United Engineering Center ‘A SYMPOSIUM OF THE AMERICAN AUTOMATIC CONTROL COUNCIL 1974 JOINT AUTOMATIC CONTROL CONFERE! UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS UNE 17-21, 1874 Edited by R, £. GOODSON PURDUE UNIVERSITY M, POLIS UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 345 Eost 47h § New York, N.Y, 10017inthis IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL PARANETERS IN PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Gey Chovent University PARIS IX fond IRUALABORIA ‘Temooverion Relatively Little Literature has been devoted co the problen of estination of Merescvere in discrituted syatens (see references, for instance [2] [7] and Tit} pcospared with closeical estination problen. The main two reasons vere the Tete 'eisecsional stare space, thet complicated the mathematical formulation, Ini the dafinice dizensicnal paraacter space which was a major obstacle to nu— SBialel conputations. The first obstacle has been overcone by the use of vari- Mtiooe] forsulation of the distributed systens, the seconé one by using control theory (or eeleulue of variations), that enables us to calculate at hand the Giitedee dssensional gradient of the cost function, The rersining part $5 enly a rnatter of epproxization, There ere yet o lot of Aifficult problese loft, es for instance, the pare potere unicity protien (ve shall say sore words sboutit ), ant the optinel loce Hon of seasurencnts points ({1][6]) wniek are up to.now only partially solved. shell formulate nere our eatinstion yroblex in a very classical way.i.e. ae a sininiastion probles of an output-error criterion (seo Fig.1). sterbetion scout wrosns fear fe : Bort ps la)ajer—I/? wan Lary et eyginare eae) gees In § 1, ve shell ctate our teat prebles, In § 21, ve will show hov to celewote practicslly ent thoorericslly the infinite Himensional greiiest of fhe functional J with respect to the (winown) function e , The cases of @ function e depending 4) onan indeyenient variable (as space or tine) and 4£) one dependent vardanle (as teapersture or pressure) will be treated seperately. In § IIT, we stall give sone Aniicstions on the oet of adntosible parane— ters thet cen be chosen, aad on the relates ainémizction algoritts. In § IY, we shall give soae Andicatious on the protles of the uitelty of the parancters, nzen = ee eer = ae viz,t) = yee) = plest) Fea et oe) = re) = BG) = Pa) = Crile “k= cm) = oxamICLATERE a md postion ( corresponding to X)~ %, coordinates) Anchox Sed So the donate 8. © x JO,t[ = tinespace domain, en _ere parameter, on of point on the boundary T of the domain o. total duration of identificet stating pos: on periot. ‘the (coaputed) solution ef the PDE. tbe actual (uninomn) solution of the PDE, solution of the adjoint PDE. 1s détfusion coefticient inside 0 (say depent on x oF y). trensnissivity coefficiest for « boundary condition "A le Pourjer" et of stnissible perancters, ne fimetions space of (classes) of Lebesgue Shece of (lasses) of neasurable alsost everyihere bouded Himetions 00 2 fre PO) Ze PO) aes aay square integr ernie hero. © 22lo) (tet scaler protuct ant sere in 2%(2). Banach space then X! = strong duel space of X. space of bounde? fimetious on R with continuous bounded derivetives (C'() ie e Banach spece). = pain valve of 41 STATEMENT OF THE TEST PROBLEL, Let_q_ be ox (open) regular and bounded domain of B", of boundary Tr, snd n be the soraal te. T posntang outwards fea 9. Hence we consider of thle dossin the folloving parabolic equation ay 3 ) z-5 ale Bet an ox Jo,2f a) with boundary conditions + aecG.-7) om rx 2 (2) nd initial condition : ylso) =y,(z) on @ at time to, &) ‘The right parte f, y, and y, of equations (1)-(3) are ymown bore 5 tho mausbe wine paratetfsa are had ts The theory will be explicited on equations (1)-(5) that are enovuntered in ony cngineerize fislés, but it ie not restricted 20 tex (eee [3)) How ve vill descrite tvo physionl situations in yaich such equations are encountere’. Applicstion 1 : Heating of « 04, The tesperature 4s y, GC TH the rod, £20, 3, is the temperate re of the beating air, y, 48 the initial teapereture of the rot, the paranc- tere is tho therzel cSnduetisisty of the roe (generally constant ext knovn), the pereneter + is the exchange cocfficient between the rod ané the exters Eenerelly wicovn, ané that say vary fron place to place on the boundary T of ‘the red, . Application 2: Monophesie of} fiel noted, The pressure 48 y, ge R? or I de the field, £ 42 © combinetion of Disecciike functions corresponding te each of the pinsing vell, 7, 8 the Anitiel pressure, t=O for e closed field, and a de the uimela trensnissi- sity. . In créer to aijust the pereneters ¢ and +, we have to zeke ceusurezents. on the solution 7 of equations (1)-(5), Be euppose we here sensore locate? at given points zx, , jet,..., ky that give use nemn value f, of y on @ euall donein surrotndsne x}: ¢ a t) mf ns(e) Fase dex + perturbation @ fox with yeo. fans 2 Sos G) Xj "0 outalde « onall neigtbouboed of we Fleyt) = the Merue” value of the eolutien of (1)(2)(3). Such seesurecent 1,(t) aay not be: avetleble for every ¢ . So let vs donate C(t) 2 "eheractebistiot function of tine, ecsocieted $0 seanurenent points abf j, and taking value | Af e seamucescnt is evuilatie 2tine ¢, and 0 af no tx, being defined act =f xj) 9, steel 6) ° the residual at vane t and measurement pois ° +) = (8) L256 share y, (2,3) 22 the solution of (1)-(5) caleulated wien the current values lof, 2 BE 2), the least-square criterion 3s then Q) ‘the tye exam dg = Mend ocasest me oszsts where 2,35 ant are lover and upper dowd of a amt t. ‘the probes of estimating » ané t can nov be ati find (At) € Gq such that I(t) s Jers) ¥ Cas) © Oye ) lation gives a nunerical vay of computing 2 ma f » Wy Gr of J, Let uo now suppose ve are able to cospute effici- interpretation of the tunericelly coaputed parane— ed’ to the unieisy of tae (Ast) that miranises J on Z,3. tate for: ently the gradient of Yere se strongly rel a DERIVASILITY OF THE CRITERION In order to prove this derivability and to be eble to give wn explicit formulation for the eradiert of J , ve have to put equations (1)-(5) into & rigorous sathersticel frase. Te the above stetenent of the problen, ve have been rather vague concer ning the nature of the timo pereneters e| and + (constant fuetions), We shall trent separately + (constants, functions) “= the case of parameters a ané + depending on the space verisble Teo ors € Ty thet corresponds prysically to m heteroge- Reity of the considered mediux, a the gage of « pereceter 1 depending on the solution y of equi tions (1)=(3) waien corresponds near ‘the considered (nonogenccus) nedius, 0 ‘the case of & Linear heterogeneous modiun. We are looking for e and + as functions of x amd 6, i.0, aroem, tHT=R (10) we first convert equetions (1)-(5) inte their variational forn, Wy multi- pine (i) dye function vi GR ant ty integrating or G, Using the Green Joomla (eee Appenéiz) and the boundary conditions (2) ve get + B fae fob ae. fane[es +frreve 69 aes vest) #20) (2) Pa |If we ddentity V toa (dense) subspace of E, and E to Sts dual 5! , ve et the folloving eitustion + fesch inclusion being dense vemcy , 3) Joh injection deine continues Let us denote by p(t) te srecefunction x~ y(x,t). Then al] integrels in (31) make sense if ve choose + ecm) semtr) rev) x,¢ Pr x b,21) (aa) ve Ve EI) 15) wnt af, for eet Dotl y(t) C. Tet BL THOR and ‘L € 16(0,7)0") be bidineer end @ funidy of near applicetions defined by (fo2owing (11)) Boy oe yaw ey by or) » [oobe, B+ foo eo vev Ut)v) = | ele, W(adax + | sled (epthr(s as y [zest + [er, Moreover Af ve suppose thet the initial velue y, satiation + 7 ¢ 7a) 7) ‘equetions (11)+(3) will become + Sol) v, Ct) rE) vr ET, ae om tT rte) = ¥, ) wich Soe vesk formation of (1)(2)6: Se given ty the classical folloving, {s)). sHbOnE 1 J, The existence cf « solution y of (18) ez (for denonstration, ses for instance Under asunptions (12)=(17), and = (ade a, = [lers/2%e)A7U)]3 ©0,alx)20 end eee eenon @} Gs) (20) 8 to every (e,z)€ @, ve ansociate the unique solution 7 ¢ ¥ of (18), whtsh ve shall doncte by y, {As the apace Y\ is clearly « subspace of 12(6,7;1%(0)), hl integrals eppetting in (6) end (7) rake sense as soon a8 we suppose + ke (a) (ass) aro Seyt)CR 48 now rigorously defined and 2,6 Plt) dete sme functions) we can prove the + PEDORE 2, Under aneusptions (12)-(17),(19), (21), te eriterion J defined by (6)(7) ana Ge) a8 erivable on the set d,. Its derivati- ye Jest) 48 givenPae)bastele f eta 2 +f sw[ft 264 ee 2 were. y=3, 67 8 the solution of the ("ésreet")oquations (16) « PEX de an “adjoint state", defined es the solution of : i a pSloGdee, ten) « 2D J agtne,leLalte wer, ve om el a PQ) = 0 = ) + go I(a)xIs), and define, for every (art)é gy @ Mineer operstor B,, fron VantoT? by we) = oy Cen) yur ey () Taen (18) can be refurmlated as ¢ 82) 4 a oft) = ute) so TH ese, on Jo i xe) = ¥, First step 1 gifferentisbi2ity of the enslicetion (a,z)-y frong@-¥t Define an epplicetion ¢ from @x¥ on Wlo,7V")x Eby + et lasky taxr ne Bo, , xt), r60)) (26) ‘Then (25) is equivalent to + Co Cassda) © (ay,) « en Maeorex 1 proves thet equation (27) hes e unique solution yf (tis) €¢,5 and the isplieit function theoren proves thet y is a deriveble function & " (becmuse ¢ is a dertvatie application), and thet the first order veriation fy of y Corresponding to a vartation (61,61) of (a,x) 18 given yt Mel) | 5 erlt) a = oa, rt) ao VY ne, on tT (28) tyle) = 0 By differentiation of formiaes (6) ent (7), we eet, for the first order verie~ Hon 63 of the criterion J associcted with a variation (66,67) of the pere- zeters : x waned foe) i ay(=) dylayt)ix at (2s) ‘1, equation (25) has ¢ unique solution p € 1, that sat: * = SB). af pt) 2B ayes(s) Sn V's ase. on J0sAl | (0) p(t) = 0. = x i‘Using the first equstion of (30), (29) becomes ree fC Ds at otersertinns : : by integration by perts in tine (remexber that by(o)=p()= 0) + we - flow, S08) 5 (ey) er which, using (28) gives oe fFow, which io exactly (22) oy ae which give: gree abt om (ots).re))t GH) sen (XE) of, ‘This unde the proof of Taearen 2, as Fe ere ov able to define the infinite diuensionnel erudiout of the uctionel J with respect to the parauoters @ ani +. Let us do oye Nfy at by eet (2) Bab f 2 toed Ei Jy ea so that expression (22) can be rewritten a2 + 3*(eyz)kbe,82) - [ze ealx)ex “f 2s) eleyan 3) ¢ tnet cnovel), for instance, thet at a given point x € ‘ $3) is tae pee vative of 3 with reopect to she pareieter a(x), ie 2 22) ent ls) ere easiay calcutes fron (32) once the gins y is obtained through the resoution of (1)(2)(5) fant the giioint stete p is obtained ty the resolution of (25), i.e t 2 x -B-p 3 al) + 2D xylele,(t) ave s2 axa ist Ea . 2 ope 0 oo xp. Ga) plz,2) = 0 ono In munerical epplicutions, of couse, the fmetion 2 4s alvaye represen tos in away requizing only a finite muster of reel parecoters f, +. 8, £07 Ete specification. let = ale) = ale, 6, 0+ P) (5) be this representation, raze (35) with the similar expression when a and = are finite dines i *(ay2)(G0s8e) © Eee, { Mserbe) Dee Bees | | ' ”Pres (33) is inti as as ay = [Bry ade 50 8, ik 5, a) Fe red 1 7 (6) So the Imoviedge of the infinite dinensionel gradient 2(z) sakes it possible te caicalste ty sinrle quairatures the eration’ of 3° with seapectrie ake tien of the function = ; we give here two ispore clinoaigl in x, the f, being the coefficients of the polyno igi, ‘Take kind of represen len widely used to overcone the proties (ty replacing in (1) efx) by its of the £., 80 thi Ansteat of tke nere By ese BL have no physical fr instines, are Sftsou + a6c) diveretized by rinite eitferences oF finite elesents acthod, In finite olenents cethod, for instance, y and p are approzinated by gontinvows finesions y, and 'p, which are linear cn'essh trimsie E of © friengluation 5, of the space Hoasin ., end the Tuiction a in apprevineted by e finction af which is constant on each triencle I of the triemuletren at Fesentation is that the uumowns at physic] constraints, a2 positivity G)ey veer yee a, oO) Fron (36) ve see that (if 2, denotes the area of trismele i ae By, CS He [Bares Bx ) ay, a whied 4 een to compute as 5? and 5? are constant on each 1 ¢ 7 x ‘The numerical wlmown a, are here clearly reletod to the physical um know coefficient ; this sakes"very easy to take into account physical cons. ‘taints such es positivity, bowdedness, et: 2) The nopelineer honorencous sodium case. For sisplification, we suppose in this pereereph 1 = 0 and we are 1cok- ing for 4 ate fimction of y i etyeaG) , acite). By the ease vay as in the preceding persgraph, we convert the equation G)-G) ante their variation a1 fore (18) which 12 sti) valid here, with © prralehtforvard nodification in the definition (16) of 0, vere: a(andef a) ° ZR, GE dx (0, ds no tonger tédiness!) tPF We have the folloving existence thecrezMD . Under escunptions (12)(17) ant seaelece@laerce: alt)ee vy CER} (40) equations (16) have a uniove solution y € 1. ?(0,2;2%(G)), 12 integrate appearing in (6) ont (7) make ertor criterion J 3s defined fer every 8 €G, as in (40). of J we have the t ar assumptions (12}-(17), (21)(40) the eriterion J defined by as Oe Cite) snto R for every function the corresponcine satisfies : Set Beceem (a) Its derivative 3'(a) is then given by: Paseo f eas) BEB ee ) a a vere: Syn 3, C1 Se te aoistion of ne (taszect™) equation (18) = PE 1(0,752°(0))is an Nadgoint” state det net as the splution of 2 Be aged BE ee x) lt) 2 ox butt Bree eae Sai eee Feo onrx Jott (43) wz2) 20 in o he proofs of Theoreas 3 ant 4 ere rether technical ant vill be oxitted ere (they can be found iz detailed fore in [6]). Jn the saze way that for the 2ineer nor-notagenecus ediea, formate (42) sakes it possinle to get the craiient of J with reepect to the coeeficie : gf cach representation of the function y = aly) ; (tuough the funetion, iD, $2 FE te no nore the infinite dizensionsl graiient of J with respect to «! «8 fete fore depending on te iz Gi) Where x is to be replace! by 7). eiven by B quadratures 1 ye [eo DDE Bat at, (44) As for tho Lineer non-honogeneous caso, thie reprosentation (though widely used...) makes it aifficult, if not impossible, to use physical constraints a2 bouds, converity or concavity of the non-linearsty, for instance. Moreover, the e-pricti choice of the cloud fers representation is sonevhat arbitrary, (3) 42 discretized sn y. Let yy, J€E de equidistant values of 7 fined by ¥, = 3! , vhere J is the diseretia We can anprozizete the function y = aly) for 4n thon a,(5) constant on each anterval [y+ Ty # a0) way vy € by, (45)‘Then equation (42) gives ¢ Bee 2 ay op = = axét, J € 0 (46) BT tere gaat OH yatta, The nucerieal calculation of (46) 4 conewhat tefious, but does not re~ sguire much pore tine than in classical integral on Q as 4¢ appeare in (44). Moreover, tris vay See saxes st posable to take nto accowit asic raints on the nonlinearity (positivity, bounds, converity £1 gone Values of y, concavity for sone othore ...). A ds ay of the (pore reclistic) case 8, (7) ds taken Continuous snd piecevise 2inear on [ se eaven an (6). mr, YENLGZATION OF TAE CRITERION te effectively conpute the £ end/or * that mininizesthe criterion sizstion eleoriths aay be used, But, cue to the highly non criterion, ant the lack of wicity of the rinisun, wt te esuple gratient methods which have proved to be este and efficient fer that kin of optisization frobleas (x ie suppoacé iow for sieplicity). find £6 a. ouch thet (any 30) sale) val ay 1) uo set of st scimters Z,, 2 dntinad only br_ tiger ecuaszeints Rohe ined. ones A stecpest descent crudsent nethod =: e gerrespontice 2 on of perenete oguasien (1)(2) G) tres soemsrenes en Fig. 2, for the cose of a functt a (lof zor of y) represented ty ite ciscretized fora ( ie unericel we Yeowns are the values of a et certain values cf the erement of 4). The ope Peter P represents the projection on the convex G4 j which ds streightfer~ ward in the cese of gide-constreints Houark. If ins! to have & fenotion, one soning fab a Me Sut of a giver cloeed fors, Jineer in the purwzetors fy 1+. Bye te a) Z ayr,le) apeiron tmentene of eC) one cen use exactly the sane algoriths at shovn in Tig, 2, by choosing e° out of the clvan closed fore (48), and by inserting et the indieuted point the two following blocks + t 3 68) +8 = f vj) v *eax ia I, : go12 ek r 3) B 3 v KG) e DE ve) 1h" 8 sé yust nent pereneter. So, At de very eeay to check, xith only one preereny oun be obtained by various elocod forse representations ofINETLALIZAZION Gane oc, RESOLUTION OF StANE EOUATTORS Gy@)6) = * T a) = rem ro RESOLUTION OF AMJOTRT EQUATIONS ' 4) se (03) Ge) ot (4€)ees* OME DIK (AL APPROD ‘ERROR In MINDOZATION oP faa « TUR(aE ~ pe") tor 9 >0 gene] NMED OF PASOTSTON fat | arcane BST i = a es ea acSuch cone convexity oF eoseav= ty Se spore on the wlzow par } for instance, for the nee hosocesoout Sedéus, ihe thermal conductivity’ ely) varies rerwlariy vith the Tenparenure J, 82 that @ poyeical set of fie parameters ean De 5 a, = 42 € PR) Ocas ely)s d and Aye oN )s BG) v veR) (50) i snore By) end Bly) are elven dover end upper bounds of a"(z) for each terze- i retire ¥. * i j08, the convex (50) jek "treet, i.e. simply discret! Fenulte in Linear const on the digeretizad values Fig. 2 does not sult vary vel] for the! streicktforves. son aethod of the PranckaTolfe tion 36 detersino’ of th observed that, althcr necessary tine for che iterction ic greuter with regularity constraints Nithout, the overall computing time is less in the first cuse, because fever iterations are required to give the sane velue of tho criterion, ‘hen the functor rr, SE UiLCITY PROBLM + THEORETICAL AND EEURISTICAL RESULTS. Ve are here conecrned with the uniqueness probles cf 26 g,, which eininizes J(e). This probes bat a crest pratical isportence, b&teune in case I Of nonuniqucness, the mmerically obtained vill differ according to the Snitielizstion a° fer Anstance, and there eill be no reason for E to be close to the "true" function a, so thet the responses of model end syoten sey Aiffer for inpute aifferent fron those that has been sod for identification, There is no general result of uniesty ; the situction ie éependine very much on the kind of pareseter (conctrs puted in spece, state cepending) | | ’ ‘the equetion. 1) The case of constant pareneters (for instance tve minowns «and + in equations (1)(2)05))- In thet cose, ‘the generel situation is uicit) ‘the perazcters are not very seni value, ere generally aore seaswreserts then uimovns, eo thet At cen munerieelly happen that soue of 2) thee 2 n epece. We suall consi The estinetion probes of the fwmetion xwu(x) in equation (1)(2)(5), considered es « "tree" function, uted cessirenents, Te suppoce here thet instead of (4), vo measure the whole svate 72,t) a: cach epace point x and each tine + € [0,7], Which gives e function 2(x,*), Of coures, this situstion d= practically non Fealistic, but even with all thie snforsction, the wuielty of is net dno Ted es show by the THDORE 5, Let the observation = satiety : 2.1 Diste xt) € PG) ase, on }0,2f = G) ¢ gerOat, ee > 0 VEER se, on Jo,7 } sod define, for ne. ¢ ¢ Jp,al 2 ‘ T(t) = fx € ri(eeed a(t), 2) <0} (52) j aei i : i Teen, for every # € 1(Q) and every € C7(Q), the following equations (53) a(t) = p(t) on 1(+) ae. on J0,2{ a) have a unique tolution a in 1(@) which satisfies + Hots ope = 4B 2 Colest) Ey (5) EQ seat Fra) The proof of this Theorea can be found in {3]. It shove that, for « given e sre ss nary functions a(z,t) vaich ainiaise 3 (ealang ever Job) as bomasy datas ¢ fe = 48 such s boundary dete se generally lackise si T(t) =D aoe an 10,31, then wnetior #2114) (ive, jerion J, pace and tine !) which cininizes the or: i Take @= Liset[ tet, alz,t) = 2% elzt) «2% at. Toon T(t) 2G fos aul ypotbenia of teeree 5 a ) that satisfies equasion (53) (Sp) ds very eesy 10 slve, and ve find all On the of the distriburions sivem? ren + for k=O e(z,t) et ef ts the unique doused solution SE obeatnet fy tere 3, + for k#0 one hes 2 lot of non-bounded funetions # Einsize the eri au Concerning the possibility of eoountering numerically such wibounded solution, ve give the Rrsmle2 10 = ),1[, conditions), 2 The criterion J te ainiaised mnerice!: e(z) obtained efter 140 gr (curve "free"), In order te find used & ted to be equa, The plreceter a(x) thus obtained efter 40 gradient according to the techniques of § IT and TIZ, by munericel mininizetion is show ix Bg, 7, the I eeaeeer ie = sn (0) Segeseal” eelizsti0ns of se of regularity constraints on the seoné dersvative of 2 (, use of eeeiersWavergence of the iverative sense, ani a nore “= Sspect to the cosputed non~Lineerity. for the case of stete depenting paraneters, it seems th no far se muneriond results are concerned, the unieity situstion (netureliy in the Tenge of ¥ ‘the observation points) $5 the general case, even for diccrete-in spsoe observations. In conclusi We have explicité! Jug) perebolic heat equation, « general aethod eory (or sien where of estinetine eelouse of verietien) in fe ‘the stete ext cboervetien ea! able, Te sakes if susericeliy possible the distributed pereseter as a discretize! function, end to adjest the discretization velues of Sne pertieter being either « function or an independent verseble (epece, or a dependent varieble (texperevure, pressure). qe iatcity of the aolurion of the snverse probles hap ben discussed, ant sone pertiel Fecwlts of unieity have beon given, both on theoretical ené co punericel eromé. cy be yes in any situa wore nunericel results on thie exenple can be found An (6),REFERENCES 1. Bensoussen, A."Optinizetion ox sensor's loestion in e distributed £i1te ring probles", in'Stebslity of Stochestic Dynanioal Syeveas, Lecture loves an ey 5 1972, pp. 62-84, 2 Chavent, Résclusion de Protibee Inv. Bull, Ac, Polonice des Sciences, Vs see dans Les ‘XVII 3 Guavent, G. "Analyse Fonctiomelle et Ident{fication de Coefficiente 2 dane les Equetions aux Dérivées Partielles’ ,Jnese Doctorat 2 Sciences, 1971, & cuaven 6, "Idontifiestion of Dis! fiestion and Systen Pareneter Eetinstic 5 Ghavent,G., Dury, a, lenennier, Contral Theory" Fel Mecting of SFE, Las Veces, 6 Grevent, 6., Locomicr, P., "Identifiers Equation Parsbolique Quasi-lindesro", To appear ed Ootinization, Springer-Verlag, ew-Tork, 7 Chen, Fok, Seinfeld, J.H., "Estinetion of epaticlly varying pareneters An Partial Difterentiel Equstions*, 2 15, M3, 8 Goodson, B.F., Kein, Bi tod Syston Onservability” IEEE april 1970. g Lions, J.1., "Contréle Optical de Systises Gouvernés par dos Equctions eur Dérivées Partielies", Dunod, Paris, 1968, 10 Lions, J.L., "quelques Héthedes de Résolution de Problénes eux Linites non Linésires", Dunod~ Gauthier Villars, Paris 1969. 41 Pinder, 6.F, ,"Fmcticnal Coefficients in the dnalysis of Groundwater Plow" Hster Reources Researes, Vol, © 1, 1973. Goodeon,.5., Voary, KwJ., "On Paranster Identifies joe Tsing Galetkan's Coizerient. VoL. AC 15,32, tion for APPENOIE The Oreos Fornule ery (roguler) functs 8 Gg end a from G into, we heve : 2 oe 2 ae ay ee - (elx) = al) = fal LE oot [ok Be [age |