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Lect 20b
Lect 20b
Multipole expansions
Electric multipoles and their moments
Monopole and dipole, in detail
Quadrupole, octupole,
Example use of multipole expansion as approximate
solution to potential from a charge distribution (Griffiths
problem 3.26)
21 October 2002
q
-q
-q
-q
-q
-q
q
-q
q
q
-q
21 October 2002
Multipole expansions
Suppose we have a known charge distribution for which we
want to know the potential or field outside the region where
the charges are. If the distribution were symmetrical enough
we could find the answer by several means:
direct calculation using Gauss Law;
direct calculation Coulombs Law;
solution of the Laplace equation, using the charge
distribution for boundary conditions.
But even when is symmetrical this can be a lot of work.
Moreover, it may give more precise information on the
potential or field than is actually needed.
Consider instead a direct calculation combined with a series
expansion
21 October 2002
V
2
r
r
= r 1 + 2 cos
r
r
r2 (1 + ) .
( r )
V
4
(1 + x)
s!
xn
=
n! s n)!
n=0 (
s ( s 1 ) 2 s ( s 1 )( s 2 ) 3
s
= 1+ x+
x +
x +
1!
2!
3!
where x < 1 and s is any real number. (This is one form of the
binomial theorem.) Then
1 1
1
3 2 5 3
= 1 + +
2
8
16
r r
21 October 2002
= 1
2 cos + 2 cos
r r
2 rr
8 r r
2
3
3
r
r
5 r r
2
= + 4 cos 4 cos
2 cos +
r
r
16 r r
2
2
3
4
r
r
r
1
1 r
3 r
3
3
5 r
16 r
2
3
r 3 4r
r
r
2
cos 4 cos
+
r
r
r
r
2
r
r
3
2
2 cos 8 cos + 8 cos +
r
21 October 2002
r
r
higher powers than (
) , for now:
2
1 1
1
r
r
3
2
= 1 + cos + cos
r r
2
r
r 2
3
3
r
5
3
+ cos cos +
2
r 2
1
r
r
= P0 ( cos ) + P1 ( cos ) + P2 ( cos )
r
r
r
2
r
+ P3 ( cos ) +
r
21 October 2002
1
1
r
Thus, =
Pn ( cos )
r r n=0 r
n
1
r
( r ) Pn ( cos ) d
V (r ) =
r n=0
r
n
1
1
=
( r ) d + 2
r
r
21 October 2002
3
1
2
+ 3 ( r ) r cos d
2
2
r V
+
Quadrupole
3
35
3
cos
cos
r
r
( )
d +
4
2
2
r V
Physics 217, Fall 2002
Octupole
8
Electric multipoles
This is a useful approximation scheme, the more useful the
further away point P is from the charges within V, because
one can neglect the higher-order terms in the series after the
desired accuracy is achieved.
The monopole term:
q
1
Vmonopole ( r ) =
( r ) d =
r
r
21 October 2002
Electric multipoles
The dipole term:
1
r
r
V ( r ) = 2 ( r ) r cos d = 2 ( r ) r d = 2 p ,
r V
r V
r
qi ri
i =1
10
qd cos
2
r
= Vdipole
p cos
r2
Vdipole
1 Vdipole
=
r +
r
2 p cos
p sin
1
=
r+
3
3
3
r
r
r
q
d
-q
11
Quadrupole, octupole,
A simple way to envision what the higher-order multipoles
look like is to construct them from the lower-order ones:
take two of the lower-order ones, invert one, and place the
two in close proximity.
q
-q
Dipole
-q
-q
-q
Quadrupole
-q
q
-q
q
q
-q
Octupole
12
13
Example (continued)
Monopole moment (charge):
2 R
q = ( r ) d = kR
0
1
2
r 2 ( R 2r ) sin r sin drd d
00
0
2
= kR d sin 2 d ( R 2r ) dr
= kR d sin d
0
R
2
Rr r
=0
14
Example (continued)
Dipole moment, or lack thereof:
p = r cos ( r ) d
2 R
1
2
= kR r cos 2 ( R 2r ) sin r sin drd d
r
0 00
2
= kR d sin 2 cos d Rr 2 r 2 dr
2
sin
2
2
Rr
r
dr = 0
= kR d
3 0 0
0
21 October 2002
15
Example (continued)
Quadrupole moment (simple only because this is
spherical):
1
23
2
Q = r cos ( r ) d
2
2
kR
=
2
kR
=
2
2 R
0 00
1
2
3 cos 1 2 ( R 2r ) sin r sin drd d
r
d 3 cos2 1 sin 2 d Rr 2 2 r 3 dr
0
0
2 5
4
4
kR
R
R
k R
=
0
( 2 ) =
2
2
48
8 3
21 October 2002
16
Example (continued)
Thus, for a point way up the z axis,
V (r )
21 October 2002
1
z
Q=
k 2 R 5
48 z3
1
for the MKS answer
4 0
17