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Worked Out Examples

(Thermal B.L.)
Example 1 (Convection Coefficient):
Air at a free stream temperature of T = 20 C is in parallel flow over a flat plate of length L
= 5 m and temperature Ts = 90 C. However, obstacles placed in the flow intensify mixing
with increasing distance x from the leading edge, and the spatial variation of temperatures
measured in the boundary layer is correlated by an expression of the form T( C) = 20 +
70e(- 600 x y), where x and y are in meters. Determine and plot the manner in which the local
convection h varies with x. Evaluate the average convection coefficient h for the plate.

1. Statement of the Problem

a) Given
Free stream air temperature T = 20 C
Plate length L = 5 m
Plate surface temperature Ts = 90 C
Correlated measured temperature in the boundary layer: T(C) = 20 + 70e(- 600 x y),
where x and y are in meters
b) Find
Determine and plot the manner in which the local convection h varies with x.
Evaluate the average convection coefficient h for the plate.

2. System Diagram
T = 20C

T x, y 20 70 e 600 xy
y
Ts = 90C

L=5m

3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Uniform free stream air temperature T = 20 C = constant

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Uniform surface temperature Ts = 90 C = constant

Constant thermal conductivity

4. Governing Equations
Newton's Law of Cooling

q s h Ts T

One Dimensional Fourier's Law

q k f

On the plate surface y = 0

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q s k f

T
y

T
y
y 0

Average Convection Coefficient Definition

1
h
h dAs
As As
For the special case of flow over a flat plate, h varies with the distance x from the leading
edge. Thus,
1 L
h h dx
L 0

5. Detailed Solution
Local Convection Coefficient, h

q s h Ts T Newton's law of cooling

q s k f

T
y

y 0

One-dimensional Fourier's law on the plate surface

Thus,
q s h Ts T k f

Therefore,
1
T
h
k f
Ts T
y

kf
Ts T
kf
Ts T
kf

y 0

y 0

20 70 e 600 xy
y

T
y

y 0

0 70 600 x e 600 xy

y 0

70 600 x 1
Ts T
42000 k f x
h x
Ts T
Taking the average of the free stream and surface temperatures:

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20 90
2

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55C kf = 0.02837 W/mK

After plugging numbers into the expression obtained above, it becomes:

h x 17.02 x W/m2K

Using MatLab, the variation of local convection coefficient can be plotted as:
Variation of Local Convection Coefficient

90
80
70

h (W/m2.K)

60
50
h(x)

40
30
20
10
0

0.5

1.5

2.5
x (m)

3.5

4.5

Average Convection Coefficient, h

The average coefficient over the range 0 x 5 m is
1 L
h h dx
L 0
1 L
17.02 x dx
L 0

1
x2
17.02

L
2

1
L
17.02

L
2
8.51 L

h 42.6 W/m2K

6. Critical Assessment
Because the local convection coefficient is a function of x, the average of the convection
coefficient must be obtained by integrating the function over the whole range of the flat plate.

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Example 2 (Velocity and Temperature Profiles):

In flow over a surface, velocity and temperature profiles are of the forms
u(y) = Ay + By2 - Cy3 and
T(y) = D + Ey + Fy2 - Gy3
where the coefficients A through G are constants. Obtain expressions for the friction
coefficient Cf and the convection coefficient h in terms of U , T , and appropriate profile
coefficients and fluid properties.
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
Velocity and temperature profiles
u(y) = Ay + By2 - Cy3 and
T(y) = D + Ey + Fy2 - Gy3
where the coefficients A through G are constants.
b) Find
Expression for the friction coefficient Cf
Expression for the convection coefficient h
Both expressions must be in terms of U , T , and appropriate profile coefficients and
fluid properties.

2. System Diagram

U , T

Velocity Profile, u(y)

Temperature Profile, T(y)

Velocity B.L.
Thermal B.L.

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3. Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant air properties
Uniform U , T = constant
4. Governing Equations

Friction Coefficient Definition

Cf

s
1
U 2
2

Shear Stress Definition

On the surface, s

u
y

y 0

Newton's Law of Cooling

One Dimensional Fourier's Law

q s h Ts T

q k f

On the plate surface y = 0

5. Detailed Solution
Friction Coefficient, Cf
s

u
y

y 0

Ay By 2 Cy 3
y

A 2 By 3Cy

Cf

1
U 2
2

A
1
U 2
2

y 0

y 0

A 2 B 0 3C 0
A

Therefore,

u
y

q s k f

T
y

T
y

y 0

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Convection Coefficient, h
q s h Ts T k f

T
y

y 0

Thus,
h

1
T
k f
Ts T
y

y 0

Here, Ts = T(y = 0) = D + E (0) + F (0)2 - G (0)3 = D

h

k f
D Ey Fy 2 Gy 3
D T
y

kf
D T
kf
D T

0 E 2 Fy 3Gy 2

y 0

y 0

0 E 2 F 0 3G 0

Finally,
h

kf E
D T

6. Critical Assessment
It is important to recognize (or know) that for both cases, the friction coefficient and
convection coefficient, an analysis must be done on the surface, which implies y = 0 m.

Example 3 (Viscous dissipation and Heat Transfer Rate):

A shaft with a diameter of 100 mm rotates at 9000 rpm in a journal bearing that is 70 mm
long. A uniform lubricant gap of 1 mm separates the shaft and the bearing. The lubricant
properties are = 0.03 N s/m2 and k = 0.15 W/m K, while the bearing material has a thermal
conductivity of kb = 45 W/m K.
y (mm)

Bearing, kb

Tb

1
Bearing, kb

Lubricant
x
Shaft

Lubricant
Shaft
100 mm
diameter
200 mm

Water-cooled surface,
Twc = 30C

Ts

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(a) Determine the viscous dissipation, (W/m3), in the lubricant.

(b) Determine the rate of heat transfer (W) from the lubricant, assuming that no heat is lost
through the shaft.
(c) If the bearing housing is water-cooled, such that the outer surface of the bearing is
maintained at 30 C, determine the temperature of the bearing and shaft, Tb and Ts.
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
Di = 0.1 m
= 9000 rpm = 942.5 rad/s
L = 0.07 m
a = 0.001 m (gap)
= 0.03 Ns/m2
k = 0.15 W/mK
kb = 45 W/mK
Twc = 30 C
Do = 0.2 m
b) Find
Viscous dissipation in the lubricant, (W/m3)
Rate of heat transfer (W) from the lubricant, assuming no heat loss through the shaft
Temperatures of the bearing and shaft, Tb and Ts
2. System Diagram

Bearing (kb)

Shaft (Di, )

Bearing

y
(mm)
1

Lubricant
x

Lubricant (, k)

D
o

3. Assumptions

Tb

Shaft

Water-cooled surface (Twc)

Ts

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Steady state condition

Constant fluid properties (, , and k's)
Fully developed flow in the gap (u/x = 0)
Infinite width [L/a = (0.07 m) / (0.001 m) = 70, so this is a reasonable assumption]
p/x = 0 (flow is symmetric in the actual bearing at no load)

4. Governing Equations
2-D Dissipation Function
u v

y x

u
2

2 u v

3 x y

Velocity Distribution in Couette Flow (flow in two infinite parallel plates, but one plate
moving with constant speed)
U
1 p 2
u( y)
y

y ay
a
2 x

Heat Diffusion Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

1
T
1 T
T
T
kr

k
k
q c p
r r
r r 2 z z
t

Fourier's Law in Cylindrical Coordinates

T 1 T T
q kT k er
e
ez

r
r
z

2-D Energy Equation

T
T
T T
c p u v k k q
y x x y y
x
5. Detailed Solution
Viscous dissipation in the lubricant
Assume v 0 in the gap, and the fully developed flow (assumed) implies
u v

y x

u
2

2 u v

3 x y

U
1 p 2
U
y
y

y ay u ( y )
a
2 x
a

Therefore, the viscous dissipation is

Because p/x = 0 (assumed), the velocity distribution becomes:

u( y)

u
0 . Thus,
x
2

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U

y

y a

where U is the tangential velocity of the shaft, and it is

U Ri

Di

Finally, the viscous dissipation is

U

a

D
i
2a

After plugging in values into this expression above,

= 6.662 107 W/m3

Rate of heat transfer (W) from the lubricant
The heat transfer rate from the lubricant volume through the bearing is
qL = = ( Di a L)

qL = (6.662 107 W/m3)[() (0.1 m) (0.001 m) (0.07 m)] = 1465 W

where L = 0.07 m is the length of the bearing normal to the page.

Temperatures of the bearing and shaft, Tb and Ts

First, let us find out the bearing temperature (Tb), which requires considering heat transfer
between Tb and Twc. See the diagram below.
Do /2

Direction of Heat Transfer

r

Di /2

Ts Tb
Assume that the direction of heat transfer is
becomes:

Twc
in only r direction. Then Fourier's law

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q r k
In our case,

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T
T
or q r kA
r
r

q r k b 2rL

T
(1)
r

Heat diffusion equation is (assuming no heat generation in the bearing)

1
T
kr
0
r r
r
In our case, because kb = constant,
1
T
1 T
T
kb r
0 kb
r
0
r
0
r r
r
r r r
r r
Boundary conditions for this differential equation are:
T = Tb @ r = Di /2
T = Twc @ r = Do /2
Let us solve the differential equation with the boundary conditions,
T
T
T C1
C1
r
0 r

T ( r ) C1 ln(r ) C 2
r r
r
r
r
The first boundary condition: Tb = C1 ln(Di/2) + C2
The second boundary condition: Twc = C1 ln(Do/2) + C2

After rearranging, the temperature distribution becomes:

T (r )

Tb Twc
r
Twc
ln
ln Di Do Do 2

Substituting this temperature distribution into equation (1),

q r k b 2rL

r
T Twc 1
Tb Twc
Twc k b 2rL b
ln

r ln Di Do Do 2
ln Di Do r

Therefore,

qr

k b 2L Tb Twc
qL
ln Di Do

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Tb Twc

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q L ln Do Di
1465W ln 0.2m 0.1m 81.3C
30C
2Lk b
2 0.07m 45W / m K

Finally, let us find out the shaft temperature (Ts).

y
Tb
k&

U
Ts

The 2-D energy equation may be simplified for the prescribed conditions (see assumptions)
and further assuming v 0 and q 0 , it follows that

c p u

u
T

T

T
k

k

x
x
x
y
y
y

However, because the top and bottom plates are at uniform temperatures, the temperature
field must also be fully developed, in which case ( T/x) = 0. For constant thermal
conductivity the appropriate form of the energy equation is then
0k

u
2T

y 2
y

The desired temperature distribution may be obtained by solving this equation. Rearranging
and substituting for the velocity distribution,
du
d 2T

k

2
dy
dy

Integrating twice, we obtain

T ( y)

2k

y 2 C1 y C 2

The boundary conditions are, at y = 0, the surface is adiabatic

dT
dy

0
y 0

C3 = 0

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and at y = a, the temperature is that of the bearing, Tb

2
U
2
U

a 0 C 2 C 2 Tb
2k a
2k
2

T ( a ) Tb

Hence, the temperature distribution is

2
y2
T ( y ) Tb
U 1 2
2k
a

Tb

Di

2k 2

y2
a2

and the temperature at the shaft, y = 0, is

Ts T (0) Tb

Di

2k 2

81.3C

0.03N s / m 0.1m 942.5rad / s

2 0.15W / m K

Ts 303.4C

6. Critical Assessment
We have dealt with both heat conduction and convection situation on this problem. Make sure
you understand the difference between them and how to apply an appropriate equation for a
particular case.

Example 4 (Use of Similarity Rules and Correlation Parameters):

An industrial process involves evaporation of a thin water film from a contoured surface by
heating it from below and forcing air across it. Laboratory measurements for this surface
have provided the following heat transfer correlation:

Nu L 0.43 Re 0L.58 Pr 0.4

The air flowing over the surface has a temperature of 290 K, a velocity of 10 m/s, and is
completely dry ( = 0). The surface has a length of 1 m and a surface area of 1 m2. Just
enough energy is supplied to maintain its steady-state temperature at 310 K.
(a) Determine the heat transfer coefficient and the rate at which the surface loses heat by
convection.
(b) Determine the mass transfer coefficient and the evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on
the surface.
(c) Determine the rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions.

1. Statement of the Problem

a) Given
Heat transfer correlation equation: Nu L 0.43 Re 0L.58 Pr 0.4

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Forcing air properties:

T = 290 K (temperature)
U = 10 m/s (velocity)
= 0 (completely dry)
Surface dimensions and property:
L = 1 m (length)
As = 1 m2 (area)
Ts = 310 K (temperature)
b) Find
Heat transfer coefficient
Rate at which the surface loses heat by convection
Mass transfer coefficient
Evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on the surface
Rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions
2. System Diagram
Heat transfer correlation: Nu L 0.43 Re 0L.58 Pr 0.4
Surface
Ts
L
As

Air
T
U

3.

Assumptions
Steady state condition
Constant properties
Heat-mass analogy applies:
Heat Transfer

Mass Transfer

Nu f 1 Re L , Pr

Thin water film

Sh f 2 Re L , Sc

Correlation requires properties evaluated at Tmean

4. Governing Equations

Reynolds Number: Re L

Prandtl Number: Pr

Schmidt Number: Sc

V L

D AB

T Ts
300 K
2

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hL
kf

Average Nusselt Number: Nu

Average Sherwood Number: Sh

Newton's Law of Cooling: q conv h As Ts T

hm L
D AB

Convection Mass Transfer Equation: m hm As A, s A,

First Law of Thermodynamics (for steady flow process): E in E out 0

5. Detailed Solution
Properties:
Air (at Tmean = 300 K, 1 atm)
= 15.89 10-6 m2/s
kf = 0.0263 W/mK
Pr = 0.707
Air-water mixture (at Tmean = 300K, 1 atm)
DAB = 0.26 10-4 m2/s
Saturated water (at Ts = 310 K)
A, sat = 1/vg = 1/22.93 m3/kg = 0.04361 kg/m3
hfg = 2414 kJ/kg
Heat transfer coefficient
First of all, evaluate ReL at Tmean to characterize the flow

Re L

UL
10m / s 1m 6.293 10 5

15.89 10 6 m 2 / s

and substituting into the prescribed correlation for this surface, find
Nu L 0.43 Re L

0.53

Nu L k f
L

Pr 0.4 0.43 6.293 10 5

0.58

0.707

864.1 0.0263W / m K
1m

0 .4

864.1

22.72 W/m2K

Rate at which the surface loses heat by convection

qconv h As Ts T 22.71W / m 2 K 1m 2 310 K 290 K 454.2W

hL
kf

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Mass transfer coefficient

Using the heat-mass analogy,
Heat: Nu L 0.43 Re 0L.58 Pr 0.4
Mass: Sh L 0.43 Re 0L.58 Sc 0.4
where
Sc

15.89 10 6 m 2 / s

0.6112
D AB
0.26 10 4 m 2 / s

Substituting numerical values, and find

Sh L 0.43 Re L

hm

0.53

Sc 0.4 0.43 6.293 10 5

0.58

0.6112

0.4

815.2

Sh L D AB 815.2 0.26 10 4 m 2 / s

2.12 10 2 m / s
L
1m

hm L
D AB

Evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on the surface

The evaporation rate, with A,s = A,sat (Ts), is

m hm As A, s A, 2.12 10 2 m / s 1m 2 0.04361kg / m 3 0kg / m 3

9.243 10
m

kg / s 3.327 kg / h

Rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions
Air

qconv

qevap

qin
Applying the first law of thermodynamics,
E in E out 0
q in q conv q evap 0

where qin is the heat supplied to sustain the losses by convention and evaporation.

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q in q conv q evap
h fg
q in h As Ts T m

q in 454.2W 9.243 10 4 kg / s 2414 10 3 J / kg

q in 454.2W 2231.3W
q in 2685W

6. Critical Assessment
Heat-mass analogy has been applied in this problem. Note that convection mass transfer
can be analyzed like convection heat transfer. Equations are very similar to each other.
Notice that the heat loss from the surface by evaporation is nearly 5 times that due to
convection.

The End