ENGLISH

Writing

Key Points

Coherence and cohesion

Lexical resource
Grammatical range and accuracy

Coherence and Cohesion

Cohesion
How words are linked to form sentences and
how sentences are joined together logically.
Again, remember the Word Function!....
Coherence
Organization of the whole text.
Paragraph: topic sentence, supporting details
and conclusion.
Hamburger method: introduction, main body
and conclusion.
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Example
Natural products are products of
natural origins. Natural products
include an entire organism, a part of an
organism, an extract of organism part.
In addition, pure compounds such as
alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, which
is isolated from plant, animals or
microorganism is also classified as
natural products.
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Lexical Resource
The range of vocabulary across topic
areas.
The command of word forms (eg. Harm,
harmful, harmfully, etc)
The correct spelling

Variation= not monoton

Conduct, perform, do, carry out.

Produce, yield, give, obtain.
In addition, additionally, furthermore,
While, whereas.
Therefore, thus, hence, so.
Next, then.
Since, due to, as, because, because of.
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Example!!!!
Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been conducted.
Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been performed.
Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been done.
Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been carried out.
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 TOO MONOTON.....................
Effect of pH
An experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon
adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution having a
concentration of 10 mg/L. The effect of pH on the adsorption of Cd(II),
Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The
mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The adsorbent was
filtered out and dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then
measured by AAS.
Adsorption kinetics
An experiment was conducted by adding 0.024 g of activated carbon
adsorbent into 30 mL of metal cation sample solution having a
concentration of 10 mg/L. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for
5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. The adsorbent was filtered out and dried in
a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then measured by AAS.

It would be better to make a variation in writing!!!...........

Effect of pH
The experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon
adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution with the
concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorptions of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) were
carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The mixture was then stirred
at room temperature for 3 hours. Next, the adsorbent was filtered out and
dried in a desiccator. The adsorbed metal ion was measured based on
concentration of metal cation before and after the adsorption using AAS.
Adsorption kinetics
As much as 0.024 g of the adsorbent was added into 30 mL of metal cation
sample solution with concentration of 10 mg/L for each. The adsorption
kinetics was studied by conducting the adsorption in various contact times,
which were 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. Concentration of metal ion
before and after adsorption was then measured by AAS and corrected with
the blank solution by AAS.

Grammatical Range and

Accuracy
This refers to your command of the grammar
of English and the rate of error.
How many mistakes do you make???.....
The range of sentence types and the length
of these sentences.
Do you mix of simple,compound and
complex sentences????.....
THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE EASIER
WRITING WOULD BE
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Lets have a practice then.

Aspirin atau asam asetilsalisilat adalah sejenis obat
turunan dari salisilat yang sering digunakan sebagai
senyawa analgesik, antipiretik dan anti-inflamasi.
Aspirin juga memiliki efek antikoagulan dan dapat
digunakan dalam dosis rendah untuk mencegah
serangan jantung. Aspirin dapat disintesis melalui
reaksi asetilasi terkatalisis asam terhadap asam
salisilat menggunakan asetat anhidrida. Asam
salisilat sendiri dapat disintesis dari hidrolisis metal
salisilat yang merupakan komponen utama dari
minyak gandapura.
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Writing paragraph from

Graph,Table or Figure
Identify the subject of paragraph.
Identify significant features or the main
trends.
Identify the data.
Construct a variety of sentences comparing
or contrasiting information from the graph
Use transition signal.
Construct cohesive paragraph.
Check for mistakes.
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Expression (Refering)
As can be seen from the chart/
diagram/ table/ data.
It can be seen in the figure/ table.
The graph shows that.
According to/ based on the table
As is shown/ presented/ displayed in
Table
It can be seen from the..
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Expression (trend)

To fall, to decline, to decrease.

To remain constant, stable, same.
To rise, to reach the maximum point
Steadily, gradually, sharply,
dramatically.

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Have a practice

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Trend VS Tendency
If the numbers seem to be consistently
going down, there is a downward trend.
If the numbers are consistently going
downwards, we can say there is a
tendenc to fall.

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Downward VS Downwards
There was a downward (upward) trend
The trend was downwards (upwards)

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Per cent VS Percentage

40% of the group was male. A larger
percentage was female.
Not.
40% of the group was male. 60% of the
group was female.

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To Contrast
Show differences
Whereas
However
On the other hand
Different from
Whilst/ while
In contrast to

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To Compare
Show similarities
Similarly
A is the same as B
They are alike in that.
Both
In the same way

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Another example

Structure elucidation of the product with Infra Red

spectrometer gave an IR spectrum in Figure V.8. The
disappearance of the broad absorption band at 30003500 cm-1, which represents the hydroxyl group (OH), indicates that the acetylation reaction has taken
place. Another evidence is the presence of two
strong peaks at 1759 and 1712 cm-1 which are
characteristic for the carbonyl group (C=O) of ester.
The absorption of C-O-C and methyl group of ester
can be seen at 1211 and 1442 cm-1, respectively
(Table V.3).
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Writing the reaction mechanism

O

OH

OH

H+

CH3OH
O

OH

OH

OH

CH3

-H+

OCH3

OH

OH

OH

OCH3

OCH3

-H2O

H
OH2

OH

-H+

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OCH3

The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed-esterification

of benzoic acid with methanol is presented in Figure
III.2. The benzoic acid is protonated on its carbonyl
oxygen which is increase the positive (electrophile)
character of the carbonyl group. The methanol acts
as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon.
The formed oxonium ion then lost a proton to give
tetrahedral intermediate in its neutral form. The next
step begins with protonation of hydroxyl oxygen on
the tetrahedral intermediate, followed by water
elimination and deprotonation to yield an ester.

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