Cau 1.

Thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng:

-Mng vin thng l phng tin truyn a thng tin t u pht ti u thu.
-Truyn tin qua mng vin thng l hnh thc truyn thng tin t ni ny ti ni khc
bng cch s dng tn hiu in, in t, quang in thng qua cc thit b mng. Mng c
nhim v cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng.
*Mng vin thng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh:
-Thit b chuyn mch: nh tuyn, phn tch, u ni.
-Thit b truyn dn: Truyn dn thng tin d liu.
-Mi trng truyn: Lm mi trng truyn trung gian.
-Thit b u cui: Giao tip ngi dng vs mng.

Trung tm
chuyn mch

Thit b
truyn dn

Mi
trng
truyn
dn

Thit b
truyn dn

Thit b
u cui

Trung tm
chuyn mch
Thit b
u cui

Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn chnh cua mng vin thng

Cu 2. Tng i SPC
1. Khi nim: L tng i c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn trong b nh
chng trnh iu khin lu tr.

*Cu truc tng i SPC(Store program control): Gm 5 khi chnh:

- Khi thit b kt cui: giao tip vi thu bao trung k vi thu bao tng i Tn hi u
vo gm thu bao v trung k mi loi bao gm ca tn hi u tng t v tn hi u s.
- Khi chuyn mch: chc nng iu khin v u ni (lung u vo vi u ra, knh
u vo vi knh u ra)
- Khi bo hi u v ng b : t p hp cc k hi u quy c thng bo cho tng i
duy tr giai phng cu c goi. +gi cc thit b hot ng cng xung nhp.
- Khi iu khin: Phn tch v nh tuyn + ra l nh cho cc khi khc thc hi n theo
yu cu mong mun +vai tro nh b nao trung tm cua hot ng giup cho qu trnh
iu khin moi hot ng cua tng i.
- v n hnh v bao dng: chc nng giao tip con ngi vi h thng, cung cp thng
tin trao i ngi my, vn hnh bao dng tng i.

Cu 3: Chuyn mch knh.

-L phng thc chuyn mch trong knh truyn dk thit lp v dnh ring cho 1
cuc ni. Cc cuc goi ng thi dk tin hnh trn cc knh truyn khc nhau, c lp
vs nhau.
-c im: Thit lp knh truyn ri mi truyn tin
+ H thng chuyn mch 0 kim sot thng tin trn knh a thit lp
+ Thng tin 0 b tr hoc tr 0 ng k.
+ Cuc goi c thit lp s dng cc giao thc bo hiu
+ ng truyn cua mi cuc goi l c nh.
+ ng truyn hon ton b chim trong sut thi gian cuc goi.
*Chuyn mch khng gian tng t
-L chuyn mch to ra tuyn ni truyn thng tin hai hng qua cc phn t chuyn
mch ni gia mch in cua thu bao ny vi mch in cua thu bao khc ang
lin lc vi n. Gia cc tuyn ni ny khng c cc on mch in dng chung.

M hnh chc nng chuyn mch khng gian

-c im chung cua cc chuyn mch loi ny l:
+ S u vo v s u ra c th ging hoc khc nhau
+ Nu c nhiu cuc goi i qua b chuyn mch th phai am bao mt u vo ch ni
vi khng qu mt u ra
+ S dng phn t chuyn mch: it, trans, rowle, tri-ac lm pt ng ngt mch.
-Cu to: gm 2 phn: phn ma trn chuyn mch v phn iu khin.
+ Phn ma trn chuyn mch gm N u vo v M u ra. Giao im gia mt u ra v
mi u vo l mt phn t chuyn mch
+ Phn iu khin chuyn mch thng l b nh v giai ma s liu iu khin a ra
tn hiu iu khin tng phn t cua ma trn chuyn mch.
-Hot ng: To ra tuyn ni tng t gia 2 hng cua chuyn mch =cch sd t/h k
chuyn mch tng t ng m cc tb chuyn mch.
Cu 4. Chuyn mch khng gian s (S)
- L trng chuyn mch c kha nng thay i v mt khng gian ( v tr vt l) cua 1 tn hiu
s t v tr ny sang v tr khc, m khng lm thay i thi im xut hin cua tn hiu s sau
, ch s khe thi gian khng thay i(Ts). to ra knh truyn thng cho cc cuc goi, cc
thng tin c chuyn qua trng CM khng gian s c CM nh k vi khoang thi gian
125s.

Cu trc gm:
- Ma trn chuyn mch: tp hp cc hng v ct, l cc tip im chuyn mch c th
l cc cng logic and, or
- B nh iu khin CM.
c im: Lung PCM vo ra CM l: PCM 32
- Ch c kha nng u ni ngun Tsi PCM v Tsi PCM Rb, 0 c kha nng u ni
knh. Chuyn mch ny 0 b tr
- Nhiu lung vo cng truy nhp vo 1 u ra, cng 1 thi im s b nghn.
- S ngn =s khe tg cua lung PCM vo ra (=32)
- S /ngn = log c s 2 cua tng s ngun
Hot ng:
- iu khin theo u ra th trn cc ct ng ra s c cc b nh CM v ni dung
trong cc nh cua CM s chon cc dong ng vo cho ct ng ra cua n,
- iu khin theo u vo th mi dong s c 1 b nh CM iu khin v ni dung
cua n s s cc ct ng ra cho dong ng vo cua n.
- Chuyn i ni dung thng tin cua mt TS* u vo ti TS* u ra c cng ch s thi gian
nhng khc tuyn. Theo nguyn tc ny th tip im chuyn mch cn phai m trong sut
qu trnh chuyn thng tin trong khe thi gian , v qu trnh m thng ny s c lp
li theo chu k 125s. Tt nhin l khoang thi gian con li trong khung ( cc TS khc) s
c s dng cho cc cuc ni khc( theo cc biu thi gian c iu khin ti CMEM.).

Cu 5. Chuyn mch T
-L trng CM thi gian tn hiu s thc hin qu trnh chuyn i ni dung thng tin t 1 khe
thi gian ny sang khe thi gian khc. Vi mc ch gy tr cho cc tn hiu. CM thi gian s
c 2 kiu iu khin; iu khin u vo thc hin qu trnh ghi thng tin c iu khin v oc
ra tun t ; iu khin u ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t v oc ra theo iu khin.
Cu trc gm:
- B nh tin hay goi l b nh SM: ghi tin, nh tin, ni vs lung PCMm
+ S ngn nh = s ngn cua SM = s khe TS thuc PCM
+ S /ngn=8
- B nh iu khin CM: ghi tn hiu iu khin cha a ch cua ngn nh SM
+ S /ngn = log2 cua tng s cc khe tg cua PCM
+ S ngn nh = s khe TS cua lung PCM= s ngn cua SM
Hot ng:
- T hot ng iu khin u ra: chuyn mch s thc hin ghi tun t, oc ngu
nhin.
- T hot ng iu khin u vo: chuyn mch s thc hin ghi ngu nhin, oc tun
t
- T hot ng iu khin oc ghi ngu nhin.
c im:
- Chuyn mch theo thi gian s ch c kha nng u ni TS theo knh trong cng 1
lung m khng th u ni theo cc lung khc nhau.
- Khi c nhiu knh cng truy cp n 1 u ra ti 1 thi im s gy ngn mng.
- Tn ti tr khi tham gia trong qu trnh u ni (tr nh)
- Linh ng trong u ni.
Cu 6: Chuyn mch ghp.(S-T, T-S, T-S-T)
*Chuyn mch S-T:

- Cu trc: Bao gm tng chuyn mch S v T

+ S bao gm: Ma trn chuyn mch kch thc 2 nhn2
B nh c s ngn =23, s /ngn =1
B m Ts m t 0-31
+ T bao gm 2 tng chuyn mch: T
B nh SM c 32 ngn, s /ngn =8
B nh CM c 32 ngn, s /ngn=5 ; B m Ts m t 0-31
-Hot ng: k u ra, k u vo
+Qua trng chuyn mch khng gian th cc khung thi gian trn cc bus nhp v
trn cc bus xut cua chuyn mch khng gian c kt ni trong khoang thi gian cua
khe thi gian cn chuyn i. Qua trng chuyn mch thi gian th cc khe thi gian
trong cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c chuyn i theo nguyn tc iu khin
u vo.
*Chuyn mch T-S:
-Cu trc: gm 2 tng chuyn mch T v S nh cua S-T
-Nguyn l hot ng trng CM ghp T-S: Qua chuyn mch thi gian cc khe thi gian
trong cc tuyn PCM nhp v PCM xut c chuyn i cho nhau theo nguyn l iu khin
u ra. Con chuyn mch khng gian c nhim v kt ni cc bus nhp v bus xut.
*Chuyn mch T-S-T.
- Cu trc: Gm 4 T u vo, mi T gm:
+ B SM: s ngn=32, s /ngn=8
+ B CM: s ngn=32, s /ngn=5
+ B m TS: t 0-31
-CM: S l ma trn chuyn mch: 4 nhn 4
+ S ngn=32, s /ngn=2
-Hot ng: Qua chuyn mch: T1 thc hin u ni TS5 PCM V1<---> TS7 PCM V1
+ S: TS7 PCM V1<--->TS7 PCM R3
+ T2: TS7 PCM R3<---> TS7 PCM R3
-c im: S lng chuyn mch T u vo, u ra ph thuc vo kch thc cua chuyn
mch S. Nu: S=4 nhn 4 c 4T u vo v 4T u ra
+ S lng chuyn mch cua S ph thuc vo kch thc cua S
Cu 7. Chuyn mch gi
-L phng thc chuyn mch m thng tin c ng gi thnh cc gi tin
-Gi tin: Phn u mang thng tin iu khin, phn tai trong mang thng tin d liu
1, Nguyn l chung ca chuyn mch gi: gm 3 bc
B1. To gi tin, khi d liu cn pht s c phn b vo cc gi nh v c
truyn i trn mng.
- T im A thng tin dk chuyn n 1 nut ng gi dL, dL cc gi nhnut 2 nu
dk tip nhn
B2. nh tuyn v chuyn gi tin: thc hin tm ng i v chuyn gi tin ti ch.
- nh tuyn li: Trao i li vs ngun v vy 0 mm do nh datagram, 0 cn thut
ton sx li gi tin
B3. Ti hp gi tin.
- Ti hp gi tin u thu: Tai j u thu thng tin dk ng gi sx nh u
pht=cch: tch gi, sp t cc segment theo ung trt t ban u
2, Phng php nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi:
- Lan trn gi: phng php ny c gng truyn trong moi ng c th gia ngun
v ch. Do n am bao phn t lu thng cui cng ri cng xuyn qua mng,

ngay ca ngay ca trng hp mng c b h hng mt cch nghim trong hay l

khng
u im: nh tuyn n gian, am bao khng mt gi tin, tin cy cao
Nhc im: hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp, d b nghn mng, cc gi tin c
th i cc ng khc nhau v ch.
- nh tuyn ngu nhin: nh tuyn ngu nhin c tng c ban ging nh tuyn
lan trn gi, ngoi tr gi khng c gi n moi node k c ni vi node
ngun, thay v vy mt tuyn t mi node c chon ngu nhin v cc gi c
truyn ch trn ng ny. S la chon ngu nhin cua cc tuyn phai bao gm ca
tuyn m cc gi a c nhn.Mc tiu cua phng php l cc gi lang thang
trong mng, cui cng ri cng n c ch.
u im: + bng 1 con ng tn ti xuyn qua mng, thnh phn lu thng cui
cng ri cng s n c ch
+ giam bt s rc ri cua s nhn rng cc thnh phn lu thng
+ Nu tt ca cc lin kt v cc node ng dng th c th phn phi cng kha nng
cho mi tuyn.
+ hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao hn phng php lan trn gi
Nhc im: d mt gi, tin cy khng cao
+ ng i c th ln hn ng truyn trc tip
- nh tuyn theo danh mc: phng php ny ti mi node s c mt bang nh
tuyn, ch ng dn chon bt k ch no trong mng t node hin hnh.
u im: thut ton n gian, nhanh
Nhc im: kch thc cng knh, tn b nh ti nut v khng linh ng trong
pht trin m rng.
- nh tuyn theo danh mc thch nghi: trong mi chuyn mch c mt bang
nh tuyn trong b nh ch ra tuyn ti u n ch. Tuy nhin, cc li vo
trong bang c th thay i trong thi gian thc thi ty vo s thay i cc iu
kin hot ng trong mng nh tc nghn lu thng hay s c ng
truyn v chuyn mch. Do cc chon la ph khng con cn thit na. ng
truyn hin hnh v nguyn tc lun l i din cho tuyn ti u nht theo cc tiu
chun a chon vo thi im yu cu.
u im: Thch nghi linh hot x l nh tuyn
Nhc im: vic x l phc tp, phai c cc chuyn mch pht hin cc iu
kin cua mng am bao nng lc x l cp nht v a ra hng giai quyt ti
u.
Cu 8: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
- Khi nim: l phng thc chuyn mch gi trong thng tin c ng gi
thnh cc gi c s kt hp chuyn mch lp 2 v chuyn mch lp 3 hay l s kt
hp 2 phng thc chuyn mch ATM v IP
- Cu trc: LSB tp ng truyn chuyn mch nhn thc hin chc nng chuyn
mch v u ni
LER c chc nng giao tip mng MPLS vi mng khc, chuyn tip lu lng t
mng khc vo mng MPLS, thc hin chc nng to ra nhan v hu b nhan.
FEC lp chuyn tip tng ng 1 tp hp gm 1 nhm cc gi c chc nng
chuyn tip thng tin.
20bit
30bit
1bit
8bit
Label
cos
S
TTL
Tiu cua gi MPLS c di 32 bit

Nguyn l chung:
Thc hin chc nng chuyn mch qua mng MPLS phai thc hin theo trnh t
B1. Bo hiu, thit lp tuyn

Bc 2: dn nhan(LER)
+ to gi Mpls phn b thng tin thnh cc segment v thnh cc gi
+to FEC: da vo cc gi a phn b-> thng tin truyn i t lp no -> lp
no -> ng gi thnh m t lp
Bc 3: V n chuyn gi d li u (LSR)
+Kim tra gi(a ch) cua tng ch ng
+chuyn cc gi tin trong cng m t lp t ngun n ch qua mi ch ng
trung gian c s hoan i nhan
Bc 4: Tch nhan
+ Khi thng tin n ch thc hi n tch nhan ( ti LER ch).
Cu 9. Chuyn mch ATM
a. M hnh tham chiu BISDN
-M hnh gm 3 mt phng
- Mp ngi dng: c nhim v truyn thng tin ngi s dng, cc c ch lin quan
n iu khin lung, iu khin tc nghn, chng li u thc hin ti y.
- Mp iu khin: iu khin kt ni v cuc goi
Thc hin chc nng bo hiu c lin quan n thit lp, gim st v giai phng
cuc goi
- Mp quan l, mt phng ny c hai chc nng: quan l mt phng v quan l lp
Quan l mt phng phi hp cc chc nng v thu tc cua cc mt phng quan l.
Quan l mt phng chu trch nhim v cc chc nng nh bo hiu trao i v
dong thng tin OAM iu khin cc thu tc bo hiu.
- Lp v t l: + thu th p v t chc t bo ATM chuyn xung t lp ATM v tuyn

tai qua mi trng truyn dn v ngc li

+ ATM c thit k cho vi c truyn khng li nn t l li c chp nh n
cua n rt thp l 10mu-12 ho c tt hn.
+ chia thnh 2 lp: . TC: to t bo ph hp, kim tra li t bo, tch kim
sot li tiu , ng thnh cc gi v tch gi t bo, to khung.
PMD: nh thi bt, truy nh p mng v t l.
- Lp ATM:
V khung n ra trong v ghi???
+chc nng: nh tuyn v chuyn mch am bao vi c truyn tai thng
tin.
+GFC: iu khin lung chung
+to v tch tiu cua m t t bo( thng tin iu khin)
+ bin dch VPI/ VCI
+ Ghep/ tch knh t bo ATM: to gi ATM
- Lp thch ng ATM(ALL)
+ Giai quyt s khc bi t gia lp dch v ATM vi lp dch v khch hng
+gm 2 lp con:->CS: phi hp v thch ng gia cc lp vo vi lp ATM
Gm: CSCS: c th khng c
CPCS: phai c

->SAR: phn manh v ti hp: to cc t bo ATM t cc

n v s li u t lp cao chuyn xung v nh du cc n v s li u ch.
Pha thu lm ngc li.
b. Cu truc gi ATM
Payload
48 byte

Header: cha tt
cn truyn cho
vic nh t
5 byte

UNI(5byte)
NNI(5byte)
-GFC (4bt)
-12bit VPI
-VPI(8B)
-16 bt VCI
-VCI(16B)
-3 bt PT
-PT(3B)
-1bit CPL
-VPL(1B)
-8bit HEC
-HEC(8B)
CHC NNG CAC TRNG TIN
VCI (Virtual channel indentifier): nh n di n knh ao
VPI (Virtual path indentifier): nh n di n ng ao nh danh cho m t ng
truyn ao trn m t ng truyn v t l.
PT(payload type) loi t bo cho bit kiu cua t bo c truyn qua mng
Kch thc hnh v trong v ghi?????
CLP (cell loss priority): u tin tn tht t bo:
HEC (header error control): kim sot li tiu cua t bo, s dng pht hi n li
theo CRC
GFC (Generic flow control): iu khin lung chung
+ch c giao di n UNI(4bit)
+iu khin tc nghn tm thi ti nut giao di n mng
Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM

-Chuyn mch VP l ni bt u v kt thuc cua cc lin kt ng ao, do vy

n phai chuyn cc gi tr VPI u vo thnh cc gi tr VPI tng ng
u ra sao cho cc lin kt ny thuc v cng mt cuc ni ng ao cho
trc. Luc ny gi tr VCI c gi khng i
V hnh minh hoa cho sinh ng???
-chuyn mch VC l im cui cua cc lin kt knh ao v ng ao. V vy
trong chuyn mch VC, gi tr cua VCI v VPI u thay i. V trong chuyn
mch VC bao gm ca chc nng chuyn mch VP nn chuyn mch VC c
th thc hin chc nng cua mt chuyn mch
- chuyn mch kt hp ca VP, VC
Cu 10: Nu u , nhc im ca chuyn mch KG s v CM TG s
+ CM KG (S) s:
- u im: cc trng chuyn mch khng gian s thng c kt hp vi cc b
m gy tr thi gian trnh tranh chp, giai php ghep ni vi trng chuyn

mch thi gian T c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng chuyn mch hin
nay
- nhc im: trong trng CM khng gian tn hiu s ch cho phep thit lp
tuyn ni v mt khng gian, con thi gian khng thay i c nn khng th s
dng duy nht trng CM ny xy dng trng CM cho tng i in t s
SPC, c kha nng xay ra tc nghn khi c nhiu u vo yu cu ni vi 1 u ra
ti 1 thi im. Do trng chuyn mch khng gian thng c cu truc kiu tn
tht, v vy m n khng thch hp cho cc tng i c dung lng ln.
* CM TG(T) s:
- u im:
+ c kha nng thit lp c tuyn ni gia 1 u vo bt k vi 1 u ra bt k.
+
- nhc im: lun gy tr tn hiu s,tuy nhin tr khng c vt qu
125s. Tc ghi oc cua b nh yu cu ln gp 2 ln tc cua PCM, nn s
lng khe thi gian trong 1 khung , khng vt qua 1024 Ts , do gii hn cua
cng ngh in t m rng dung lng ghep vi trng chuyn mch KG s.