FLOW PROCESSES

Total energy of a flowing

fluid

Total energy of a compressible system

consists of three parts

Internal energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy

For unit mass

v2
e u ke pe u gz
2
But, the fluid entering or leaving a control volume
possesses an additional form of energy, called
flow energy

Flow work or (energy)

Consider a fluid element of volume V from a flowing fluid
Force acting on the
imaginary piston
F pA
W flow FL pAL pV
w flow pv

Control volume

Total energy of a control

volume
v2
e u gz pv
2

v2
e (u pv) gz
2
v2
e h gz
2

Steady flow processes

A large number of engineering devices such as

nozzles, compressors and turbines operate for
long periods of time under same conditions, and
are classified as steady flow devices.
Processes in these devices can be approximated
to a process called steady flow process.
Steady flow process is defined as a process
during which a fluid flows through a control
volume steadily. This means the fluid properties
can change from point to point within the
control volume, but at any fixed location the
properties remain the same.

Principles governing steady

flow
Conservation of mass
Total mass
entering the
control volume
per unit time
.

m m
i

AiVi i AoVo o

Total mass
leaving the
control volume
per unit time

A = cross e sectional area

(m2)
V = Velocity (m/s)
= density (kg/m3) = 1/v
v = specific volume
(m3/kg)

Principles governing steady

flow

Conservation of energy
Total
Total energy
energy
crossing
crossing the
the
boundary
boundary as
as
heat
heat and
and work
work
per
per unit
unit time
time

Total
Total energy
energy
transported
transported
out
out of
of the
the
control
control
volume
volume per
per
unit
unit time
time

Q W mo eo mi ei

Vo2
Vi 2
Q W mo (ho
gzo ) mi (hi
gzi )
2
2

Total
Total energy
energy
transported
transported
into
into the
the
control
control
volume
volume per
per
unit
unit time
time

Principles governing steady

flow
For a single stream of flow, mass flow rates are
Vo2
Vi 2
Q W m(ho
gzo ) m(hi
gzi )
2
2
Vo2
Vi 2
q w (ho
gzo ) (hi
gzi )
2
2

q and w are the heat and mass transfer to the control

volume per unit mass of the

Principles governing steady

flow
If the fluid experiences negligible change
in kinetic and potential energy as it flows
through the control volume, then the
energy equation for single stream steady
flow system is give by:
q w ho hi h