-

Noyau-Masse et nergie

Noyau- Masse et nergie

-1.1 )(Einstein

_ 1/6

m E :
: E )(J
:m )(kg
: c

E = m.c 2

c = 3.108 m.s -1

-2.1

- 1 4.10 kg
m
E = m.c 2 :
9

-3.1
--
) (J
- ).(eV

.

1.
1eV =1,6.10-19 J

1,99.1030 kg

-

).(u

1
12

.12

1u =1,66.10-27 kg

m=1u:

1u = 931,5 MeV/c 2

-1.2

m m
.
m = Zm p + (A-Z)m n - m
: m p : : m n

- 2

- 2/6

197

80 Hg
.
:
: m p=1,007276 u
2,71281.10 -27 kg

m n =1,008665 u

-2.2
E
.

E = m.c 2 = Zm p + (A-Z)m n - m .c 2

-3.2
:
E A .

E
A

=;
He

4
2

.MeV/nuclon :
- 3 J

.

12

4,35.10

-1 235 . 23592 U
-2 .
1u =1,6605402.10 kg
m =1,00867u
m =1,00727u
m( U) = 234,99332u :
-3 MeV .
c = 2,998.108 m.s 1
1eV =1,60.1019 J :
-4 .
-5 235 .7,66MeV/nuclon
235
92

-27

-4.2
)(MeV/nuclon

) (- A .A
60 100 140 180
.
20 < A < 190

.
A < 20 A >190 .

- 4
:

20

-8,8

- 3/6

) ( A < 20
. .
) ( A >190
. .

1
0

-1.3

Kr

Ba

91
36

: ) 235 (.
Ba + 301 n

142
56

Kr

91
36

U + 01 n

235
92

.
) ( 235 .
.

142
56

1
0

1
0

1
0

- 5

3
1

2
1

-2.3

.
:
H + 11 H
21 H + 01 e +

1
1

H + 21 H
23 He

1
1

He
24 He + 2 11 H

3
2

He +

3
2

4 11 H
42 He + 2 01 e +

He

1
0

4
2

- 6

-1.4

AZ X 3 + AZ X 4 :
X .
:
4

X2

A2
Z2

X1 +

] ) m = m f - mi = [ m(X 3 ) + m(X 4 ) ] - [ m(X1 ) + m(X 2

E = m.c 2 = [ m(X 3 ) + m(X 4 ) - m(X1 ) - m(X 2 ) ].c 2

A1
Z1

+ Z2

Z ) (A1 - Z ) + (A 2 -Z
2

) E (X1

) -[E (X 3

) E (X 2

X1

]) E (X 4

A1
Z1

X1 +

E
X4

A4
Z4

X3 +

A3
Z3

- 7

A1
Z1

- 4/6

:
E < 0
E > 0
E = 0 .

:

] ) E = [ E (X1 ) + E (X 2 ) ]- [ E (X 3 ) + E (X 4

:
)( :

E libire = E

:
-1 ) . E (Xi
-2 ) E (Xi Zi Ai ) . m(Xi
-3 .
-4 :
E = [m(X 3 ) + m(X 4 ) - m(X1 ) - m(X 2 ) ].c 2
X4

A4
Z4

X3 +

A3
Z3

X 2

A2
Z2

X1 +

A1
Z1

-2.4
-
235
1
Sr + 140
54 Xe + 2 0 n

94
38

U + 01 n

235
92

140
235
2
E = (m( 94
38 Sr) + m( 54 Xe) + 2m n ) - (m( 92 U) + m n ) .c

-1 235 .
-2 E m .235
-3 E m . 8,5.105 J.mol-1
:
m( 235
m( 140
m( 94
92 U) =234,993u
54 Xe ) =139,892u
38 Sr) = 93,8954 u
-
:
.

He + 23 He
42 He + 2 11 H

3
2

:
E = 2m( 11 H) + m( 42 He) - 2m( 23 He) .c 2

m(n) =1,00087u

-1 3 .
-2 E m .3
-3 E m . 8,5.105 J.mol-1
c = 2,99792 m.s 1
m( 11 H) =1,0073u
m( 42 He) =4,0015 u
m( 23 He) =3,0149 u :
-3.4
-
A
A-4
4
:
Z-2Y + 2 He
Z X
4
A
2 :
E = m( A-4
Z-2Y) + m( 2 He) - m( Z X) .c
- -

-:
A
E = m( Z+1
Y) + m( 01 e ) - m( AZ X) .c 2 :
A
X
Z+1
Y + -10 e

A
Z

- +

+:
A
E = m( Z-1
Y) + m( 01 e + ) - m( AZ X) .c 2 :
A
X
Z-1
Y + 01 e +

A
Z

. Po
-1 .
-2 . 20682 Pb
. 21084 Po
-3 .MeV
-4 210 t1 = 90 j t 2 =180 j
a1 = 8.1020 Bq . a 2 = 5,1.1020 Bq
t1/2 . 21084 Po
m( 206
m( 210
4,0026u :
:
82 Pb) = 205,9935 u
84 Po) = 210,0008 u

210
84

:
:
: ...
:
:
: ...

- 4/6