 2 ) 110 = -i
+ 21n (1 + .J2),
o.n;aKJie je l =
(V2 + ln
(1
+ V2))/4.
x(t) =a (t- sin t), y(t) =a (1- cost) (0::; t::; n).
y
2a
art
CnnKa 6
2cm
30
Pemea.e. l11mheMo .n:a j e x' (t) = a ( 1 - cost), y' (t) = a sin t, o,n:aKJie j e
(2rr
lo
(2rr
v(x'(t)) 2
+ (y'(t)) 2 dt
) a 2 ( 1 - cos t) 2
(2rr
J J1 0
2 cos t
+ a 2 sin 2 t dt =
+ cos 2 t + sin 2 t dt
(2rr
= a 0
v2 - 2 cos t dt =
(2rr
)1-cost=
2
v'22y~
~ = v'22ysin
c:;t
v'2 t
2 = 2sin 2,
(2rr
= 2a J
sin
2 = 4a ( dt
cos
2rr
2) I0
= 8a.
.~tonme no.~tynpe't{,'H'UKa
R.
CJIHI..:a
3BHPKA 3A.llATAKA
31
Vx
= 1r
1R
( x)
= 1r
dx
-R
= 21r
f(R
47rR 3
3
1R (
R2
x 2 ) dx
-R
~ ) 1: =
3
x ) dx = 2rr( R'x-
JZ
CJinKa 8
= b-
JR2 -
x2l
Y2 ( x)
= b+
R2
x2
( -R
~X~
R).
{X2
Vx =
1r /_
v
(y~(x)- Yi(x)) dx =
X)
1r1 [(b +
-R
= 1r JR
VR
2 -
2
x 2) -
4b)R 2 - x 2 dx
(b- )R 2 -
= 8b1r (R
-R
2
x2) ]
dx =
)R 2 - x 2 dx.
KaKo je
)R2- x2 dx =
.JR2- x 2
R2
arcsin
~ + C:
3BI1PKA 3A.IIATAKA
32
CJie,n:H ,n:a J e
R
)R 2 -
x2
dx
-)R 2 -
x2
Rz
=0+ 2
,R
IR +-arcsinR2
X
10
O.[(aKJie je KOHa'!HO
R 2 rr
Vx = 8brr - 4
= 2R2 brr 2 .
3A1IA TAK 10. Han:u 3anpeMuny me.1w '1\,0je nacmaje pomav,ujaM mpay-
(a)
(6)
c (h,O)
c (h,O)
A(O.-R)
A(O,-R}
CnnKa 9
PemeH>e. (a) Y rrpBOM CJiy"t.Iajy O'IMTJie,n:Ho ce pa~ o rrpaBOM KpyJKHOM
BC OKO oce Ox. IberoB rroJiyrrpe'IHHK ocHoBe je R, a BHCHHa je je,n:HaKa h. KaKo je je,n:Ha'InHa rrpaBe BC:
KoHycy Kojn ce ,n:o6Hja poTau;HjOM rrpaBe
R
h
y=--x+R
(O:::;x:::;h),
Vx
= rr j
rh y
( x)
dx
= rr j
= r. R
rh
R
( -
( -
~ + 1)
dx.
hx
+ R)
dx
33
\tx = 1rR2
1
1
1
1
(1- t) hdt
= 1rR 2 h
(t 2
2t + 1) dt =
) I1 7r R h
t2 + t o = -3-.
t3
= 7r R2 h ( 3 -
Rx
Y1 (x) = - -
o,n:aKJieJe
Vy = 27r
1x
Y2 (x)
'
Rx
= -+R
h
x(y2(x)- Yl(x)) dx =
X1
= 27r
= 47r R
= 47r R
1h (
x ( 1 - xI h) dx
x - x 2 I h) dx
x2
x3)[ho =
= 47r R ( 2 - 3h
4rr R
(h2
2 -
h2)
h2
2rr Rh 2
=47rR- = - 6
3
llpyro .n:o6vrjeHo TeJio o-c.rnrJie,n:Ho ce cacTojn o.n: ,n:Ba cJierrJbeHa rrpaBa
KpytKHa KOHyca -c.rnje cy BHCHHe R, a IIOJiyrrpe-c.rHHIJ;H OCHOBa h.
no.!/,ynp~'li,'HU'fCa
R.
Sx
= 21r
1b jy(x)h/1 +
(v'(x)) 2 dx.
+v'R 2 _:_-x 2
vr x E [-R,R], .n:o6njaMo
3El1PKA 3ALIATAKA
34
,n:a je rroBpunma JIOITTe:
/R 2 -x 2 /1+(
Sx=2njR
-R
= 2n
J R2 -R
R
= 2n1R
Rdx
VR2
-x
VR 2 -
x2
) dx=
x2 +x2
dx
R2- x2
-
x2
-R
3A)JATAK 12. Hafiu noBpWU'HY noapwu ao6uje'He pomav,ujoM ./I,Y'IW r.:puae y = e-x 00 ma"ir.:e X= 0 00 ma"ir.:e +oo.
Pemelhe. l1ManeMo ,n:a j e
Sx
r+oo
= 27f
Jo
= 2n
r
lo
+oo
= -27!"
ly(x)IVl + (y'(x)) 2 dx
e-x )1
r+oo
Jo
+ (-e-x) 2 dx =
\h + e- 2 x de-x,
Sx
= -2n
1 Vl +
1Vl +
1
t dt
= 21r
t2+
~ ln (t +
t 2 dt.
KaKo je
J1 + t 2 dt =
v1 +
J1 + t 2) +
S x = 2n ( ~ J 1 + t 2 + ~ ln (t +
J 1 + t 2)) I~ =
(TJ2 + 21 1n (1 + J2) ) =
= 1r ( J2 + ln (1 + v'2)) . 0
= 2n
c,
35
3BMPKA 3AllATAKA
IIorJiaBJLe 5
TEOPMJA PEllOBA
L qn-l = 1 + q + q2 +,,.
n=l
1- qn
Sn = 1- q
IIocMaTpajMo CJiyqaj Ka.n;a je
IIOCMaTpaHH pe,n: KOHBepreHTaH
AKo je
lql >
ll
(q
lql <
1).
1. Ta.n:a je lim Sn
n-+oo
Fb8rOBa CyMa
= -1-- -q,
rra Je
S = --.
1-q
1 Ta,n:a je lim qn = +co, rra rrocMaTpaHH re0M8TpnjcKn
n-+oo
Y cJiyqajy Ka.n;a je q
1, HManeMo .n:a je sn
= 1 + 1 + + 1 = n,
rra
sn = 1 - 1 + ...
+ (_1r-l
= { 1,
0,
n = 2k- 1
2k
1,Tj.3aqE(-1,1).
lql <
36
3Al!A TAK 2.
3Al!ATAK 3.
(-1)n-l
1-1+1-1+ ...
oueepzupa.
n->oc
n->oc
IIoaeKa.n; ce KOHBeprean:uj a pe.n;a MOllie ucnuTanr .n;HpeKTHO, eKCIIJIHI(HTHHM HaJia>KeFLeM rueroBe napuujaJIHe cyMe Sn. To ce MOllie y~HHHTH 6ap y
CJiy~ajy
~eMy je
= bn+l-bl
(n EN),
n->oc
3Al!ATAK 4.
1Jo'ICa3amu oa peo
n=l
10ezoey cyMy.
PeiiieiLe. 0 IIillTH
an =
n E N BaJKH j e.n;HaKocT
1
an
1 (
= 4n2 -
=2
1
' H rrpu TOM 3a CBaKO
4n -1
2
2n- 1 - 2n
+1
CTora je
n
Sn
=L
= L 2( 2k -
ak
k=l
1
1 - 2k
+1
k=l
~ (~
2
(1 -
~) + ~ (~ - ~) + ... + ~ (
3
2n
~ 1)
1
1 )
2n - 1
2n + 1
3BHPKA 3AliATAKA
ITomTo je lim Sn =
n-+oo
1
lim - (1-
n-+oc
37
= ~.
=
I:
(a)
n=2
1
.
n(n- 1) l
(6)
'\"'
~
n=l
1
.
9n2- 3n- ,... '
([()
n~l
2n+ 1
n2(n + 1)2;
1
an= n(n- 1)
n -1
(n 2 2),
Sn = a2 ++an= (1-
~)
+ (~~) + + (- - ~)
2
2 3
n-1
n
1
= 1-
~.
n
O.zraB.zre Herrocpe.zmo cJie.l{l1 .zra .zraTH pe.zr KOHBepnipa H rueroB 36Hp je.zmaK je
S = lim Sn = 1.
n-+oo
(6) CJrwmo je
an=
1
2
9n -3n-2
(3n-2)(3n+1)
---
3 3n- 2
33.n+1
(n EN),
Sn =
a1
+ + an =
1
1)
3
(1 - 4
1
1
1
---+3
3(3n+ 1)
3
1(1
1)
3
4- 7
+ +
31( 3n 1-
1 )2 - 3n + 2 -
(n--+oo).
an=
2n + 1
1
1
=--2
2
n
n2(n + 1)
(n + 1)2
(n EN),
Sn
= a1
1) + (122 - 32)
1\ + + (1n2 -
+ +an = ( 1 - 22
=1-
(n + 1) 2
--+1
( n--+oo;.
\
1 )--
(n + 1) 2
38
S = 1.
Ha ,Ua.TLe, rrocMaTpaneMo pe,UoBe ca HeHeraTHBHHM "t.J:JiaHOBHMa. IlpHTOM fieMO KO,ll pemaBaiha CJI8,[(8fillX H8KOJIHKO 3a,UaTaKa IIpHM8IhHBaTH T3B.
Lqn,
n=l
3a KOjH 3HaMO ,Ua KOHBeprHpa 3a JqJ
<
00
LnP
n=l
(pER),
> 1
H ,[(HBeprHpa y cyrrpOTHOM
cny"t.J:ajy.
HaoMeHHMO ,[(a neMO y U:8JIOM OBOM IIOI'JiaBJI.Y KOpHCTHTH CJie,Ueny 03HaKy. AKo cy
bn
-=/=
an, bn (n E N)
n E N
. an
l lin -b = 1
n~CXJ
--> 00.
an=
H
an :?: 0
3a CBaKo
n E N.
3n
1
n
3
II pH TOM j e
b
+ Vn <
- 3n- - n'
an= - 1nn
3a CBaKo
>0
2::= 1 ;
->
ln 2
2
n
,I( a
je
sin
an
39
.!I.
b = n-..oo
lim ~ = 1r.
n--->oo n
n
lim
oc
I:
n=l
>0
1
3n-
>
0 H
bn
1
an
lim -
lim
n-+oc bn
3n-
n-..oo
3n
lim
= 1.
n-+oc 3n -
3n
KaKo je pe,n: L~=l 3~ KOHBepreHTaH, Ha ocHoBy Kp:vrTep:vrjyMa rropeljefua cne-
(a)
(,n:)
oc
n~l
+3
)4n
( )
f: ._v_n_+_l-=-,----vn_n
V'n
n=l
oc
n~l
3n + 1
n2(n + 4)
oc
(e)
n=l
(u)
oc
n.;2n+3
n=l
v'n 2 + 1
sin-
()
oc
2n tg 3n
n=l
a=
n
J4n
00
2: -;;n=l
- - =2"-'
+3 <
- y'4n
(6) KaKo je
3n + 1
an= n2(n + 4)
oc
2:
n=l
3n(1 + l/3n)
n 3 (1 + 4/n)
rv
3
n2
(n--+ oc),
2n
3BMPKA 3AliATAKA
40
5
n3/2 J2 + 3/n
an=
(n~CXJ):
1
3j2 KOHBeprM:pa, CJie,LU1 ,n;a H IIOCMaTpaHM: pe,n;
00
2:::
5
n3/2
rv-
n=l
TaKol)e KOHBeprHpa.
(.n:) CBH qJiaHOBH ,n;aTor pe,n;a cy TaKol)e IT03HTHBHH. IlpHTOM je
_ Jn+I- fo
(n + 1) - n
Jn + 1 + fo
vn
an-
1
nl/3
-rv
fo( J1 + 1/n + 1)
1
2 nl/2+1/3 - 2n5/6
(n
0 Ka.n;a n
an=
oo).
n=l
1/ n
00
2:::
nl/3
--
IlpHTOM, KaKo
. 1
1
.
CXJ, .IJ:O 6 HJaMO ,n;a J8 Slll-""' - , O,II;aKJie J8
n
n
n
. 1
Jn + 1
2
Slll- ""'
00
n=l
L -
j1
(n
1/n 2 ;, '"" ;,
oo).
l)e .n;HBeprHpa.
(e) "Y:JiaHOBH OBOr pe.n:a cy TaKol)e II03HTHBHH. KaKO je IIpHTOM tg X
rv
= 2 n tg
3n
rv
1 = (2)n
-
2n . 3n
(n
oo).
1Ia.-
(a)
oo
2::
n=l
n3
3n;
(6)
n=l
2n
n2
+n
(u:)
oc
n4
2::
4n+l'
n=l
(,n;)
oc
nn
2:: -
n=l
n!'
(e)
oo
2.:= . ,
n==l
n!
00
'""'~
'
( cp)
41
an
2.:=n=l nn
(a>O);
(n+l)
1
+ 1 3
1(
1) 3
an+l = ~
= _ (-n--) = _ 1 +3
n
3
n
3
n
an
3n
__. -1 < 1
(n--> oo).
2n+l
n2 + n
an+l _ (n+l)2+n+l _
_
1 + 1/n
- 2 2
2
-->2>1
an
n;:n
n + 3n + 2 1 + 3/n + 2jn2
Ka,n;a n--> 00, rra Ha OCHOBY 11CTOI' Kp11Tep11jyMa ,n;aT11 pe,n; ,n;HBeprHpa.
(u;)
HaJia3HMO ,n;a je
4
2
an+l = (n+ 1) /4n+ = ~ (
1)4
1
an
n4j4n+l
4 1+;, __. 4 < 1.
CTora Ha ocHoBy 1IaJiaM6epoBor Kp11TepHjyMa ,n;aTH pe,n; KOHBeprHpa.
(,~) KaKo je y OBOM cJiyt.Iajy
an+l
an
rv
2
(n+1)!/(n+1) 2n+l
n!jn 2 2n
n+1
----> 00
2
2
rv
Ka,n;a n--> oo. CTora 11 oBaj pe,n; Ha OCHOBY HCTor KpHTep11jyMa ,n;11Bepr11pa.
( cp)
an+l
an
a
n+1
n"'
(1+~)
(n
+ 1)e
__. 0
3BMPKA 3A1IATAKA
42
UJYM
'K:O'HBepze'Ht~;UJe.
'K:O'Haepze'Ht~;uje, ucnu-
f (2n n+ 1 )n i
(a)
oo
n=l
oo
gn+2
n=l
1)n ;
n2
(
n : 1)
f: 21n(n+1)n
n
(e)
2::-
5n '
(,n)
n~l
(6 )
oo
(Q) n~l
00
(cp)
n=l
2:: ,
arctg :;;_
~;~
,, .
n=l
Peme:a,a. IlpHM8THMO Hajrrpe ,na CBH IIOCMaTpaHH pe,nOBI1 HMajy II03HTHBH8 qJiaHOB8. Y CJiyqajy (a) HManeMO ,na je
ynr;:;u.n
n
() __
()
1_
1
-+ -2
<1
(n-+ oo),
~=
rra
(n
+1
)n -_ (1 + 11/n)n -+ ~e < 1
(n-+ oo),
yra:;; = arc tg
1
1
- "' - -+ 0
(n-+oo),
yra:;; =
g(n+2)/n
5
gl+2/n
8
----+->1
'
Ka,na n -+ 00, onaKJI8 Ha OCHOBY HCTOr KpHT8pi1jyMa CJI8,ll;H ,na ,naTH pe,n
,n:vrBepr:vrpa.
(e) Haj 3a,n, y oBoM cJiyqaj y MManeMo ,na j e
~=
1(n+l)n
1( l)n -+ 2e > 1:
-n= 2 1 +:;;,
(n-+o::::),
3EI1PKA 3A1IATAKA
()
lnn7:-~-n >
ya;; =
k = lim
n--+oo
0 3a
43
CBaKo
2
= 0
ln (n + 1)
lim
n-.oo
<1
'
KorrmjeB :vrHTe-
eepzen11;ujy peaa
2:
n=l
;p
(p E
R).
(X)
H8IIp8KH)l;Ha
AKo je Hajrrpe p
}p'
f(x) =
II03HTHBHa 3a
:vi
:S 0 Ta.n;a je
Ta.n;a je an
lim
n--++oo
f(n)
= ;p.
llp:vr TOM je
X ~ 1.
an =
lim nlPl
n->+oo
f+
0, rra rrocMaTpaH:vr
>
( x 1 -P
--
+oo dx
- - lim
xP
lx=b) = { KOHBepreHTaH,
1- p
b-->+oo
)l;HBepreHTaH,
x=l
>
p:S1
p:::; 1.
:vi
>
1,
:vi
)l;HB8p-
eepzen11;ujy peaa
2:
n=l
n2~ 1
1.
f(x) = x2~1.
+oo.
dx
x2
+1
lim
b--++cc
dx
X2
+1
lim
b-->+oc
( arc tg x
lx=b)
n=l
b-.+oo
7T
7i
7i
44
3BHPKA 3AliATAKA
eepze1i'4UJY peooea
00
(a)
2:
n=2
n .Jfil11
Peme:a,a.
00
2:
(6)
n e-n /2
n=1
(x 2:: 2).
f(x) = xVlnX
I1ManeMo ,.n;a je
JviilX =
liaJhe je
=
=
+oo
f (x) dx
i 2
= i+oo
2
d ln x
1
dx =
xvillX
--
+oo.
(6) M oBaj pe..n; nMa cBe qJiaHoBe rro3vrTHBHe. AKo yoqnMo cpyHK:o;Hjy
2
j(x) = X e-x / 2 (x 2:: 1), OHa je O'IllrJie,[(HO II03llTllBHa 3a CBaKO X 2:: 1, YI
Momc cc JiaKo ,.n;oKa3aTn ..n;a f(x) -+ 0 Ka,.n;a x -+ +oo. HanMe, Ha ocHOBY
JiormTaJioBor rrpaBnJia HManeMo ,.n;a je
f(x)
Ka..n;a
= exX /2
2
,. . . ,
xe "~
-t
dx = 1
= ~(-2)e-u/2 =
2
e-x 2 1.2 dx 2 = 1
-e-x2/2/+oo
(x > 1),
-+i+oo
ex
e-u/ 2
du =
/2 1
= 0 + e1/2 = vie'
ITa IIOCMaTpaHH HeCBOjCTBeHH HHTerpaJI KOHBeprvrpa.
TerpaJIHOr KpHTep:vrjyMa H ..n;aTH pe..n; KOHBeprHpa.
45
3B11PKA 3A1IATAKA
00
an
> 0,
a2
< 0,
< 0,
a2
> 0,
rrpn "t.IeMy J e
n=l
a3
< 0, ...
Ha3:rrBa a.rr,mepxa-
muexuM peooM.
flaKJie, KO,ll; aJITepHaTHBHOr pe_n;a a.erOBll "t.IJiaHOBll Hall3MeHll'-IHO Mea.ajy
3HaK.
a1
> 0,
< 0 JiaKO
CBO,ll;H Ha
rrpeTXO,IJ;HH.
Ko,n; KOHBepreHI(nje aJITepHaTHBHHX pe,n;oBa o6n"t.J:HO ce KopncTH T3B.
n=l
Llanl
n=l
00
~ n=l
l)n-1
Pemea,e. IIorrrTo je
1
1>->->>0
2 3
)
H IIpll TOM
lim
n-->oo
an
00
7&
n=l
oc
n;;l ( -1)n
fo.
46
Jn
00
n=l
Jn ,n:uBepreHTaH.
jcKH pe,n:
n=l
f (-1)n-l:;
2
oo
2.:::
( -1)n+ln
6n- 5
n=l
oo
. (:u:)
n=l
(.n:)
( -1)n+l
oo
2.:::
(6)
oo
2.:::
n=l
( -1)n-l3n
3n
(-1)n-l3
n=l
n
(e)
an
n
lanl =2n
- > 0
= (-1)n-l _!2_
2n'
(n EN),
o,n:aKJie j e
I~n+l I =
Ian I
n+l
2n+l
= ~ n + 1 = ~ (1 + ~)
2";.
--+ ~
2
(n--+oo).
an
= (-1)n+l
ln (ln n)
1
Jln (ln n) I
Ian I =
(n ;:: 2),
1
ln (ln n)
(n;:: 3).
oo
(1
n=3 1n
+oo
CM8HOM
= et
ln (ln x)
IIOCTaj e
+oo
ln 3
H rrpHTOM je
e dt
ln t
3BHPKA 3AliATAKA
47
\ani=
11 BaJKH
Ian I = ,
1
,,
,_
(n--too),
" --t 0
, 2:
(n 2: 3).
(:o:)
HManeMo ,n:aje
3n
n-1
1
)
(2n -1)n'
an= (-
3n
\ani =
tn
\n
> 0 (n EN),
o,n:a.Kneje
~=
3
--t 0
2n-1
(n--too).
lanl
n
1
1
= 6n- 5 = 6- 5/n --t 6'
Ka,n:a n --t oo, rra ,n:aTH pe,n: ,I(MBeprnpa j ep I:beros orrmTH qJiaH He Te~KH 0 Ka,n:a
n --t oo.
(e) HManeMo ,n:a j e
3n
lanl = 3
n
an= ( -1r-1 3n
n3'
Ka.Ko ce HH,L(YK:O:HjoM MOJKe JiaKo
,n:o6nja.Mo ,n:a je
lanl 2: 1 3a n 2: 6,
n --t oo.
BM,L(eTM
>0
,n:a je 3n
(n EN).
2:
3a csa.Ko
2: 6,
48
IIorJiaBJbe 6
~YHKUMOHAllHMPEllOBH
(a)
oo n!
'2:::n=l xn;
(.[{)
2::::oo . X
n=O Sill 2n;
)oo sinnx.
L......<n=l n2 '
(6)
(e)
2::::00 nlnx.
n=l
'2:::oo n
n=l 2nx;
(~)
'
enx.
'
( cp)
(r)
'2:::~=l (ln X) n.
Pemeiba. (a) Y:JiaHOBH ,n;aTor pe,n;a fn(x) = n!jxn oqnrne,n;Ho cy ,n;ecpnHncaHH caMo 3a
IJn+l (x)l
lfn(x)J
J(n+1)!/xn+lJ
n+1
= -Jn!jxnl
lxl
00
-T
(n--. oo),
X=/= 0.
0) U (0, +oo).
BruKH
'\'X
1
C 003I1p0M
,n;a xapMOHHJCKH pe,n; Lm=l? KOHBepnrpa, CJie,IJ;H ,n;a ITOC-
x E R. CTora
49
3BMPKA 3ALIATAKA
(r.r,) Y OBOM CJiy'-!ajy HMaMo .ua je fn(x) = n/2nx
q = 1/2x
> 0 3a
fn+l(x)
fn(x)
n+1
= ~n-q
(n-roo).
rv
> 0,
1, Tj. 3a x
3a x
a ,UHBeprHpa 3a q
= 0 .uo6HjaMo .ua je
> 0,
fn(O)
< 0.
Tj. 3a x
= n,
rv
-r
<
= sin(x/2n)
0 Ka,n:a n
I 2n
xI
lxl
2n
-r
(n
(0, +oo).
= 0, 1, 2, ... ).
KaKo
(n-roo).
.
~= lxl
K aKO J8 pe,U wn=O n KOHBepreHTaH, CJI8,Ull ,n:a IIOCMaTpaHH pe,n: arrCOJIYTHO
2
KOHBeprHpa 3a cBaKo x E R. CTora je o,n:ronapajyna o6JiaCT KOHBepreHuHje
,n:aTor pe.ua r.r,eJia peaJIHa oca ( -oo, +oo).
(e) Kao IIITO CMO Ben BH,UeJm, xapMOHHjCKH pe,n: o6JIHKa
BeprHpa aKo H caMo aKo je p
> 1.
f n (X)
~ 00_ 1 I_
nP
Wn-
= n ln x =
>
n-ln
X 1
<
-1, ,n:aKJie 3a 0
<x<
KOH-
X>
1, Tj. 3a
(exf (n
> 0,
<
KaKo je
< 0.
3AIIATAK 2.
3BI1PKA 3A1IATAKA
50
(a)
I:cc
n=1
n2
(u)
2:~= 1 ln
(1
cos nx
1 _ 3sin nx
2::~=1 (- 1)n
(6)
nfo
(lxl <
00);
PemeH>a.
+ -!r)
rrpOI13BOJbHO x E
I1 n E
2:~-- 1 -n ;
cos nx
~'
3a
B8)KH:
lfn(x)l
KaKo pe.n:
Jn ( x)
= I cosnxl
<~
n2
2
n
R.
f n (X)
= ( -1) n 1 - 3 sin nx
n,/n
'
IJn (X ) I =
11 - 3 sin nx I
r,;;
:::;
nyn
1 + 31 sin nx I
r,;;
nyn
:::;
~/2
n
- n
12
R.
fn(x) = ln
(1 + :
ln (1
+ u)
3 ),
X ~
0. Ha ocHoay
(O:::;x:::;l).
I::=l --=KOHBepreHTaH,
n3
Ha ocHoay Bajepm-
[0, 1].
3. CTerreHH
3aAaTru<. 3.
51
pe,.r~OBH
cmene'Hux peooea
(1 0)
(40)
(70)
xn
n2n;
2n
~oo
n + 1 x
n
n=O )2n + 1
'
Loo ( -l)n Xn.
~oo
n=l nx n ; (60)
n=1 n n Xn ; (50) ~oo
n=O n + 1
'
oo
(
-l)nn3
n
Loo (-l)nn (x + 2)n. (80)
~n=l
3n
(x+3);
n=l n2 + 1
'
~~=1
(90) ~oo
n=O
~oc
(20)
--xn.
n=O n + 1 '
(30)
Loo(x- 1)n.
nn
n-1 ( -1)n ~
(10)
an
n2n
1
=2 n -+ 1 1
(n+1)2n+l
n - 2(1 + -)
n'
an+1
lim
n-->oo an+l
lim 2 ( 1 +
n-->oo
~) = 2.
n
rrocTaJe
= 2 ,n:aTM
~oo
L..,..n-l
-
pe,n: IIOCTaje
~~-- 1 ~,
n
,n:aKJI8 ,I{HBeprnpa. 3a
(-1)n
, rra KOHBeprnpa.
n
= -2
OH
+ 1) >
0 3a CBaKO
2n
an _ n+1
n+ 2 1
1(
an+l - ~n:~ = n + 1 2 = 2 l
-1
+n +1
-+
(n-+oo),
n
= n-+oc
lim- -- 2
an+l
lxl <
.rr;aKJie KOHBeprHpa.
CTora je HHT8pBaJI KOHBepreHu;Hje IIOCMaTpaHOf' pe.rr;a
[-1/2, 1/2).
52
3BI1PKA 3A.llATAKA
(3) CBH Koecfm:o:uj eHTH an H OBOr pe,n;a cy IT03HTI1BHI1, vr rrpvrTo::vr j e
an
n+ 1
an+l = n + 2
~ 2n + 3
2n + 1 =
(1
1 ) /1
2
1
- n+ 2
+ 2n + 1 --+
3a
"'oo
-
n+ 1
v2n + 1 =
rra
1).
n +1
.
, li KaKO J8
v2n + 1
jn
1 + 1/n
2 )1 + 1/2n
R = 1,
jn
r-v
v2
--+
00
(n--+oo),
,n;o6nj arv.LO ,u:a orrmTvr 'tJ:JiaH pe,n;a He Te)KII 0 Ka.n;a n --+ co, rra pe.n: .n;vrBeprvrpa.
-1 HMaMO C.l!HqHO .n;a OIIIDTI1 'tJ:JiaH pe.n;a ITO anCOJIYTHOj Bpe.n;HOCTH T)KH Ka +oo, rra I1 y TOM CJiyqajy pe.n; .l(l1Bprvrpa.
CTora je HHTepBaJI KOHBepreH:o:nje ,n;aTor pe,n;a (-1,1), Tj. lxl < 1.
3a
(4)
Je
ya;;; =
CBH Koecfm:o:njeHTH an
n. KaKo
ya;;;
= nn
KOHBeperH:o:n:j e pe.n;a
R=
1 nf[L = 0.
hmn-.oo Y '-"n
>0
an
n
--=--=
an+l
n+ 1
1 + 1/n
--+1
Ka,n;a
1).
(- 1 )~
n+
fan[
a-n+---'l-1
-'I
n+2
= -n-+-1
1
= 1 + -n-+-1 --+ 1
[ani = 1.
.
1lill
RI
- n-;.oo an+l I
53
-1 OH .IUIB8prHpa.
X=
(7)
HMaMO ,n:a je
(n+1) 2 +1
Iani
n2
lan+ll
+1
(1 + 1/n)_2 +____:__
1/n 2 -1- --+ 1
...:.___.:....___.:
1 + 1/n 2
n+1
lx +
1 + ln
= 1.
'
aJIT8pHaTHBaH, 3aTHM
lanl
= n2
+1
--+0
(n--+oo),
I 2:
n
n+1
n2+1- (n+1) +1
->--2
3a X =
(n EN).
+1
n 1 + 1/n
n'
1
-,
Kao mTo je rro3HaTo, .IUIBepr:vrpa.
n
(8) KaKO je an =
Ian I -3
lan+ll-
(-1)nn3
"~
n3
(n+
1)
= 3--
(1+~)
lx + 31 <
(n--+oo),
--+3
-1].
= 3.
3, Tj. 3a -3
< X+ 3 < 3,
O.LJ:HOCHO 3a
-6 <X< 0.
3a
X=
0 HJIH
= -6 ,LI;06HjaMO ,n:a je
ian (x + 3)nl = n 3 ,
rra ,n:aTH pe.n: ,n::vrBepr:vrpa jep ILeroB OIIIIITH "Y:JiaH He TeJKH HYJIH.
HHT8pBaJI KOHBepr8H:UHje ,n:aTOI' pe,n:a HHT8pBaJI ( -6,
0).
CTora je
54
+ 1)!/5n,
.uo6HjaMo .ua je
an
5
an+l = n + 2
na je noJiynpeqHHK KOHBepreHIJ;Hje
3a x
---+
(n
= 0.
---+
oo ),
= 2.
(10) Y oBOM cJiyqajy m.mneMo .ua je
(-1)n
an=
nn
1
= ---;;:'
n
lanl
'
vlaJ = ~n ---+ 0
(n---+ oo),
o.uaKJieje
1
limn-+oo vfcLJ
R=
-00
- .
O.uaB.ue CJI8.UH .ua .uaTH pe,n: KOHBeprHpa 3a cae Bpe.UHOCTH x E R, rra je I:beroa
HHTepaaJI KOHBepreHIJ;Hj e IJ;eJia peaJIHa oca R.
3A1IATAK 4.
1
(1 )
(3)
sinx
(5)
e-x
y ma"i~U
Xo
= -3;
, y ma"i~U xo = 1;
2x+3
(4) ln (3x- 2) , y ma"i'X:U x 0 = 2;
= 7r/2;
= -1; (6) ..JXTI , y
, y ma"i'X:U x 0
, y ma"i~U
xo
f(x)
(2)
+ 3 = u,
ma"i'X:U
Tj.
xo
= 1.
= u- 3,
,n:o6HjaMo
1
1
1
1
1
=- = - - = - - - = - - - x
u- 3
3- u
3 1 - u/3
=-~(1++(_)2 +()3 +)
=
1u
2
3
--3- -3 -3- _3_3_
. 2 u - _3_3_
. 3u
f(x) = -~ _ x + 3 _ (x + 3)2
3
32
33
ilpeTXO.UHH pa3BOj Ba/KH 3a
3a
lx + 31 < 1,
(x + 3)3
34
Tj. 3a -1
< X+ 3 < 1,
O.UHOCHO
55
(2)
x- 1 = u, Tj. x
= u + 1,
J8
f(x)
1
2x + 3 = 2(u + 1) + 3
= ~ (1 _
1
2;
+ ( 2u) 2 _
5
2
52 (x- 1)
= 5-
(3)
CMeHOM
f (x)
=1-
2!
... )
= ~ _ ~ ~ u + ~:
22
= 1r /2 + u
(x- 1r /2) 2
1
5 + 2u = 5 1 + 2u/5
+ 53 (x-
< 1,
CMeHoM
x- 2 = u,
u3
_ ...
1) - ....
O,JJ;HOCHO 3a -1
Tj. 3a Q <X< 2.
.n;o6MjaMo .n;a je
+ u)
u2
= cos u = 1 - -
2!
(x- 1r /2) 4
4!
(4)
u4
u6
+ -4! - -6! + =
(x- 1r /2) 6
6!
+ ....
R.
.n;o6MjaMo .n;a je
ln (1
+ x)
x2
= x--
x3
+- ..
3
(lxl
< 1),
.n;o611jaMo .n;a je
f (x) =
ln 4 +
= ln 4
+-34 (x-
32
2)- - -2 (x- 2) 2
2. 4
< 1,
3
+- (x3. 43
Tj. 3a -4/3
2) 3 - ....
O,miOCHO
f(x) =e-x=
= e-
+1=u
.
e-(-l-ru)
.n;o611jaMo .n;a je
= el-u
e
e
- (x + 1) + - (x
1!
2!
= e e-u
-L
I
=e
e
1) 2 - - (x + 1) 3 - .. .
3!
R.
( 1- l!
u + 2Tu
u + )
3!
56
3BHPKA 3A.LIATAKA
= u,
f(x) =
= v'2(1 + (1{2)
= y'2 +
-1<x<3.
(60)
1,
O.LJ;HOCHO 3a
-2 < x- 1 < 2,
Tj. 3a
0
Pa3eumu y Ma'K.!topenoe pea c.~teaene tftyn'Kv,uje:
3A1IATAK 5.
(10)
,n;o6MjaMo ,n;a je
1
2 +3x'
arc tg x;
Perneiba.
(1 )
(20)
-1'
3x /2 =
cos
(2x-
7r
(5)
);
\11 + x 3 ;
(9)
sin 2 x.
~ [1 -
32X
+ u2
+ ( 32X
--2 1 + (3x/2)'
l1 l1CKOpi1CTIMO pa3BOj
,n;o6MjaMo ,n;a je
(80)
ch x;
KaKo je
1
1 -+ u -1
- u
j (X)
(4)
sh x;
. ( x- 471").'
sm
(70)
f(x) =
aKO YB8,U8MO CMeHy
(30)
-X
- u3
+ ...
r -.. ] ~
=
- 232 X + ~: X2 - ....
(2) liaJbe je
X
1
( 1+x+x 2 +x 3 + )
f(x)=--=-x--=-x
x-1
1-x
= -x - x 2 - x 3 - .
lxl <
1.
f(x) = sh x =
= ~ (1 +
2
x
ex -e-x
2
x + x2
1!
2!
x3
xs
= -ex- -e-x =
2
2
x3
3!
+ ... ) - ~ (1- ~ + x2 2
I: .
.+o. + .. =
3 .~ + ~
n=l
= _11
x2n-1
1!
..
2!
x3
3!
+ ... ) =
3BI1PKA 3AliATAKA
57
R.
(4) Cn:vr'l:HO je
ex+ e-x
f(x) = ch x = - - 2
3
2
1(
x
x
x
3
2
1(
x
x
x
)
=2 1+1!+2!+3!+" +2 1-1!+2!-3!+ .. =
x2
x4
x2n
oo
= 1 + 2! + 4! + .. =
L (2n)!
n=O
X.
~ (~) x"
(1 +x)a =
o:)
(n
1/2
IIoce6Ho 3a o: =
f(x)
o::
= o: (o: - 1) .. (o: - n
+ 1) .
n!
,n;o6:vrjaMo ,n;a je
= /1 + x 3 = ~ c~
= 1 + ~ x3 + ~ ( ~ -1 1)
)x
x6
3
"
+ ~ (~ - 1) (~ - 2)
2.
3!
+ .. -
x3 1 6 3 9
=1+---x +-x
2
16
(6)
KaKo je YHK:o;:vrja
)
f '( x=
<1
Tj. 3a CBaKO
f(x) =arc tg
1
,
'
I')
<
<
(-1,1).
Hana3HMO ,n;a je
2
4
=1-x+x-
'
1:
xs x7
f(x) = C + x- 3 +5-7+.
x3
KaKo jc ,n;aJLc
f(O)
arc tg 0
rnac:vr
f(x) = x-
= 0,
cne,n;:vr ,n;a je
x3
xs
3 + 5 - ...
C = 0,
58
. ( x - 7r) = sm
. x
= sm
4
J2
= -J2.
sm x - 2
2
=
cos
cos x
7r 4
. 7r =
4
cos x sm
v; (X - ~~ + ~~ - ) - v; (
~~ + ~~ -
1-
J2
J2
J2
1
2 2!
Ba:t~m
J2 x3
=--+-x+--x ----
0Baj pa3BOj
3!
= J2 (1 _
2
J2
(2x)
2!
J2
cos
7f
+ sin 2x
sin
"47r =
4
3
(2x) _ ... ) + J2 (2 x _ (2x)
4!
2
3!
J2 22x2 J2 23x3
(2x)
5!
5
_ ... )
= sin2 x =
1 22
___
- 2 2!
1- cos2x
2
12
2
X
2 4!
4
X
= ~2 _ ~2 [1 -
(2x)2
2'
.
( x)4
J
+ -,.
.
.
=
4
+ ....
PemeiLe. llaTa YHK:o;Hja. OCIHrJie.n;Ho 3a.n;oBoJLaBa ycJioBe o,uroBapajyner TeOpHjcKor CTaBa ,ua ce MO:tl<e pa3BHTH y ci>ypRjeoB pe,u. IIpRTOM HHje
3BHPKA 3A1IATAKA
HH rrapHa
HerrapHa,
HM
an
59
= -111T
Ti
f (x) cos nx dx
(n
= 0, 1, 2 ... ) ,
-JT
111T f(x)
-1T
(n = 1, 2, ... ).
sin nx dx
bn = -
Ti
HManeMo .n:a j e
11T
1
a0 = Ti
f (x) dx
= -1 ( 10
Ti
-JT
+ Ti)
= -(27r
Ti
111T
an = -
Ti
2 dx
-JT
f (x) cos nx dx = - (
10
Ti
-:rr
2 cos nx dx
Ti
-JT
n
o
1r
(n = 1, 2, ... ). liaJLe je 3a cBaKo n = 1, 2, ... :
= -111T
= 3,
= ~ ( 2 sin nx Io
1r
n
-JT
bn
1T
Ti
f (x) sin nx dx = - (
Ti
-JT
10
2 sin nx dx
-JT
1
1r
1
1
n
n1r
= { -2/~, n = ~k- 1, k = 1, 2, ....
0, n- 2k, k - 1, 2, ...
1
n1r
CTora je
n=l
3AJIATAK 7.
u'Hmepea.Jty
S(1r) = 3/2.
Pa3eumu Y'H-'K:'4ujy
(-1r,1r).
ao
= 2_
Ti
j(Ti-
x) dx
= 27r
an
=:
II
-rr
bn
=-
7!"
-1i
7r - x) cos nx dx = 0 ,
-JT
7r
1 ;
j(
2(-1)n
n
= -----'--
60
+2
S ( x) = 7r
=
2:::)
_1)
n=l
sin nx
n
(-7r<X<7r).
F(x), Koja
CKyrr R. 0
f (x) = 7r - x
Ha
rrpe.n:cTaBJLa
-7r
-37r
-57r
51!'
7r
Cn. 2.1
0,
_ 7l"
= {
x,
os;x<1l"
liaTa YHKUHja
j(x)
ao
7r
Jf (
x) dx
7r
7r
J0 + j
dx
-7!"
1
an = --
Jrr
dx] = ~
=-
= -; J .
7r
bn
x sm nx dx
x) dx]
7r
x dx
=; ;
-2
x cos nx dx
Jf (
0
7!"
x) dx
-7r
-7!"
Jf (
7r
- --2 ,
1l"n
0,
= 1, 3, 5, ...
n = 2, 4, 6, ...
-1)n+l
~
2 cos(2n- l)x r )n+l sin nx J
_ 7r
S( X ) --+L.._.,
-+\-1
--.
4
n=l
7!"
(2n- 1) 2
n
3BHPKA 3A1IATAKA
61
-47r
-37r
-27r
-Jr
7r
27r
37r
47r
CJI. 2.2
= sin, 2 x na
Peme:a,e. liaTa <fJYHKU:Hja je O'II1TJie,n;Ho rrapHa, rra IneH pa3BOj y <PypHjeoB pe,n; ca,n;pJKM caMO KOCHHyce. Y IIOCMaTpaHOM CJiy-qajy OBaj pa3BOj Ce
Mome HanH Herrocpe,n;Ho. HaHMe, HManeMo ,n;a je
f( x)
o,n;aKJie je ao
= 1,
a2
= -1/2,
1- cos 2x
'"'
an= 0 (n
= --2
2
cos 2x
= 1, 3, 4 ... ).
'
x 2 y <Pypujeoe pea na
L an cos nx .
=~ +
n+1
IIpH TOM je
11'
a0 =
j x dx
1r 2 ;
J
11'
an = -2
x 2 cos nx dx =
4( 1)n
-..,
1f
S (x) = _3
oc
+ 4 """
L...t ( _ 1) n
n=1
cos nx
II
3BI1PKA 3A1IATAKA
62
mepea.Jty (-rr,rr).
PemeH>e. <!?yHKUHja f(x) = x 3a.n;oBOJbaBa ycJioBe craBa, rra ce MOtt:e
(-7r,7r).
pa3BHTH Ha HHT8pBaJiy
KaKO je
j(x)
=X
= L bn sin nx .
n=l
IIpH TOM je
bn =
J
'IT
-;
xsinnxdx
2(-l)n+l
n
(n
EN),
L (_1) n+
CXJ
S (x) = 2
sin nx .
n=l
0Ba peJiaUHja B3.1KH 3a CBaKO
E ( -7f, 1r).
Y T3.'IKaMa X = 7r cyMa
f(x) = x; cyMa S(1r) =
S(x) je rrepHO.[(H'IHO rrpo-
Sl. 2.3
= sin
na
PemeH>e. liara cpyHKUHja je raKol)e HerrapHa, rra ILeH pa3Boj y <I>ypHjeoB pe.[( Ca.[(piKH CaMO CHHyce. llpHTOM je 33. CBaKO n
bn =
= 1, 2, ... :
rr) 0