B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

VIN KHOA HC THU LI VIT NAM

BO CO TNG KT CHUYN NGHIN CU

HNG DN THIT K THM C VETIVER

BO V MI
THUC TI:
NGHIN CU GII PHP P BNG VT LIU A PHNG V P TRN
NN T YU T QUNG NINH N QUNG NAM
M s: 05

Thuc chng trnh: NGHIN CU KHOA HC CNG NGH PHC V XY

DNG BIN V CNG TRNH THU LI VNG CA SNG VEN BIN

Ch nhim ti:

PGS. TS Nguyn Quc Dng

C quan ch tr ti: Vin Khoa hc Thu li Vit Nam

7579-19
22/12/2009
H Ni 2009

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

Cc gii php bo v mi bin

7.1. GII THIU CC GII PHP CHNG SNG
7.2. RNG NGP MN
7.3. CC GII PHP CNG TRNH NGN CT GIM SNG
7.4. CC GII PHP GIA C BO V MI BIN
7.4.1. GIA C BO V MI BNG CC LOI VT LIU XY DNG
7.4.2. GIA C BO V MI BNG THM C
7.4.2.1. Cc gii php bo v mi dc bng thc vt Vit Nam
7.4.2.2. Hng dn thit k chi tit h thng VS
a. Nhng quy nh chung
Khi thit k trng c phi tin hnh cn thn v c chuyn gia c kinh
nghim kim tra.
Sau khi trng, c Vetiver cha pht huy tc dng c ngay v mi dc
rt c th b trt l trong mt vi thng u. Do vy mi dc d kin bo v
bng c Vetiver cn n nh hoc tm thi n nh v cu trc bn trong, t c
kh nng trt l t nht l trong my thng u cho n khi c Vetiver hon ton
pht huy tc dng ca n.
Ch nn trng c Vetiver trn cc mi dc t vi gc dc khng vt
qu 45o-50o.
C Vetiver khng a bng rm, v vy nn trnh trng di cu, di
bng cy.
Mt s lu khi quyt nh, lp k hoch v t chc trin khai trng c
Vetiver:
Thi gian: Khi lp k hoch trng c cn lu v ma v khong thi
gian cn thit m ging.

Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

Chm sc: Khi mi trng, c Vetiver c th cha pht huy tc dng

ngay, thm ch mt s c th cht, cn trng dm. Do vy, khi lp k hoch, d
ton cng cn d phng.
Mt s hng mc cng vic nh nhn cng, phn bn, cy ging, chm
sc, bo dng a phng c th t lm c. y va l u im ca bin
php trng c va l c hi to thm cng n vic lm cho a phng, m bo
cht lng cng nh s bn vng ca cng trnh.
Nn phi hp cht ch, ti a vi cng ng a phng ngay t khi
thit k, quyt nh cc hng mc cn mua sm, k hp ng, u t v bo m
cht lng cng trnh.
Cc cp c thm quyn quyt nh cng cn c tinh thn sn sng, v
cng cn khuyn khch h chp nhn bin php trng c Vetiver thay cho cc
gii php truyn thng khc. c bit, khng nn coi nh l mt bin php
bo v cc b, c tc dng tc th ng ni xung yu nht. Ngc li, nn p
dng vi quy m ln t c hiu qu chung mt cch dn dn, lu di.
b. Cng tc chun b
- Thi gian trng c Vetiver
Thi gian trng c tnh cht quyt nh i vi thnh cng v mc chi ph.
Trng vo ma kh i hi nhiu cng sc ti nc. Kinh nghim trng c ma
kh vng cn ct Min Trung cho thy khi mi trng, mi ngy cn ti 1
hoc 2 ln. Nu khng ti, cy c Vetiver khng cht nhng chm pht trin.
Trng trn quy m ln, th d trn taluy sut dc tuyn ng H Ch Minh, kh
c th la chn c thi gian trng thch hp nht, do vy cn ti hng ngy
bng c gii trong nhng thng u sau khi trng.
Nu thi tit khng thun, phi ti 3-4 thng, thm ch 5-6 thng sau khi
trng c Vetiver mi pht trin n nh, v phi 9-10 thng sau khi trng mi
hon ton pht huy tc dng. V vy, cc chuyn gia khuyn co l nn trng khi
bt u ma ma, c ngha l phi bt u m ging vo ma xun.

Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

Cng c th trng c Vetiver trong v ng - xun, nht l Min Bc.

Mc d c ni, c khi nhit xung di 10o nhng c Vetiver vn khng cht,
v khi gp ma phn v tit tri m ln l c pht trin ln ngay.
Min Trung, ni nhit thng xuyn trn 15o, vic trng c Vetiver
trn quy m ln c th bt u t ma xun.
- Vn m c Vetiver
Ging tt v cng l yu t quyt nh i vi thnh cng ca d n.
Chi tit v m v nhn ging c Vetiver c trnh by Phn 2. Ni chung,
tr cc d n trng i tr do cc cng ty chuyn nghip thc hin, khng cn
lm vn m tp trung quy m ln m ch cn mt s vn m phn tn, mi
vn rng vi trm m2, do mt s h nng dn ph trch l . Nhng h ny k
hp ng v c thanh ton theo s lng c ging m h cung cp theo yu
cu ca hp ng.
- Chun b trng c Vetiver
i vi cc d n trng c Vetiver trn quy m va v ln, cn c s
tham gia ca nhiu ngi dn a phng, c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chuyn gia kho st hin trng.
Bc 2: Trao i vi ngi dn a phng v nhng kh khn, tr ngi
v nhng bin php gii quyt.
Bc 3: Gii thiu v cng ngh mi (thng qua hi tho, lp tp hun...).
Bc 4: T chc th nghim (lm vn m, k hp ng v.v.).
Bc 5: iu hnh, gim st vic thc hin.
Bc 6: Trao i v kt qu th nghim (qua hi tho, hi ngh u b...).
Bc 7: T chc thc hin trn quy m ln.
Trong trng hp d n trng c Vetiver do cc cng ty chuyn nghip
thc hin th nn p dng cc bc 1, 4, 5 v 7 nhng s tham gia ca ngi dn
a phng vn rt cn thit, t nht l cn nng cao nhn thc cng ng nhm
gim thiu nhng hnh ng ph hoi hoc khng tru b dm p.

Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

c. Thit k trng c Vetiver

- sn dc t nhin, taluy, b ng t p
n nh t dc hoc taluy ng, nn b tr trng cc hng c Vetiver
nh sau:
+ dc mi khng nn vt qu 1(H) : 1(V), thm ch 1,5:1 hoc thoi
hn trn t d b xi ra v/hoc cc khu vc ma nhiu (trong H - chiu
ngang, V - chiu ng).
+ Nn trng c Vetiver theo ng ng mc vi khong cch gia cc
hng (o xui dc) vo khong 1,0 - 2,0m. ni t d b xi ra cc hng c
nn cch nhau khong 1,0m, tng ln ti 1,5 - 2,0m nhng ni t n nh hn.
+ Hng u tin nn trng ng mp trn ca taluy i vi tt c taluy
cao trn 1,5m.
+ Hng di cng nn trng st chn taluy v dc theo rnh thot nc.
+ Gia cc hng u tin v di cng, khong cch gia cc hng cn li
nh nu trn.
+ i vi nhng taluy cao trn 10m, c cch khong 5 - 8m theo chiu
thng ng li nn git cp, nhng ng c rng 1-3m v trng cc hng c
Vetiver trn .
- ni xi l b sng, b bin v cc cng trnh gi nc mt n nh
gim nh l lt, bo v , k, b sng, b bin nn b tr trng c
Vetiver nh sau:
+ dc b hoc , k ti a khng nn qu 1,5(H):1 (V), nn 2,5:1
hoc thm ch thoi hn. H thng bin Hi Hu (Nam nh) thc t c
dc t 3:1 n 4:1.
+ C Vetiver nn trng theo hai hng:
n nh b hoc , k, trng c Vetiver theo ng ng mc, song
song vi chiu dng chy, vi khong cch gia cc hng (o xui dc) l 0,81,0m. Trong mt d n bo v bin mi y Hi Hu (Nam nh), khong

Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

cch trn ch cn 0,25m.

gim tc dng chy, trng cc hng c Vetiver vung gc vi chiu
dng chy vi khong cch gia cc hng khong 2,0m i vi t d b xi ra
v 4,0m ni t tng i n nh. d n bo v sng Tr Bng (Qung
Ngi), cc hng c ny thm ch c trng cch nhau ch 1,0m.
+ Hng ngang trn cng trng dc theo mp nh dc, hng di cng
trng ngang mc nc thp nht. (lu l mt s ni mc nc sng c th
hay i rt ng k theo ma v do vy c th chn ng thi im nc kit
nht trng hng di cng cng thp cng tt. Do mc nc c th ln cao,
mt vi hng di cng c th mc chm hn cc hng trn).
+ gia trng cc hng theo ng ng mc vi khong cch nu
trn.
+ Khi trng c Vetiver trn cc ngn mn, trong mt khong thi gian
no mn ca nc c th tng ln, c th nh hng n s pht trin ca
c Vetiver. Theo kinh nghim ca mt d n gim nh thin tai tnh Qung
Ngi, nn thay c Vetiver bng mt s loi cy chu mn khc nh da cn,
ging v.v.
+ Trong mi trng hp, nh trn nu, c th kt hp h thng VS vi
nhng bin php truyn thng khc, th d nh phn chn , k c th lt , b
tng hoc vi a k thut, cn na trn th trng c Vetiver.
d. Trng c Vetiver
o cc rnh su v rng khong 15 cm.
t cc khm c Vetiver thnh hng, mi khm c 2-3 dnh, khong cch
gia cc khm c l 10-12cm ni t d b xi ra n 15cm ni t bnh
thng.
t trn cc mi dc, sn taluy ng hoc , k t p thng cn
ci, do vy nn trng c bng cc ti bu, c bit l i vi cc d n quy m
ln, yu cu c pht trin nhanh. Rt c t cc ti bu ra ri t thnh hng trong
cc rnh o sn vi khong cch nh trn. Sau t c thng ng v ln
Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

cht bng t, nu c th trn ln t vi phn chung v mn th cng tt.

t b sng thng mu m, vic ti nc lc u cng khng tn
cng sc, do vy c th trng c r trn.
Khi trng, nn bn phn NPK theo hng vi liu lng 100g/m di. ni
t chua phn nn bn thm vi bt khong 100g/m di.
Ti nc ngay sau khi trng c.
Trong thi gian u, khi c Vetiver cha pht trin tt, c di c th ln
t. tr c di nn phun thuc tr c, chng hn dng Altrazin.
d. Chm sc c Vetiver
- Ti nc
Trong 2 tun u sau khi trng, nu thi tit kh cn ti nc hng ngy,
2-4 tun tip theo c th ti cch nht. Sau , mi tun ti 2 ln cho ti khi
c mc tt.
Khi c trng thnh khng cn ti na.
- Trng gim
Nhng ch c khng mc c hoc b nc ra tri i trong thi gian
u sau khi trng th cn trng gim v
Tip tc kim tra cho n khi to thnh hng ro kn v khe.

- Phng tr c di
Cn phng tr c di trong nm u tin, nht l cc loi cy thn leo.
C Vetiver rt nhy cm vi thuc tr c Glyphosate, khng nn s dng
loi thuc ny tr c ni trng c Vetiver.
- Bn phn
Ni t kh cn, nn bn phn NPK sau khi trng v vo ma ma th
hai.

Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi

 ti: Nghin cu gii php p bng vt liu a phng v p trn nn t

yu t Qung Ninh n Qung Nam

- Ct ta
Ct ta cng l mt khu quan trng khi p dng h thng VS. C th tin
hnh t ct u tin khong 4-5 thng sau khi trng thc cho c pht trin
nhiu chi mi. V sau, mi nm c th ct ta 2-3 ln, li khong 15-20cm
phn thn ni trn mt t. K thut n gin ny nhm:
+ Gim bt lng l kh c th che khut cc chi non, gip cho chng
pht trin tt hn.
+ Lm cho nhng hng c Vetiver xanh ti, thn thin vi mi trng v
phng ha hon c th xy ra.
+ Phn l xanh b ct i c th s dng vo nhiu mc ch, nh lm thc
n cho tru b, lm nguyn liu th cng nghip, lp nh v.v. Tuy nhin, khi
trng c Vetiver vi mc ch gim nh thin tai, bo v c s h tng th
ng nn qun rng mi l mc ch chnh. Chng hn cn bo m rng c
cao, rm khi ma ma bo ti. Cn sau ma ma bo th c th ct. Mt
thi im ct thch hp na c th l vo khong 3-4 thng trc ma ma bo.
- Bo v
Khi c Vetiver cn non, tru b rt c th n n, gim p ln hoc cng
c th c mt s ngi v thc n nh ph. Khi pht trin tt, c rt cng,
khe, khng cn hp dn tru b, khng s b ph na. Do vy, nhng ni cn
thit, c th lm hng ro bo v c trong my thng u sau khi trng.

Bo co chuyn 27: Hng dn thit k thm c Vetiver bo v mi