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Basic Circuit Theory
Basic Circuit Theory
INDEX
Eulers identity.................. 6
frequency domain .............. 6
horsepower ........................ 7
impedance ......................... 6
impedance triangle ............ 7
inductor ............................. 6
LC tank circuit .............. 4
voltage and current........ 4
integrating amplifier .......... 3
inverting amplifier............. 3
LC circuits......................... 4
LC tank circuit................... 4
loop ................................... 5
magnetically coupled coils 8
maximum power transfer... 7
mesh .................................. 5
mesh current ...................... 8
motor efficiency ................ 7
motors
electric........................... 7
N transformer turns ratio .. 8
natural response................. 5
Neper frequency ................ 5
node................................... 5
noninverting amplifier....... 3
Norton equivalent.............. 4
one port network ............... 4
op amps ............................. 3
overdamped....................... 5
parallel RLC circuits ......... 5
path ................................... 5
phasor notation.................. 6
phasor transform ............... 5
power ................................ 7
average.......................... 7
complex ........................ 7
reactive.......................... 7
real ................................ 7
power factor ...................... 7
power factor correction ..... 7
power transfer ................... 7
power triangle ................... 7
reactance ........................... 6
reactive power ................... 7
rectangular notation........... 6
resonant frequency ............ 5
RLC circuits...................... 5
rms .................................... 2
root mean square ............... 2
series RLC circuits ............ 5
sinusoidal analysis ............ 5
step response ..................... 5
summing amplifier ............ 3
susceptance ....................... 6
T equivalent circuit ........... 8
tank circuit ........................ 4
Thvenin equivalent.......... 4
transformers ...................... 8
trig identies ....................... 5
turns ratio .......................... 8
two-port circuits................ 1
underdamped..................... 5
wye circuit......................... 7
wye-delta transform .......... 7
z parameters ...................... 1
time constant ................. 4
TWO-PORT CIRCUITS
V1
I1
circuit
network
z=
1
y
I1 = y11V1 + y 22V2
I 2 = y 21V1 + y 22V2
I 2 = y12V2 + y11V1 ?
I2
V1 = z11 I1 + z 22 I 2
V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2
V1 = z12 I 2 + z11 I1 ?
V2
V1 = h11 I1 + h22V2
I 2 = h21 I1 + h22V2
I1 = h12 I 2 + h11V1 ?
z11 =
V1
I1
z12 =
I2 = 0
V1
I2
z 21 =
I1 = 0
V2
I1
z 22 =
I2 =0
V2
I2
I1 = 0
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 1 of 8
RMS
rms stands for root mean square. To obtain the rms
value of a periodic function, first square the function,
then take the mean value, and finally the square root.
rms by definition:
X rms =
mean
1
T
( f ( x ))
T
Vrms =
dt
Vmax
2
square
p2
f ( t )rms =
f (t )
The plot below shows a sine wave and its rms value, along
with the intermediate steps of squaring the sine function
and taking the mean value of the square. Notice that for
this type of function, the mean value of the square is the
peak value of the square.
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 2 of 8
Op Amps
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
Rf
Rs
Vs
Rf
Vo =
Rs
+Vcc
Vo
Vs
Rf
Rs
Va
Ra
Vb
-Vcc
Vn
Vp
+Vcc
Vo
-Vcc
Rb
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
Rf
Ra
Va
Vn = V p = Vb
Rb
Vb
Rc
Vc
+Vcc
Vo
Vn Va Vn Vo
+
=0
Rs
Rf
Rb
Ra + Rb
INTEGRATING AMPLIFIER
Cf
-Vcc
Rs
Vs
Rf
Rf
Rf
V o =
Va +
Vb +
V
Rb
Rc c
Ra
NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
Rf
Rs
Vo =
+Vcc
Vo
Rg
Vg
Vo =
Rs + R f
Rs
1
Rs C f
V
to
+Vcc
Vo
-Vcc
d + Vo (t o )
CURRENT DIVISION
-Vcc
IS
I1
I2
R1
R2
Vg
R2
I
R1 + R2 S
R1
I2 =
I
R1 + R2 S
I1 =
DIFFERENTIATING AMPLIFIER
Rf
Cs
Vs
Vo = R f Cs
dv S
dt
+Vcc
Vo
-Vcc
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 3 of 8
LC CIRCUITS
+
v L
-
LI o 2 (1 e 2 t / )
Time Constant: = L / R
also: w =
Voltage:
REQ
IN
VTH +-
REQ
1)
2)
3)
4)
+
v C
-
Energy (joules):
w = 12 Ce 2
1
2
dv
dt
Current:
ic ( t ) = C dv
dt
LC Tank Circuit
Resonant frequency:
f =
Current: i( t ) = I f + ( I o I f )e
4
1
2 LC
t/
Voltage: v ( t ) = V f + (Vo V f )e
- 12 v
RL
V TH = 6 v
4
- 12 v
4
4
t/
Power: p = I o R e 2 t /
where I0 is initial current [A]
If is final current [A]
t is time [s]
is the time constant; = RC for capacitive circuits,
= R/L for inductive circuits [s]
V0 is initial voltage [V]
Vf is final voltage [V]
p is power [W]
R is resistance []
2
1 t
v d + I o
L 0
THVENIN/NORTON EXAMPLE
Current: I L ( t ) =
CVo 2 (1 e 2 t / )
Time Constant: = RC
1 t
Voltage: Vc ( t ) =
i d + Vo
C 0
P = Cv
1
2
v L ( t ) = L dtdi
also: w =
Power:
w = 12 Li 2
Energy (joules):
R EQ = 2
2
The Thvenin equivalent
circuit can now be written
as:
- 6v
RL
VTH = I N RTH
And the Norton equivalent
can be written as:
3a
Tom Penick
RL
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 4 of 8
dv
dt
v 1 t
+ +
v d + I o = 0
R L 0
C ddt 2v +
2
1
R
dv
dt
1
v=0
L
di
dt
1 t
+ Ri +
i d + Vo = 0
C 0
L dtd 2i + R dtdi +
2
1
i=0
C
d 2x
( j )2 X
2
dt
dx
j X
dt
Series
circuits:
1
2RC
R
2L
used in
underdampe
d calculations
d = o2 2
LC
s2 = 2 o 2
Overdamped >
2
X ( t ) = X f + B1 ' e
dx
dt
X ( 0) = X f + B1 '
2
= B1 '+ wd B2 '
product
sum
j
V = Vme = P{Vm cos( t + )}
v ( t ) = A cos( t + ) A
sin t = cos( t 90 )
( 0 ) = s1 A1 '+ s2 A2 '
dx
dt ( 0 )
Critically Damped =
X ( 0) = X f + D2 '
Phasor Transform:
SINUSOIDAL ANALYSIS
degrees = 180 radians
= 2 f [rad / s] = 360 f [deg / s]
1
resonant frequency o =
LC
v ( t ) = Vm cos( t + )
i( t ) = I m cos( t + )
(complex roots)
X ( t ) = X f + D1 ' te
P 1{Vm e j } = R{Vm e j e jt }
(repeated roots)
+ D2 ' e t
dx
dt
A cos t + B sin t =
B
A2 + B 2 cos cot + tan
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 5 of 8
SINUSOIDAL ANALYSIS
Element:
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Impedance (Z):
R (resistance)
j / C
j L
Reactance (X)
--
1/ C
G (conductance)
j C
1 / j L
--
1/ L
IR
I / j C
j L I
( I m / C ) ( V 9 0 )
L I m ( V + 90 )
j C V
V / j L
(Vm / C ) ( V + 90 )
(V m / L ) ( V 90 )
Admittance (Y):
Susceptance:
Voltage:
V/R
Amperage:
e j = cos jsin
The use of phasor notation may be referred to as
working in the phasor domain or the frequency
domain. Note that the phasor notation M is
must add 180 after taking the inverse tangent. If the result
is greater than 180, you may optionally subtract 360 to
obtain the value closest to the reference angle.
M sin
Phasor impedance
diagram for series
circuits, where +j is
inductive and -j is
capacitive:
XL
Phasor voltage
diagram for series
circuits, where +j is
inductive and -j is
capacitive:
VL
R
IC
VR
I
XC
Phasor amperage
diagram for parallel
circuits, where +j is
capacitive and -j is
inductive:
IR
I
VC
V
IL
M=
tan =
X 2 + Y2
Y
X
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 6 of 8
POWER
3-PHASE POWER
P=
Vm I m
cos( v i )
2
Vm I m
sin( v i )
2
B
C
conjugate of"
I aA
Phase
Angle
= cos
VBC
I CA
I CA
I bB
B
I cC
I AB
30
I BC
I bB
I aA = I AB 3
I aA
I BC
Phase
Angle
VBN
I AB
Z
1
V 2 rms
= Vmax I *max =
2
Z*
VAN
VAB = VAN 3 (1 30 )
]
VA
er [
w
Po
ent
Reactive
par
p
power in
A
[VARS]
30
V AB = V AN 3 or
pf =
cos( v i )
VAB
VCA
VBC
-
VCN
= Vrms I *rms
VAB
+
S = P + jQ
= Vrms I rms ( v i )
Q=
VAN
X
Reactance
[ohms]
Resistance [ohms]
ZD
3
Single-phase Equivalent
Circuit:
a
+
n
I aA
Van
VAN
Motor Ratings
ZY =
Pmax
VTH
=
4 RL
P = 3 VL I L cos( v i ) =
hp 746
efficiency
where:
Q=
VARS
( 460 / 3 )2
=
3
x c = 1 / C
where:
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 7 of 8
TRANSFORMERS
Ideal Transformer
1:a
ZS
+
V1
VS
a=
V2
ZL
N1
N2
V1 =
Z IN =
V1
1 V
1
= 2 2 = 2 ZL
I1 a I 2
a
V2
a
I1 = aI 2
V1
I1
V1
V
= 2
N1 N 2
V2
N1 N2
I2
N 1 I1 = N 2 I 2
V1
di1
di
+M 2
dt
dt
di
di
V2 = L2 2 + M 1
dt
dt
V2
M
I1
V1 = L1
I2
M = k L1 L2 where k is
L1 L2
T Equivalent Circuit
L1 -M
L2 -M
M
d
dt
(sum of amperages
Tom Penick
tom@tomzap.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
5/12/2003 Page 8 of 8