Gi s ta c mt mng 4 cc, k hiu thnh mt khi gm 1 u vo v 1 u ra.

m t kh nng truyn tn hiu ca khi ny, ngi ta c th s dng nhiu ci: Hm

truyn hay p ng xung (nu mch tuyn tnh), quan h vo-ra v bin (hay cng
sut), v pha... Nhiu khi ngi ta ch quan tm ti t l cng sut (hay bin ) gia
cc tn hiu vo v ra.
T l cng sut gia tn hiu ra v vo, P2 so vi P1, trong iu kin thng c gi
nh l u vo, u ra phi hp tr khng v tr khng vo v ra nh nhau cng s
vit c theo U2^2/U1^2, tc l bnh phng ca h s khuch i. Nu t s y nh
hn 1 th mch c gi l gy tn hao.
T l ny c th rt nh, cng c th rt ln. Nh vy, nu biu din trn thang t l
(s ln) th s rt kh khn. Bn hy tng tng bn th hin trn th t s 10^-3
(mt phn nghn) ca mt mch no bng mt on di 1 cm, khi nu c mt
mch no na trong mt dy cc mch ta ang xt li c t l ra/vo l 10^3 (mt
ngn ln) th t l ny s phi biu din trn th bng 1 on thng di 1 triu cm,
tc l 10 km (h h, khi ta t phi ci Boeing mi ln nhm c nh ca th
). Hn na, nu c mt dy mch nh th mc ni tip th vic tnh t l ra/vo ca
ton mch s phi thc hin cc php tnh nhn vi tt c cc t s ca tng mch
thnh phn, m php nhn bao gi ch kh hn php cng (bi php nhn v bn cht
l mt lot cc php cng lin tip - khi nu tnh bng my tnh th s php tnh s
cn nhiu hn). khc phc nhng kh khn ny (thc ra cng cn mt vi l do
ca vic s dng thang o dB na lin quan ti tnh cht ca thnh gic ngi song s
khng ni thm y cho rm), ngi ta chuyn sang s dng thang logarit. Khi ,
t l ra/vo s c tnh theo:
10lg[P2/P1] [dB],
vi n v ghi l dB (ch B phi vit hoa v y l vit tt tn ca Bell), c l -xibell (ta vn c l -xi-ben v ci mm ngi Vit ni chung l kh nut c ci m
l nng cui t). Tm li, dB l s ln (t l) tnh qua thang logarit.
Nh vy, dB l n v o t s cng sut, gi l n v o cng sut tng i (so
tng i ci ny vi ci khc). Nu t l l t l in p U2/U1 th cng thc tnh
theo dB l:
10lg[P2/P1] = 10lg[U2^2/U1^2] = 20lg[U2/U1], n v vn l [dB]
Trong trng hp P1 l 1mW th ta s c:

10lg[P2/1mW], khi n v o s l dBm, ch r P2 c t s l bao nhiu dB so vi

1mW. Tuy nhin nh vy li cho ta bit ngay P2 c gi tr bao nhiu mW (hay bao
nhiu W). Chng hn nu 10lg[P2/1mW] = X [dBm] th P2 = [10^(X/10)]x1mW. Tc
l n v o dBm cho ta bit gi tr ca cng sut P2 ang ni n, do vy dBm c
gi l n v o cng sut tuyt i (gi tr thc t ca cng sut P2 ang xt).
Tng t, ta s c n v [dBW] nu P1 l 1W, n v [dBkW] nu P1 l kW, n v
[dBmu] nu P1 l microwatt... (Ti khng g c k hiu micro nn phi s dng
mu thay th, xin cc bn lu ).
Vic s dng n v o dB, hay th hin t l qua thang logarit, cho php gii quyt
nhng kh khn trn. Theo th d trn, t l bng 1 s l 10lg1 = 0 dB, t l 10^-1 s
l -10 dB,... v 10^-3 s l -30 dB, cn 10^3 s ch l +30 dB. Nu 10 dB ta th hin
bng mt on thng 1 cm th th th hin c 10^-3 ln 10^3 s ch di 6 cm. Ngoi
ra, t l vo ra ca ton mch s tnh c bng tng cc t l tnh theo dB ca tng
mch thnh phn, thay v phi lm cc php nhn nh trc.
n v o dB trong vin thng thng c s dng th hin tng ch (Gain - G)
hay tiu/tn/suy hao (Attenuation - A, hay cn gi bng t Loss - L).
Mt mch in c t s cng sut ra v cng sut vo P2/P1 ln hn 1 c gi l
mt mch c tng ch (c kh nng khuch i tn hiu hay c b sung nng lng cho
tn hiu li vo), ngc li nu P2/P1 nh hn 1 th gi l gy tiu hao.
Chuyn qua thang logarit, ta c: 10lg[P2/P1] s dng nu P2/P1>1, khi ta c
mch khuch i tn hiu vi tng ch G = 10lg[P2/P1] dB. Nu P2/P1<1, ta c tng
ch G m. Khi mch gy tiu hao nng lng tn hiu vi tiu hao A = 10lg[P1/P2]
dB. T y ta thy nu mch khuch i vi lng tng ch l G [dB] th s c tiu
hao A = -G [dB] v ngc li, mt mch gy tiu hao A [dB] (A>0) s c tng ch m
G = - A [dB].
By gi xt mt mch in c tiu hao A [dB], gi s cng sut li vo P1 l X [dBm]
= 10lg[P1/1mW] cn cng sut ra P2 l Y [dBm] = 10lg[P2/1mW]. Khi ta c: tiu
hao ca mch A [dB] = 10lg[P1/P2] = 10lg{[P1/1mW]/[P2/1mW]} = 10lg[P1/1mW] 10lg[P2/1mW] = X [dBm] - Y [dBm]. Nh vy: a) Tiu hao A [dB] ca mt mch l
hiu gia cng sut tn hiu u vo v cng sut tn hiu u ra cng tnh theo dBm;
b) Cng sut tn hiu li ra tnh theo dBm l Y [dBm] = X [dBm] - A [dB], l hiu ca
cng sut li vo tnh theo dBm v tiu hao ca mch A [dB]; c) Cng sut ca tn
hiu li vo tnh theo dBm X [dBm] = Y [dBm] + A [dB], l tng ca cng sut li ra
tnh theo dBm v tiu hao ca mch A [dB]; d) X [dBm] - Y [dBm] = Z [dB]; e) X
[dBm] - Y [dB] = Z [dBm] v f) X [dBm] + Y [dB] = Z [dBm].

Tng t, c th xt nh vy vi mt mch in c tng ch G [dB].

By gi ta s xt hai mch in mc ni tip nhau, c tiu hao ln lt l A1 v A2,
cc cng sut tn hiu li vo ca cc mch thnh phn l P1, P2 v cng sut li ra
ca ton mch l P3. Khi :
A1 = 10lg[P1/P2] [dB] v A2 = 10lg[P2/P3] [dB]
Tiu hao ton mch A [dB] = 10lg[P1/P3] = 10lg{[P1/P2]/[P3/P2]} = 10lg[P1/P2] 10lg[P3/P2] = 10lg[P1/P2] + 10lg[P2/P3] = A1 [dB] + A2 [dB].
Nh vy, a) tiu hao ca ton mch A [dB] bng tng cc tiu hao A1 v A2 thnh
phn, cng tnh theo dB; b) X [dB] + Y [dB] = Z [dB].
Trong trng hp mch th nht tiu hao tn hiu vi tiu hao A1 [dB] = 10lg[P1/P2],
cn mch th 2 khuch i tn hiu vi tng ch G2 [dB] = 10lg[P3/P2], khi ny tng
ch tng cng ca ton mch s l:
G [dB] = 10lg[P3/P1] = 10lg{[P3/P2]/[P1/P2] = 10lg[P3/P2] - 10lg[P1/P2] = G2 [dB]
- A1 [dB].
Nh vy, a) Mt cch tng qut th tng ch tng cng ca mt mch bng tng tng
ch ca cc mch khuch i thnh phn tr i tng tiu hao ca cc mch tiu hao
thnh phn, tt c cng tnh theo dB; b) X [dB] - Y [dB] = Z [dB].
ng dng ca dB v dBm rt thun tin khi v biu qu cng sut tuyn.
V dBd, dBi v dBc.
1. dBi (ch i y vit tt cho isotropic - ng hng)
y l n v o tng ch ca ng-ten, so vi ng-ten ng hng (isotropic antenna).
Isotropic antenna (ng-ten ng hng) l ng-ten c bc x nh nhau v mi hng
trong khng gian. ng-ten ny l mt ng-ten gi nh, khng c tht trong thc t, c
th hnh dung n nh mt im tch c cp ngun sng in t, bc x ng u ra
mi hng, c s dng nh mt ng-ten chun lm tham chiu xc nh tng ch
ca cc ng-ten nh hng trong thc t.
Nh vy, mt ng-ten nh hng c tng ch G [dBi] l ng-ten c cng sut bc x
theo hng chnh tm ca bp sng mt khong cch no ln hn G [dB] so vi

cng sut bc x tnh ti im ca ng-ten ng hng t cng v tr vi ng-ten

ang xt. Tc l, ti mt khong cch no theo hng bp sng chnh ca mt ngten nh hng, cng sut thu c l P cn ca ng-ten ng hng t cng v tr
ng-ten ang xt l Pi th G [dBi] = 10lg[P/Pi].
Tng ch ca mt ng-ten thng c tnh trn hai mt phng ngang v ng: G_h
[dBi] v G_v [dBi], tng ch tng cng ca ng-ten l tng tng ch trn c 2 mt
phng: G [dBi] = G_h [dBi] + G_v [dBi].
2. dBd (ch d y vit tt cho dipole - lng cc)
L n v o tng ch ng-ten so tng i vi ng-ten dipole (ng-ten lng cc).
Mt dipole lamda/2 l mt ng-ten v hng gm 2 cnh pht x lm thnh ng
thng (thng xt l thng ng), vi di (khu vt l - physical aperture - ca
ng-ten) tng cng ca ng-ten (ca c 2 cnh) l lamda/2. ng-ten ny bc x ng
u v mi pha trn mt phng ngang song nh hng (c bp sng) trn mt phng
ng vi G_h = 0 dBi v G_v = 2.14 dBi.
Vic o lng thc t tng ch ca ng-ten li thng hay c thc hin bng cch so
snh ng-ten ang xt vi ng-ten thc t l dipole. Khi tng ch ca ng-ten thc
t c tnh vi n v dBd (tng ch ca ng-ten ang xt l bao nhiu dB so vi ngten dipole).
Nh vy, ta c G [dBi] = G [dBd] + 2.14.
3. dBc (ch c y l vit tt ca carrier - sng mang)
L n v o tng i so snh cng sut ca mt tn hiu ang xt (nhiu chng hn)
so vi cng sut sng mang tnh theo dB (t l tnh theo thang logarit).
V mt ng dng, n v dBc c s dng nh gi mc nhiu so vi mc tn
hiu (tnh i din qua cng sut sng mang). Trong trng hp nh gi nhiu/tp m
pha, do tp/nhiu cng li vo dn n tp m pha li ra ca PLL trong mch khi
phc sng mang (carrier regenerator) nn nh gi tc ng gy tp m pha ca
tp/nhiu ngi ta cng s dng t s gia cng sut tp/nhiu Pn qua mch PLL vi
cng sut sng mang tham chiu Pc (tch c t tn hiu mang tin thu c hoc
c truyn ti my thu qua mt knh ring). Khi i lng 10lg[Pn/Pc], cho php
nh gi (gin tip) tp m pha, cng c n v dBc.

1. dBm, dBw
dBm l n v cng sut thun ty (khng so snh). Cch tnh
1dBm=10log(PmW/1mW)
V d: Cng sut pht ca thit b l 10W, biu din dng dBm l
10lg(10000/1)=40dBm.
Tng t, dBW cng l n v cng sut thun ty, nhng c chuyn i t W
sang. Vd: 1W > 10lg(1) = 0dBW; 2W = 3dBW.
2. dBi, dBd
dBi v dBd u l cc n v biu din li cng sut (power gain) ca antenna,
nhng c tham chiu khc nhau.

dBm l decibell tnh so vi mt miliwatt, cn c gn l [di-bi-em]

Tng t vy, dBi c l [di-bi-ai], l tng ch (hay li) ca mt ng-ten so vi

ng-ten ng hng (isotropic).
dBd, c l [di-bi-di], l tng ch ca mt ng-ten so vi mt ng-ten lng
cc (ch d sau dB y l vit tt ca t dipole, ngha l ng-ten lng cc)
na sng (half wave dipole).
C dBi ln dBd u cng ch tng ch (G) ca ng-ten, vn l so vi ng-ten
no, ng hng hay lng cc na sng.
0dBd = 2.15dBi
G [dBi] = G [dBd] + 2.15 [dB]
Anten 3G (UMTS) thng c li khong 18dBi (dual: 2 x 18dBi)
Vi dBi th i l vit tt ca t ng hng (isotropic). N l n v ca h s tng
ch ca anten pht x ng hng. Ngoi ra vi anten pht x c hng th n v
ca h s tng ch l dBd. V trong lc tnh ton th dBi c coi nh dB.

3. dB
dB l n v so snh v mnh (intensity), cng sut (power).
i vi in p (V), dng (I) v trng E (in trng, t trng), cng thc tnh l
20lgX (dB)
i vi cng sut (P), li (G), cng thc tnh l 10lgX (dB)
Vd: Cng sut A l XW tng ng XdBm, Cng sut B l YW tng ng
YdBm. Khi so snh A ln hn (nh hn) B bao nhiu dB, tnh bng 10g(X/Y)dB
hoc (X-Y)dB.
Antenna A c li 20dBd, B l 14dBd, vy A c li ln hn B 6dB
4. dBc
dBc c phng php tnh ging vi dB v cng l mt n v tng i, c lin h
n mt i lng khc. dBc thng c dng m t kh nng ca cc RF
components, vd: carrier power c m t bi mc interference, coupling,
scattering
u dng dBc, c th thay bng dB. dBc t c dng n.
---------------------------------mi quan h gia dB v dBm l nh sau:X[dB] +Y [dB] = Z[dB]
X[dB]- Y[dB] = Z[dB]
X[dBm] + Y[dB] = Z[dBm]
X[dBm] - Y[dB] = Z[dBm]
X[dBm]- Y[dBm] = Z[dB]
X[dBm] + Y[dBm] = Z []
+
----------------------------------------------- chuyn gia cc i lng tnh theo dB, dBm, ... bn nn ch l cc gi tr
u l gi tr so snh theo 1 i lng chun (reference), v d dB ly chun l 1W,
dBm ly chun l 1mW. V vy chuyn i qua li th cch d dng nht l
chuyn v dng tuyn tnh ri i ngc li. V d 1.5dB = ? dBm. Ta chuyn 1.5dB
sang W bng 10^(1.5/10) = 1.4125W, i sang mW c 1412.5 mW, i ngc li
dBm 10*log(1412.5) = 31.5 dBm
Cch lm nh vy tuy di nhng khng s sai, iu ct yu l bn hiu c nhng
ci reference khc nhau (tu mi lnh vc ngi ta s chn ra reference tng ng)
Nhng bn cng c th lm cch khc nhanh hn l da vo tng quan ca cc
reference v tnh cht ca vic ly logarithm, cc bi ton nhn chia trong h tuyn
tnh tr thnh bi ton cng tr trong h logarithm. V d A = B*1000 trong h tuyn
tnh th trong h logarithm log(A) = log(B) + log(1000) nu tnh theo dB th 10log(A) =
10log(B) + 10log(1000) = 10log(B) + 30.
Tr li bi ton trn reference ca dB l 1W, ca dBm l 1mW cho ta thy khi mun
chuyn t dB sang dBm bn ch cn cng thm 30.

V vy khi bn hiu tng quan gia cc reference th khng cn i sang h

tuyn tnh na m c th trc tip lm trn h log.
1 ch nh l dB cn c dng th hin tng quan gia 2 i lng cng
sut A, B ch khng nht thit gia A vi 1. Lc ny n ch th hin tng quan t l
ch khng c n v. V d A = 4mW, B = 2mW -> ta ni cng sut A gp 2 ln B
hoc A ln hn B 3dB -> 3dB khng c th nguyn.
Kt lun: ch cn hiu i lng chun l c th i qua li d dng.
------------------------------------Khi o decibel c tnh "Tuyt i" v "tng i" Mc d cc php o decibel lun
lun lin quan n mt mc tham chiu, nu gi tr s tham kho l r rng v
chnh xc quy nh, sau o decibel c gi l mt "tuyt i" o lng, theo
ngha l cc chnh xc gi tr ca s lng o c th c phc hi bng cch s
dng cc cng thc c trc .
V d, k t khi dBm ch o lng sc mnh tng i so vi 1 miliwatt,
* 0 dBm c ngha l khng thay i t 1 mW. Do , 0 dBm l mc cng sut tng
ng vi mt sc mnh ca chnh xc 1 mW.
* 3 dBm l 3 dB ln hn 0 dBm. Nh vy, 3 dBm l mc cng sut tng ng vi
103/10 1 mW, hoc khong mW 2.
* -6 DBm 6 dB c ngha l nh hn 0 dBm. Nh vy, -6 dBm l mc cng sut
tng ng vi 10-6/10 1 mW, hoc khong W 250 (0,25 mW).
Nu gi tr s tham kho khng phi l quy nh r rng, nh trong c dB ca b
khuch i, sau o decibel l hon ton tng i.