SimplyLearnt.com NOTES ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 1. Plant tissues may be cla! ified into two main groups : (i) meristematic tissues, and (ii) permanent tissues. N. Gnew is father of plant histology. 2. Ameristem (Gk.Moistos : divisible) is a localized region in which actual cell division occurs. According to their origin and development, meristems are classified as promeristem, primary meristem and secofidary meristem. 3, The meristem may also be classified accordin sition in the plant body as apical, intercalary and lateral. 4. The apical meristem is composed of are alike and constitute the promeristem. TI into three regions, ome, which grow 5. 6. oy h primary, non-lignified cell walls. Their cell wall is the ature which is characteristically unevenly thickened by 8. Sclerenchyma is the simple tissue meant specially for mechanical support. These are considerably thick-walled and lignified with simple or bordered pits in their walls and are characterized by the absence of living protoplast.SimplyLearnt.com 10. aL. 12 13, 14, 15. 16, NOTES Xylem = It is a conducting tissue and is composed of four elements of different kinds : (i) trachelds (ii) vessels (iii) wood fibres and (iv) wood parenchyma. the function of xylem is to conduct water and mineral salts upwards from the root to the leaf and to give mechanical strength to the plant body. Gymnosperms lacks xylem vesicle except Gnetum, Ephedia and Welweitchia. The first-formed xylem elements are described asyifotoxylem. The latter- formed xylem is described as metaxylem. The phloem or bast is yet another conducting tissue. It i osed of four elements: (i) sieve cells or sieve tube i cells (ii) Sieve tube elements: At maturity bec are devoid of nucleus at hloem, consisting of narrow-tube elements The inner portion is made up of broader sieve ke the metaphloem. id on the epidermis of all the green aerial parts of plants, ‘on the lower surface of leaves as they regulate the ‘anspiration. They are sunken in the pits or cavities in but are abu process xerophytes. Each stomata is surrounded by two semilunar cells known as the guard cells. in the dicotyledonous plants these are bean-shaped, but in sedgesSimplyLearnt.com 17. NOTES and grasses these are dumb-bellshaped. The guard cells are living and possess chloroplasts. Sometimes a few neighbouring epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard cells become specialized in their shape, size and contents. These are known as subsidiary / accessory cells. 18, Features Dicotyledonous Root tyledonous Root Xylem bundles Vary from 2 to 6 more than six Pith Small or lackin, Secondary growth Takes place 19. Features us stem | Monocotyledonous stem Trichomes e epidermal | Usually absent Hypadermis lenchymatous Sclerenchymatous General eX A few layers of |A_ continuous mass of parenchyma parenchyma Vascular bundles Arranged in a ring Scattered in the ground tissue Not surrounded by any bundle sheath Surrounded = by —a sclerechymatous bundleSimplyLearnt.com NOTES sheath Collateral and open Collateral and closed Phloem parenchyma | Phloem parenchyma present absent Usually wedge shaped al shaped The water containin ater containing cavities are absent. 20. Features Isobilateral leaf niform cuticle Stomata face Equal number of stomata on either side. Mes and parenchyma. into spongy Not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. 21, In m donous stems and raots, distinct secondary growth is visible, which increases the diameter of the stems and roots. 22, In dicot stems an intrafascicular cambium is present between xylem and phloem, which is primary in nature, The parenchymatous cells of each medullary ray, lying between the intrafascicular cambium of the adjacent bundles divide and become meristematic and form a strip of cambiumSimplyLearnt.com 23, 24. 2. 26, 27, 28. NOTES called the interfascicular cambium. Both types of cambia (intrafascicular and interfascicular) join together to form a complete ring of vascular cambium, which is thus partly primary and partly secondary meristem in origin. During the spring and summer, the temperature is high which alongwith the higher relative humidity, longer duration of géunshine, and the hormones supplied by the newly formed youngd@aves, favour cambial activity. Therefore, the cells of the cambium divide ra I layers of the undifferentiated cells become visible. The wood formed during the spri spring wood and that produced duriig wood One light and one dark colot is known as the (Dendrochronolo; The cells