PH LC

Contents
Cu 1) Nu cc ch ti tc dng ln cc cm v cc chi tit ca oto, cc dng tnh bn cc chi tit???. 4
Cu 2) Phn tch u nhc im v nu phm vi ng dng ca phng n b tr chung oto vs c t trc
cu sau ch ng???......................................................................................................... 4
Cu 3) Phn tch u nhc im v nu phm vi ng dng ca phng n b tr chung oto vs c t trc
cu trc ch ng???....................................................................................................... 4
Cu 4) Phn tch u nhc im v nu phm vi ng dng ca phng n b tr chung oto vs c t sau
cu sau ch ng???......................................................................................................... 5
Cu 5) Phn tch c im b tr chung ca oto nhiu cu ch ng???..........................................5
Cu 6) Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vs li hp oto???....................................5
Cu 7) Trnh by c s tnh ton momen ma st ca li hp, phn tch ngha ca h s d tr ...........6
Cu 8) Trnh by phng php tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca li hp???.....................................6
Cu 9) V th m t v gii thjk qu trnh trt ca li hp???...................................................8
Cu 10) Tnh cng trt li hp vs gi thit vn tc ca ng c giai on u khng i v momen ms
tng t l thun theo thi jan???............................................................................................ 8
Cu 11: ngha ca vic kim tra cng trt ring ca ly hp v nhit ca cc chi tit b nung nng
trong qu trnh trt:....................................................................................................... 10
Cu 12: th c tnh l xo p......................................................................................... 11
Cu 13: Xc nh cc thng s ca gim chn........................................................................12
Cu 14: Tnh ton trc ca ly hp:...................................................................................... 13
Cu 15: Dn ng ly hp bng c kh..................................................................................13
Cu 16: Dn ng ly hp bng thy lc...............................................................................15
Cu 17: Dn ng c tr lc............................................................................................. 15
Cu 18: ngha ca khe h gia u m v bc m n ........................................................16
Cu 19: Cng dng, phn loi, yu cu i vi hp s.............................................................17
Cu 20: Nguyn l lm vic ca hp s...............................................................................17
Cu 21: Trnh by phng php tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca bnh rng tr trong hp s t:......18
1

Cu 23: V s v phn tch cc lc tc dng ln cc chi tit ca hp s ba trc b tr ng trc.......22

Cu 24: Trnh by phng php tnh ton trc s cp ca hp s ba trc b tr ng trc...................24
Cu 25:Trnh by phng php tnh ln cho hp s oto:.........................................................24
Cu 26: Nu v phn tch c im ca cc dng truyn lc v cp s dng trn t:Truyn lc
bng ma st, truyn lc thy ng, truyn lc thy tnh v truyn lc bng in......................26
Cu 27: Trnh by phng php tnh chn bin m cho hp s thy c trn t..............................28
Cu 28: Trnh by phng php tnh ton t s truyn ca hp s hnh tinh. Nu cc iu kin thit c
cu hnh tinh................................................................................................................ 28
Cu 29: Ti sao ngi ta gi khp cc ng ch thp l khp cc ng khng ng tc. Nu iu kin
ng tc gia trc vo v trc ra ca truyn ng cc ng c 2 khp ch thp (v s minh ha).....29
Cu 30: V s ca truyn ng cc ng c 3 khp ch thp l khp cc ng khng ng tc v xc
nh iu kin ng tc gia trc vo v trc ra ca chuyn ng ny. Trn thc t iu kin ny c th
thc hin c khng?.................................................................................................... 33
Cu 31: Trnh by phng php tnh s vng quay nguy him ca trc cc ng?...........................34
Cu 32: Nu cng dng, phn loi, yu cu c bn i vi truyn lc chnh t?............................37
Cu 33: So snh truyn ng bnh rng cn cong (xon) vi truyn ng Hypoit trong truyn lc chnh
t?............................................................................................................................. 38
Cu 34: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vi vi sai gia cc bnh xe?.................40
Cu 35: Trn c s tnh ton ng hc v ng lc hc ca b vi sai bnh rng cn hy nu nhc im
c bn ca vi sai v cc cch khc phc?.............................................................................. 40
Cu 36: Phn loi bn trc theo cch b tr cc , phn tch u nhc im v phm vi ng dng ca
tng loi?.................................................................................................................... 43
Cu 37: Trnh by phng php tnh ton bn trc gim ti hon ton?.........................................45
Cu 38: Trnh by phng php tnh ton bn trc gim ti trong trng hp t chuyn ng thng
vi lc dc trc cc i?.................................................................................................. 45
Cu 39: Trnh by phng php tnh ton bn trc gim ti trong trng hp t chuyn ng quay
vng vi lc ngang cc i?............................................................................................. 46
Cu 40: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn ca lp t?.........................................47
Cu 41: Nu cc ch tiu c bn chn lp t. Trn lp t thng ghi nhng thng s g?...........49
Cu 42: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vi h thng li t...........................49
2

Cu 43: Trnh by phng php tnh ton lc quay vng cc i t trn v lng............................50
Cu 44: T ng hc quay vng t hy a ra diu kin quay vng ng ca cc bnh xe dn hng.
C cu no trong dn ng li m bo c iu kin ny?.....................................................51
Cu 45: Trnh by phng php tnh, chn cc thng s c bn ca hnh thang li...........................52
Cu 46: Trnh by khi nim t s truyn v hiu sut ca c cu li............................................53
Cu 47: Trnh by phng php tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca bm du v xilanh cng tc trong tr
lc li......................................................................................................................... 54
Cu 48: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vi h thng phanh t......................55
Cu 49: Phn tch u nhc im v so snh dn ng phanh bng thy lc vi dn ng phanh bng kh
nn. Nu phm vi s dng ca tng loi...............................................................................56
Cu 50: Phn tch u nhc im v so snh hai loi c cu phanh: a v tang trng. Nu phm vi s
dng ca tng loi.......................................................................................................... 57
Cu 51 : Trnh by phng php tnh ton m men phanh cn thit ti cc bnh xe..........................57
Cu 52: ha lc phanh................................................................................................. 59
Cu 53: phng php tnh ton phanh a:............................................................................61
Cu 54: Trnh by c s tnh chn cc kch thc m phanh t.................................................62
Cu 55: trnh by phng php tnh ton dn ng phanh bng thy lc.......................................63
Cu 56: trnh by phng php xc nh c tnh tng van ca dn ng phanh bng kh nn.............64
Cu 57: trnh by phng php xc nh ng knh hiu dng ca mng ( hoc pit tng ) ca bu phanh
trong dn ng phanh bng kh nn..................................................................................... 66
Cu 58: trnh by phng php tnh ton dn ng phanh bng thy lc c tr lc chn khng...........67
59. PP tnh ton dn ng phanh bng thy- kh.....................................................................69
Cu 60: trnh by phng php tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca ht iu ha lc phanh kiu pitton vi sai.
................................................................................................................................. 72
61. Cng dng, phn lai v yu cu c bn i vi h thng treo t.........................................73
62. Trnh by quy trnh tnh ton nhp t............................................................................74
63. Nu khi nim lc cn gim chn. V v gii thch th c tnh ca gim chn t.................75
64. Trnh by phng php xc nh h s cn gim chn trong HT treo t.................................76
65. Trnh by phng php xc nh cc thng s c bn ca gim chn.......................................77
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1.Cc ch ti tc dng ln cc chi tit .1

2. Phn tch u nhc im b tr ng c t trc, cu sau ch ng 1
3. Phn tch u nhc im b tr ng c t trc, cu trc ch ng 1
4. Phn tch u nhc im b tr ng c t sau, cu sau ch ng 1
5. t nhiu cu ch ng..2
6. Cng dng phn loi yu cu LY HP.2
7. M men ma st ly hp, ngha .3
8. Tnh chn cc thng s Ly hp.3
9. Qu trnh trt ly hp4
10. Tnh cng trt ly hp.5
11. ngha kim tra cng trt v nhit cc chi tit.7
12. So snh l xo tr v l xo a7
13. Tnh gim chn Ly hp9
14. Tnh ton trc Ly hp10
15. Dn ng ly hp bng c kh.10
16. Dn ng bng thy lc.11
17. Dn ng dng tr lc12
18. ngha khe h ca ly hp.13
19. Cng dng yu cu HP S..14
20. So snh hp s 2 v 3 trc.14
21. Tnh chn cc thng s bnh rng tr..15
4

22. Lm th no cc bnh rng cng khong cch trc..18

23. V s cc lc tc dng ln chi tit hp s 3 trc.18
24. Tnh ton trc s cp hp s 3 trc ng trc.20
25. Tnh chn ln.20
26. Cc dng truyn lc v cp22.
27. Tnh chn bin m thy c.24
28. PP tnh t s truyn ca hp s hnh tinh..24
29. Khp cc ng l khng ng tc.25
30. Khp cc ng c 3 khp ch thp28
31. S vng quay nguy him ca cc ng..30
32. Cng dng truyn lc chnh.33
33. So snh bnh rng cn cong vi hypoit34
34. Cng dng vi sai35
35. Nhc im vi sai...36
36. Phn loi bn trc..38
37. Tnh ton bn trc gim ti hon ton..40
38. Bn trc gim ti lc dc cc i..40
39. Bn trc lc ngang cc i41
40. Cng dng lp t..42
41. Cc ch tiu chn lp44
42. Cng dng h thng li.45
43. PP tnh ton lc quay vng trn v lng45
44. iu kin quay vng bnh xe dn hng..47
45. Tnh chn thng s hnh thang li47
46. T s truyn v hiu sut c cu li..48
5

47. Cc thng s c bn bm du v xi lanh..49

48. Cng dng h thng phanh..50
49. SS dn ng phanh thy lc vi kh nn51
50. SS phanh a vi tang trng.52
51. Tnh mo men phanh ti bnh xe..53
52. Ha lc phanh55
53. Tnh ton phanh a..57
54. Chn kch thc m phanh..57
55. Dn ng phanh thy lc..58
56. c tnh tng van ca dn ng phanh kh nn.59
57. Bu phanh kh nn.61
58. Dn ng thy lc tr lc chn khng62
59. Dn ng phanh thy kh64
60. iu ha lc phanh67
61. Cng dng h thng treo..68
62. Tnh ton nhp.68
63. Lc cn gim chn..70
64. H s cn gim chn..71
65. Cc thng s c bn gim chn.72

Cu 1) Nu cc ch ti tc dng ln cc cm v cc chi tit ca oto, cc dng tnh bn cc chi

tit???
- Cc ch ti tc dng ln cc cm: .
+ ti trng tnh: k thay i lc momen tc dng.
+ ti trng ng: thay i.
6

+ ti trng xung: gi tr ln, thi jan t/d nh.

+ ti trng theo cki: mi.
- Cc dng tnh bn cc chi tit:
+ tnh bn mi
+ tnh bn chng mi mn cc b mt tip xc.
Cu 2) Phn tch u nhc im v nu phm vi ng dng ca phng n b tr chung oto vs c
t trc cu sau ch ng???
- u im: tn dng c khong khng pha sau t thng ch hnh ha.v xe ti v ch ng v
xe khch.
- Nhc im: do c t trc nn rung, ting n, nhit v kh thi t c pht ra d truyn vo
cabin gy nh hng n ng li. v cc oto ch khch c chiu di c s ln thng phi sd cc
trc cc ng nhiu khp v y cng l 1 ngun gy rung b sung truyn ln khoang hnh
khch.
- pham vi ng dng: xe ti, xe khch v 1 s xe du lch.
Cu 3) Phn tch u nhc im v nu phm vi ng dng ca phng n b tr chung oto vs c
t trc cu trc ch ng???
- u im: nng cao tnh n nh v tnh iu khin ca oto. Tn dng khoang .
- Nhc im: kt cu cng knh v vn phi sd b truyn br cn truyn lc chnh i
hng truyn momen i 1 gc 90*. Do c t trc nn rung, ting n, nhit v kh thi t c
d dng truyn vo trog cabin.
- Phm vi sd: ch sd trn cc oto du lch.
Cu 4) Phn tch u nhc im v nu phm vi ng dng ca phng n b tr chung oto vs c
t sau cu sau ch ng???
- u im: gim c ti a nh hng ca n, rung v nhit ca c ti khoang hnh khch.
Ngoi ra, trng lng cu sau tng ln ng k lm tng kh nng bm cu cu ch ng, do
ton b c v HTTL c b tr pha sau cu sau, nn ton b phn gm xe pha trc cu sau
c gii phng, do vy ng ta thng sd khng jan ny lm khoang cha hnh l.
- Phm vi ng dng: xe khch v xe du lch.

Cu 5) Phn tch c im b tr chung ca oto nhiu cu ch ng???

- c im: cn phi c b phn phn phi momen cho cc cu. c 2 phng n truyn cng sut
t hp s ti cc cu ch ng: t cng sut trogn cu trung jan hoc s dng hp phn phi.
+ i vs cc oto c tnh nng vit d cao, cng sut c truyn ti tt c cc bnh xe ch ng.
trn cc loi oto ny c th c 1 hoc nhiu hp phn phi. hp phn phi chnh lp ngay sau hp
s cn ng vai tr ca 1 hp s ph v c 2 cp s, n cho php m rng vng iu chnh ca
HTTL lm nng cao tnh vit )d ca oto.
+ c 2 nhm HTTL: truyn lc cng bc v truyn lc c vi sai.
* truyn lc cng bc: cc trc ca cc truyn lc chnh ca cc cu ch ng c ni cng
vs nhau v ng hc nn chng buc phi quay cng 1 tc trong mi trng hp. nhc im
l, xy ra hin tng tun hon cng sut, c bit khi oto chuyn ng vs tc cao trn trong
iu kin ng x tt. trnh hin tng ny, HTTL c thit k sao cho c th ngt bt s
cu tham ja truyn lc, c cu ngt thng thng c b tr ngay trong hp phn phi.
* vi sai: trong cc hp phn phi ng ta thng b tr cc b vi sai jua cc cu phn chia
momen cho cc cu ch ng theo t l nh. Nhc im l, tnh vit d ca oto b km i do
s c mt ca cc b vi sai jau cc cu. khc phuk = cch, b tr cc c cu gi cng vi sai iu
khin = tay hoc t ng. => khi ng x xu cc b vi sai s b kha cng v tr thnh cng
bc.
Cu 6) Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vs li hp oto???
- Cng dng:
+ tch v ni 2 b phn ng c v HTTL.
+ trnh hin tng qu ti cho HTTL.
- Phn loi: theo phng thc truyn momen:
+ thy lc: nh mi trng cht lng.
+ in t: t trng.
+ lin hp: kt hp cc phng n trn.
+ ma st: nh ma st.
* theo s a: 1 hoc 2.
* theo trng thi b mt: kh hoc t.
* cch to lc p: l xo hoc li tm.
8

* theo loi l xo: tr, a, tr trng tm.

- Yu cu:
+ truyn ht momen ng c.
+ ng m du m dt khot.
+ khi lng phn b ng nh.
+ iu khin nh nhng linh hot.
+ tui th cao, gi thp, d s dng bo dng sa cha.
Cu 7) Trnh by c s tnh ton momen ma st ca li hp, phn tch ngha ca h s d tr .
- Trnh by c s: Li hp cn c thit k sao cho n phi truyn c ht momen ca ng c
v ng thi bo v c cho h thng truyn lc khi b qu ti => momen ma st li hp c
tnh: Mc = Memax.
-h s d tr ca li hp. ( 1,3 -> 3,0).
Memax-momen cc i ca ng c.
- Phn tch ngha ca : nu chn nh qu th k m bo truyn ht momen, v trog qu trnh
lm s dng lc p ca l xo gim dn xung lm gim momen ma st ca li hp. nu chn ln
qu th li hp k m bo c chc nng ca c cu an ton, trnh cho HTTL khi b qu ti.
Cu 8) Trnh by phng php tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca li hp???
- C Mc = Fms . Rms = . F .i . Rms = .Memax.
+ -hs ma st.( thng 0,25-0,35).
+ F -lc ko ca l xo.
+ i-s b mt ms.
+Rms bn knh t lcms.
- c bn knh t lc ms c tnh:
2 R23 R13
Rms =
.
.
3 R22 R12
Ly gn ng: Rms Rtb =

R1 R2
2

Theo kinh nghim: D2 = 2 R2 = 3,16

Me max
c

R1 = (0,53-0,75). R2 .
- Tnh lc p tng ca l xo: F =

.Me max
.Rms.i

- chn l xo a => tnh ton.

Chn l xo tr => xc nh s l xo Z. ( nn chn Z sao cho: Flx 1000N - Z=

F
.
F

Cu 9) V th m t v gii thjk qu trnh trt ca li hp???

Hnh v

- gii thik: khi li hp c m ri ng li trong qu trnh khi hnh hoc chuyn s, khi a
ch ng ang quay vs s vng quay ca trc khuu, cn a b ng cha quay hoc quay vs
vn tc khc. Trc khi 2 a ny c ni thnh khi lin th bao gi cng c s trt tng i
gia chng.
10

+ khi bt u khi hnh, qu trnh trt mnh lit nht. khi chuyn s th qu trnh trt ph
thuc nhiu vo trnh chuyn mn v tay ngh ca ngi li.
+ khi li hp trt th s sinh ra cng ma st. Cng ny bin thnh nhit nng t nng cc chi tit
ca li hp lm gim h s ma st v tnh n hi ca l xo p.
Cu 10) Tnh cng trt li hp vs gi thit vn tc ca ng c giai on u khng i v
momen ms tng t l thun theo thi jan???
- chia lm 2 giai on:
+ G 1: 0 t1.
* a = 0.
* d = 0
* M c = M .
+ G 2: t1 t2.
* a
* d
*t = t2: a = d ( kt thc s trt).
t2

C : L =

(t ).(d a ) dt. = L1 L2

Gii thjk : M c = k.t.

M = const.

Theo iu kin trn,:

-cng trt G 1 c tnh nh sau:
t

1
1
L1 = k .t.(0 0)dt .k .0 .t12
2
0

* cui G 1 : M c M k .t1.

11

M
1
=> L1 .0 . .
2
k
-cng trt G 2 c tnh nh sau:
C : M d M
M c M +k.t
t2

L2 ( M k .t )(d a )dt .
t1

C: I d .d M d M c k .t
.

I a . a M c M k .t

T 2 pt trn: ta c,
1 k .t 2
1 k .t 2
d 0 .
; a .
2 Id
2 Ia

vi: I

1 k .t 2
d a 0 .
2 I

* cui G 2: d a t2

I d .I a
Id Ia

2.0 .I
k

20 I 1
2
=> L2 0 .( .M .
0 I )
3
k
2
-- cn trt ton b:
L L1 L2 0 (

M2
2k

0 I 2
20 I
).
M
2
3
k

Cu 11: ngha ca vic kim tra cng trt ring ca ly hp v nhit ca cc chi tit b nung
nng trong qu trnh trt:
Do gi tr tuyt i ca cng trt L cha phn nh c kh nng chng mi mn v iu kin
lm vic ca ly hp. Cc ly hp c kch thc khc nhau, d c cng cng trt L s c iu
kin lm vic khc nhau v b mi mn khc nhau. V vy nh gi ly hp v nhng phng
12

din trn, ngi ta dng mt i lng tng i gi l cng trt ring. Xc nh cng trt
ring, khng ch nhit cc i nhm m bo tui th cho ly hp.
Cng trt ca ly hp bin thnh nhit nng lm nung nng cc chi tit ca n, do khi tnh
ton thit k ly hp phi tin hnh kim tra nhit lm vic xem c vt qu nhit cho php
khng.
Cu 12: th c tnh l xo p

u nhc im ca 2 loi l xo:

L xo tr: kt cu n gin v c th to lc p cn thit ln a bng cch b tr nhiu l xo
xung quanh a p. Tuy vy vi cahs b tr ny trong nhiu trng hp cng ca l xo khc
nhau th lc p ca chng s khc nhau do lm cho lc ep ln cc b mt khng u n n
ct ly hp khng dt khot. c bit khi l xo gy th rt nguy him khc phc ngi ta b tr
cc l xo ep trung tm nhng vic lp t bi li phc tp.
Kt cu ly hp cng knh do phi c khng gian lp t cc n m.
L xo a: kch thc ca ly hp nh gn hn, l xo a va lm nhim v p, va lm nhim v
ong m. To lc p phn b u xung quanh chu vi b mt ma st v a p nn khng lm cho
13

a p b cong vnh v chy cc b nh l xo tr. Ngoi ra l xo a c dc tnh phi tuyn rt ph

hp vi iu kin lm vic ca ly hp.
Phng php tnh ton l xo p tr:
-

Khi ly hp ng tng lc p ca cc l xo: F =

Khi ngt ly hp cc l xo b p mt on na lc ny lc ep tng s tng khong 20% so

vi lc ng: F = 1.2F

Lc tc dng ln mt l xo: Flx =

cng ca l xo: c =

Trong : l bin dng ca l xo khi chuyn t trng thi ng sang ngt hay chnh
l hnh trnh ca a p.
= 1.5 ---> 2.0 i vi ly hp mt a
= 2.0---> 3.0 i vi ly hp hai a
G m un n hi G = 8.

MN/

D ng knh trung bnh ca l xo

s vng lm vic ca l xo
-

ng sut trong l xo tr trng thi p xc nh theo cng thc:

=
k=

k trong k l h s tp trung ng sut:

+

vi C =

h s k c th chn theo bng

D/d

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.4

1.6

Cu 13: Xc nh cc thng s ca gim chn

M men truyn qua gim chn bao gm 2 thnh phn m men sinh ra do cc lc ca l
xo Mlx, mo men ma st Mms
Mg = Mlx + Mms = PlxgRlxzlx + PmsRmszms=

14

 y Plxg lc sinh ra do 1 l xo gim chn; Rlx l bn knh t lc lo xo zlx l s lng l

xo gim chn; Pms lc sinh ra trn 1 vng ma st; Rms bn knh t lc ma st; zms s vng
ma st.
Mg < Mmax =
Trong : Gbx la trng lc tc dng ln bnh xe ch ng, l h s bm (ly = 0.8), rbx l
bn knh bnh xe, i0 l t s truyn lc chnh, i1 l t s truyn hp s tay s 1, if1 l t
s truyn ca hp s ph tuyn s thp.
Khi tnh ton chn Mms = 0.25Mmax
Cc thng s ca gim chn bao gm mo men ma st Mms, mo men to lc ban u ca l
xo Mlx , cng cc l xo clx v goc quay cc i gia xng a b ng v moay ca
n g
i vi cc gim chn thng dng trn t, Mms = (0.06---0.17)Memax, Mlx = (0.08--0.15)Memax, g =

----

, s lng l xo l t 6--- 10 chic c b tr trn vng

trn c ng knh khong 80----120mm,trong cc ca c chiu di 25----27mm. Cc

kch thc ca l xo: d = 3---4mm, D = 14---19mm, s l xo I = 3----4, khong cch gia
cc vng l xo = 3---4mm
Cu 14: Tnh ton trc ca ly hp:
Trc ca ly hp t thng l trc s cp ca hp s, cui trc c bnh rng lin trc nn vt
liu ch to trc thng l cc loi thp bnh rng
Trc ly hp c kim tra theo ng sut un v xon tng hp:

50---70 Mpa

Nu trc ly hp l trc s cp ca hp s th vic tnh ton trc phi c thc hin theo s
tng th ca hp s. C th, c th xc nh cc phn lc tc dng ln nm trong ui
trc s cp th cn bt u tnh ton t trc th cp ca hp s.
Cu 15: Dn ng ly hp bng c kh
1 Chn lc tc ng ln bn p sao cho p ng tiu chun quy nh v m bo iu kin nh
nhng : Qbd [Qbd]
2 Tnh t s truyn theo cng thc: idd =

15

Trong : dd l hiu sut dn ng (0.7---0.75)

T s truyn ca dn ng c phn b u trn cc n truyn ty theo kt cu c th
idd =

Hnh trnh bn p: Sbd =

16

+ idd [Sbd]

Cu 16: Dn ng ly hp bng thy lc

V hnh

Tnh ton theo quy trnh tng t nh trn, ch khc trong t s truyn ca dn ng c thm t
s truyn phn thy lc.
idd =

Hnh trnh bn p: Sbd =

Cu 17: Dn ng c tr lc
Cn xc nh ng knh ca xilanh (hoc mng tr lc)

17

V hnh

Nu gi phn lc m ngi li phi chu trn bn p l Qnl th phn lc m tr lc li phi chu

tnh nh sau: Qtl = Qbd - Qnl
Chn Qnl = [Qbd] tuy nhin nu mun gim nh lao ng cho ngi li th nn chn Qnl < [Qbd]
Lc cn c ti xilanh tr lc c tnh ty theo v tr b tr xilanh
Qxl = (Qbd Qnl)
Trong l hiu sut dn ng t bn p ti v tr t xilanh cng tc

ng knh xilanh tr lc:

dxl = 2

trong pi l p sut kh nn

Cu 18: ngha ca khe h gia u m v bc m n

Khe h ny quyt nh hnh trnh t do ca bn p, thng qua iu chnh khe h ta c th iu
chnh hnh trnh t do ca bn p. Nu hnh trnh t do ca bn p qu ln s dn n hin
18

tng ngt ly hp khng hon ton dn n sang s kh v gy va p hp s. Nu qu nh s

dn ti trt ly hp.
Nn chn khe h trong khong (2 --- 4 mm)

Cu 19: Cng dng, phn loi, yu cu i vi hp s

1 Cng dng: hp s c nhim v thay i t s truyn ca h thng truyn lc to c lc
ko ti cc bnh xe ch ng ph hp vi iu kin chuyn ng. Thay i mo men truyn n
cc bnh xe p ng cc iu kin chuyn ng, o chiu chuyn ng, tch ng c khi h
thng truyn lc.
2 Phn loi: hp s c phn loi theo cc du hiu sau:
-

Theo s cu to: hp s 2 trc, hp s 3 trc.

Theo phng php iu khin: bng tay hoc t ng.
Theo cch chuyn s: trt bnh rng, khp gi, b ng tc.
Theo bnh rng: rng thng, rng nghing, ch V

3 Yu cu:
-

C tay s v di t s truyn thch hp m bo c tnh nng ng lc hc v tnh

kinh t nhin liu ca xe.
Vic chuyn s phi c thc hin d dng, tin li (lc tc ng v hnh trnh cn gt
nh), nhanh chng v khng gy ting n.
C c cu nh v chng nhy s v c cu chng gi ng thi hai s
C v tr trung gian c th ngt ng c ra khi h thng truyn lc trong mt thi
gian di
C c cu bo hiu khi gi s li.
C v tr lp thm b phn trch cng sut khi cn thit.

Cu 20: Nguyn l lm vic ca hp s

Trc khi sang s ti x cn p ly hp tch trc khuu t ng c n trc s cp hp s, sau
dng cn sang s iu khin la chn cc bnh rng hoc cc b ng tc gip cho trc quay
th cp quay v truyn mo men n cu ch ng.
Khi cha gi s bnh rng s 3 trn trc s cp quay cng vi trc s cp lm quay bnh rng
trn trc trung gian, bnh rng s li lun n khp gin tip vi bnh rng trn trc trung gian
qua bnh rng trung gian s li trn trc s li nn tt c cc bnh rng u quay t do trn trc
th cp. B ng tc lc ny cha lm vic nn cng sut t trc s cp cha c truyn n
trc th cp.
19

Khi gi s 1,ly hp c tch ra ng truyn cng sut t ng c ti trc s cp tm thi b

ct. C cu gi s y b ng tc bnh rng s 1 li v pha bnh rng s 1, b ng tc thc
hin kha bnh rng s 1 vi trc th cp. Khi bn p ly hp nh ra, cng sut t ng c
truyn qua trc s cp n bnh rng s 1 qua b ng tc v truyn n trc th cp.
Khi gi s 2, tng t nh khi gi s 1, lc ny gp s y b ng tc bnh rng s 2-3 v pha
bnh rng s 2, kha cht bnh rng s 2 gip cho cng sut c truyn t ng c n trc th
cp qua bnh rng s 2 v b ng tc bnh rng s 1-2.
Khi gi s 3 gp s gt b ng tc bnh rng s 2-3 v pha bnh rng s 1, do trc th cp
c ni trn vi trc s cp nh mt gi trc hoc bc trt dc t cui trc s cp gip
cho trc th cp c th quay ring bit so vi tr s cp do khi ti x p ly hp trc s cp
v bnh rng s 3 ngng quay. B ng tc tng tc ca bnh rng s 3 ln bng tc ca
b ng tc v kha bnh rng ny li gip cho cng sut c truyn ti trc th cp qua bnh
rng s 3 v b ng tc ny.
Khi gi s li b gp s y b ng tc s 1-s li v pha bnh rng s li. Cng sut c
truyn qua bnh rng trn trc trung gian s li nhm i chiu quay ngc li. Nh s n khp
ca b ng tc vi bnh rng s li lm cho bnh rng s li b kha li vi trc th cp gip
cng sut ra trc th cp nhng lc ny trc th cp quay ngc li so vi khi gi cc s 1, 2, 3.
Hp s hai trc

Hp s ba trc

V mt kt cu n gin hn hp s 3
trc. tuy nhin, cc hp s ny khng
cho php to c tay s truyn thng
b t s truyn tay s 1 thng
khng cao v n c to bi 1 cp
bnh rawnh duy nht. Nu mun tng
t s truyn ln na th phi tng kch
thc chung ca hp s. Hp s hai
truc thng c s dng trong cc
trng hp cn c kt cu gn v
khng i hi t s truyn cao ( t
con, t th thao c ng c b tr
cng vi HTTL.

B tr trc v trc ra ca hp s nm
trn mt ng thng ngi ta c th
dng ni trc tip 2 trc ny vi
nhau to c s truyn thng. Khi
t chuyn ng vi s truyn thng
cc bnh rng v cc trc ch quay
trn, khng phi chu ti. Nh m
gim c tc mi mn, gim tn
tht nng lng cng nh n.
Trng hp s 3 trc t s truyn c
ta bi 2 cp bnh rng nn c th c
c t s truyn ln tay s 1

Cu 21: Trnh by phng php tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca bnh rng tr trong hp s
t:
Tr li:
Cc thng s c bn ca bnh rng c la chn theo trnh t sau:
20

1. Khong cch trc:

Khong cch trc a c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim:
a =ka 3 M e max

,mm

Vi M e max l moomen xon cc i ca ng c tnh theo Nm, ka l h s kinh nghim:

ka = 14.5-16 i vi hp s oto con
17-19.5 i vi oto ti
20.5-21.5 i vi hp s lp ng c diesel
Ngi ta thng chn a :85,105,125,140,160
Oto con khong cch trc gii hn t 65-80 mm
2. M dun
M dun php tuyn (mn) c chn theo kinh nghim (mm):
-oto con loi nh :2.25-2.75
-oto con : 2.75-3
-oto ti :3.5-4.25
-oto ti c ln:4.25-5
Nu z=12 th chn bng 5 hoc 6
3. Gc nghing bnh rng :
-hp s hp s ba trc ca t con: 22-340
-hp s hai trc ca oto con : 20-250
-hp s oto ti:

18-260

4. S rng:
a) Hp s 2 trc:
2a cos 1
2a cos 2
z1
, z2
.
m1 (1 ih1 )
m2 (1 ih 2 )
S bnh rng b ng zi:

z1 ' z1ih1 , z2 ' z2ih 2

ihi l t s truyn ca tay i c to bi 1 cp bnh rng.
Khi dch chnh x :
21

zi

2( a x mn ) cos i
mn (1 ihi )

x x1 x2 vi x1 v x2 l h s dch chnh ca cc bnh rng ch ng v b ng tng ng.

b) Hp s ba trc:
Cp bnh rng dn ng trc trung gian vi t s truyn ia v cp bnh rng ni trc trung
gian vi trc th cp c t s truyn ii:
za '
z '
; ii i
za
zi

ia

V t s truyn ca tay s i l: ihi=iaii

Sau khi la chn ia v ii ta tnh s rng ca cp tng ng nh i vi hp s 2 trc.
5. B rng bnh rng b:
B rng bnh rng:
b (0.19-0.23) a
Gi tr trung bnh i vi hp s 3 trc: b=0.22a. i vi cp bnh rng cui cng (tnh
theo ng truyn cng sut) ca hp s ph sau trong hp s nhiu cp: b(0.3-0.4)a

6. Dch chnh:
-Nu khng dch chnh:chn li gc :

z1mn (1 ihi )

2a

1 arccos

phi nm trong phm vi cho php.

-Nu dch chnh: x
m bo a chn:
a x

zi mn (1 ihi )
2 cos i

Trong z,,mn,ih chn trc.

22

Cu 22: Trong qu trnh thit k hp s t, lm th no tt c cc cp

bnh rng c cng mt khong cch trc?

Do trong qu trnh tnh ton ch mang tnh cht l thuyt, thc t trong qu trnh tnh ton cng
cn c s iu chnh thng s, nh vic lm trn Z trong qu trnh tnh ton, nh vy cc thng
s c chn trc (

cng phi thay i theo. Tuy nhin , khong cch trc

l chung cho tt c cc cp bnh rng cho nn khng c thay i. V vy, m bo

cn la chn li cc thng s khc bng 1 trong 2 cch sau:
+ Nu bnh rng khng dch chnh , cn phi chn li gc

Trong , cc thng s z,

chn trc. Gc

theo cng thc:

tnh c phi nm trong phm vi

cho php.
+ Trong trng hp bnh rng c dch chnh vi
cho:

Trong cc thng s z, ,

23

chn trc.

th nn thay i

m bo c

Cu 23: V s v phn tch cc lc tc dng ln cc chi tit ca hp s ba trc b tr ng

trc.

24

25

Cc lc tc dng ti vt n khp ca cc bnh rng c tnh nh sau:

-

2 M Ti
zmT
tan
Lc hng knh : Ri Pi
cos i
Lc hng trc: Qi Pi tan i
Lc tip tuyn: Pi

Cu 24: Trnh by phng php tnh ton trc s cp ca hp s ba trc b tr ng trc.

-Xc nh kch thc trc:
+Chiu di: Xc nh trn bn v thit k.
+ng knh trc: theo kinh nghim

,mm

-Tnh bn:
+t cc lc
+Tnh phn lc ti cc
+Tnh m men ng sut
Cn ch : nu trc s cp c 3 th khng tnh c
-Kim tra cng vng, gc xoay.
Cu 25:Trnh by phng php tnh ln cho hp s oto:
Tr li:
bi c chn theo h s kh nng lm vic ca n:
C=RtdK1KdKT(ntth)0.3
Trong :
K1: h s k n vng no ca quay:
-i vi bi cu:K1=1neeus vng trong quay, K1=1.1 nu vng ngoi quay.
-i vi cc loi khc:K1=1.35
Kd h s ti trng ng:
26

-i vi cc t hp s n bnh rng ch ng ca truyn lc chnh:Kd=1

-i vi cc t truyn lc chnh tr i: Kd =1.5
KT h s nh hng ca ch nhit d bn lu ca bi:nu bi lm vic nhit di
398 th ly Kd=1.
0

Ntt s vng quay tnh ton ca ( v/ph) tng ng vi tc chuyn ng trung bnh vTB
ca t s truyn thng.( i vi t con vTB= 35-40 km/h, t ti:vTB=30-35km/h)
h- l thi gian lm vic ca tnh theo gi, c xc nh trn c s vn tc chuyn ng
trung bnh ca oto vTB v qung ng xe chy gia hai k i tu [S]:
-[S] =100.000 km i vi oto con loi nh
-[S] =160.000 km i vi to con loi trung bnh v ln
-[S] =160.000 km vi t ti
-[S] =160.000 km i vi oto ch khch.
Rtd lc tng ng tc dng ln c tnh nh sau:
3.33
3.33
Rtd 3.33 11 Rq3.33
1 2 2 Rq 2 ........ n n Rqn

y:
1 h s thi gian lm vic ca bi s truyn i
1 h s tnh n s vng quay lm vic ca bi tay s truyn i

ni
nTB

Vi ni s vng quay lm vic tay s truyn I,nTB s vng quay lm vic trungbinhf tay s
truyn c bn( tay s truyn lm vic nhiu nht)
Rqi ti trng quy dn hng knh tc dng ln tay s truyn i:
Rqi=A+m(Q-SI+SII)
Vi A ti hng knh tc dng ln .
Q ti chiu trc tc dng ln
m l h s quy dn lc chiu trc v lc hng knh, cc lc ny nh sau.
27

S=1.3Atg
Vi l gc tip xc gia c chi tit ln.
Khi tnh ton theo ti tnh, m men tnh ton c ly bng m men cc i tc dng trn chi
tit, cn khi bn theo mi th m men tnh ton c tnh nh sau:
Mtt=Memax
Trong l h s s dng mmen v c tnh theo cng sut ring ca oto:
=0.96-0.136.10-2Nr+0.41.10-6Nr2
Vi Nr cng sut ring:

Nr

N e max
m

(KW/tn)

m l khi lng oto.

Cu 26: Nu v phn tch c im ca cc dng truyn lc v cp s dng trn
t:Truyn lc bng ma st, truyn lc thy ng, truyn lc thy tnh v truyn
lc bng in.
H thng v cp truyn lc bng ma st :
-Nguyn l chung: Momen c truyn t a ch ng 1 sang a b ng 2 nh lc ma st ti
im tip xc gia hai a. thay i t s truyn , ngi ta thay i bn knh lm vic r2 bng
cch b tr cho a ch ng c th trt c dc trn trc 3 ca n. Nh vy, ta c t s truyn
ca truyn ng l:
i = r2/r1 thay i c mt cch lin tc trong vng iu chnh ca n.
-Truyn lc v cp ma st c th phn thnh ba nhm truyn lc nh sau: truyn lc ai , truyn
lc tip xc nhiu im, truyn lc bng cc a ln.
-Truyn lc v cp c nhc im ln nht l truyn m me c thc hin nh p sut ln ti
b mt tip xc.Chng mn gy tn hao cng sut dn ti hin tng trt trn b mt. Mun
gim p sut th phi tng din tch tip xc gia cc b mt =>kt cu cng knh.
=> thng s dng trn cc loi xe gn my hay trn mt s oto cng sut nh.
H thng thng truyn lc thy ng:
-c s sng ph bin trn t.

28

-Truyn ng ty ng c phn thnh hai loi theo kh nng bin i moomen ca n: ly hp

thy lc v bin m thy lc.
Ly hp thy lc: c u im l c th bin i t s truyn mt cch lin tc. c kh nng
truyn ti nng lng ln. cu to n gin, gi thnh sn sut thp, d dng s dng v
bo dng, sa cha.Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh l khng c kh nng bin i mmen
hn ch phm vi s dng ca n trn cc hp s thy c oto hn na hiu sut rt thp
vng lm vic c t s truyn nh, nhy cm qu cao nh hng xu n c tnh
lm vic kt hp vi ng c t trong.
Bin m thy lc: B bin m va truyn va khuych i m men t ng c vo hp s
(B truyn bnh rng hnh tinh) bng vic s dng du hp s t ng (ATF) nh mt
mi cht. Bn cnh nhim v quan trng l lm cho chic xe ca bn dng hn li m
khng cht my, b chuyn i momen to ra nhiu momen xon hn cho chic xe trong
nhng trng hp cn dng xe t ngt (c tc dng nh phanh hm). Cc b chuyn i
momen hin i c kh nng tng momen xon cho ng c gp 2 hoc 3 ln. Hiu ng
ny ch xy ra khi ng c quay nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi hp s.
Nhc im: tc cao, lc ny hp s v ng c chuyn ng vi mt vn tc gn
bng nhau. Tuy nhin, v mt l tng, hp s cn chuyn ng vi tc chnh xc
bng tc ca ng c v vn tc khc nhau s gy hao ph cng. y l mt phn
nguyn nhn v sao nhng chic t dng hp s t ng tiu th nhiu nhin liu hn
nhng chic xe s dng hp s c.
H thng truyn lc thy tnh:
-H thng truyn lc thy tnh cn c gi l h thng truyn lc thy lc th tch.
-Nguyn l: Bm c dn ng bi ng c t trong cung cp cht lng i p sut cao cho
ng c thy lc lm ng c quay. Trc ng c thy lc c ni vi trc ch ng ca truyn
lc chnh v nh truyn lc n cc bnh xe ch ng. Nh vy h thng thy lc y
thay th cho hp s trong truyn lc c kh.
-u im:
Cho php thay i t s truyn mt cch lien tc trong phm vi rng.
B tr trn xe thun tin, d dng, c bit c th to cu ch ng cho r moc
C kh nng lm vic tc thp trong thi gian di.
Gim kh ti ng cho ng c v h thng truyn lc
iu khin d dng d t ng ha qu trnh iu khin.
C th o chiu chuyn ng hoc phanh xe m khng cn them b phn ph no.
Hiu sut tng i ln( 0,75-0,85)
Thi gian phn ng nh, kh nng gia tc ln.
-Hn ch:
Tui th ca cc my thy lc tung i thp
Cng ngh ch to my thy lc th tch phc tp, i hi chnh xc cao v vy gi
thnh cao.
H thng truyn lc in:

29

Cu 27: Trnh by phng php tnh chn bin m cho hp s thy c trn t.
Da trn ng c (c tnh) iu kin lm vic ca xe, chn im lm vic ph hp (n*,
M*), chn bin m cho thch hp:
+T thit k bin m (hoc t hng):

Thng s chn c bn:

+Mua bin m, tra theo catalogue, ng b bin m v ng c t trong c thc hin
bng cch t mt hp s truyn c kh c t s truyn thch hp gia ng c v bin m.
Vn y l chn im lm vic

sao cho c li nht trn quan im tn dng cng

sut, pht huy ti a kh nng ng lc hc v tit kim nhin liu, khng th 1 lc t c c 3

iu kin lm vic trn y, v vy khi chn im lm vic cho t hp ng c bin m cn phi
t yu cu u tin, ngha l phi nh ra c ch lm vic ty chnh ty theo c im, tnh
nng, cng dng v iu kin lm vic ca t.
Cu 28: Trnh by phng php tnh ton t s truyn ca hp s hnh tinh. Nu cc iu kin
thit c cu hnh tinh.
Tr li:
Phng php tnh t s truyn ca hp s hnh tinh:
-Quan h gia vn tc gc ca cc khu trong c cu hnh tinh n gin 3 khu c dng:
a- pb = (1-p)h

(1.1)

Trong a , b -vn tc gc ca cc bnh rang mt tri a v bnh rng bao b,h vn tc gc ca

khu dn h, p thng s ng hc ca c cu hnh tinh.
-Nu vit phng trnh 1.1 cho tt c cc c cu hnh c trong hp s ta c h phng trnh:
a1 pb1 1 p h1

a 2 pb 2 1 p h 2

....................................

p 1 p
bm
hm
am

Trong m l s c cu hnh tinh 3 khu.

30

(1.2)

Do cc khu ca c cu hnh tinh c ni vi nhau, vi trc vo I, vi trc ra II hoc vi v

ca hp s ( thng qua cc phanh ma st), nn cn thit lp c cc phng trnh lin h
chng.Mt cch tng qut, cc phng trnh lien h c dng:
a1 = I , b1 = 0 , h1 = a2 ,., hm = II

(1.3)

Vi I , II vn tc gc ca cc khu ni vi trc vo I v trc ra II ca hp s.

Thay cc phng trnh lin h 1.2 v gii ra ta c quan h gia t s truyn tay s ang xt
vi thng s p ca cc c cu hnh tinh:
jj

I
f j ( p1 , p2 ,....., pm ) f j ( p)
II

(1.4)

Trong fj(p) l mt hm xc nh ca cc thng s p ca c cu vi sai.

Cc iu kin thit k c cu hnh tinh:
iu kin ng trc: m bo cho cc bnh rng trung tm ca c cu hnh
tinh nm trn cng 1 trc tha mn iu kin: cp bnh rng n khp gia cc
bnh rng trung tm vi cc bnh rng hnh tinh c cng khong cch trc.
iu kin ln cn: iu kin ny nhm m bo khong cch ti thiu gia cc
bnh rng hnh tinh ln cn phi nh hn khong cch gia cc trc ca chng:

De < 2asin
n
Trong De ng knh nh rng ca cc bnh rng hnh tinh, n l s bnh rng hnh
tinh.
iu kin lp
Cu 29: Ti sao ngi ta gi khp cc ng ch thp l khp cc ng khng ng tc. Nu
iu kin ng tc gia trc vo v trc ra ca truyn ng cc ng c 2 khp ch thp (v
s minh ha).
Nghin cu ng hc khp cc ng ta thy.

31

V tr 1: nng trc 1 nm trong mt phng giy

Theo trc 1:
Theo trc 2:
M
Suy ra:
Suy ra:
Suy ra:
V tr 2: nng trc 1 nm trong mt phng

32

mt phng giy giy

Theo trc 1:

Theo trc 2:
M
Suy ra:
Suy ra:
Suy ra:
Kt lun:
+

cho nn l khp khng ng tc.

+ cc v tr khc nhau: quan h

-

bin i.

iu kin ng tc gia trc vo v trc ra ca chuyn ng cc ng c 2 khp ch

thp:

33

Quan h ng hc gia cc gc quay ca trc 1 v trc 2 c xc nh theo biu thc

sau:

Yu cu :

nn

Ti A:

Ti B:

suy ra

iu kin ng tc:
+

+Cc nng ca trc 1 v trc 3 nm trong cng 1 mt phng.

34

Cu 30: V s ca truyn ng cc ng c 3 khp ch thp l khp cc ng khng ng tc

v xc nh iu kin ng tc gia trc vo v trc ra ca chuyn ng ny. Trn thc t
iu kin ny c th thc hin c khng?

Ti A:

Ti B:

Ti C:

Cn

Suy ra:

35

Trong s ny, trc 3 c cc nng nm trong cng mt mt phng, cn cc nng ca trc 2 th

vung gc vi nhau. Nu quay nng bn phi ca trc 2 i mt gc
tr nn

th iu kin ng tc

.Trong s ny, trc 3 c nng nm trong cng mt mt phng,

cn cc nng ca trc 2 th vung gc vi nhau.

Nu quay nng bn phi ca trc 2 i 1 gc

Trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca t cc gc

th iu kin ng tc tr nn:

c th thay i trong khi

khng i, do

vy, trn thc t vic ng tc gia cc trc 1 v 4 l khng th thc hin c. Tuy nhin, c
th gim s khc tc gia cc trc trn bng cch gim gc

(thng chn

Cu 31: Trnh by phng php tnh s vng quay nguy him ca trc cc ng?
Tr li:
ng knh v di trc cc ng c xc nh da trn c s momen cn truyn v s vng
quay nguy him. Do c lch tm trong qu trnh ch to v cn bng ng c khng
tuyt i, nn khi quay trc cc ng s phi chu lc ly tm. Lc ny c th gy nn dao ng
trc v khi t n s vng quay nht nh th tn s dao ng ny s trng vi tn s dao ng
ring ca HTTL lm xut hin hin tng cng hng. S vng quay ny gi l s vng quay
nguy him.
Gi s trng tm ca trc b lch so vi trc quay mt on bng e ti tit din trung bnh ca
trc. Khi quay vi vn tc gc s xut hin lc ly tm lm trc vng thm mt on l y. Nu
gi lc ly tm l Plt ta c:
Plt m(e y ) 2 vi m l khi lng ca trc
Lc ly tm s lm xut hin trong trc mt lc n hi Pdh cn bng vi n. Theo cng thc sc
bn vt liu:

Pdh C . y.

E.J
L3

Trong :
+ E l modun n hi ca vt liu (E = 2,1.105 MN/m2)
36

+ L l chiu di ca trc (m)

+ J l momen qun tnh c cc ca tit din trc (m4)
+ C l h s ph thuc vo ch ti v loi gi ta
i vi trng hp ti phn b u trn chiu di ca trc v trc c th bin dng t do trong
cc gi ta th C = 384/5; nu trc nm trong bi v khng th bin dng t do trong gi ta th
C = 384
Cn bng lc Plt v Pdh ta c:

m 2 e
EJ
C 3 m 2
L

EJ
m 2 0 th vng ca trc tr nn v cng ln, ngha l
3
L
trc s b gy. Vn tc gc ng vi iu kin trn c gi l vn tc gc nguy him 0 v s
vng quay tng ng vi n l s vng quay nguy him n0 :
Biu thc trn cho thy, nu C

n0

30 CEJ
mL3

Nu trc cc ng l trc c c ng knh D ch to t thp c trng lng ring l = 0.78

N/cm3 th:

D4
D 2 L
;m
,
64
4 g

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c:

n0 1.225 106 C

D
L2

Nu trc cc ng l trc rng c ng knh ngoi l D v ng knh trong l d th tng t

trn ta c:

n0 1.225 106 C

D2 d 2
L2

Trong cc truyn ng thng gp trn t, trc cc ng c ch to rng v b tr t do trn

cc gi ta, nn s vng quay nguy him c tnh nh sau:
37

n0 1.185 107

D2 d 2
(*)
L2

Chiu di trc cc ng L c tnh bng khong cch gia 2 tm ca 2 khp ch thp. Nu trc
cc ng ch c mt khp ch thp th chiu di c ly t tm ca khp n v tr lp
trung gian. i vi trc cc ng c mi ghp then trt L c tnh bng chiu di ngn nht
ca trc cng vi dch chuyn ln nht trong mi ghp then.
Nu trc cc ng c to bi cc on trc c v rng th s vng quay nguy him ca n
c tnh theo cng thc (*) nhng thay cho chiu di L l chiu di tng ng Ltd. S tnh
chiu di tng ng c trnh by trn hnh6.4.

Phn trc c c ng knh dd v chiu di Ld, cn phn rng c cc ng knh D, d v chiu

di Lr .
Cng thc (*) p dng cho cc on trc c v trc rng tng ng c ng knh D v d c
dng:
n0 1.185 107

d
D2 d 2
1.185 107 2d
2
lr
Ld

T cng thc trn, chiu di ca on ng tng ng thay th cho on trc c c tnh nh

sau:
38

lr Ld

D2 d 2
dd

Nh vy ton b chiu di tng ng cua ton b trc l :

Ltd L lr Ld

Tng t nh trn cc on trc c c th c quy v cc on trc rng.

Cu 32: Nu cng dng, phn loi, yu cu c bn i vi truyn lc chnh t?

Tr li:

Cng dng:
- B truyn lc chnh m nhn mt phn t s truyn ca HTTL vi cng dng truyn,
bin i (gim tc) chuyn ng quay t hp s n cc bnh xe ch ng.
- Trn cc t c ng c t dc, truyn lc chnh cn c cng dng i phng quay
trc khi truyn n cc bnh xe ch ng.
- Truyn lc chnh trn cc xe t ti ln v cc xe chuyn dng cn c th c dng
thay i t s truyn ca HTTL
- T s truyn i0 ca truyn lc chnh c xc nh nh t s (n1/n2) gia s vng quay
ca bnh rng ch ng (n1) vi bnh rng b ng ca truyn lc chnh (n2). T s
truyn i0 thng c gi tr c nh v nm trong khong t 3 n 12 (mt s t
chuyn dng c th ln hn).
Phn loi:
- Theo dng b truyn: bnh rng, bnh rng trc vt, xch
Ph bin nht hin nay l truyn lc chnh bnh rng, trong c th phn loi
thnh : dng bnh rng cn, dng bnh rng tr, dng hypoit, dng trc vt,
- Theo s lng cp bnh rng truyn, truyn lc chnh c phn thnh:
+ Truyn lc chnh n: gm 1 cp b truyn bnh rng.
+ Truyn lc chnh kp: gm 2 cp b truyn bnh rng.
Truyn lc chnh kp c th c b tr thnh mt cm, hoc thnh 2 cm tch bit.
cu trc b tr tch ring: cp b truyn th nht t cng vi sai trung tm, cp
truyn th 2 t cnh cc bnh xe ch ng v c gi l truyn lc cnh
- Theo s lng cp truyn, truyn lc chnh c phn thnh loi:
+ 1 cp s (c t s truyn c nh, c dng rt ph bin hin nay)
+ 2 cp s (c 2 tst khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr gi, dc dng trn nhng t c
tnh nng vit d cao v mt s xe chuyn dng khc)
Yu cu c bn:
- m bo c tnh ng lc hc v tnh kinh t nhin liu ti u cho t vi cc tst
chn.
39

C hiu sut cao

Lm vic m du v khng n
m bo khong sng gm xe ln
m bo cng vng ca v, cc v cc trc

Cu 33: So snh truyn ng bnh rng cn cong (xon) vi truyn ng Hypoit trong truyn lc
chnh t?
Tr li:
Cc bnh rng Hypoit c hnh dng b ngoi ging cc bnh rng cn xon, nhng thc cht
chng rt khc nhau v mt hnh hc. Truyn ng Hypoit c nhng im khc bit sau:
-

Trc ca cc bnh rng khng ct nhau

Gc nghing trung bnh ca bnh rng ch ng m1 v ca bnh rng b ng m2
khng bng nhau (m1 > m2)
Modun tip tuyn ca bnh rng ch ng ln hn modun tip tuyn ca bnh rng b
ng
so snh truyn ng Hypoit vi truyn ng bnh rng cn xon ta xt s lc
tc dng ln cp bnh rng Hypoit th hin trn hnh:

Lc php tuyn tc ng ln cc bnh rng ti v n khp bng nhau nhng cc lc

tip tuyn P1 v P2 khng bng nhau, c th:
40

P1 cos 1 1

P2 cos 2 kh
y:
+ kh l h s tng kch thc ca b truyn hypoit
+ m1 v m2 l cc gc xon ca cc bnh rng ch ng v b ng (thng m1 >
m2)
Do cc gc c ly tit din trung bnh nn thng k hiu l m1 v m2.
Nu gi tst ca truyn lc chnh hypoit l i0 t c:
D
z
i0c 2 2
+ tst ca TLC bnh rng cn:
D1 z1
M 2 P2 .D2 D2
h

kh
+ tst ca TLC bnh rng hypoit : i0
M 1 P1.D1 D1
cos m 2
Vi: kh
cos m1
h
c
Do m1 > m2, nn kh > 1 v nh vy i0 i0 .

Thng thng, trong TLC hypoit th: kh =1.3 1.5. cn gc nghing m1 = 50o nu s rng ca
bnh rng ch ng z1 13 v m1 = 45o nu z1 14. T y c th a ra nht xt nh sau:
-

Cng mt tst, nu D1 khng thay i th b truyn Hypoit c D2 nh hn b truyn

bnh rng cn xon, ngha l kch thc TLC gim.
Cng mt tst nu D2 khng thay i th b truyn hypoit c th tng D1 nh bn
ca TLC hypoit cao hn.

Ngoi ra b truyn hypoit so vi b truyn cn xon cn c cc khc bit sau:

-

t n hn
Ma st ln hn:
+ nn i hi c ch bi trn ring.
+ gy nhanh mn hn nn yu cu cc bnh rng cn phi lm bng vt liu c ch
nhit luyn thch hp dn n gi thnh cao v i hi ch chm sc kht khe hn.

Cu 34: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vi vi sai gia cc bnh xe?

Tr li:

Cng dng:
- m bo cc bnh xe ch ng c th quay vi cc tc khc nhau, truyn v phn
phi m men t truyn lc chnh n cc bnh xe ch ng
- Trn ng vng nh b vi sai m t c th chuyn ng mm mi. Khi ni cng
hai bnh xe trn cu ch ng, s to nn lin kt cng gia 2 bnh xe.
Phn loi:
41

Theo kt cu , vi sai trn t c th c phn loi nh sau:

+ Vi sai bnh rng: cn, tr
+ Vi sai cam.
+ vi sai trc vt
+vi sai vi cc khp 1 chiu

Trn t ch yu dng vi sai bnh rng cn. Cc loi khc c s dng trn mt s t
c tnh vit d cao v mt s xe chuyn dng.

Yu cu c bn: m bo cc bnh xe c th quay vi vn tc khc nhau, c th kha

cng trong trng hp cn thit

Cu 35: Trn c s tnh ton ng hc v ng lc hc ca b vi sai bnh rng cn hy nu

nhc im c bn ca vi sai v cc cch khc phc?
Tr li:
S visai bnh rng cn i xng:

i vi vi sai bnh rng cn i xng, quan h vn tc gc gia 2 bn bn trc ca vi sai c

th hin qua biu thc:

n1 n2 2n0

42

(7.1)

Biu thc trn cho thy 2 bn trc c th quay vi cc vn tc khc nhau ty theo k chuyn
ng.
Nu t chuyn ng thng, iu kin cn 2 bn bnh xe ging nhau th momen c phn
u ra 2 bn bn trc:

M 0 M1 M 2
Nu do k chuyn ng, cc bnh xe quay vi cc vn tc khc nhau (gi s n1 > n2), lc ny cc
bnh rng hnh tinh quay quanh trc ca n v ln trn cc bnh rng 1 v 2 v gy nn tn tht
nng lng do ma st Nms :

N ms M ms

1 2
2

y b qua tn tht ti cc .
Nh vy phng trnh cn bng cng sut c th vit:

N 0 N1 N 2 N ms
M 00 M 11 M 22 M ms

1 2
2

Kt hp vi biu thc 7.1 ta c:

1
M 1 ( M 0 M ms )
2
1
M 2 ( M 0 M ms )
2
T cc biu thc trn:

M 2 M 1 M ms
Nh vy momen ni ma st trong c cu vi sai c th ng vai tr quan trng v c nh hng
ln n kh nng lm vic ca n trong iu kin ng xu. i vi cc loi vi sai bnh rng,
ni ma st rt nh nn ta c th vit:

M1 M 2
Biu thc trn cho thy, trong mi trng hp momen truyn n cc bnh xe bng nhau,
ngha l lc ko 2 bn lun bng nhau:
43

Pk1 Pk 2
Vi tnh cht ca vi sai nh vy nn dn ti vi sai c nhc im c bn l vi cc b vi sai c
Mms nh khi i trn ng c h s bm thp, xut hin hin tng mt bnh xe b trt quay,
bnh xe cn li khng c kh nng tip nhn momen ln, xe khng th vt c ng trn.
l hin tng pantine
Hin tng pantine c l gii nh sau:
Gi s mt bn bnh xe ang b sa ly (h s bm rt thp, vd: min = 0.1), cn bnh xe th 2 c
iu kin bm rt tt (vd: max = 0.8) th lc ko cc i c th pht huy c trn cu ch ng
lc ny l:

Pk max Pk 1 Pk 2
1
Do c im ca vi sai : Pk 1 Pk 2 G .min nn Pk max Pk 1 Pk 2 G .min 0.1G , rt thp
2
(vi G l trng lng tc dng ln cu ch ng ang xt) dn ti vic xe khng th vt ly
c.
khc phc hin tng patine, c mt s bin php tng kh nng truyn momen ti cc bnh
xe cn thit nh sau:
-

S dng cc b vi sai c Mms cao: dng trc vt bnh vt

S dng khp ma st trong
S dng c cu kha vi sai, lc ny 2 bnh xe ch ng coi nh c ni cng vi
nhau.
1
1
Pk max Pk1 Pk 2 Gmin Gmax ln hn (c th nhiu ln) so
Lc ny
2
2
vi khi khng kha cng vi sai

Cc kt cu trn thng c s dng trn cc xe c tnh nng vit d cao v mt s xe chuyn

dng.
Cu 36: Phn loi bn trc theo cch b tr cc , phn tch u nhc im v phm vi ng
dng ca tng loi?
Tr li:
Ty theo cch b tr bi bn trc m bn trc c th c gim ti (momen un bn trc)
theo cc mc khc nhau.

44

C 3 phng n b tr bn trc dn ng bnh xe ch ng. u trong cu cc bn trc cc

phng n ny c lp bng then vi cc bnh rng trong b vi sai. S khc nhau gia cc
phng n l cch b tr gi u ngoi ca bn trc:
-

45

Phng n th nht:a

phng n ny, bnh xe c moay- c lp trn 2 bi, c 2 ny u lp trn v

cu. Do 2 bi c b tr cch nhau mt on nn cc momen un ca cc lc tng
tc gia bnh xe vi mt ng (Z,Y,X) c tip nhn bi v cu. Bn trc ny
c gi l bn trc gim ti hon ton. N khng chu un m ch chu ti duy
nht l momen xon.
u:
Nhc:
Phm vi s dng: Cc loi t ti.
Phng n th hai:b
Phng n ny khc vi phng n th nht ch l moay- ch c mt bi. V
vy bn trc s phi chu mt phn momen un t cc lc tc dng ln bnh xe. Bn
trc ny c gi l bn trc gim ti 3/4.
u:
Nhc:
Phm vi s dng: Rt t c s dng
Phng n th 3:c
phng n ny, u ngoi ca bn trc c bi 1 bi nm trong v cu ch
ng. Trong trng hp ny, moay- c bt trc tip ln ui ca bn trc, Kt cu
dng ny c th khng c moay- m tang trng c bt trc tip ln mt bch

ui bn trc. Vi cch b tr nh vy, bn trc phi chu ton b momen un ca cc

lc tng tc gia bnh xe vi mt ng. Momen un ca cc lc thng ng Z v
ca lc dc X khng ln cho lm do cnh tay n a (hnh) thng c ch to sao
cho nh nht c th, cn momen ca lc Y thng kh ln. Bn trc b tr nh trn
c gi l bn trc gim ti 1/2.
u: Kt cu n gin
Nhc:
Phm vi s dng: Hu ht trn cc loi xe t con
Cu 37: Trnh by phng php tnh ton bn trc gim ti hon ton?
Tr li:
Cc bn trc gim ti hon ton c tnh bn theo ti tnh v bn mi. iu kin bn c kim
tra theo ng sut xon v gc xon :

max

X max .rbx M j max

W
W

max

M j max .l 180o
.
GI

Trong :
-

W = momen chng xon ca tit din bn trc

Mjmax = momen ng cc i trn bn trc
G = modun n hi khi xon
l = chiu di bn trc

Trong tnh ton c th ly Mjmax = M , max = 500 700 MPa; max = 6 15o trn mt mt chiu
di bn trc.

Cu 38: Trnh by phng php tnh ton bn trc gim ti trong trng hp t chuyn ng
thng vi lc dc trc cc i?
Tr li:
Khi chuyn ng thng vi lc phanh hoc lc ko cc i (lc dc trc cc i), khi :
46

Lc thng ng Z c gi tr cc i. Khi tnh ton c th ly Zmax = 1,2.Z vi Z l ti

trng thng ng tc dng ln bnh xe trng thi tnh.
Lc dc X t gi tr cc i:
X max Z max . max vi max = 0.8

Lc ngan Y = 0

iu kin bn c kim tra theo ng sut un v xon tng hp th :

th 2 4 2
Trong ng sut un c tnh:

2
2
a X max
Z max
W

V ng sut xon:

X max .rk 0
W

Cu 39: Trnh by phng php tnh ton bn trc gim ti trong trng hp t chuyn ng
quay vng vi lc ngang cc i?
Tr li:

47

Lc thng ng Z 2 bn bnh xe khc nhau do xut hin lc ly tm Y t ti trng

tm ca cc khi lng tc ng ln cu ch ng; di tc dng ca lc ly tm bnh
xe pha bn ngoi vng quay Zng s hi chu thm mt lc v ngc li bnh xe bn
trong s c gim ti, do vy:
1 hg
Z ng G2 ( max )
2 B
Z tr G2 Z ng vi max 1
Lc ngang c gi tr cc i:
Yng Z ng max

Ytr Z trmax
-

Lc dc X = 0

iu kin kim tra theo ng sut un ca cc bn trc bn ngoi ng v bn trong tr :

ng

48

r Z ng a

ng bx

tr

Ytr rbx Ztr a

W

Cu 40: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn ca lp t?

Tr li:

Cng dng:
- Bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca t, nh t c th thc
hin di chuyn trn ng.
- ton b trng lng ca t
- Kt hp vi h thng treo thc hin gim ti trng va p ln xe v gip cho t ln
m trn nn ng
- Cng vi h thng li m bo kh nng chuyn hng chuyn ng
Phn loi:
- Theo c im lm vic ca bnh xe: dn hng, khng dn hng
- Theo cng dng: bnh xe cho t ch ngi, cho t ti,.
- Theo s lng b tr bnh xe trn mt u trc: bnh n, bnh kp,
- Theo kt cu: bnh xe c sm, khng xm, bnh xe c kha vnh, khng c kha
vnh,
Yu cu:
Tnh an ton
- Lp xng mnh c bn cao, chng n lp.
- m bo tnh dn hng theo phng ngang tt
- m bo truyn lc tt (ko, phanh)
- C kh nng chng trt tt
- C bn tc cao
- C kh nng m bo hng chuyn ng thng n nh
- Mc nng thp
- Khng nhy cm khi i qua ng ray
- Kh nng chng hng thnh bn cao
Tnh kinh t:
-

Gi thnh hp l
bn, mn u, chiu cao vu bm ln (8 9 mm)
Lc cn ln chuyn ng nh tit kim nhin liu
khng cn bng ng nh
Kh nng phc hi lp tt

ng knh ngoi:
-

C ng knh ngoi hp l khng lm nh hng n gi tr momen xo trn cc

trc ca HTTL v phi c khng gian ln b tr cc c cu nh phanh hay
truyn lc cnh.

Tnh m du:
49

c tnh n hi hp l
Ln m du, n nh

t bit dng khi quay vng, tng tc, phanh

Lc cn quay vng nh
o bn nh v o hng knh khi c ti nh

Cc yu cu v tnh m du ca lp mu thun vi mt s cc yu cu quan trng khc

nh:
-

Lp mm c n hi bn cao lm gim tnh chuyn ng ca quay vng

Lp ln m du v khng n thng c h s cn ln ln v c th c bm nh
Mt tip xc phng v rng c th m bo truyn (ko, phanh) lc tt nhng li lm
tng lc quay vng, tng n chuyn ng, tng cn ln, tng nhy cm vi
ng t,
Nh sx phi tm c gii php ti u tha mn ti a cc yu cu trn cho tng loi
lp.
Cu 41: Nu cc ch tiu c bn chn lp t. Trn lp t thng ghi nhng thng s g?

Cc ch tiu c bn chn lp t:
- Ti trng cho php
- Tc ti a cho php

Trn lp thng ghi nhng thng s:

- B rng lp B
- T s profil
- ng knh lp vnh
- Cu trc xng mnh
- Ch s ti trng
- Ch s tc
- K hiu bn xng lp
- Lp c xm/ khng xm
- Hng sn xut, dng hoa lp
-

Cu 42: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vi h thng li t.

50

Cng dng: h thng li c s dng thay i hng chuyn

ng hoc
gi cho t chuyn ng theo 1 hng nht nh.
Phn loi:
- Theo cch b tr v lng: v lng tri & v lng phi
- Theo s lng bnh xe dn hng: cu trc dn hng; 2 cu dn hng; tt c
cc bnh xe dn hng.
- Theo kt cu c cu li: bnh rng thanh rng; trc vt cung rng; trc vt
con ln
- Theo b phn tr lc: tr lc thy kh; tr lc kh nn.
Yu cu:
- Quay vng t vi bn knh quay vng nh trong thi gian ngn trn din tch
nh.
- Li nh nhng, thun tin.
- ng hc quay vng ng cc bnh xe khng b trt lt.
- Trnh va p truyn ngc t bnh xe ln v lng.
- Gi chuyn ng thng n nh.

Cu 43: Trnh by phng php tnh ton lc quay vng cc i t trn v lng
Lc cc i trn v lng:
-

c xc nh cho trng hp t quay vng ti ch.

Momen cn quay vng ti 1 bnh xe dn hng gm 3 thnh phn:
+ Momen cn ln M1.
+ Momen ma st M2 gia bnh xe v mt ng.
+ Momen n nh M3 gy bi cc gc t bnh xe v
trc ng.
M = M1 + M2 + M3

* Tnh M1:
M1 = Gbx.f.a
Trong : Gbx = trng lng tc dng ln 1 bnh xe dn hng
f = h s cn ln
a = cnh tay n
* Tnh M2:
Khi momen quay vng tc dng ln bnh xe, ti khu vc tip xc gia bnh xe v
mt ng xut hin lc ngang Y -> vt tip xc lch i so vi trc bnh xe.
51

Lc ngang Ymax = .Gbx

= h s bm
M2 = Y.x = .Gbx.x
Gi thit Y t gia vt tip xc -> x =
Coi rbx = 0,96r -> x = 0,14r
M2 = 0.14 ..Gbx.r
* Tnh M3: momen n nh M3 do cc gc t ca bnh xe v tr ng gy nn -> tnh ton
phc tp -> thay th M3 bng h s

M = (M1+ M2).
M = (Gbx.f.a + 0,,14. .Gbx.r).
M = Gbx.(f.a = 0,14. ).r).
Vi = 1,07 1,15

momen cn ti n ko dc:
Mc = 2M/ = 2Gbx.(f.a + 0,14. .r).
Trong : = 0,5 0,7 = hiu sut

Pmax = Mc

Trong : R = bn knh v lng

ic = TST c cu li
id = TST dn ng li
52

th = hiu sut thun ca c cu li

Lc cc i trn v lng Pmax khng c vt qu 500N

Cu 44: T ng hc quay vng t hy a ra diu kin quay vng ng ca cc bnh xe dn

hng. C cu no trong dn ng li m bo c iu kin ny?

iu kin quay vng ng ca cc bnh xe dn hng:

cot cot =
trong : = gc quay ca bnh xe dn hng bn ngoi
= gc quay ca bnh xe dn hng bn trong
B = chiu rng c s ca t
L = chiu di c s t
tha mn chnh xc biu thc trn th dn ng li phi c 18 khu rt phc tp -> thc t
s dng c cu hnh thang li an t.

Cu 45: Trnh by phng php tnh, chn cc thng s c bn ca hnh thang li.
Cc thng s c bn ca hnh thang li gm: m, l,
m = AB = MH = ML + LN + NH
LN = m ML NH
53

 LN = m l.sin(+) l.sin()
Mt khc:

(1)

LN =
LN =

(2)

T (1) v (2) suy ra

= + arctan

arcsin

Biu thc trn cho ta mi quan h gia cc gc quay ca bnh xe dn hng , vi cc thng
s ca hnh thang li m, l, . Nh biu thc ny ta c th kim tra ng hc ca hnh thang li
bng phng php th.

Cu 46: Trnh by khi nim t s truyn v hiu sut ca c cu li

T s truyn c cu li:
c nh ngha nh sau:
ic =

Trong : d = gc quay v lng

d = gc quay trc n quay ng
-

khi 90o : ic c gi tr cc i

khi > 90o : ic gim rt nhanh

> 270o: ic gn nh khng i

khi t chuyn ng trn ng thng vi vn tc cao -> ngi li ch phi nh li vi

gc rt nh -> TST ln gip ngi li iu khin t nh nhng.
TST ln c tc dng lm gim va p truyn ngc t ng ln v lng.
54

 gc nh li ln TST nh gip cho vic iu khin linh hot hn, cho php t c th
quay vng trong nhng ch hp, bn knh quay vng nh.

Hiu sut c cu li
Trong c cu li phn bit 2 hiu sut: thn v nghch.
-

Hiu sut thun l hiu sut tnh theo lc truyn t v lng ti bnh xe. Hiu sut
ny cng ln -> tn hao nng lng iu khin cng nh -> li nh hn.
Hiu sut nghch l hiu sut tnh theo lc truyn t bnh xe ln v lng -> nn
chn hiu sut nghch nh gim bt lc truyn t mt ng ln v lng,
nhng nu qu b th v lng s mt kh nng t tr v v tr trung gian nh cc
momen n nh => nn chn mc hp l.

Cu 47: Trnh by phng php tnh chn cc thng s c bn ca bm du v xilanh cng tc

trong tr lc li.
Lc cc i cn c trn v lng quay vng t l Pmax c chia thnh 2 thnh phn:
Pmax = P + Pt
Trong : P l lc tc ng ca ngi li, Pt l lc do tr lc sinh ra.
Lc tc ng ca ngi li nn chn:
- i vi t con:
P = 40 70N
- i vi t ti v t khch: P = 150 200N
Suy ra Pt.
Ti c cu sinh lc ta c: Pt.ix = p0.F
Vi: p0 = p sut trong xi lanh cng tc;
F = din tch tip xc ca piston trong xi lanh cng tc;
Ix = t s truyn t v lng ti xi lanh cng tc.
Cng thc trn cho php xc nh ng knh xi lanh cng tc. Hnh trnh lm vic ca piston
cn c xc nh da vo tnh ton ng hc ca h thng dn ng.
55

Nng sut Q ca bm thy lc c xc nh theo iu kin l xilanh cng tc phi quay cc

bnh xe dn hng nhanh hn tc ng ca ngi li. Ta c:
Qb(1 ) F

Trong : b = hiu sut th tch ca bm

= tn tht th tch ca h thng (0,05 1)
= vn tc ca piston trong xilanh lc
F = din tch hu ch ca piston trong xilanh lc.

Nu xilanh t ti n ko dc:
=

Vi nv = vn tc cc i m ngi li c th quay v lng (6070 vng/ph vi

t ti v 90 vng/ph vi t con), ld = chiu di n quay ng.

Nu xilanh t trong c cu li:

Trong :
dt = ng knh trc vt (tnh theo vng trn c s)
= gc nghing ng ren vt.
Nng sut tnh ton ca bm Q phi t c s vng quay ca ng c cao hn s vng quay
khng ti nhng khng qu 25% s vng quay khng ti ny.

Cu 48: Nu cng dng, phn loi v cc yu cu c bn i vi h thng phanh t.

56

Cng dng: HTP c nhim v gim tc chuyn ng, dng hn t hoc gi t

ng yn trn 1 dc nht nh.
Phn loi:
- Theo mc ch s dng: phanh chnh, phanh dng, phanh d phng
- Theo cc b phn c bn:
+ Theo c cu phanh: phanh guc, phanh a, phanh di
+ Theo dn ng phanh: dn ng kh nn, dn ng thy lc, dn ng thy
kh, dn ng c kh, dn ng in.

Yu cu:
- c hiu qu phanh cao nht
- phanh m du & m bo n nh ca t khi phanh
- dn ng phanh phi c nhy cao
- iu khin nh nhng ( lc tc ng nh )
- phn b momen phanh hp l tn dng ti a trng lng bm ti cc bnh xe
& khng xy ra trt lt
- khng c hin tng t xit
- c cu phanh thot nhit tt
- h s ma st gia m phanh & trng phanh cao & n nh trong iu kin s dng
- lc phanh trn cc bnh xe t l thun vi lc iu khin trn bn p
- c kh nng gi t ng trn dc trong thi gian di.

Cu 49: Phn tch u nhc im v so snh dn ng phanh bng thy lc vi dn ng phanh

bng kh nn. Nu phm vi s dng ca tng loi.

Dn ng phanh bng thy lc:

- u im: thi gian chm tc dng nhanh hn
- Nhc im: do ton b nng lng dng phanh u do ngi li sinh ra ->
nu yu cu lc phanh ln th ngi li s khng p ng c hoc chng mt
mi.
- Phm vi s dng: trn cc t con & t ti loi nh.

Dn ng phanh bng kh nn:

- u im: ng vi 1 lc Q nht nh, p sut trong dn ng phanh ch c 1 gi tr
tng ng -> ngi li c th iu khin c cng phanh theo mun ( tnh
chp hnh ).
- Nhc im: thi gian chm tc dng lu hn.
- Phm vi s dng: t khch & t ti loi ln (chc th, trong sch khng ghi)
57

Cu 50: Phn tch u nhc im v so snh hai loi c cu phanh: a v tang trng. Nu phm
vi s dng ca tng loi.
u nhc im t ko tm thy, c mi ci phm vi s dng thi.

Phanh guc dng trn cc t c ti trng ln: t ti, t ch khch v mt s loi t

con.
Phanh a c s dng trn nhiu loi t con, trong ch yu l cc c cu phanh
trc.

58

Cu 51 : Trnh by phng php tnh ton m men phanh cn thit ti cc bnh xe.
Tng lc phanh ti tt c cc bnh xe: Ppmax = P = G.
M men phanh cc i: Mpmax = Grbx

M men phanh cn c ti bnh trc: Mp1 = G1p rbx

M men phanh cn c ti bnh sau: Mp2 = G2p rbx

Khi phanh c hin tng phn b li trng lng nn:

G1p > G1; G2p < G2 (G1;G2 trng lng tnh cu trc v sau).
tnh ton G1p; G2p ta xt s sau:

59

(1)

Pt cn bng m men ti O2:

MO2 = Z1L- Gb Pjhg = 0 ( lc qun tnh Pj = Gj/g)
Suy ra:

(2)

Tng t:

(3)

Khi phanh ta c: G1p = Z1; G2p =Z2

Gb/L= G1 v Ga/L= G2
Biu thc (2);(3) c vit li nh sau:
G1p = Z1 = m1 G1 ( m2 : h s phn b li ti trng cu trc)
G2p = Z2 = m2 G2 ( m2 : h s phn b li ti trng cu sau)
Nh vy m men trn cc cu l:

Cu trc: Mp1 = m1G1 rbx

Cu sau: Mp2 = m2G2 rbx

Ti mi bnh xe ta c:

Bnh trc:
60

rbx

Bnh sau:

Cu 52: ha lc phanh

61

rbx

62

Cu 53: phng php tnh ton phanh a:

T s ta c m men phanh l: Mp = 2.P.rtb
rtb : bn knh t lc P.
gi d l bn knh xi lanh cng tc; pi l p sut trong
xi lanh. Ta c:
P = d2pi /4
Suy ra: Mp = 2rtb d2pi /4.
Chn cc thng s sao cho m bo m men phanh
cn thit Mp
63

Cu 54: Trnh by c s tnh chn cc kch thc m phanh t.

1. Phanh guc: kch thc m phanh c xc nh da trn cc dk sau:
Cng ma st ring: nu phanh t t V0 ti khi dng hn V=0 th ton b ng nng =

cng ma st ti c cu phanh:
L = GV02/2g.
Cng ma st ring:
l = GV02/2gA. (A l tng din tch cc m phanh)
nu phanh t V0= 60 km/h ti V =0 th: l = 400 1000 J/cm2

p sut ln b mt phanh b gii hn bi sc bn vt liu:

p = Mp1 / brt20 [ p] = 1,5 2 MPa
trong :

b: b rng m phanh

rt : bn knh trng phanh

0 : gc m m phanh. 0= 90-1000
t s q: l t s gia khi lng ton b t v A
q = M/ A [ q]
t con: [ q] = (12).104 kg/m2
t khch: [ q] = (1,52,5).104 kg/m2
t ti: [ q] = (2,53,5).104 kg/m2

kch thc m phanh phi c la chn tha mn cc dk trn.

2. Phanh a: cc m phanh a c dng phng nn cc kch thc c tnh ton sao cho
m bo k bn l c (sch ko trnh by)

64

Cu 55: trnh by phng php tnh ton dn ng phanh bng thy lc.

Cc thng s cn xc nh:

ng knh xi lanh cng tc d1;d2 lc P1 v P2:

p sut pi = 5 8 MPa.
ng knh xi lanh chnh D chn trn c s: Qbd [Qbd]
[Qbd] = 0,65 0,75 KN t con;
[Qbd] = 0,75 0,8 KN t ti
Pt cn bng lc ti xi lanh chnh:

Suy ra:

: hiu sut dn ng. = 0,92.

Hnh trnh bn p c kim tra theo tiu chun:
[Sbd] = 150mm t con
[Sbd] = 180mm t ti.
Sbd : gm hnh trnh t do khc phc khe h v hnh trnh lm vic
Sbd = ( + ).l/l
65

Coi cht lng khng b nn ta c:

suy ra
x1; x2 :dch chuyn ca cc pit tng cc xi lanh cng tc.
Thc t du b nn v cc ng ng b dn n nn tng 1 cht v dc tnh bi h s . Khi :

Vy Sbd = ( +

).l/l

Cu 56: trnh by phng php xc nh c tnh tng van ca dn ng phanh bng kh nn.
Chc nng: dk qu trnh cp kh t bnh cha ti cc bu phanh v x kh khi nh phanh v m
bo tnh chp hnh.. S cu to nh hnh v:

Trn s l trng thi ang phanh, van x ng, van np m, kh i t bnh cha vi p sut pb
qua khoang III, qua van np sang khoang II v i ti cc bu phanh vi p sut ph.
66

Lc tc dng t bn p: Q = Qbd.ibd
Di tc dng ca lc Q, l xo ty ng b nn 1 on , nn:
Q = C ( C : cng)
Hnh trnh bn p: S = .ibd
Vy:
Xt cn bng h van v mng ty ng ta c:
Q = Pm + Pv
Pm = (p2 p1)Fm : lc tc dng trn mng ty ng vi din tch Fm
Pv = (p3 p2)Fv : lc tc dng ln van np vi din tch Fv
p1 : p sut kh quyn.
ph = p2 p1 :p sut lm vic ht.
pb = p3 p2 :p sut bnh cha.
Nh vy biu thc cn bng lc ti h van mng ty ng l:
Q = Qbd.ibd = Fm ph + (p3 p2)Fv
Hay: ph = [Qbd.ibd - (p3 p2)Fv].1/Fm
Do din tch ca van thng rt nh nn c th b qua Pv, khi :
ph = Qbd.ibd/ Fm
trong : k = ibd/ Fm gi l h s ty ng.

67

Cu 57: trnh by phng php xc nh ng knh hiu dng ca mng ( hoc pit tng ) ca
bu phanh trong dn ng phanh bng kh nn.

Xt cn bng m men trn trc cam trong s :

Ptl = ( P + P)h/2.
P;P : lc tc dng t cc guc phanh ln cam.
Pt : lc trn ty y.
Pt cn bng ti pit tng bu phanh:

1 : h s np(1 = 1); 2: hiu sut c kh (2 = 0,95)

ph : p sut lm vic trong ht.
Plx: lc l xo hi v. l xo thng chn c cng C = 1,5 -3,5 KN/m nn
Plx = 80 -150 N
Vy ta c:

68

Cu 58: trnh by phng php tnh ton dn ng phanh bng thy lc c tr lc chn khng.

S nh hnh v. chn khng c ly t hng ht ng c.

Khi tnh ton ta coi:
Van k m bo chn khng ty theo lc bn p: p = f(Qbd)
Tn tht ng ng khng ng k. p sut trong xl chnh = p sut trong xl cng tc = pi

TH khng c tr lc: xt pt cn bng lc ti xl chnh:

Qbd.l1/l2 = f.pi
f : din tch pit tng xl chnh.
Qbd = f.pi. l2/l1 = kpi
Ta thy lc bn p t vi p sut lm vic ca ht.
TH c tr lc, pt cn bng lc:
Qbd.l1/l2 + ( p0 p)F Plx fpi - Pms = 0
Plx : lc l xo hi v
69

Pms : lc ma st.
B qua ma st v lc l xo ta c:
Qbd = kpi -( p0 p)F.l2/l1 = kpi k.h
Trong : h = p0 p : chn khng. N thay i ph thuc vo lc bn p. thng thng:
hmax = 0,05 MPa.

Ta xy dng dc ng c tnh nh s
bn:

A: im bt u tr lc vi hmin
B: im kt thc tr lc vi hmax.
Nu mun tng pi th tng lc bn p
nn 2 ng c tnh song song vi
nhau.

70

59. PP tnh ton dn ng phanh bng thy- kh

71

72

73

Cu 60: trnh by phng php tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca ht iu ha lc phanh kiu

pitton vi sai.
S:

Trn s ta c:

p1; p2 : p sut trong dn ng cu trc v sau.

Q lc tc ng t thanh ni n hi gia cu xe v khung ln u pit tng vi sai. Q th
hin mc ti trng.

Pt cn bng lc:
(1)
B qua Plx ta c:
(2)

74

T (2) ta thy quan h gia p sut p1 v p2 ph thuc vo t l din tch gia mt trn v di
ca pitton vi sai. Trn th ng 1 trn c tnh th hien TH ko c b iu ha, khi p sut
trong dn ng phanh cu trc v sau lun bng nhau.
Cc ng 2 v 3 th hin quan h gia p1 v p2 khi c b iu ha lc phanh. ng c tnh
c gc nghin < 450, ngha l p2 tng chm hn p1. Gc nghing ph thuc vo t l din tch
gia cc mt trn v mt di pit tong vi sai. Cn im bt u lm vic ph thuc vo mc
ti trng trn cu sau. Gia cc ng 2,3 c v s cc ng c tnh khc ph thuc vo mc
ti.

61. Cng dng, phn lai v yu cu c bn i vi h thng treo t

A, Cng dng
HT treo c nhim v ni n hi khung v t vi h thng chuyn ng nhm gim va p
truyn t mt ng ln khung v, to m du chuyn ng.
B, Phn loi
- Theo b phn hng: treo c lp v treo ph thuc
- Theo phn t n hi: nhp, l xo tr, thanh xon, kh nn, thy kh, cao su v loi lin hp
C, Yu cu
- m bo tn s dao ng ring thch hp cho phn c treo
- C vng ng hp l khng sinh ra va p ln cc hn ch bng cao su
- C tt dao ng hp l
- m bo v t khng b nghing khi quay vng hoc khi phanh
- m bo chiu rng c s v cc gc t ca tr ng cc bnh xe dn hng khng thay i
- m bo s tng thch gia ng hc bnh xe dn hng v ng hc ca dn ng li

75

62. Trnh by quy trnh tnh ton nhp t

a- Chn s b cc thng s c bn ca nhp

Khi thit k nhp cn la chn cc kch

thc tng th ca n: L0, L1, L2. Nu nhp i xng th ly L1=L2. L0 chn theo chiu di c s
L ca t:
Vi xe du lch: L0= (0,40,55)L
Vi xe ti: L0= (0,260,35)L cho nhp trc v L0=(0,350,45)L cho nhp sau
- Cc thng s ca cc l nhp c chn s b theo kinh nghim: s l nhp, chiu di mi l
nhp, chiu dy cc l nhp v s nhm cc l nhp c cng chiu dy, b rng cc l nhp b.
T s gia chiu rng v chiu dy ca l nhp nn chn: 6
b- Tnh vng tnh v cng ca nhp
i vi nhp i xng:
vng tnh:

ft

Zt
6 E

a
i 1

3
i 1

(Yi Yi 1 ) Trong :

Zt : trng lng tnh tc dng ln nhp

E- modun n hi ca vt liu (E=2.105)
=0,83-0,87

cng ca nhp:

6 E
n

a
i 1

c- Tnh bn cc l nhp
76

3
i 1

(Yi Yi 1 )

b
10
h

Bng cch xc nh momen un => tnh ng sut ti cc tit din nguy him nht v so snh vi
ng sut cho php
d- Tnh bn tai nhp
Tai nhp chu ng sut un v ko(nn)
/s un: u 3Pk max
/s ko, nn : k

D hc
bh 2
D hc
1

=>/s tng hp Pk max 3
2
bhc
bhc

Pk max
bhc

350MPa
e- Tnh ton nhp ph: m bo m du mi ch ti trng khc nhau
- cng ca nhp chnh v nhp ph phi m bo tn s dao ng trong phm vi cho php khi

n
xe ch y ti: Ct Gt

300

- cng ca nhp chnh phi m bo tn s dao ng trong phm vi cho php khi xe chy
n
khng ti: C0 Gt 0 0
300

Ct tnh bng N/cm, Gt,Gt0 l trng lng phn c treo khi xe y ti v khng ti, n,n0 l tn s
dao ng (ln/pht) khi xe y ti v khng ti
cng ca nhp ph c tnh nh sau: Cf=Ct C0
63. Nu khi nim lc cn gim chn. V v gii thch th c tnh ca gim chn t
- Khi nim: l lc cn to ra do cht lng b dn qua cc van tit lu trong gim chn, t dp
tt cc dao ng tng i gia khung v v bnh xe trong qu trnh chuyn ng.

77

c tnh ca gim chn gm 2 giai on:

- Giai on lm vic bnh thng vi vn tc nh hn Vn1 v Vt1 (Vn1=Vt1=0,3m/s) gi l hnh
trnh nn nh v tr nh. Trong giai on ny, cc h s cn gim chn l kgn v kgt. Lc cn ti
a: + hnh trnh nn: Pgn1=kgnVn1
+ hnh trnh tr: Pgt1=kgtVt1
- Giai on lm vic ch gim ti vi vn tc ln hn Vn1 v Vt1, lc ny cc van gim ti
m v h s cn ca gim chn gim xung: kgn v kgt. Khi tnh ton c th ly kg=0,6kg. Vn
tc lm vic ti a ca gim chn thng khng vt qu 0,6m/s. Lc cn ti a cc hnh trnh
c tnh: + hnh trnh nn: Pgn2=Pgn1 + kgn(Vn2 Vn1)
+ hnh trnh tr: Pgt2=Pgt1 + kgt(Vt2 Vt1)
64. Trnh by phng php xc nh h s cn gim chn trong HT treo t.
Lc cn dao ng trong ht treo ph thuc vo vn tc dao ng ca oto vi bnh xe V: Qc=kVm
Trong k l h s c trng cho sc cn dao ng ca HT treo, m thng ly =1 khi tnh ton.
H s tt chn tng i:
C l cng HTtreo C

k
trong :
2 CM

Gt
Gt l trng lng tnh trn 1 bnh xe, ft l vng tnh ca HT
ft

treo. M l khi lng tnh trn 1 bnh xe: M

Hin nay = 0,15-0,3

78

Gt
g

T : k

2 Gt
Ns/cm
31,3 ft

HTtreo c lp 2 n hnh thang. T s ta c: Pg.a=Qc. hay Pg Qc

c : Pg k

. Thay Qc=kVm ta
a

m
V
a

Mt khc do V

m 1

Vg nn Pg k Vgm
a
a

m

Biu thc trn c vit gn li: Pg k gVg vi k g k
a

m 1

gi l h s cn ca gim chn

Tng t, nu gim chn c t nghing 1 gc nh hnh v, ta c:

Pg

k
Qc
k
kg
hayPg
Vm
m 1
m 1 g . Nh vy trong trng hp ny ta c
cos
(cos )
cos

65. Trnh by phng php xc nh cc thng s c bn ca gim chn.

- Chn ng knh piston => ng knh ngoi xylanh => kim tra iu kin thot nhit
- di: +xylanh: hnh trnh lm vic
79

+ cn piston: theo hnh trnh lm vic

- Xc nh ng knh cc l van:
Coi cc van l tit lu =>lu lng: Q A

2p
.

l h s lu lng (0,6-0,7)

Q V .S V

P
D2
(D l ng knh xylanh) => p g
4
S

A l din tch lu thng, l khi lng ring ca cht lng

A=

d2
n . d:ng knh l van, n l s l van
4

=> tnh A => chn n => tnh

80