Ch.

6 jump
into the gene
pool

Important terms/scientists
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Edward Jenner
Vaccine
Antibodies
B-cells
junk DNA
Lamarck
McClintock
Retroviruses

1. Edward Jenner
Doctor
Studied

cowpox and smallpox

Created the first vaccine

2. Vaccine
Created

by Jenner
Created using: a harmless relative, a
weakened/killed/broken up form of the
virus
Used to produce antibodies

3. Antibodies
specialized

proteins
target specific invaders

4. B-cells
Help

build antibodies
Seek, snip and sew

5. junk DNA
97%

of DNA
Was originally thought to be useless
About half is thought to be jumping
genes
Now called non-coding DNA

6. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
French

thinker and student of nature

Wrote Zoological Philosophy (1809)
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
theory

7. Barbara McClintock
Jumping

genes (transposons)
Studied DNA, mutations, and evolution
of corn

8. Retroviruses
Are

a special subset of viruses

Revers the flow of information
Can change the DNA of an organism

The Weismann Barrier

A

barrier between somatic and germ

cells
Both sides are completely separate and
therefore no information can pass
through from one side to the other
Used for the organization of cells and
genes in genetic research
Viruses and retroviruses may be able to
transfer information from one side to the
other

Transposons, Viruses, and

Evolution: How They Connect
Jumping

genes (transposons)

Can move from one place in the genome to another

This

affects nearby genes and changes the sequence

of DNA

Intentionally cause mutations

Evolution!

Two types: DNA transposons and retrotransposons

Retrotransposons look like retroviruses

Viruses

If

Masters of mutation
Mutate much faster than us
Store a massive volume of genetic possibility

retroviruses became transposons, theyve

helped us along in evolution

Sunspots and flu epidemics,

yay!

Radiation causes mutation

The sun gives off radiation

Every eleven years, sunspot activity peaks

Six out of nine sunspot peaks occurred

before a flu epidemic in the 20th century

Ex. Spanish flu

Antigenic drift: when a mutation occurs

in the DNA of a virus
Antigenic shift: when a virus acquires
new genes from a related strain

Genes and Antibodies

How can 25,000 genes make over a
million different antibodies?
Genes were thought to perform one
action only

Need to be over 100,000

Only 25,000

Copy,

cut, and combine instructions

Can exchange and borrow information

Persisting Viruses
Retroviruses

or viruses that have

migrated into our DNA

End yeah