Cc phn t bo v v tn hiu ho

ngha ca bo v v tn hiu ho
* Cc phn t bo v v tn hiu ho c vai tr rt to ln:
m bo qu trnh lm vic an ton cho ngi v my mc, thit b. Qu trnh lm vic c th xy ra
s c hoc ch lm vic xu cho ngi v my mc, thit b, ng thi c th bo hiu cho
ngi vn hnh bit tnh trng lm vic ca h thng KT x l.
* Chc nng ca cc thit b bo v v tn hiu ho:
Ngng h thng (my mc) khi s c nguy him trc tip n ngi, thit b, my mc: U < Uquy
nh , U > Ucp , I > Icp , ....
Khi qu ti hoc s c cha nguy him n thit b, my mc th thit b bo v v tn hiu ho phi
bo cho ngi vn hnh bit s l kp thi.
Bo m khi ng, hm, o chiu ..., mt cch bnh thng, ngha l phi m bo sao cho: I <
Icp, to < tocp ,...

Cc dng bo v:
Bo v ngn mch:
- Bo v ngn mch l bo v cc s c c th gy nn h hng cch in, hoc h hng cc c
cu ca thit b, my mc (khi ngn mch s gy nn nhit tng nhanh gy chy hoc sc t
ng tng mnh gy va p, ...).
- Cc thit b bo v thng dng: cu ch, aptmat, rle dng in cc i, cc khu bo v ngn
mch bng bn dn, in t, ...
- Dng tc ng ca cu ch:
Idc = Ik / ( (7-18)
Trong :
Idc l dng tc ng ca dy chy c chn.
Ik l dng khi ng ca ng c, ph ti c bo v.
( l h s xt n qun tnh nhit.
( = 2,5 i vi ng c khi ng bnh thng.
( = (1,6 ( 2) i vi ng c khi ng nng.
+ Cm t cu ch trn dy trung tnh, mch ni t, v t dy ch th v my s c in p cao
nguy him. Dng cu ch bo v ngn mch th n gin, r tin, nhng tc ng khng chnh xc,
dng tc ng ph thuc vo thi gian, thay th lu, khng bo v c ch lm vic 2 pha.

- Dng chnh nh ca aptmat:

Ic = (1,2 ( 1,3).Ik ; (7-19)
+ Aptmat tc ng ri th c th ng li nhanh, ct c dng ln, bo v c ch lm vic
dng 2 pha (khi b mt 1 trong 3 pha).
- Dng rle dng in cc i (RM) bo v ngn mch phi chnh nh dng tc ng cho ph hp
vi dng ngn mch.
Thng t rle dng cc i trn 3 pha ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha, hoc t trn 1 cc i
vi ng c mt chiu. Tip im ca RM l loi khng t phc hi.
+ V d dng cu ch v aptmat bo v ngn mch:

+ V d dng rle dng cc i bo v ngn mch:

Bo v nhit:
- Nhm trnh qu ti lu di, nu khng th kh c, thit b, ng c s pht nng qu nhit cho
php.
- Thng dng rle nhit, aptmt c bo v nhit, phn t bo v qu ti bng bn dn, bo v
qu ti cho ph ti di hn.
- Cc tip im rle nhit (RN) l loi khng t phc hi, sau khi rle nhit tc ng th phi n
reset bng tay. Phi chn rle nhit c c tnh pht nng gn vi c tnh pht nng ca thit b,
ng c cn c bo v (hnh 7-13).
+ Dng chnh nh ca rle nhit, aptmat:

Ic = (1,2 ( 1,3)Im (7-20)

Trong : Im l dng nh mc ca ng c, ph ti.
+ V d dng rle nhit v aptmat bo v qu ti di hn:

- Dng rle dng cc i (RI) bo v qu ti cho ph ti ngn hn hoc ngn hn lp li. Khi ph
ti lm vic trong thi gian ngn, s pht nng ca ph ti khng ph hp vi c tnh ca rle
nhit, nn rle nhit khng tc ng kp, bi vy phi dng rle dng cc i tc ng nhanh.
+ V d dng rle dng cc i bo v qu ti ngn hn:

- Dng chnh nh ca rle dng cc i bo v qu ti:

Ic.RI = (1,4 ( 1,5)Im (7-21)
- Thng dng 1 rle dng cc i bo v ngn mch (RM) v 2 rle dng cc i bo v qu ti
(RI). Tip im ca rle dng cc i bo v qu ti l loi t phc hi (hnh 7-14).

Bo v im khng v cc tiu:
- Nhm trnh lm vic vi in p ngun thp hoc mt p ngun, v trnh t khi ng li khi in
p ngun phc hi.
- Thng dng cc rle in p (RA), cng tc t (CTT), khi ng t (KT), bo v m khng
v cc tiu.
- Chnh nh in p ht, nh ca rle in p, cng tc t:

Uh.RA > Ung.st.cp (7-22)

Unh.RA ( Ung.st.cp (7-23)
Trong :
Uh.RA l in p ht ca rle in p, hay ca cng tc t, khi ng t.
Unh.RA l in p nh ca RA, CTT, KT.
Ung.st.cp = 85%Ung.m l in p ngun st cho php.
Nguyn l lm vic v bo v ca s hnh 6 - 20:
t cng tc xoay KC v tr 0 th tip m KC1 s kn, KC2 h; ng cu dao CD, nuin p lm
vic t gi tr cho php (Ung > 85%Ung.m) th RA tc ng, n t duy tr thng qua tip im
RA(1-3) ca n.
Quay cng tc KC n v tr 1 tri (T) th K c in, lm cho ng c quay. Khi in p Ung
( 85%Ung.m th RA s nh lm K mt in v ng c cng c loi khi li in, trnh cho
ng c khi b t nng qu nhit cho php (v in p thp s dn n dng tng qu dng
cho php ca ng c).
Khi ng c ang lm vic, nu mt in ngun th khi c in li, ng c vn khng t khi ng
li c, v khi KC vn v tr 1 tri v KC1 vn h, RA mt in khi mt in p ngun, do
khi c in li th K vn khng c in.
+ V d dng rle in p (RA) bo v m khng v cc tiu:

Bo v thiu v mt t trng:

- Nhm bo v thiu v mt kch t ng c. Khi in p hay dng kch t ng c b gim, gy ra

tc ng c cao hn tc cho php, hoc dng in ng c ln hn dng cho php, dn n
h hng cc phn ng hc ca my, lm xu iu kin chuyn mch, ...
- Dng rle dng in, rle in p, ... bo v thiu v mt t trng.
+ V d dng rle dng in, rle in p bo v thiu v mt t trng (hnh 7-16)
Nguyn l bo v: khi in p th rle thiu t trng RTT s ng kn tip im ca n, KC t
v tr gia nn tip im KC1 kn, RA tc ng. Quay KC sang v tr 1 (T) th cho ng c lm vic
bnh thng.
Khi in p st qu gi tr cho php, hoc dng kch t gim thp n gi tr: Ikt. = Inh.RTT ,
Inh.RTT ( Ikt.min.cp , nn RTT nh lm K mt in, loi ng c ra khi li in bo v ng
c.

Bo v lin ng:
- Nhm bo m s lm vic an ton cho mch (bo m nghim ngt mt trnh t lm vic hp l
gia cc thit b, trnh thao tc nhm).
- Cc thit b bo v lin ng bng c kh nh: cc nt n kp, cc cng tc hnh trnh kp, ... V
cc phn t bo v lin ng in nh:
Cc tip im kho cho ca cc cng tc t, rle, lm vic cc ch khc nhau. V d:

Khi khi ng thun, n nt MT th T c in, ng in cho ng c quay, cn tip im thng kn

ca MT m ra khng cho N c in, m bo khng b ngn mch mch stato. Khi T c in
th tip im thng kn ca T m ra, m bo cho N khng th c in nu nh khng may c
ngi tc ng vo nt MN.
Khi ang quay thun, mun o chiu, n nt MN th T s mt in v N s c in, qu trnh o
chiu din ra bnh thng. Nu khng may trong qu trnh quay thun, tip im ca T mch stato
b dnh th tip im ca T mch ca cun dy N s khng kn li c, nn mc d n MN nhng
N vn khng th c in c, trnh c s ngn mch bn pha stato nu nh c T v N u tc
ng.
Nh vy cc lin ng c v in trong s bo m cho s hot ng bnh thng, ng
trnh t lm vic t ra, trnh thao tc nhm.

Tn hiu ho
- Khi xut hin ch lm vic xu nhng cha cn phi dng my th thit b bo v s hot ng
lm cho cc thit b tn hiu bo cho ngi vn hnh bit x l kp thi.
- Khi tn hiu bo m khng c x l kp thi th thit b bo v s tc ng nh ch s lm
vic ca h thng truyn ng in.
- Thit b tn hiu ho: m thanh: chung, ci, ...; nh sng: n, mu, ...; C bo: rle tn hiu, ...
V d:

S hnh 6-23 ang hot ng bnh thng. Nu nh qu ti th rle nhit s tc ng, lm RA ri

n K mt in, loi ng c ra khi tnh trng nguy him, ng thi ng tip im ca n lm n
sng ln, bo cho ngi vn hnh bit x l, sau khi x l xong, ngi vn hnh n reset
ca RN th mi c th vn hnh li c.
Cn nu b ngn mch trong ng c th rle bo v dng cc i RM tc ng, loi ngay ng c
khi tnh trng nguy him, ng thi ng tip im ca n lm cho chung Chg ku ln, bo cho
ngi vn hnh bit x l kp thi, sau khi x l xong, ngi vn hnh n reset ca RM th mi
c th vn hnh li c.

Cu hi n tp
1. Da vo nhng c s no ngi ta a ra cc nguyn tc iu khin t ng theo cc thng
s thi gian, tc , dng in, v hnh trnh, v.v ?
2. Phn tch ni dung ca nguyn tc iu khin t ng theo thi gian, tc , dng in, hnh
trnh ? Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca s minh ha cho mi nguyn tc trn?
3. Ti sao c th xy ra cc s c trong h thng truyn ng in t ng ? cch khc phc s c
nh th no ?
4. Phn tch bo v ngn mch, bo v qu ti, bo b im khng v cc tiu, bo v thiu hoc
mt t trng, bo v lin ng ? Gii thch nguyn l bo v ca cc mch in hnh tng ng
vi mi bo v trn ?

5. Tn hiu ha l g ? Cc mch tnh hiu ha c tc dng g trong h thng truyn ng in t

ng ?