B.Tech. EIGHTH SEMESTER EXAMINATION, 2007-0 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (TEC-80) Tine 8 Hours) {fPotal Marks : 100 Note (1 Attempt ali questions (2) All questions carry equal marks. Q. 1. Attempt any four parts ofthe following (a) For LOS transmission, show that the received power (relative to transmitted power) decreases by 6 dB for every doubling of distance and also for every doubling of the radio frequency. ‘Ans. For LOS transmission, path lost may be expressed a, % Gia? P4(dh)=10 og 2 10 ds 10108 B= NON Ce Now, the relationship betnagn receiveD power and distance between 7, and receiv sas =Padgl 8) Padi Coot w Oe Pidh ey #10 we +20 Now. fd = 2p = (BC oh =P dg 8 Heenee, power redueed by 6 dip energy doubling of distance. @. 1. (b) Using the ground reflection two ray model and the method images, find. total electric field at any times at a distanee d ‘Ans. Ground Reflection two Ray Model : The two-ray ground reflection model shown in fig. This isthe basic model on goometrie optics. The totad received electric field; Epor in NK result of the direct line of sight -» Byos & By ~ sroundwar, ‘The free space E-field is given by, 1a Pio a(t-£]h aod ihre, coelp of el Bobi Fool wfe-2)) 013) Eg’ Ff -cn(ue Where, Mis ref. cot. der =-D According law of reflection, 09 09, By = TE, By 21+ ME, Now, |Erort=|Exos + Ey| > treet of £)) 0 28d ufe- 8) @. 1. (©) How the percentage of converge area is determined within a cell ? Calculate the percentage of area with a received signal that is equal or greater than ‘threshold y. ‘Ans. How percentage % converge is determined ? : The geographical area is covered by a basic call is known as converge area of cel To caleulate percantage coverage, first we calculate the area coverage by complete network or fora cluster. > ‘Sh eoverage area 1 Ateaconvered Wy ells 9q, “Area covered by all Now how area @ restricted 2: To speaiy the coverage area, first the signal threshold value is determined. Where signal strength goes below to threshold value it is consider area fusher. Generally it represented by hexagonal shape : To caleulite % coverage area 2 ratio is determined @ 1. (a) What are the factors influencing small scale fading ? Show that the mobile radio channel can be modeled as a linear filter with time varying impulse response. *PetAns, Pactor's Influencing Small Scale Fading ‘Many physical factors in the ratio propagation channel influence small scale fading . Multiple Propagation : The random phase and amplitudes of different multipath components cause fluctuation in signal strength and eause small-seale fading. 2 Speed of Mobile : The relative motion between base station and mobile results Doppler shif in frequeney, which causes small-scale fading. 3. Speed of Surrounding Objects : The motion of surrounding clients also causes the Doppler shift. ‘The transmission bandwidth of signal also causes the small scale fading.‘Mobile Radio Channel as Linear Filter : Let channel response w-r-t time and distance A(d.0) & let xit) transmitted stand, ‘The received signel, Maem one = vide fondo For caused system, h(dht)=0 for t <0 = [vans [amaae-ode . 1. (o) With the help of block diagramexplain the spread spectrum channel impulse response measurement system and give its advantages and disadvantages. ‘Ans. Spread Spectrum Channel Impulse Response Measurement ¢ In spread spectrom channel sounds, @ carrer signals is “spread over a large bandwidth by inking Wish binary preudonoie (PN) amquence having chip devie (0) and the chip rate Reb “T ‘and spred signal envelope given by sip (e582) oSR(f-f)T) GRE BW.22R, BEF le aN By=r(a-B) sorige QL ( What is the concept of maltipath shape factors for fading channels ? Define the three multipath shape factors and give the fading rates variance relationships in terms of the shape factors.Ans. Concept of Multipath Shape Factors : The concept of multipath shape factor allows the quantitative analysis of any distribution of non-ominidirectional multipath waves in a local area, There are three principle shape factor and these may be derived from the angular distribution of multipath power PCO), which is a general representation of from the horizon propagation in local area, ‘The shape factor based on the complex Fourier coefficient of P(O,) A= [Pe exotinw 3 Where, F, is.n!* Fourior cooficiont ‘The shape factors are: Angular Spread : It is a measure of how multipath concentrate about single azimuth direstion It can be defined, Where F, and Fy ftom equation (1) Angular Construction 7 : It defined how multipath concentrate about two azimuth ay direction , ‘oF, ~ Fi cz i Azimuth Direction of Prax = 5008 {Fo Fa Q. 2, Attempt any four parts of the following : (a) Why spread spectrum modulation is used in mobile radio environment ? Draw and explain the block diagram of a DS-SS system and show how interference is minimized at the receiver. ‘Ans. Why-Spread Spectrum Modulation is Used ? Spread spectrum technique employ 1 transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minium required signal bandwidth while this system is very bandwidth inefficient for a single user. ‘The advantage of spread spectrum is that "many user can simultaneously use the same bandwideh without significantly interfering with one another DS-SS System : A direct sequence spread spectrum system spreads the baseband data by directly multiplying the baseband date pulses with a pscudo-noise sequence that produced by pseudonoise code generator. A single pulse or symbol of PN sequence of the PN waveform is called a chip. Received spread spectrum signal : Dua sgce segt= [HR min miromtart +9) Pl Prey Ts fo > Cartier frequencyWIRELESS COMMUNICATION Viti Sem. (07-08) s Ticiond ‘ ‘T,siagaal Tieate pcm = ipso ® Con feceed Td fi i ta osstangar’L ine" F759] oan sea T_T S.(0 {Synchronization | Sno | © [DS-$8 system + (a) Transmitter (b) Receiver Spectra of Desired Signa's with Interface : lnterfee Signal Spectral Spectral ‘ensiy a enainy op Interface Processed —-+: —>+ Wideband filter ofp Correletor ofp afer dispresea 2. ©) Compare similarities and differences between base concepts of DSSS versus FHSS sytem, haalye the perrmance of» qehronacstreueeey hoping spread spectrum system and show that the irreducible error rate due to multiple teen ntrtorance i oat 41 where Ki number fA wre and number of possible hopping slots. ‘Ans, Comparison between DS-SS & FH-SS:+ In DS-S5 the baseband data sequonce directly multiplied with pseudo random noise sequence but, in case of FH-SS, fret base-band signet converted in hope set basod on frequency then lille by peeudo random aces sequence. w= In DS-S8 coherent phase shift keying (PSK) is used in FHSS binary frequency shit eying (PSHO is used ~+ In case of DS-SS, there is no need of frequency synthesizer but in FH-SS it is require. Jin DSSS les bumber of channels used ata time in comparison of FEES, Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectra 1 It two users are not simultaneously wtilzing the same frequency band, the probability of error for BrSK can be given bs, dexpl He) a Peng at in| However, it two user transmit simuitaneously in the same frequency band. Then the colsion or hit over. 1 5, 1 AD) = atew{-2hJa-pa-d P, eso Ba Pat S Ph there are Mf possible hopping channels, then there are probb is ~ that gives interfere, Iethere are(K ~ 1) interfering user, then the probb. of hit ean be given as, a 1 rea-(1-74) Substitute in equation (i) (3) Now consider if 21, the probb of eror reduced to equation (1), the standard probb, of error of BFSK ty pal[Ko Beale | EN Q. 2, (c} What is diversity technique ? What are the drawbacks of selection diversity ? How maximal ratio combining overcomes them ? Show that the average signal to noise ratio (SNR) at detector input of a maximal ratio combiner is given by Sy MT where M is the number of diversity branches and [ is average SNR of each branch ‘Ans. Diversity : "Diversity sa powerful communication receiver technique that provides wireles link improvement at relatively Tow con Diversity exploits the random nature of radio propagation by finding independent signal path for eommuniations. + Drawbacks of Selection Diversity : It is not an optimal diversity technique because it doesnot ue all ofthe possible branches simultanecusy. Tosvoid that “maximal ratio combining” uses each ofthe M «branches ina co-phased end wieghted manner such thatthe highest achieved SNR i avaiable atthe receiver ata timesMaximal Ratio Combining Improvement : Let the voltage signals 7, from each of the "Mf" diversity branches are co-phased coherent voltage eddition and are individually weighted to provided optimal SNR if all branch has gain G; $, A) Yn = DO Let each branch has the same average noise pour N. Then total noise power N'p, 02) a tossw =e SIR given by Ta = oh ZORLN aks ¥ 8) Substitution al value rq © Yeo ete NA "0 ‘Let two Gaussion random variable, ai, each having. zero means and equal variance o?. hte hiten 4) weg gyat-® ‘Now, the resulting pdf for yp, ean be shown by "ef sey eT Plim)= te) BWM i ‘The probb, that yy less than some SNR threshold is < are emer L 3) Rtn ete [Pn dem oem heave SNR Ig Soe Sor er mit Q. 2, (@ What is the neod of equalization ? With the help of block diagram, explain a communication system using an adaptive equalizer at the receiver and show that the equalizer is an inverse filter of the channel. ‘Ans. Need of Equalization : Equalization compensates for inter symbol interference (GS created by multipath within time dispersive channels. Communication System Using Adaptive Equalization : An equalizer is usually ‘implemented at baseband or at IF in a receiver. ‘The block diagram is shown below : Ix) is the original in Fp signal, leis the combined complex baseband impulse response, then the signal received by equalizer, Hoax (NOP * + hy) “a Wimpuise response of equalizer is Ag (t) them ofp of equals At) 2 DOF OO" hg D+ byl) Og 2X10) 8 gO + yg (0 fg <2) ‘The coniplox baseband impulse response of transversal filtersee} LE Devetor sael—ef RFR, de matched filet | SEE frontend : £0. Tuainer Denson ‘ | o > Reconsnated eo ma mg at) 4 eo alt « Leah nD For desired olp Ay(t) =0&d/ b=xit) For the g(t) =F #(l) @ gg ()= 80) > (Earp Q. 2. (¢) How transversal filter structure can be used as an adaptive equalizer ? Show that the optimum weight W is given by W=R”'P, where R is input correlation matrix and P is cross-correlation vector. ‘Ans, Transversal Filter as Adaptive Equalizer : An adaptive equalizer comprising : A transversal Silter having an input for receiving signal, tap-cofficient and an output, ‘A decision part having input connected to the output ofthe transversal filter and an output. w Z. ow ‘A tap cofficient-update part that updates the : taprcoeffcient. ‘Let optimum weight W is and p is correct nature WeeR™P Q. 2 (O Derive the probability of error ‘expressions for DPSK and noncoherent orthogonal binary FSK in a slow flat fading channel where the received signal envelope has a Riccan probability distribution. ‘Ans, Probability of Error for DPSK : Differential PSK is a non-coherent form of phase shift keying which avoids the need for coherent reference signal at receiver. Probability of error can express as i Ey’ vrs = exo{ 2 Parse p0(-H)Ricenn Fading Disteibution : "When there is a dominant stationary onalysis, Eneoss Decoder Beaion Fig. LPC coding system,Determination of Predictor Cofficient : The LPC uses weighted sum of “P* post samples ta estimate to present sample, ‘The curront sample S, can be written a5 a linear sum of the immediately preceding samples Sy 4 od Sam DeSean ten ‘ mt ‘The predictor cofficients are calculated to minimize the average energy £ in the error signal, that represents the difference between the predicted and actual amplituded. o-Se-Hf.,] a mt ttle ‘To Minimize : BS o5, Sosy a0 i B =F M5, Sn pon 0 Fam ‘The above equation can written as Fenoys0 kb Code Excited LP.C. «In this method coder and decoder have a predetermined code book, of stochastic (zero-mean white gaseous) oxcitation signals, LLL Vocoder Code book Syauesis —] sererator [>] her ahh =UOrigins speech Excitation Predictor Perceptual pros Averag ‘quai Perceptust a Gen Grau OY weigh fier CELP Q.3. (b) Why non-uniform quantization is necessary for speech signals ? Give the law and A law compandings and plot them. For PCM with law compander, the Pd — SE _ where L is the number U0 +0F cp utnatin arti ty) ; of quantization levels. Show that for ” 25) 602-101 48 Ne len where nis the number of binary digits in POM. Ans. Why Non-Uniform Quantization is necessary ? : The performance of « quantizer «can be improved by distributing the quantization levels in « more efficient manner. Non-uniform quantizer distributes the quantization levels in accordaneo with the pdf of the input waveform. For an input signal with a paf pls), the mean square distortion is, siven by : De Ely Fax Pl= f fe - fof Pin ax fekx)-+ Output of quantizer, Itis clear that total distortion decreases the quantization noise {x ~ fol)” when the Pdf is vere A Law Compounding : In Europe, A-law compaining is used and is defined by, A fucoh oshurte2 AD) vn =| Ee a Lenk) 2 cipher Tha A ssLaw Companding : In US, y-Law companding is used and defined by, yey = jit ind wNorrie output oa 02. o 02 04 06 68 10 02 04 G6 of 10 ‘Nocmalised input -Normally pet SMR for j: -Law compade PCM : Let signal power 'S' and Noise quertest Ni, . We will develop an approximation for the derivative of the compressor C(X) in internal fy. Number of level 'Z’ eek The variance of the error produced by non-uniform quantization, 2 te 2 30th Fpl aes ee Sal ie aE iy lt Equivelently we can write as 2 2 a has fi pe_y[deced ota [en [ 2) ae ‘The output signal-to-quantization ratio given bi 2 (SNR Ig SE oy ‘The variance of quantize off pends We may write a x*fatdx 2 A max Feladde (xpd Ade = {S)., N,) iea+0FLet w= 28S We will get 5 (S)cesaseses on @ 3 (©) List the multiple excess techniques used in different wireless communication systems. Explain the TDMA scheme, its salient features and the frames structure. Find expressions for the efficiency and number of channels in TDMA system. “Ans. Multiple Access Technique : Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users ta share simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum. ‘There are eeversl multiple access technique. + FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) > TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Frequency Hopped Mulitptier Access Spread Spectrum multiple Access Code Division Multiplier Access TDMA : (Time Division Multiple Access) : In this scheme system divide the radio , spectrum into time slots and in each slot only one user is allowed to transmit or receive data. ‘The Features of TDMA : ‘+ TDMA shares same fequency with several user. ‘+ Data transmission for user of a TDMA system in not time contrious + TDMA uses different time slot for & and ception. ‘+ High synchronization overhead is required in ‘TDMA system because of burst tranmission > TDMA Frame Structure :In a TDMA frame the | oT) tT) Ty 1 preamble contains the address and synchronization information that both the side base station and subscriber identify cach atom. ‘Guardtime are utilize to utilize to allow synchronization of the receiver between different slots and frame, 06 TOMA Frame + Preamble] Information Message | Trail ins stot | Sier2] Slots Trail Bits} Syne. bits lfomaton Daa TousEfficieney of TDMA : The number of overhead bits per frame is dor = Neb + Nyby + Neby + NeBy ‘Total number of bits per treinl, bp =T)R (Ris channel biteode) ‘The frame efficiency, wy (1-0 Number of Channel in TDMA 7a Bad) a 1 + Maximum pamber TDMA user supported cach channel Q. 4. Attempt any four parts of the following : ta Explain the principle of frequency reuse to a celluar network. Show that the frequency rouse factor is given by MS where i i the average number of channels per celland $s the total umber of channel available. Ans. Principle of Frequency Reuse in Cellular Network : Cellular radio system rely on an nsligen allocation snd rer of chanel trough " severe ian ‘he deign proces of seletng and allcating channel groupe fr al of the eller base. laton Shn'aste celled fequsey remo egven loaning Cider a elle aytem which has etal of “s*duponehannls aoe fr one each cla allocated a group of K channels [K(s)], and if the 'S" ‘hanna ave ddd among eas into uniques Stgome channel groupe whih eoch eve the same sumer afchannels “titel number of sviale ead channels can beenpressed S=KN. @. 4.) Name the techoigue used 0 Increase the capacity ofa cellular system and compare them. Bxplatn cal sectoring and show Rew eu-chanels Interference s seduced in ne Capacity Improvement of Celelar Systom : Aa demand for witless serie increas the unde of channels tagned t's cll renal Decne imu apart the gure curmer of ser, Se yoplas caput provement ecnigue re Go Gah Spiting "sell pliting he process of subivding a congerted cll into smalGi) Cell Seetoring + Ie is another way to increase capacity into keep the cell radius ‘unchanged and seck methods to decrease the D/R ratio. (iil) Repeater for Range Extension : A wireless operator needs to provide dedicated coverage for hard-to-reach aress, such as within building or in vally or tunnels for that radio relransmitters, "repeaters", used, ‘Microcell Zone Concept : The increased number of hand-off required when sectoring is, compioyed results in an increased load on the switching and control link elements of the mobile system. Sectoring Technique : This is the another way to improve channel capacity end increase DMR radio. ‘The co-channel interference in a cellular system may be decreased by replacing a singte ominidirectional antenna at the base station by several directional antennas each radiating within a specified sector. ‘A cell is normally partitioned into three 120° seetors or six 60° sectors as shown. BY (0 Seconing 0" Secring @. 4. (e) What is handoff in cellular systems ? List the performance matrices used to make bandotf decisions and given the various handoff strategies. ‘Ans. Handoff : When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in progress, The MSC automatically transfor the call-t» a now channel belonging to the new base station, this handoff operation not only involves identifying a new base station, but also requires {hat the woice and control signals be allocated t» channels associated with new base station. Mobile Handoff Strategies : There are soveral handoff strategies like Prioritizing Handofs : One method for giving priority to handoffs is called the guard channel concept, whereby a fraction of the total available channel in a col is reserved exclusively for handoff request from on going callIn the second generation of mobile communication the MAHO Mobile assisted hand off technique is used And all the strategies are made of the basically on signal strength, . 4. (d) Differentiate co-channel and adjacent channel interference in a cellular system and mention their causes. Find out the expression for signal to co-channel interference ration (S/) and show that a minimum cluster size of seven is required to meet an S/I requirement of at least 18 AB. Assume path loss exponent Ans. Co-Channel Interference : Frequency reuse implies that is a given coverage area there are several cells that uses the same set of frequencies. These cells are called co-channels cells and the interference between signals from these cells is called "co-channel interference.” Adjacent Channel Interference : Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called “adjacent channel interference” Expression for (S/1) for Co-channel Instance : Co-channel reuse ratio :@=% = iN, Neclustor size a Ie can be approximated as = wire 2 Now ‘Let ws consider seven cell in a elustor = D/R=4583 Now, using equation (2), $/121/0 (4.589)! =753 =186 d = Nel @ 4. (e) What is GSM ? Mention the GSM services and features. Give the GSM system architecture and the various interfaces used in this. ‘Aus. GSM : "Global System for Mobile” is a second generation cellular system standard that was developed to solved the fragmentation problem of first cellular system in Europe. GSM Services and Features : GSM user services may be divided into three major categories ‘Telephone Services : Including emergency calling and fascimile, GSM also supports vidotex and teletex, through they are not integral part of GSM standard. Bearer Services and Data Services : It is supported serviees include packet switched protocols and data rates from 300 bps to 9.6 kbps.Supplementary ISDN Services : Those are digital in nature and inciude eal! diversion, closed wr group and caller identification and are not available in analog mubile networks. iilementary services algo include for the "short messing servis ‘SMS? System Architecture eh (in) Ten] 8] ase | | | rss | — | a (ats | a as Bsc MBC ISDN as a tox DATAN @. 4. ( List the key specifications of leading 2G technologies. How 2G GSM technology can be upgraded to 2.6 G HSCSD (High Speed Cireuit Switched Data) ? Ans. 2 G-Cellular Technology : The most popular 2-G standards include three TDMA. standards and one CDMA standard. 256 (com 2007 1-H 36(A) Global System for Mobile (GSM). {B' Interim Standard 136 (18-136). {Cy Pacific Digital Cellular PDC). (Di Most Popuiar 2G CDMA Standard Interim standard 96 : HSCSD for 2.5 G GSM : As the name implies, “High speed circuit awitched data” is a circuit switehed technique that allows a single mobile subscriber to use consecutive user time slots in the GSM standard. HSCSD relaxes the error control coding algorithms originally specified in GSM, Standard for data transmission and increases the available application data rate to 14,400 bps as compared to original 9,600 bps in GSM, Q.5. Attempt any to parts of the following : (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using CDMA for cellular network ? Discuss the frequency and channel specification of CDMA digital cellular standard (18-85) and explain the forward CDMA channel. How power control is done in 18957 ‘Ans. Advantage and Dis-advantages of CDMA Network : The features of CDMA tncluding the following : ‘+ Many users of a CDMA system shares the same frequency, either TDD or FDD may be used. + CDMA has @ soft capacity limit. thus there is no absolute limit. on the number of ‘CDMA user. ‘+ Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because the signel is spread over @ large spectrum. . + Channel data rates are very high in CDMA gystem, ‘+ CDMA uses co-channels cells. It ean use macroscopic spatial diversity to provide soft handoff, + Self jamming is a problem is CDMA system. Self jamminh arises from the fact that the spreads & sequence of different user are not exactly controlled. ‘© The near far problem occurs at a CDMA receiver if an understood user has a high detected power compared to the desired user. CDMA (18-08) Power Control : In CDMA, the system capacity is maximized if esch mobile transmitter power level is controlled so that its signal arrives at the cell site with the ‘minimus required signal-to-interference ratio. If the signal power of all mobile transmitters within an area covered by cell site are controlled, then the total signal power received at the cell ~ Ste from aT mobTTes WHT be equal to the average received-power-times the-number of mobiles operating in the region of coverage. ‘A trade of must be made if a mobile signal arrives at the cells site with signal that is 100 ‘week and often the weak user will be dropped. If the power from @ mobile user is to great, theperformence of this mobile unit will be acceptable, but it will add undesired interface to all other users in the celts, . 5. (b) Mentioned the vision and capabilities of 3G wireless networks as defined by ITU in IMT-2000 standard. Give the spectrum allocation, radio transmission technologies (RTT) and functional network architecture for IMT-2000 and illustrate the class of functions to be supported by IMT-2000. Ans. Visions and Capabilities of 3G Mobile Network : 3G system promise ‘unparaiteled wireless access in way that have never been pessible before, + Multimegabit internet access. + Communication using voice over internet protocot (Velp! + Voice activated ealts Unparalleled network capacity + Ubiquitous “always-on access are just consider by 9G developers 3G user having ability to — Receive line rmasie > Conduct interactive web session -~ Have simultaneous voice and data access with multiple parties at the same time CHSH. ‘single mobile handset. ‘The international telecommunieations union (ITU) formulated a plan to implement global frequency band in 2000 ME, |_____ International mobile telecommunication (IMT-2000) in mid-1895, has been formulated by (ITU, which is the standard body for united nations, IMET-2000 i a third generation universal multifunction, globally compatible, digital mobile radio system that will integrate paging cardless and cellular system. . 5. (c) Explain the united states digital cellular USDC (1-136) standard under the following headings: 1, Radio interface 2, USDC channels 3, Frame structure on forward and reverse link. 4. Speech and channel coding. Ans. USDC : (United State Digital Cellular) 1. Radio Interface : This allows an MSC to use a larger number of base stations placed in strategic location throughout a service area and provides each base station with greater control of its converge characteristic. 2, USDC Channel : The USDC controt chaninels are identical to the anatog AMPs control channels in addition to the forty-two primary AMPs control channels. USDC species forty-two additional control channels calted secondary control channels. 3, Frame Stfucture of USDC Channel ; A TDMA from in USDC consist of six time slots that support three full-rate traffic channel. 4. Speech Coding & Channel Coding : The USDC speech coder is ealled the "vector sum excited linear predictive coder (VSELP) This belong to class of CELP or SELP.‘The 159 bit within speech coder frame are divided into two classes access to their perceptual significance. fe One Fame = 1944 bits (972 symbol) Wats 28 pulse _-————+ Shot siz | sina | stas | sis | shun stor um r Tm | om] sy | om ‘Maile © base tanon lot seston 8 2 130 2 30 20 syne. | saccn | paw | covee | pan | Reuses “Base station to mobile slot forma”