pace incaigt ete cmc negemune ncsmitainae nb IS 456 : 2000 Indian Standard PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE — CODE OF PRACTICE (Fourth Revision ) ICS 91.1000 sis 2a BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BABADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG. NEW DELHI 110002 July 2000 Price Rs 260.00te—-~ 18 456 : 2000 Indian Standard PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE — CODE OF PRACTICE ( Fourth Revision ) FOREWORD ‘This Indian Standard (Fourth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, aftr the draft finalized by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. ‘This standard was frst published in 1953 under the tile ‘Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete for {general building construction’ and subsequently revised in 1957. The code was further revised in 1964 and published under modified title “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete’ thus enlarging the scope of ‘se ofthis code fo structures other than general building construction also, Te third revision was. published in 1978, and it included limit state approach to design. This isthe fourth revision of the standard. This revision was taken up witha view to keeping abreast with the rapid development in te field of concrete technology and ‘bring in further modifications/improvements in the light of experience gained while using the earlier version of the standard. This revision incorporates @ number of important changes. The major thrust inthe revision ison the following lines: 8) In recent years, durability of concrete structures have become the cause of concern to all concrete ‘technologists. This has led to the need to codify the durability requirements world over. In this revision. ‘of the code, inorder to introduce in-built protection from factors affecting a structure, earlier clause on durability has been elaborated and a detailed clause covering different aspects of design of durable structure has been incorporated. 1). Sampling and acceptance criteria for concrete have been revised. With this revision acceptance criteria has been simplified in line with the provisions given in BS 5328 (Part 4):1990 "Concrete: Part 4 ‘Specification forthe procedures to he used in sampling, testing and assessing compliance of concrete’. he significant cnanges incorporated tn Section 2 are ws follows: Ail the thee grades of ordinary Porlanc cement, namely 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade and sulphate @ Portland cement have been iauiuded in te lst of types of cement used (in addition to other types of cement), 15} The permissible limits for solids in water have been modified keeping in view the durability requirements. ©) The clause on admixtures has been modified in view of the availability of new types of admixtures including superplasticizers. 3) In Table 2 ‘Grades of Concrete", zrades higher than M 40 have been inctuded, =) [thas been recommended that minimum grade of concrete shall be not less than M 20 in reinforced concrete work (see also 6.1.3 The formula tor estimation of mnodulus of elasticity of concrete has been revised. in the absence of pecner cortelation between compacting factor, vee-bes Hime anc eabitty ‘nas now been specified only in terms of slump inline with the provisions in BS 5328 (Parts | to 4), 5) Durability clause has been enlarged co inc'ude detailed guidance concerning the factors affecting urabilicy ‘The tabie on ‘Environmental Exposure Conditions’ has been modified to include ‘very severe’ and ‘extreme’ exposure conditions This ciause also covers requirements for shape and size of member, Sept of concrete c er quality, sequirement agains! exposure to agagressive chemical and suiphate ‘ae, minimam cement reyutremeat and maximum water cement ratio, limits of chloride content, alkali silica reaction, and importance of compscon, Finishing ané curing J} Aclause on “Quality Assuranc: Measures’ has heen incorporated to give due emphasis to good practices of concreting. k)_ Proper limits have been introduced on the accuracy of measuring equipments to ensure accurate batching of concrete.15486: 2000 ‘m) The clause on ‘Construction Joints’ has been motified. 1) The clause on “Inspection” has been modified to give more emphasis on quality assurance. “The significant changes incorporated in Section 3 are as folows: 8) Requirements for ‘Fire Resistance’ have been further detailed. 'b) The figure for estimation of modification factor for tension reinforcement used in calculation of basic values of span to effective depth to control the deflection of flexural member has been modified, ©) Recommendations regarding effective length of cantilever have been added. 4) Recommendations regarding deflection due to lateral loads have been added. ©) Recommendations for adjustments of support moments in restrained slabs have been included. ‘In the detemination of effective length of compression members, stability index hasbeen introduced to determine sway or no sway conditions. Recommendations have been made for lap length of hooks for bars in direct tension and flexural tension. bh) Recommendations regarding strength of welds have been modified. 4) Recommendations regarding cover to reinforcement have been modified. Cover has been specified ‘based on durability requirements for different exposure conditions. The term ‘nominal cover’ has been introduced. The cover has now been specified based on durability requirement as well as for fire requirements. “The significant change incorporated in Section 4 isthe modification ofthe clause on Walls. The modified clause includes design of walls against horizontal shear, Jn Section $ on limit state method a new clause has been added for calculation of enhanced shear strength of sections close to supports. Some modifications have also been made in the clause on Torsion. Formula for calculation of crack width has been added (separately given in Annex F). ‘Working stress method has now been given in Annex B so as to give greater emphasis to limit state design. In this Annex, modifications regarding torsion and enhanced shear sireagth on the same lines asin Section Shave ‘been made. ‘Whilst the common methods of design and construction have buen covered in this code, special systems of design and construction of any plain or einforesd concrete structure nct covered by this code may be permitted fon production of satisfactory evidence regarding their adequacy and safety by analysis or test or both (see 19), In this code it has been assumed tha the design of plain and reinforced cement concrete work is entrusted to a ‘qualified engineer and thatthe execution of cement concrete work is carried out under the direction of a qualified and experienced supervisor. {in the formulation ofthis standard, assistance has been derived from the fllewing publications: BS 5328 : Part 1: 1991 Concrete : Part | Guide to specifying concrete, British Standards Institution BS $328 : Part 2: 1991 Concrete : Part 2 Methods tor specitying concrete mixes, British Standards Tstitution BS $328 : Part 3 : 1990 Concrete: Part 3 Specification forthe procedures to be used in producing and transporting concrete, British Standards Institution [BS $328 : Part 4: 1990 Concrete : Pur 4 Specification forthe procedures tobe used in sampting, esting and assessing compliance of concrete, British Standards Institution BS 8110: Part 1 : 1985 Structural use of concrete: Part 1 Code of practice for design and construction, British Standards Institution BS 8110: Part 2 : 1985 Structural use of concrete : Part 2 Code of practice for special circumstances, British Standards Instination ACI319:: 1989 Building code requirements for reinforced concrete, American Concrete Institute ‘AS 3600: 1988 Concrete structures, Standards Association of Australia1s 456: 2000 [DIN 1065 July 1988 Structural use of concrete, design and construction, Deutsches Intitu fir Normung EV. CEB-FIP Model code 1990, Comite Euro - International Du Belon ‘The composition of the technical committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex Hi. For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance with 1S 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that ofthe specified value inthis standard.18 456 : 2000 CONTENTS Pace SECTION 1 GENERAL Score u erences n Termnotocy n Srmous n SECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING Mareaais 1B 5.1 Cement 3B 5.2. Mineral Admixtures 3 53° Aggregates 4 34 Water 4 53 Admixtures 1s 3.6 Reinforcement 18 5.7 Storage of Materials 18 Conners 1s 6.1 Grades 1s 6.2 Properties of Concrete 15 ‘Won asiry oF Concrete: Ww ‘Duapry of Conner 7 8. General " 8.2 Requirements for Durability is cxaTe Mex Prorosrionind Mix Proportion 9.2 Design Mix Concrete 93. Nominal Mix Conceete Prooucrion oF CONCRETE 10.1 Quality Assurance Measures 102 Batching 182 Mixing Fomawon Hd Genera 11.2. Cleaning and Treatment of Formwork U3 Stripping Time ASSEMBLY 06 RENFORCEMENT TeanseoRTiN, PLACING, Cameacton ase) Cokes 1 ‘Transporting and Handling 132 Placing 133. Compaction18 456: 2000 Pace 134 Consruetion Joints and Cold Joints n 13S Curing n 136 Supervision n . 14 Conenerc Uvex Srecat.Conomons u : 14.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions a - 142 Under-Water Concreting 2” 15. Saw ssw Staencri oF Desonen ConcrTe Mix » 15.1. General » 15.2. Frequency of Sampling 29 15.3 Test Specimen 2 154 Test Results of Sample 2 16 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 23 17 Ipsrecnow avo Tasva oF SUTURE x0 SECTION3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION 18. Bases rox Desc 2 181 Aim of Design 32 182 Methods of Design 2 18:3 Durability, Workmanship and Materials x 184 Design Process 2 19 Loans a0 Forces 32 191 General 2 192 Dead Loads 2 193 Imposed Loads, Wind Loads and Snow Loads 2 194 Eanhquake Forces 2 195 Shrinkage, Creep and Temperature Effects 3 196 Other Forces and Effects 3 197 Combination of Loads 38 198 Dead Load Counteractng Other Loads and Forces 3 199 Design Load 26 Sram on ae Stave 20.1. Overuring 20.2 Stiding 203 Probable Variation in Dead {oad 2 . 20 Moment Connection 3 203° Laer! Sway 2 21. Bas Rossiter * : 22 Awaves u 22.1 Generst 4 222. Effective Span 34 223 Siifoess 38Structural Frames Moment and Shear Cost Critical Sections for Moment ond Shear Redistribution of Moments 23.0 Effective Depth 23.1 T-Beams and L-Beams 23.2 Control of Deflection 23.3. Slendemness Limits for Beams to Ensure Lateral Stability 24 Sou Stass 24.1 General 242 Slabs Continuous Over Supports 24.3. Slabs Monolithic with Supports 244. Slabs Spanning in Two Directions at Right Angles. 24,5 Loads on Supporting Beams 25 Compnessiow Memes 25.1 Definitions 25,2 Effective Length of Compression Members 25.3 Slenderness Limits for Columns 284 Minimum Becentrcity 26 Requmenerts Goverwnc REMFORCEMENT AND DETAILING 26.1 General 26.2 Development of Siressin Ret 263. Spacing of R, 264 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement 265 Requirements of Reinforcement for Structural Members Bxransion Joints SECTION 4 SPECIAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR ‘STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ANO SYSTEMS ConcaeTe Conaeis aor 302 Analysis of Structure 303 Shear 304 Deflection I 456 : 2000 Pace 52 22 3230.5 Size and Position of Ribs 30.6 Hollow Blocks and Formers 307 Arrangement of Reinforcement 308 Precast Joists and Hollow Filler Blocks Fat Stans 31 General 31.2 Proportioning. 31.3 Determination of Bending Moment 31.4 Direct Design Method 31.5 Equivalent Frame Method 31.6 Shearin Flat Slab 31.7 Slab Reinforcement 31.8 Openings in Flat Slabs Waus 321 General 32.2 Empirical Design Method for Walls Subjected to Inplane Vertical Loads 32.3. Walls Subjected 10 Combined Horizontal and Vertical Forces 32.4 Design for Horizontal Shear 32.5 Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in Walls Stans 33.1 Effective Span of Stairs 33.2 Distribution of Loading on Stars 33.3. Depth of Section Foomnas 34.1 General 35.2 Moments and Forces 343. Tensile Reinforcement 344 Transfer of Load at thé Base of Column 345 Nominal Reinforcement SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (LIMIT ST: SAFETY AND Senvicsaamary REquREMENTS 38.1 General 35.2 Limit State of Collapse 353. Limit States of Servicesditixy 354 Other Limit States (Ciaracrausnic ano Desion Vacs Axo Pasmia. Sastry Fac 36.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials 36.2 Characteristic Loads 36.3 Design Values 36.4 Partial Safety Factors Anais 371 Analysis of Structure gees38 Lowe Stare oF Course : FLEXORE 38.1 Assumptions 39. Loerr Stare oF CouLAPse: Compassion 39.1 Assumptions 392 Minimum Eccentricity 39.3 Short Axially Loaded Members in Compression 39.4 Compression Members with Helical Reinforcement 39.5 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending 39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending 39.7 Slender Compression Members 440 Laur Stare oF CoLLarse : SHEAR 40.1 Nominal Shear Stress 40.2 Design Shear Strength of Concrete 403. Minimum Shear Reinforcement 40.4 Design of Shear Reinforcement 405 Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close to Supports 41 Lina Stare oF Course : TORSION 411 General 412 Critical Section 413. Shear and Torsion 41.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to Torsion 42. Lowr Stare oF Sexviceaaiuiry: DEFLECTION 42.1 Flexural Members $2 Laur Stare of SERviCEARLITY: Caachine 42... lexaral Members 2 Compression Memiers ANNEX A LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS ANNEX 8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (WORKING STRESS METHOD) Bel General Bell General Design Requirements B-L.2 Redistribution of Moments 8.13 Assumptiens fer Desi af) BD Pomassmus Srassses B.2.1 Permissible Stresses in Concrete B.22 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement B23 Increase in Permissibh: Stresses, Pemsassumtt Loabs In Cowrnassion MEeMpEns BAL Pedestals and Short Columns wih Lateral Ties B.3.2__ Short Colurans with Kelical Reinforcement B33 Long Columns B-34 Composite Columns 15 456 : 2000 80 se ee %BS Bs ANNEXC C1 c2 C3 C4 ANNEX D Du Da ANNEXE, ANNEX F ANNEXG GI on ANNEX 1 Means Suorecten 70 Cowainen Axial, Load an Bowie B-4.l__Design Based on Uncracked Section B-42 Design Based on Cracked Section B43 Members Subjected to Combined Direct Load and Flexure ‘Shean B-S.1_ Nominal Shear Stress B.S.2 Design Shear Strength of Concrete B-5.3 Minimum Shear Reinforcement B.S4 Design of Shear Reinforcement BLS.5-_ Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close to Supports ‘Torsion B61 General B-6.2 Critical Section B63. Shear and Torsion B-6.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to Torsion ‘CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION ‘Tota, Denzcrion ‘Shonr-Tees Der.scrion [DEFLECTION Due To SHROVKAGE Dertscrion Due ro Creer SLABS SPANNING INTWO DIRECTIONS Restaanen SLAs Soaoty Sursoeren Stas EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMM CALCULATION OF CRACK WIDTH MOMENTS OF RESISTANCE FOR RECTANGULAR AND T-SECTIONS RsctaNGULAR SECTIONS G-L1 Sections without Compression Reinforcement G-12 Sections with Compression Reinforcement Flanogp Secon COMMITTES COMPOS!TICN 10 BRRSECTION1 GENERAL 1 SCoPE, anhquake load LA This standard deals with the general structural use ‘Moduius of elasticity of steei of plain and reinforced concrete. Eccentricity 1.1.1 For the purpose of this standard, plain concrete Characteristic cube compressive structures are those where reinforcement if proved strength of concrete is ignored for determination of strength of the structure. Modulus of rupture of concrete 11.2 Special requirements of structures, such as shells, ‘flexural tensile strength) {edd plates, ches, bridges, chimneys, blast resistant Splitting tensile stength of concrete structures, hydraulic structures, liquid retaining Design strength secure ad satus rant rover, rer, Characteristic strength of sec! in respective standards have not been covered inthis ‘actor oat standard; these standards shall be used in conjunction pamsppe hee weld with tis standard. etive height of wi Effective moment of inertia 2 REFERENCES ‘Moment of inertia of the gross section ‘The Indian Standards listed in Annex A contain excluding reinforcement provisions which through reference in this text, Moment of intra of cracked section constitute provisions of this standard, At the time of ‘Stiffness of member publication, the editions indicated were valid, All Constant ot coefficient or factor standards are subject (o revision and parties to Development ie agreements based on this standard are encouraged to Li ete math toad investigate the possibilty of applying the most ecent ive load or imposed ‘editions of the stundards indicated in Annex A. Horizontal distance between centres of lateral restraint 3 TERMINOLOGY Length ofa column or beam between adequate lateral restraints or t Forth purpose ofthis standard, the definitions given 5 in 1S 4845 and 1S 6861 (Parts 1 «c 12) shall venerally ‘unsupported length of 2 cokers apply Effective span of beam or effective iengtn of comme Effective length about zx azis ‘For the purpose ofthis standard, the following leer Erfective length about y-y axis ‘mel shall bave she meaning indicated againsteach: Clea pan, facet-foce of suppor where other symbols are used, they are explained at pans the appropriate pace: = Ares ‘Breadth of beam, or shorter mension of a ectangolarcoiuma sive wid of cab Effective width of ange Span in the direction in which Bratt as omens ate determines, ‘Overall depth of beam or slab or contre of supports ciameter of column; dimension of a i, = Span transverse to 1, enue to cents rectangular column in the ultection of euppors ‘uader consideration 4, for the. shorter of the continuous “Phikness of ange ans Dead toad ¥ ~ Bending moment Elective depth of beam or sab Modular ratio ‘Depth of compression reinforcement ‘Number of samples from the highly compressed face ‘Axil oad on a compression member Modulus of elasticity of concrete CCaleulated maximum bearing pressure 4 SYMBOLS 1, for shomter ofthe two spans at right angles Length of shorter side of slab Length of ionger side of sab sce between 3‘Coleulated maximum bearing pressute of soit Radius Spacing of stirrups or standard deviation Torsional moment Wall thickness Shear force Tota load Wind load Distributed load per unit area Distributed dead load per unit area Distributed imposed load per unitarea Depth of neural axis Modulus of seetion Lever arm Angle or ratio Partial safety factor for load Paria safety factor for material Percentage reduction in moment Creep stain of concrete Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression Permissible stress in concrete tn direct compression Permissible sress in metal in direct compression Permissible stress in steel in compression Permissible sess in stel in tension Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement Design bond stress ‘Shear stress in concrete Maximum shear stress in concrete ‘ith shear reinforcement ‘Nominal shear stress Diameter of barSECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING § MATERIALS Sd Cement ‘The cement used shall be any ofthe following and the type selected should be appropriate for the intended use: 4) 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement ‘conforming to 1S 269 b) 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to 1S 8112 ©) $3 Grade ordinary Portland cement ‘conforming to 1S 12269 4) Repid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS 8041 ©) Portland slag cement conforming to 1S 455 ) Portland pozzolana cement (Aly ash based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 1) #) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2) h)_ Hydrophobic cement conforming to 1S 8043, Low heat Portland cement conforming to Is 12600 ky Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to 1S 12330 Other combinations of Portland cement with mineral admicures (see 3.2) of quality conforming relevant Indian Standards laid down may also fe used ‘nthe manufacture of concrete provided that there are satisfactory data on their suitability, such as performance test on concrete containing them. 5.1.1 Low heat Portland cement conforming 10 1S 12600 shall be used with adequate precautions with regard to removal of formwork, et. 3.1.2 High alumina cement conforming ‘0 1S 6452 oF supersulphated cement conforming to 1S 6909 may be used only under special circumstances with the price approval ofthe engineer-in-charge. Specislist literature ‘may be consulted for guidance regarding the use of shese v/pes of cements $.1.3 The attention of the engineess-in-charge and users of cement is drawn to the fact that quality of various cements mentioned in 5.1 is to be determined ‘on the tasis of its conformity to the rerformance sharaceristics given in the respective In¢ian Standard Specification for that cement. Any trade-mark of any ‘rade name indicating any special features not covered in the standard or any qualification or other special performance characteristics sometimes claimed ‘indicated on the bags or containers or in advertisements alongside the ‘Statutory Quality Marking” or otherwise B no relation whatsoever with the charactaristics ‘guaranteed by the Quality Marking a relevant to that cement. Consumers are, therefore, advised to go by the characteristics as given in the corresponding Indian Standard Specification or seck specialist advise to avoid any problem in concrete making and construction. $2 Mineral Admixtures $21 Powolanas Pozzolanic materials conforming to relevant Indian Standards may be used with the permission of the ‘engineer-in-charge, provided uniform blending with ‘cement is ensured. S211 Fly ash (pulverized fuel ash) Fly ash conforming to Grade 1 of IS 3812 may be ‘use+as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement Provided uniform blending with cement is ensured. 5.2.1.2 Silica fume Silica fume conforming toa standard approved by the ‘deciding authority may be used as part replacement of cement provided uniform blending withthe cement is. ensured. [NOTE The sca fame (roy fine non-crystalline silicon ‘Said aby grou of te mnuticshon eroionn ‘belie fom guaran carbon in lec re faucets ‘hued inproponon ofS 10peento te seat eset fame $2.13 Rice husk ath Rice husk ash giving required performance and uniformity characteristics may be used with the approval of the deciding authority. [NOTE—Rice husk ah is produced by burning sce bask and ‘contain large proportion of aiea. Te seheve sorrows sa, fice husk maybe burt at consoled eperatre Its cesar {earth pret froma paar oars fr perfec and uniformity since ica rage from being 38 elton 3 Si When incoporaed i suerte, Nuc demaad 3nd ining sHvakage shouldbe ule before wing sic sk. S214 Metckooline Metakaoline having fineness between 700 to 960 mifkg may be used as pozzolanic materia in concrete. NOTE —Mesataolise is obsied by ealsintion of pare ot ‘ened anne cy wa temper bevern 650°C and HSOPC, fedowe ey grange Haeeno 0010 00 A ‘heating muted as gh porn. 52.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Ground granulated blast furnace slag obtained by srinding granulated blast fimace slag conforming 10 TS 12089 may be used as pat replacement of ordinary be18 456 : 2000 Portland cements provided uniform blending with ‘coment is ensured, 53 Aggregates ‘Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of 18383. As far as possible preference shall be given 10 natural aggregates. 5.3.1 Other types of aggregates such as slag and crushed overburt brick or tle, which may be found. suitable with regard to strength, durability of concrete and freedom from harmful effects may be used for plain ‘concrete members, but such aggregates should not ‘contain more than 0.5 percent of sulphates as SO, and. should not absorb more than 10 percent oftheir own mass of Water, 5.3.2 Heavy weight aggregates or light weight aggregates such as bloated clay aggregates and sintered fly ash aggregates may also be used provided the ‘enginecr-in-charge is satisfied with the data on the properties of concrete made with them. NOTE—Some ofthe provisions ofthe code would require "andi when hse aggre ewe spect ere maybe conshed foe uidance, S33 Size of Ageregate ‘The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the Limits specified but in no case greater than one-fourth of the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the concrete can be placed without difficulty so as to surround all reinforcement thoroughly and fill the comers of the orm. For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable. Where 2 restiction to the flow of concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger size may be permitted. In concrete elements with thin sections, closely spaced reinforcement ot small cover, consideration should be given to the use of 10 mum nominal maximum size, Plums above 160 mu and up to any reasonable size ‘may be used in plain concrete Work up to a maximum limit of 20 percent by volume of concrete when specifically permitted by the engineer-in-charze. The Tums shail he distributed evenly ane shall ke sioner than 150 mm from the surface. $3.31 For heavily reinforced concrete members as the case of ribs of main beams, the nominal maximum size of the aggregate should usually be ‘restricted to mim tess than the minimum clear distance ‘between the main bars or 5 mm less than the minimum cover tothe reinforcement whichever is smaller. 5.34 Coarse and fine aggregate shall be batched separately. Allin-agaregate may be used only where specifically permitted by the enginer-in-charge. 54 Water ‘Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of cls, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may bbe deleterious to concrete or steel. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete. As a guide the following concentrations represent the maximum permissible values: 4) To neutralize 100 ml sample of water, using phenolpbhalein as an indicator, it should not Fequire more than $ml of .02 normal NaOH. The details of test are given in 8. of IS 3025 (Part 22). ‘To neutralize 100 mil sample of water, using mixed indicator, it should not require more ‘than 25 mal of 0.02 normal H.SO,, The details ‘of test shall be as given in 8 of IS 3025 (Par.23), ©) Permissible limits for solids shall be as given in Table 1. SA.1 In case of doubt regarding development of strength, the suitability of water for making concrete shall be ascertained by the compressive strength and initial setting time tests specified in $4.1.2and8.4.13. SA.L1 The sample of water taken for testing shall present the water proposed tobe used for coneeting, ddue account being paid to seasonal variation. The sample shall not receive any treatment before testing ‘ther than that envisaged in the regular supply of water proposed for use in concrete. The sample shall be stored 4n aclean container previously rinsed out with similar water. 34.12 Average 28 days compressive strength of at leastthree 150 mm concrete cubes prepared with water ‘proposed to be used shall not be less than 90 percent of the average of strength of three similar concrete cubes prepared with distilled water. The cubes shall be prepared, cured and tested in accordance with the requirements of IS 516. 5.4.1.3 The intial setting time of test block made with the appropriate cement and the water proposed to be ‘sed shall not be less than 30 min and shall not difer by £30min from the inital seting time of comrol test block prepared with the same cement and distilled water, The tet blocks shall be prepared and tested in accordance with the requirements of 1 4031 (Part 5). SA2 The pli value of water shall be not less than 6. $43 Sea Water Mixing or curing of concrete with sea water is nct recommended because of presence of harmful salts in seawater. Under unavoidable circumstances sea watet ‘may be used for mixing or curing in plain concrete with ‘no embedded ste! after having given due consideration ‘o possible disadvantages and precautions including use ‘of appropriate cement system.18 486: 2000 ‘Table 1 Permissible Limit for Solids (Clause 5.4) SSS "pad ae Perms Lint, ‘Mer 153025 (Pat 18) xorg 182025 (Pat 18) 3.000 mgt 1s 3025 (Fan 24) seo 153025 (Pan 2) 200m eo concree not conaising bedded sel wd 500 mt ferrenforeed eomeree wort W)_Sospended mater 15 3025 (Pan 17) 2.00019 £44 Water found satisfactory for mixing is also suitable for curing concrete. However, water used for ‘curing should not produce any objectionable stain or ‘unsightly epost on the concrete surface. The presence of tannic acid or iron compounds is objectionable. 5 Admixtures SS.1. Admixture, if used shall comply with IS 9103. Previous experience with and data on such materials should be considered in elation tothe likely standards of ‘supervision and workmmanship othe work being specified. 5.5.2 Admixtures should not impair durability of ‘eonerete nor combine with the constituent to form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of reinforcement. 553 The workability, compressive strength and the slump Toss of concrete with and without the use of ‘admixteres shall be established during the tai muxes ‘sefore use of admixtures. 5.34 The relative density of liquid admixiures shait ‘be checked for each drum containing admixtures and empared with the specified value before acceptance. 5.5.5 The chlotide content of admixtures shall be independently tested for each batch before acceptance. 5.5.6 If two or more admixtures are usee simultaneously inthe same concrete mix, data should tbe obtained to assess thexr interaction ani (© ensufe their compatibility. 546 Reinforcement ‘The reinforcement shall be any ofthe following: 8) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars ‘conforming to IS 432 (Part 1). 5) High suength deformed steel bars “onf-emin 19S 1786. ) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566. {¢) Structural steel conforming to Grade A of 18 2062. 5.6.1 All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scales, loose rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or any other substances which may destroy or reduce bond. ‘Sand blasting or other treatment is recommended 10 ‘lean reinforcement. 5.6.2 Special precautions like coating of reinforcement ‘may be required for reinforced concrete elements in ‘exceptional cases and for rehabilitation of structures. Specialist literature may be referred to in such eases. 5.6.3 Toe modulus of elasticity of steel shal be taken ‘as 200 kN/mm?. The characteristic yield strength of ifferentstel shall be assumed asthe minimum yield ‘stress0.2 percent proof stress specified inthe relevant Indian Standard. 5.7 Storage of Materials ‘Storage of materials shal be as described in IS 4082. 6 CONCRETE 61 Grades ‘The concrete shall be in grades designated as per Table 2. 6.11 The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are eapested to fall, 6.1.2 Te minimum grade of concrete for plain and reinforced concrete shalt be as por Table 5. 6.13 Concrete of grades lower than those given in ‘Table S may be used for plain concrete constructions, Jean concrete, simple foundations, ouadaticn for masonry walls and other simple ot temporary reinforced concrete construction. (62, Properties of Concrete 62 Increase of Strength with Age ‘There is normally again of strength beyond 28 days. ‘The quantum of increase depends upon the grade end ‘ype of cement, curing and environmental conditions, tc, The design should be based on 28 days charac teristic strength of concrete unless there is aevideoce 0 1518 456 : 2000 Table 2 Grades of Concrete (Clause 61,922, 15.1.1 and 36.1) ‘Group Grade Deagaation Speed Charecerte Comprestive Strength 15) mm Cube at 28 Dapsin Ninn? o a » Oxinary Mio 0 Conc MIS 1s Mx » Standart was as Coser 3030 Ef was 35 ao 0 Mas 6 M50 2 M35 5s tis Mo o Seth Mos 8 once Ma 2 Mas 8 Moo » Nores 1 inthe designation of concrete it M refer tote mi andthe ‘umber the specified compressive segth of 150mm se (bea 28 day, expresed a Na. 2 Forconcre of somprestvesreagth grate han M5, design arsneers given in he sundae may aot be appa and te Values may be obtained fom specialized Itertues and “experimental eal {sty ahgher orengh fora pariclar trust due © we 62.141. For concrete of grade M30 and above, the Fat ofincreaseof compressive engi wih age hall te based on actu investigaions, 62.1 Waer nesters 0 Tea during const, they shoul be checked for Stessesresuing fem combination of ect od and bending doing constuction, 622 Tensile Seng of Cncrase The flenural and spliting tense seengths sal e abtained as described in IS 516 and IS 3816 reepectvely, When the designer wishes to use an estat of te tensile stength rom he compressive Strength, te fllowing formula may be sed Fesura srengt, 4, = 07 iF Nom? wher /sthecharacterisiceubecompressvestengh of concrete in N/mm: 623 Blase Deformation ‘The malas of elastic is primarily inunced by dhe lai open of the aggregate and to a eset twent by the conditions of core and age of te ones, the mix proportions ad the pe of ement The modus of eartiy i nomaly fated tote compressive steagth of concrete, 622341 The modus of elasticity of concrete canbe sssumed a follows E=S00 Fx where: Eis the short term static modulus of elasticity in Ns ‘Actual measured values may differ by + 20 percent from the values obtained from the above expression. 624 Shrinkage ‘The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the constituents of concrete, size of the member and ‘environmental conditions. For a given humidity and temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete is most influenced by the total amount of water present inthe concrete at the time of mixing and, toa lesser extent, by the cement content. 6.2.4.1 In the absence of test data, the approximate value of the total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0,000 3 (for more information, see IS 1343), 6:25 Creep of Concrete Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the factors listed in 6.2.4, on the stress in the concrete, age at loading and the duration of loading. As long as the sess in concrete does not exceed one-third of its ‘characteristic compressive strength, creep may be assumed to be proportional to the stress. {6.25.1 Inthe absence of experimental ata and detailed information on the effect of the variables, the wtimate creep strain may be estimated from the following values of resp coefficient (thats, ultimate creep strain clastic strain at the age of loading); for long span structure, it is advisable to determine actual cree ston, likely to tke pl ‘Ageat Loading Creep Coefficient 7 aays 22 of cement, the aggregate, the cement content, t ative humidity and the si: of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete with sifferent aggregates may be taken as below. Type of Aggregate Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Concrete quareie L2e La x du! Sandstone 990 12x19 Granite 97 190.95 x 10° Basalt 0.8 100.95 105 Limestone 06 190.9% 10"7 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE 7.1. The concrete mix proportions chosen should be such that the concrete is of adequate workability for the placing conditions ofthe conerete and can properly 15 456: 2000 be compacted with the means available. Suggested ranges of workability of concrete measured in accordance with IS 1199 are given below: Placing Conditions Degree of ‘Slump Workability (mm) a @ eo Blinding concrete; Very low See TLL Shallow seetons: Pavements using pavers Mass concrete; Low Lightly reinforced sections in slabs, ‘beams, walls, columns; Floors, ‘Hand placed pavements; Canal lining: Strip footings Heavily reinforced sections in slabs, beams, walls, columns; Sipform work, Pumped concrete ‘Trench fil: High Insta piling 25.15 Medium 50-100 75.100 100-150 ‘Tremie concrete Very high See TAD NOTE—For mos ofthe placing conditions, tema vibetors (pede vbrors) ae tbl. The danetrof the nese hal be ‘dcrmined tare ox te deasiy and spacing of etercerent regi to be used (seal 133), bare and thikoest of eons. For wei concrete, wars not Tad Inthe ‘very iow’ category of workabiity where strict control is necessary, for example pavement ‘quality concrete, measurement of workability by determination of compacting factor will be more appropriate than stump (cee IS 1199) and a value of ‘compacting factor of 0.75 o 0.80 is suggesced. 7.1.2 In the ‘very high’ category of workability, measurement of workability by determination of tlow ‘vill be appropriate (see 1S 9103). 23 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 1 General A durabie some that performs savisfaccoriy in the working environment during its anticipated sposure conditions during service. The materials and ‘xix proportions specified and used should be such as, ‘9 maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to prctect ‘embedded metal from corrosion. 1 One of the main characteristics influencing the ‘Sarability cf conorete isis permeability tobe ingress ‘f water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate and other potentially deleterious substances. Impermesbility is governed by the constituents and workmanship used in making the concrete. With normal-weight aggregates «suitably low permeability is achieved by having an adequate cement content, suficiendy iow free water/ cement ratio, by ensuring compicte compaction of tie ‘concrete, and by adequate curing, ‘The factors influencing durabili 8) the environment; by the cover to embedded steei: ©) the type and quatity of constituent materais; include: the concrete: efficent curing; and 4) the shape and size ofthe member. ‘The degree of exposure anticipated for the concrete uring its service life together with other relevant Favlors relating aia compos kaanablp, design and detailing should be considered. The ‘concrete mix to provide adequate durability under these ‘conditions should be chosen taking account of the accuracy of current testing regimes for control and ‘compliance as described inthis standard. ”15456: 2000 82 Requirements for Dural 82.1 Shape and Size of Member ‘The shope or design details of exposed structures should be such as to promote good drainage of water and t0 avoid standing pools and rundown of water. (Care should also be taken to miinimize any eracks that may collect or transmit water. Adequate curing is ‘essential t0 avoid the harmful effects of early loss of moisture (see 13.8).Member profiles and their intersections with other members shall be designed and Aetaled in a way to ensure easy flow of concrete and proper compaction during concreting. Concrete is more vulnerable to deterioration due to chemical or climatic attack when itis in thin sections, in sections under hydrostatic pressure from one side ‘only, in partially immersed sections and at corners and ‘edges of elements. The life of the sgcture can be lengthened by providing extra cover to steel, by chamfering the comers or by using circular cross sections or by using surface coatings which prevent or reduce the ingress of water, carbon dioxide or aggressive chemicals 8.22 Exposure Conditions 82.21 General environment ‘The general environment to which the concrete will be exposed during its working life is classified into five levels of severity, that is, mild, moderate, severe, very severe and extreme as described in Table 3 ‘Table 3 Environmental Exposure Conditions (Clauses 82.2.1 and 35.32) Sino, Eavrsoment ‘Exporare Condos ar) 3 bate Concrete surtaces prxected agaist \weaeror agressive condition except ‘hove saaced in costal ae. ‘Concrete sues seed from ree "anor ening wh we Concret xposed condensation ain ‘Concrete contnuowsy der ater ‘Concrete in contac! or bared ner oe sree soilgroand water Concrote stefuces saeitere) Gow ‘Soret sas seas res Concrete surfaces expoted to severe rain alternate weting aod drying ot ‘csmioal eng WM we ere ‘indentation Conroe compeey immed ea war ‘Conca exponed tant envionment [Concrete sates exposed sea water Spry cose Runes severe ering ‘atone et Concrete ta contact with or buried sider aggresive sb-oaoand et. Surfice of member intial tne ‘Meners i dec contact with ii sel aggresive ches a) Moderate fi) Severe xtreme 822.2 Abrasive Specialist literatures may be referred to for durability requirements of conerete surfaces exposed to abrasive action, forexample, incase of machinery and metal yrs, 8.22.3 Freezing and thawing ‘Where freezing and thawing actions under wet conditions exist, enhanced durability can be obtained by the use of suitable air entraining admixtures. When concrete lower than grade M 50 is used under these conditions, the mean total air content by volume of the fresh concrete at the time of delivery into the construction should be: Nominal Maximum Size Entrained Air Ageregate Percentage (am) 20 Sil 40 441 Since air entrainment reduces the stength, suitable adjustments may be made in the mix design for schieving required strength. 8.2.24 Exposure to sulphate atock ‘Table 4 gives recommendations forthe ype of cement, maximum free water/eement ratio and minimum cement content, which are required at diferent sulphate concentrations in near-neutral ground water having pH of 6109, For the very high sulphate concentrations in Class $ conditions. some form of lining such as polyethylene cexpolychloroprene sheet; or surface coating bared on suphaly, chlorinated rubber, epoxy; or polyurethane rateriais should alo be used to prevent acces ty the sulphate solution. 8.2.3 Requirement of Concrete Cover 8.23.1 The protection of the stel in concrete against ‘orosion depends apon an adequate thickness cf good ‘oualty concrete B24 General ‘The free water-cement ratio is an important fac‘or in ‘governing the durability of concrete and should always be the lowest vaiue. Appropriate vaiues for minimum ‘cement content and the maximum free water-cement ratio are given in Table $ for disferent exposure conditions. The minimum cement content and ‘maximum water-cement ratio apply to 20 mm nominal ‘maximum size aggregate. For other sizes of aggre gate they should be changed as given in Table 6.1S 456: 2000 8.24.2 Maximum cement content been given in design tothe increased risk of eracking Cement content not including fly ash and ground due to drying shrinkage in thin sections, of to early ‘ranulated blast furnace slag in excess of 450 kg/m’ thermal cracking and tothe increased risk of damage specis! con thas det ala ‘Table 4 Requirements for Concrete Exposed to Sulphate Attack (Clauses 82.24 and9.12) ‘Cass Concentration of Sulphats, Expresed a8 50, — ni ‘SOhin 21Wer: Water Soil Ener oazlaa cee Sapernipted alpen Para omen Sues sulpine resting Porand cemest ordand porzolina cement of Priand sha cement Sepenalphaed or mip stg Pontend More thar Supe resisting 29 Porlan coment ‘sper mest eth protective coatings Nemes sent one se) sabe eee ok odes of semen se of spesulphaed cement is generally rented where he prevuling tempers i shove 40°C, Sopemuphated cement gives a accrtble We povided that he sere denne and prepared with a wate-cermeat msi of 4 less in wine aids, down 0 93735 "To cement content ven nol ofthis able ae inna commended. For SO, coments ser the upp limi of any cas, eve eve nimi ae ave, rdions ach ahin rons ander tree nese one sony a shoal be given tft edueson of wer amen rat Ponting erat vnforming 018 455 with slg coment note han 5 erent exhibits beter ulate eng properties ‘Where cher sensountered long with sulphates in solr grouad wae, rnary Portland cement with C,A conten from $10 & ‘erea shal be desiable o be wed conc, nea of sulphate resisting cere Alematively,Porand sag cement conrad {018 45 having wore ha 5 eran sag ra blend of ornryPoriand cement and lag ay be wed provided sufitet normaton ailabe on performance of ich blended Cements in tes oman 918 456: 2000 825 Mix Constinents 828.1 General For concrete to be durable, careful selection ofthe mix and materials is necessary, so that deleterious constituents do not exceed the limits 82.5.2 Chlorides in concrete Whenever there is chloride in concrete there is an increased risk of corrosion of embedded metal. The higher the chloride content, orf subsequently exposed to warm moist conditions, the greater the risk of corrosion. All constituents may contain chlorides and conerete may be contaminated by chlorides from the external environment. To minimize the chances of deterioration of concrete from harmful chemical salts, the levels of such harmful salts in concrete coming from concrete materials, tha is, cement, aggregates water and admixtures, as well as by diffusion from the ‘environment should be limited. The total amount of ‘chloride content (as Cl) inthe concrete atthe time of placing shall be as given in Table 7. The total acid soluble chloride content should be calculated from the mix proportions and the measured chloride contents ofeach ofthe constituenss. Wherever possible, the total chloride content of the concrete should be determined, 8.28.3 Sulphotes in concrete ‘Sulphates are present in most cements and aggregates; excessive amounts of water-soluble from these or other mix coasiwents can cause expansion and disruption of concrete. To prevent this, the total water-soluble sulphate content of the concrete mix, expressed as SO,, should not exceed 4 percent by ‘mass ofthe cement inthe mix. The sulphate content should be calculated as the total from the various ‘constituents ofthe mix. ‘The 4 percent limit does not apply to concrete made ‘with supersulphated cement complying with IS 6509. 825.4 Alkali-aggregate reaction Some aggregates containing particular varieties of silica may be susceptible to attack by alkalis (Na, and K,O) originating from cement or other sources, producing an expansive reaction which can cause cracking and disruption of concrete. Damage to concrete from this reaction will normally only occur when al the following are present together: ) A high moisture level, within the concrete; 'b) A cement with high alkali content, or another source of alkali ©) Aggregate containing an alk: constituent. Where the service records of particular cement! aggregate combination are well established, and do nat include any instances of cracking due to alksli- aggregate reaction, no further precautions should be necessary. When the materials are unfamiliar, precautions should take one or more ofthe following forms: reactive The wf mumeeacrive aggmge from sreenaee abie $ Minimum Cement Content, Maximum Water-Cement Ratio and Minimum Grade of Concrete for Different Exposures with Normal Weight Aggregate: of 20 mm Nominal Maximum Size (Clowses 6.12, $2.41 and 9.12) ‘Pie Canerete Minn Notes Relators Coats —_——. Miotnam Maxima Content Cement Ratio tt oss os 04s as 1 Cement content reeibed in his tbls iespetive ofthe grate of cement sad itis inclusive of ations mentioned a $2. The ‘uions auch ty ath o sound granted las faace sag ay be taken io acount i the concrete companion with expe The cement comeat an wats-cemett ato ifthe suabiiy is etbised ands lng ashe mum mount ken nto aceon Go not exceed the ini of poztalona and sag specified in 1S 1499 (Prt I} and 1S 455 respectively. 2 Minimum grade for plas conrte ude il exposure cndon int specified. OOOO Trea 2»‘Table 6 Adjustments to Minimum Cement Contents for Aggregates Other Than 20 mm ‘Nominal Maximum Size (Clause 82.4.1) ‘Nominal Manimum Adjastneats fo Minimum Cement "Asurermte Size ‘Coates in Tle $ ey iy @ ° 0 “0 2 © © 0 ‘Table 7 Limits of Chloride Content of Concrete (Clase 82.52) Marimom Tost S1__Typeor Use of Concrete ‘neal or any mats egung proeaton rom etlrie by Use of tow alkali ordinary Portland cement having total alkali content not more than 0.6 percent (as Na,O equivalent), Further advantage can be obtained by use ash (Grade 1) coaforming to IS 3812 or granulated blastfumace slag conforming to JS 12085 as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement (having total alli content as 1Na,O equivalent not more than 0.6 percent, provided fly ash content is atleast 20 percent or slag content is atleast SO percent. ‘e} Measures to reduce the degree of saturaticn of the conerete during service such as use of impermeable membranes. 2) Limung te cement content in tne concrete mix and thereby limiting tora alkali content in the concrete mix, For mute guidance specials Fiteratures may be referred. 82.6 Concrete in Aggressive Solis and Waser RBG General «progressive. The rate of deterioration decreases 25 she concrete is made sronger and more impermesbie, and increases asthe salt content of the water increases. ‘Where structures are only partially immersed or are in contact with aggressive soils or waters on one side oly, 15 456 : 2000 ‘evaporation may cause serious concentrations of salts ‘with subsequent deterioration, even where the original ‘salt content ofthe sol or water is not high. [NOTE —Guidnaceresuning quirements fr conemteeapowd to lpi ack i given in 82.2.4 8.2.62 Drainage At sites where alkali concentrations are high or may ‘become very high, the ground water should be lowered. by drainage so that it will ot come into direct contact ‘with the concrete, ‘Additional protection may be obtained by the use of ‘chemically resistant stone facing or a layer of plaster Of Paris covered with suitable fabric, such as jute thoroughly impregnated with bituminous material. 82.7 Compaction, Finishing and Curing ‘Adequate compaction without segregation should be ‘ensured by providing suitable workability and by ‘employing appropriate placing and compacting ‘equipment and procedures. Full compaction is particularly important inthe vicinity of construction ‘and movement joints and of embedded water bars and reinforcement. Good finishing practices are essential for durable ‘concrete ‘Overworking the surface and the addition of water/ ‘cement to aid in finishing should be avoided; the resulting laitance will have impaired strength and durability and will be particularly vulnerable to freezing and thawing under wet conditions. ‘and enhance its durability by extending the hydration of the cement, particularly in its surface zone (see IBS: 82.8 Concrete in Sea-water Concrete in sea-water or exposed directly along the sea-const shall be at least M 20 Grade in the case of plain concrete and M 30 incase of reinforced concrete. "The use of stag or pozzoiana cement is advaniagec sitder sted conditions 82.8.1 Special atention shail be given to the design ‘ofthe mi ro obtain the densest pessivie concreie; sag, ‘broken brick, soft limestone, soit sandstone, or other ‘porous or weak aggregates shall not be ased. 8.28.2 As faras possible, preference shall be given to precast members unreinforced, well-cured and amlened without shars ecrvers, and having trowel smooth finished surfaces frve from crazing, rack: other detects; plastering should be avoided, 82.8.3 No construction joints shall be allowed within {600 mm below low water-level or within 600 mm of the upper and lower planes of wave action. Where18 456 : 2000 ‘unusually severe conditions or abrasion are anticipated, such parts ofthe work shall be protected by bituminous orsilico-Aluoride coatings or stone facing bedded with bitumen. 82.8.4 In reinforced concrete structures, care shal be taken to protect the reinforcement from exposure to saline atmosphere during storage, fabrication and use. It may be achieved by treating the surface of reinforcement with cement wash or by suitable methods. 9 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING 9.1 Mix Proportion ‘The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure the ‘workability ofthe fresh concrete and when concrete is bardened,itshall ave the required strength, durability and surface finish, 9.1.1 The determination ofthe proportions of cement, ‘aggregates and water to attain the required strengths shall be made as follows: 4) By designing the concrete mix; such concrete shall be called ‘Design mix concrete’, or b) By adopting nominal concrete mix: such concrete shall be called ‘Nominal mix concrete’. Design mix concrete is preferred to nominal mix. If design mix concrete cannot be used for any reason on the work for grades of M 20 ot lower, nominal mixes ‘may be used with the permission of enginees-in-charge, which, however, is likely to involve a higher cement content, 9.1.2 Information Required In specifying a particular grade of concrete, the following information shall be included: 8) Type of mix, that is, design mix conerete or ‘ominal mix conerete; b) Grade designation; ©) Type of cement; 2) Maximum nominal size of aggregate; fe} Minimum cement content (for dasiga mix ‘concrete): 9) Maximum water-cement ratio: Workabi Mix proportion (for nominal mix concrete); Exposure conditions as per Tables 4 and 5; Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of plas 'm) Method of placing; and 1) Degree of supervision. 9.1.21 In appropriate circumstances, the following ditional information may be specified: 2) Type of aggregate, ) Maximum cement content, and ©) Whether an admixture shall or shall not be used and the type of admixture and the condition of use, 9.2 Design Mix Concrete 9.2.1 As the guarantor of quality of concrete used in the constuction the constructor shall cary out the mix design and the mix s0 designed (aot the method of design) shal be approved by the employer within the limitations of parameters and other stipulations laid down by this standard. 9.2.2 The mix shall be designed to produce the grade cof concrete having the required workability and a characteristic strength nt less than appropriate values siven in Table 2. The target mean strength of concrete six shouldbe equal othe characteristic strength plus 1.65 times the standard deviation. 9.2.3 Mix design done eatlir not prior to one year may be considered adequate for later work provided there is no change in source and the quality of the ‘materials. 924 Standard Deviation ‘The standard deviation foreach grade of concrete shall, be caleulated, separately. 9.24.1 Standard deviation based on test strength of sample 8) Number of test results of samples—The (tal number of text strongth of sampies required «0 consti an accepmabie record for caleatien of standard deviation shall be aot less than 30. Attempts should be made to obtain the 30 samples, a early as possible, when a mix is used for the first time. ) In case of significant changes in concrete— ‘When significant changes are made in the production of concrete Satches (for example changes in the materials ased, mix design, ~zauipment or ‘echnical contro} the standard Seviaion Vai sti de separaiely caiuates for such batches of concrete ©) Standard deviazion zo be Brough up so dace~— ‘The calculation ofthe standard deviation shall bbe brought up io date after every change of mix design. 9.242 Assumed standard deviation Where surfcient test results for a panicuiar grade of concrete are not available, the value of standard deviation given in Table 8 may be assumed for design ‘of mixin the first instance. As soon as the results of samples are available, actual calculated standard »” an opper ini of and 8 8 Tomer tiie af 13, es 2 wo eu an permits Lower et progressively a he grading econ lager Cade conse ape hale wed oble4of IS SED, the proportions stall be 1:1, 12 and 2% Ar 3 _tiximam size of agpegnes 10 20 mand $0 am cespectnety | 2B |18 456 : 2000 101.3 Each party involved in the realization of @ Droject should establish and implement a Quality Assurance Plan, for its participation in the project. Supplier's and subcontractor's activities shall be ‘covered inthe plan. ‘The individual Quality Assurance ‘Plans shall itinto the general Quality Assurance Plan, A Quality Assurance Plan shall define the tasks and responsibilities of all persons involved, adequate ‘control and checking procedures, and the organization ‘and maintaining adequate documentation of the building process and its results Such documentation, should generally include: 8) test reports and manufacturer's certificate for ‘materials, conerete mix design details; 'b)_ pour cards for site organization and clearance for concrete placement; ©) record of site inspection of workmanship, field tests; 4) non-conformance reports, change orders; ©) quality control charts; and 8) statistical analysis [NOTE—~Quaity contol chars are econinended wherever the cance sn cominaos reduction over consdrabie ped 102 Batching ‘Toavoid confusion and error in batching, consideration should be given to using the smallest practical number of different concrete mixes on any site ot in any one plant. Inbatching concrete, the quantity of both cement and aggregste shall be determined by mass; admixture, if solid, by mass: liquid admixture may however be volume ot mass; water shail be weigied ‘or measured by volume in a calibrated tink (see aise 14925), Ready-mixed concrete supplied by ready-mixed ‘conerete pnt shall be preferred, For large and medium Droject sites the concrete shall be sourced from realy- mixed concrete plants or from on site of off site batching and mixing plants (see 1S 4926), 102.1 Except where it can be shown tothe satisiaction of the engineer-in-charge that supply of properly Stave aggregate of uniform gealty san be saintsine$ ‘over a petiod of work, the grading of aggregate should be controlled by obtaining the coarse agaregate in ce aad dieading them ia the right proportions when required, the different sizes being Stocked in separate stock-piles, The material should be stock-piled for several hous preferably aday before lve, The grading of coarse and fine aggregate should be checked as frequently as nessihe, the f for a given job being determined by the enginser-in- charge to ensure that the specified grading ‘maintained. 10.22 The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall ‘be within + 2 percent of the quantity of cement being. ‘measured and within & 3 percent of the quantity of aggregate, admixtures and water being measured, 10.2.3 Proportion’ Type and grading of aggregates shall ‘be muade by wal in such a way s0 as 0 obtain densest possible concrete, All ingredients of the concrete should be used by mass only. 10.24 Volume batching may be allowed only where ‘weigh-batching is not practical and provided accurate bulk densities of materials to be actually used in ‘concrete have earlier been established. Allowance for bulking shall be made in accordance with IS 2386 (Part 3). The mass volume relationship should be checked as frequently as necessary, the frequency for the given job being determined by engineer-in-charge to-ensure tha the specified grading is maintained, 10.25 tis important to maintain the water-cement Tatio constant a its correct value. To this end, determi- ration of moisture contents in both fine and coarse ‘aggregates shall be made as frequently as possible, the frequency for a given job being determined by the cengineersin-charge according to weather conditions. ‘The amount-of the added water shall be adjusted 10 ‘Sompensate for any observed variations inthe moisture contents. For the determination of moisture content in the aggregates, 1S 2386 (Part 3) may be referred to ‘Toallow for the variation in mass of aggregate due to ‘variation in their moisture content, suitable adjustments in the masses of aggregates shall also be made. In the absence of exact data, only in the case of nominal mixes, the amount of surface water may be estimated ‘rom the values given in Table 10. ‘Table 19 Surface Water Carried by Aggregate (Clause 10.25) a “Approntnste Quanity of Surface Bo. Water Pela by Mase ve 0 @ o 8) Vey wet ad 19 |) Modetty wet and © ti) Mot aand 0 4) Mok gavel orcad sk ae alterations in the established proportions, except as permitted in 19.24 and 10.2.5 shalt be made without additional tess to show thatthe quality and strength of concrete are satisfactory. 193 Mixing ‘Concrete shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer. The mixer should comply with IS 1791 and 1S 12119. The ‘mixers shall be fitted with water measuring (metering) vices. The mixing shall be continued until there isa ‘uniform distribution ofthe materials and the mass isuniform in colour and consistency. If there is segregation after unloading from the mixer, the ‘concrete should be remixed. 40.3.4 For guidance, the mixing tne sh 2 min. For other types of more efficient mixers, manufacturers recommendations shall be followed; for hydrophobic cement it may be decided by the cengineet-in-charge 10.3.2 Workability should be checked at frequent intervals (see 1S 1199). 10.3.3 Dosages of retarders, plasticisers and _superplasticisers shall be restricted o 0.5, | Oand 2.0 percent respectively by weight of cementitious fnaterials and unless a higher value is agreed upon. between the manufacturer and the constructor besed ‘on performance test. 11 FORMWORK 11.1 General ‘The formwork shall be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid during placing and ‘compaction of concrete, and shall be such as to prevent Toes of slurry from the concrete. For further details regarding design, detailing etc reference may be made to IS 14687, The tolerances on the shapes, fines and dimensions shown in the drawing shall be within the limits given below: @ Deviation from specified +12 dimensions of cross-section — 6 of columas and beams Deviation from dimensivns fof footings 1) Dimensions in plan » 0.02 times the width of the foot ing in the direc tion of deviation ‘butactmore than soma 4005 times the ‘Spectiied thick- SS “These terances apply toconcrete dimensions only, and ‘ot io positioning of vertical reinforcing stel or dowe's 11.2 Cleaning and Treatment of Formwork All rubbish, particularly, chippings, shavings and _swdust shall be emoved from the interior of the forms. Defore the concrete is placed. The face of formwork incontact withthe concrete shall be cleaned and treated. ‘with form release agent. Release agents should be “applied 50 as to provide a thin uniform coating to the forms without coating the reinforcement. 2) Becenticity 3) Thickness TT 15.456: 2000 113 Stripping Time Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved strength of at leat twice the stress to which the vonctete| athe Hime of removal ‘of formwork. Phe strength referred to shall be that oF concrete using the same cement and aggregates and ‘admixture, if any, with the same proportions and cured "under conditions of temperature and moisture similar to those existing on the work 11.3.1 While the above criteria of strength shall be the guiding factor for removal of formwork, in normal ‘circumstances where ambient temperature does not fall below 15°C and where ordinary Pordand cements used ‘and adequate curing is done, following staking period may deem to satisfy the guideline given in 11.3: ‘Type of Formwork “Minimum Period Before Striking Formwork 4) Vertical formwork to columns, 16-24 walls, beams +b) Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days ‘Brops tobe refixed immediately after removal of formwork) .) Soffit formwork to beams 7 days (Props to be refixed ‘mediately after removal ‘of formwork) 4) Props to slabs: Spanning up 1045 7 days 2) Spanning over 4.5m 1adays ‘) Props to beams and arches: 1) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days 2) Spanning over 6m 21 days For other cements and lower temperature, the sicipping time recommended above may be suitably modified 11.32 The number of props left under, thei sizes and disposition shall be such as to be sie wo safely carry the full dead load of the slab, beam or arch as te vise may be together with any live load fikely t occur during curing or further consteseton, 11.3.3 Where the shape of the elemeatis such thatthe Formworkhas re-entrant anges, the formwork shalt removed as soon as possible after the concrete has set to avoid shrinkage cracking occurring due to the ‘strint imposed. 12 ASSEMBLY OF REINFORCEMENT 12.1 Reinforcement shall be bent and fixed in ‘accordance with procedure specified in 1S 2502. The high strength deformed steel bars should not be re-bent 2518 456 : 2000 of straightened without the approval of enginecr-in- charge, Bar bending schedules shall be prepared for all reinforcement work. 122 Allceinforcement shal be placed and maintained in the position shown in the drawings by providing Proper cover blocks, spacers, supporting bars, et. 122.1 Crossing bars should not be tack-welded for assembly of reinforcement unless permitted by cengineer-in-charge, 123 Placing of Reinforcement Rough handling, shock loading (prior to embedment) ‘and the dropping of reinforcement from a height should be avoided. Reinforcement should be secured against displacement outside the specified limits 123.1 Tolerances on Placing of Reinforcement Unless otherwise specitied by engineer-n-charge, the reinforcement shall be placed within the following tolerances: 4) for effective depth 200 mm £10mm cor ess b) foreffective depth more than 15 mm. 200 mm 12.3.2 Tolerance for Cover Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate from the required nominal cover 0, by omm ‘Nominal cover as given in 26.4.1 should te specified to all steel reinforcement including links. Spacers ‘between the links (or the bars where no links exist) ‘and the formwork should be of the same nominal size 4s the acminal cover, - Spacers, chairs and other supports detailed on drawings, together with such other supports as ‘may be necessary, should be used to maintain the specified nominal cover to the stee! reinforcement. ‘Spacers or chairs should be placed at a maximum spacing of 1m and closer spacing may sometimes be eooseacy, Spacers, cover blocks should he of concrete of same sitength of PVC, 124 Welded Joints or Mechanical Connections Welded joints or mechanical connections in ‘sinforcement may be used but in all cases of important connections. tests shall he made to prove tha he iin ate of the full strength of bars connected. Welding of reinforcements shall be done in accordance with the Fecommendations of IS 2751 and IS 9417, 4125 Where reinforcement bars upto 12:mm forhigh strength deformed steel bars and up to 16 mm for mild steel bars are bent aside at construction joints and afterwards bent back into their original positions, care should be taken to ensure that at no time isthe radius Of the bend fess than 4 bar diameters for plain mild steel or 6 bar diameters for deformed bars. Care shall also be taken when bending back bars, o ensure that the concrete around the bar is not damaged beyond the band, 12.6 Reinforcement should be placed and tied in such ‘4 way that concrete placement be possible without segregation ofthe mix. Reinforcement placing should allow compaction by immersion vibrator. Within the Concrete mass, different types of metal in contact should be avoided t ensure that bimetal corrosion does not take place, 13 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, ‘COMPACTION AND CURING 13.1 Transporting and Handling ‘After mixing, concrete shall be transported to the formwork as rapidly as possible by methods which will prevent the segregation or los of any ofthe ingredients. ‘or ingress of foreign matter or water and maintaining the required workability, 13.1.1. During bot or cold weather, concrete shall be transported in deep containers. Other suitable methods to reduce the loss of water by evaporation in hot Weather and heat loss in cold weather may also be adopted. 132 Placing ‘The concreie shall be deposited ae nasey as practicable ‘in ts final position to avoid rehandling. The concrete shall be placed and compacted before intial seting of concrete commences and should not be subsequently disturbed. Methods of placing should be such as {0 preclude segregition. Care should be taken to void displacement of reinforcement or movement of formwork. As a general guidance, the maxi- ‘mum permissible iree fall of concrets may be taken ast Sm, 413.3 Compaction Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fly Worked around the reinforcement, around embedded fixtures and into comers of the formwork. 133.1 Concrete shall be compacted using mechanical vibrators complying with IS 2505, iS 2506, 18 2514 and 15 4656, Over vibration and under vibration of i as harnifal and siouid be avoided. Vibration of very wet mixes should also be avoided. ‘Whenever vibration has to be applied externally, the design of formwork and the disposition of vibrators should receive special consideration to ensure efficient compaction and to avoid surface blemishes,134 Construction Joints and Cold Joints Joints area common source of weakness and, therefore, it is desirable to avoid them. If this is not possible, umber shall be minimized, Concresng shail be eared out continuously up (o construction joints, the position and arrangement of which shal! be Indicated by the designer. Construction joints should ‘comply with IS 11817, Construction joints shall be placed at accessible locations to permit cleaning out of latance, cement slurry and unsound concrete, in order to create rough! ‘uneven surface. Itis recommended to clean out Iitance and cement slurry by using wire brush on the surface of joint immediately after inital seting of concrete and to clean out the same immediately thereafter. The prepared surface should be in a clean saturated surface ‘dry condition when fresh concrete is placed, agains it In the case of construction joints at locations where the previous pour has been cast against shuttering the recommended method of obtaining a ough surface for the previously poured concrete is to expose the aggregate with a high pressure waterjet or any other appropriate means. Fresh concrete should be thoroughly vibrated near ‘construction joints so that mortar from the new concrete flows between large aggregates and develo proper ‘bond with old concrete, Where high shear resistance is required at the construction joints, shear keys may be provided. Sprayed curing membranes and release agents should te therowehty removed fram joint surfaces, 1S Curlag ‘Curing isthe process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete whilst maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime. The prevention of moisture loss fom the concrete is particularly important if the water. ‘cement ratio is low, if the cement has a high rate of, sicength development, if the concrete contains granulated blast furnace slag or pulverised tel ach, ‘The curing regime should also prevent he deve! ‘high temperanurs gradienss within the conve ‘The rate of strength development at early ages of cnade with supersuipaaied comen: is significantly reduced at lower temperatures, ‘Supersulphated cement concrete is seriously ae by inadequate curing and the surface has to be kept auist fora least seven days. A251 Moist Carns Exposed surfaces of concrete shall te kept ‘continuously in a damp or wet condition by ponding ‘orby covering with a layer of sacking, canvas, hessian or similar materials and kept constantly wet for atleast seven days from the date of placing concrete in ease 2 1s 456 : 2000 of ordinary Portland Cement and atleast 10 days where ‘mineral admixtures or blended cements are used. The pevicd of curing shall not be less than 10 days for ‘posed to dry and hot weather conditions. in the case of concrete where mineral admixtures or blended cements are used, it is recommended that above minimum periods may be extended to 14 days. 135.2 Membrane Curing ‘Approved curing compounds may be used in lieu of ‘moist curing with the permission of the engineer-in- ‘charge, Such compounds shall be applied to all exposed surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the ‘concrete has set. Impermeable membranes such as polyethylene sheeting covering closely the concrete surface may also be used to provide effective barrier ‘against evaporation. 13.53 For the concrete containing Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement or mineral admixture, period of curing may be increased. 13.6 Supervision tis exceedingly difficult and costy to alter concrete once placed. Hence, constant and strit supervision of all the items of the construction is necessary during the progress of the work, including the proportioning, and mizing of the concrete. Supervision is also of ‘extreme importance to check the reinforcement and its placing before being covered, 136.1 Before aay important operation, such a5 concreting or stripping of the formwork is starred. ate ft be given to the consiraction 14 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS 141 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions During hot or cold weather, the concreting should be done as per the procedure set cut ia IS 785? (Part 1) oF IS 7861 (Part 2), 342 Under Water Concreting 14.24 When tis necessary to deposit concrete under wales, tne methods, equipment, materiais and toportions ofthe mix to be used shall be submitted to and approved by the engineerin-charge before the works started, 14.2.2 Underwater concrete should have a slump 7a. The water-cement zat shail avs ‘ieeed 06 and may need to be smaller, depending on the grade of concrete or the type of chemical atack. For aggregstes of 40mm maximum particle size, the ‘cement content shall be at least 350 kg/m’ of concrete. 14.23 Cofer-dams or forms shall be sufficiently tight15 456 : 2000 to ensure sill water if practicable, and in any case to reduce the flow of water to fess than 3 m/min through the space into which concrete is to be deposited. CCoffer-dams or forms in sill water shall be sufficiently tight t0 prevent loss of mortar through the walls. De-watering by pumping shall not be done while cconerete is being placed or until 26 thereafter. 14.24 Concrete cast under water should not all freely through the water. Otherwise it may be leached and become segregated. Concrete shall be deposited continuously until itis brought tothe required height. ‘While depositing, the top surface shall be keptas nearly Jevel as possible and the formation of seams avoided. ‘The methods to be used for depositing concrete under ‘water shall be one of the following: 18) Tremie—The concrete is placed through vertical pipes the lower end of which is always inserted sufficiently deep into the concrete which has been placed previously but has not set. The concrete emerging from the pipe pushes the ‘material that has already been placed tothe side and upwards and thus does not come into direct contact with water. ‘When concrete is to be deposited under water ‘by means of tremie, the top section ofthe remie shall bea hopper large enough to hold one entire batch of the mix or the entire contents the transporting bucket if any. The temic pipe shall be not less than 200 mm in diameter and shall be large enough to allow a free flow of concrete and strong enough to withstand the externa! pressure of the watet in which itis suspended. ven ia partial vacuum develops inside the pipe. Preferably, flanged steel pipe of adequate strength for the job should be.used. A separate lifting device shal be provided for each tremie pipe with its hopper at the upper end. Uniess the lower end of the pipe is equipped with an approved automatic check valve, the upper ené ‘of the pipe shall be plugged with a wadding of the gunny sacking or other approved material Inefore delivering the conczete to the temie pize through the hopper, so that when the concrete is Forced down from the hopper tothe pipe, it will force the plug (and along with it any water in the pipe) down the pipe and out ofthe bottom ‘end, thos establishing 2 continuous stream of concrete, It willbe necessary to raise slowly the ie in crder to cause a uniform flow of the ‘but the tremie zhall act be emptied so ‘hat water enters the pipe. Atall times after the placing of concrete is started and until all the ‘concrete is placed, the lower end of the treme pipe shall be below the top surface ofthe plastic concrete. This will cause the concrete to build ‘up from below instead of flowing out over the surface, and thus avoid formation of Iaitance layers. Ifthe charge in the tremic is lost while depositing, the tremie shall be raised above the concrete surface, and unless seated by a check valve, it shall be re-plugged atthe top end, as at the beginning, before refilling for depositing concrete b) Direct placement with pumps—As in the case of the tremie method, the vertical end piece of the pipe line is always inserted sufficiently deep into the previously cast concrete and should not move to the side during pumping ©) Drop bottom bucket —The top ofthe bucket shall be covered with acanvas flap. The bottom doors shall open freely downward and outward when ‘sipped. The bucket shall be filled completely and Towered slowly to avoid backwash. The bottom doors shall not be opened uatil the bucket rests ‘on the surface upon Which the concrete isto be deposited and when discharged, shall be withdrawn slowly until well above the concrete, 4) Bags — Bags of at least 0.028 m' capacity of jute or other coarse cloth shall be filled about two-thirds full of concrete, the spare end turned under so that bag is square ended and securely tied. They shall be placed carefully in header and stretcher courses so that the whole mass is. interlocked. Bags used for tis purpose shal! be free from deleterious materials. ©) Grouting—A series of round cages made from 50mm mesh of 6 mam steel and extending ove ‘he fall height to be conereted shall be prepared and laid vertically over the area to be concreted so thatthe distance between centres of the cayes and also to the faces of the concrete shall not exceed one metre. Stone aggregate of not less ‘than 50mm nor more than 200 mm size shall be deposited outside the steel cages over the full ‘area and height (o be conezsted with due care te prevent displacement of the cages. ‘A siable 1:2 coment-sand grout with a wat fatio of nes foes 3h = ‘than O.$ shall be prepared in ammechanical mixer ‘aad seat downunder prossure(abeut 9.2 Neem? ‘tuough 38 10 50 mm diameter pipes terminating ino stel cages, about 50 mm above the bottoms ‘ofthe concrete. As the grouting proceeds, the ipe shall be raised gradually up tc a height of ‘vier wen icmay de win the next eage for further grouting by the same procedure Affer grouting the whole area for a height of about 600 mm, the same operation shall be repeated, if necessary, for the next layer of{600 mm and so on. “The amount of grout to be sent down shall be sufficient to fillall the voids which may be ether ‘volume o be conereted. 1425 To minimize the formulation of laitance, great care shall be exercised not to disturb the concrete as far as possible while it is being deposited 1§ SAMPLING AND STRENGTH OF DESIGNED CONCRETE MIX 18 General ‘Sumples from fresh concrete shall be taken as per 1S 1199 and exbes shall be made, cured and tested at 2k days in accordance with IS 516. 16.1.1 In order to geta relatively quicker idea of the quality of concrete, optional tests on beams for modulus of rupture at 72 + 2 h or at 7 days, oF Compressive strength tests at 7 days may be carried ‘out in addition to 28 days compressive strength test. For this purpose the values should be arrived at based Conactual esting. Inall cases, the 28 days compressive strength specified in Table 2 shall alone be the criterion for acceptance or rejection of the concrete 15.2 Frequency of Sampling 35.2.4 Sampling Procedure ‘A random sampling procedure shall be adopted to ‘ensure that ech conerete batch shall havea reasonable tesied that i, the sampling howl “pred over tne enlte period of concreting and < all auxing sits 18.2.2 Frequency veney of sempling of concrete ot cach grade shal be in accordance with the folbowing: ‘ueniits of Concrete i Work, Naniber of Sa 4 plus one éditional sample for each additional 0. ox part theren! (EAs ent one se sal he akan fom ech ht [hares prac somtinsus production sich wSuusmene cont lat, feqeney of sarge pret pon mut by spl and puree, 15.3 Test Specimen ‘Three test specimens shall be made for each sample 15.456 : 2000 for testing at 28 days. Additional samples may be requited for vasious purposes such as to determine the ‘strength of concrete at 7 days or atthe time of striking the formwork, orto determine the duration of curing, for to check the testing error. Adcitional sampies may also be required for testing samples cured by ‘accelerated methods as described in 15 9103. The ‘specimen shall be tested as described in 18 $16, 154 Test Results of Sample ‘The test results of the sample shall be the average of the strength of three specimens. The individual variation should not be more than 215 percent of the average, Ff more, the test results ofthe sample ae invalid, 16 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 16.1 Compressive Strength ‘The concrete shall be deemed to comply with the strength requirements when both the following condition are met: a) The mean strength determined from any group of four consecutive test results compiles with the appropriate limits in col 2 of Table 11. ') Any individual test result complies with the appropriate tents in col 3 of Table 11. 162 Flexural Strength “When both the following conditions are met, the -conerele complies with the specified flexural strength. not ess than he specified characte Jess 0.3 Némm* 16.3 Quantity of Concrete Represented by Strength Test Resuits Toe quantity of concrete represented by a group of ‘our gonsesunive fst ensuite shall incl the Patches from which the First and last samples were taken together with all itervening batches. For the individuai test result requirements 2 of Table I or in item (b) of 16.2, only the “ov whioh the sample was taken shall Where the mean 7 maximum guamiy Of woncieie iat Sout so test results represent shall be Lamited to 60 my. of sampling is not specific & the 16.4 Tithe concrete is deemed not to comply persuant to 16.3, the structural adequacy of the parts affected shall be investigated (gee 17) and any consequential action as needed shall be taken. »15.456 : 2000 16.8 Concrete of each grade shall be assessed separately, 16.6 Concrete is liable to be rejected if it is porous ‘or honey-combed, its placing has heen interrupted ‘without providing a proper construction joint, the reinforcement has been displaced beyond the tolerances specified, or construction tolerances have not been met, However, the hardened concrete may be accepted after carrying out suitable remedial measures tothe satisfaction of the engineer. in-charge. 17 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURES 1741 Inspection ‘To ensure that the construction complies with the ‘design an inspection procedure should be set up covering materials, records, workmanship and construction. 17.1.1 Tests should be made on reinforcement and the constituent materials of coneretin accordance with the relevant standards, Where applicable, use should be made of suitable quality assurance schemes. 17.12 Care should be taken to see that: 18) design and detail are capable of being executed to a suitable standard, with due allowance for dimensional tolerances: there are clear instructions on inspection standards; there are clear instructions om permissible deviations; elements critival io workmanship, structural Ferformance, durability and appearance at Identified: and ©) there is a system to verify thatthe quality is satisfactory in individual parts ofthe structure, especially the critical ones, 17.2 Immediately after stripping the formwork, al! concrete shall be carefully inspected and any defective ‘work or small defects either removed or made good before concrete has thoroughly hardened, 173 Testing In case of doubt regarding the grade of concrete used, either due to poor workmanship or based on results of cube strength tests, compressive strength tests of ‘concrete onthe basis of 17.4 and/or load test (see 17.6) may be carried out. 174 Core Test 17.4.1 The points from which cores are to be taken and the number of cores required shall be at the discretion of the engineet-in-charge and shall be representative of the whole of concrete concerned. In no case, however, shall fewer than three cores be tested, 17.4.2 Cores shall be prepared and tested as described inks $16. 17.43 Concrete in the member represented by a core test shall be considered acceptable if the average equivalent cube strength of the cores is equal to atleast £85 percent ofthe cube strength of the grade of concrete specified for the corresponding age and no individual core has a strength less than 75 percent, 17.5 In case the core test results do not satisfy the requitements of 17.4.3 or where such tess have net heen dene, jond test (17.5) 378 Load Tests for Flexsral Member 17.6.1 Load tests should be caried out as soon as ‘Table 11 Characteristic Compressive Strength Compliance Requirement (Clauses 6.1 and 16.3) Tediidoal Test ‘Rel in Nan ° 2 A, 4082S werent ‘andr devon rounded ‘ft searest03 Nine) S43, ‘thchever sper 2 (+0825 x enabinnad Heed ceva fo eearest 0.3 Na) Sot 4 Ni hie ‘Serene 'NOTE—Inthe absence of exablised vale of andar devin, the vale given ia Table 8 ny be atsamed, ed acerp shoal be made to obtain eu of 30 samples a ea a8 possible esti be value of sanderd devon. ever 0possible after expiry of 28 days from the time of placing ‘of concrete, 17.6.2 Tae structure shouldbe subjected to « load equal 1 fall dead load of the structure plus 1.25 times the ‘imposed load for «period of 24h and then the imposed Joa shall be removed [NOTE-—Desd load inclades self weight of the strctrat Ines plas weight of finisher si wal arons, any, rcoedered nthe dein. 17.6.3 The deffection due to imposed load only shall be recorded, If within 24h of removal of the imposed Toa’ the structure does not recover at least 75 percent ‘ofthe defection under superimposed load, the test may be repeated after a lapse of 72h. Ifthe recovery is less than 80 percent, the structure shall be deemed to be unacceptable. 176.34 If de maximum deflection in mm, shown during 24 h under load is less than 40/°D, where lis the effective span in m; and D, the overall depth ofthe section sn nm, it is not necessary forthe recovery to ‘bemeasured and the recovery provisions of 17.6.3 shall ‘ot apply. 17.7 Members Other Than Flexural Members Members other than flexural members should be preferably investigated ay anaiysis. 178 Nonsdestructive Tests [Non-destructive tests are used to obtain estimation of ‘the properties of concrete in the structure. The methods ‘adopted include ultrasonic pulse velocity [see 1S 13311 (art 1)} and rebound hammer [IS 13311 (Part 2)), probe penetration, pullout and maturity. Non- destructive tests provide alternatives to core tests for cestimating the strength of concrete in a structure, oF ‘can supplement the data obtained from a limited number of cores. These methods are based on measuring a concrete property that bears some relationship to strength. The accuracy ofthese methods, in pan, is determined by the degree of correlation between strength and the physical quality measured by the non-destructive tests ‘Any of these methods may be adopted, in which case the scceplance criteria shall be agreed upon prior to testing. 318456: 2000 SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION 18 BASES FOR DESIGN 18.1 Aim of Design ‘The sim of design isthe achievement of an acceptable probability that stuctures being designed wil perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance tothe effects of misuse and fr 18.2 Methods of Design 18.21 Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for durability. Calculations alone do not produce safe, serviceable and arable stuctures. Suitable materials, quality control, adequate detailing and good supervision are equally important, 18.2.2 Where the Limit State Method ean not be ‘conveniently adopted, Working Stress Method (see ‘Annex B) may be used, 18.23 Design Based on Experimental Basis Designs based on experimental investigations on models or full size structure or element may be accepted if they satisfy the primary requirements ‘of 18.1 and subject to experimental details and the analysis connected therewith being approved by the ongineer-in-charge, R221 Where the design is based on experimental investigation on full size structure or element, load esis shall be carried out to ensure the following: 4) The structure shal satisfy the requirements for deflection (see 23.2) and cracking (see 35.3.2) ‘when subjected toa load for 24 h equal to the characteristic load maltiplied by 1.33 y, where ‘shall be taken from Table 18, forthe limit state Of serviceability. If within 24 h of the removal of the lead, the structure does not stow + ‘est ioading sitouid be repeated after a lapse Of 72h, The recovery after the second test should be at east 75 percent ofthe maximum de? shown during the second test. foe saxiam deflection ia nm, shown during ses han 40 PD wher by The structure shall have adequate strength to sustain for 24h, atotal load equal tothe charac. teristic load multiplied by 1.33 y, where shall 2 be taken from Table 18 for the limit state of collapse 183 Durability, Workmanship and Materials 11 is assumed that the quality of concrete, steel and other materials and of the workmanship, as verified by inspections, is adequate for safety, serviceability and durability 184 Design Process ‘Design, including design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered as a whole, The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for ‘materials, production, workmanship and also ‘maintenance and use of structure in service, 19 LOADS AND FORCES 19.1 General [In structural design, account shal be taken ofthe dead, imposed and wind loads and forces such as those cused by earthquake, and effects due to shrinkage, creep, temperature, etc, where applicable, 19.2 Dead Loads Dead loads shall be calculated on the basis of unit weights which shall be established taking into Consideration the materials specified for construction, 19.2.1 Alternatively, the dead loads may be calculated the bas hte of materials given in more accurate calculations are warranted, the unit weights of plain concrete and reinforced concrete made with Sand and gravel o ‘tushed natural stone aggregate may be taken as 24 N/m? end 25 kNim' respectively, 193 Imposed Loads, Wind Loads ard Snow Loads sed toads, wind loads and snow Toads shail be assumed in accordance with 1S 875 (Part 2) 13 875 East 3) and 25 875 (Part) eespectis 194 Earthquake Forces fhe carzquacs forces sth accordance with IS 1893. 153 Shrinkage, Creep and Temperature Effects the effects of shrinkage, creep and temperaeure are liable to affect materially the safety and serviceability of the structure, these shall be taken into account ix alculations (see 6.24, 6.2.5 and 6.2.6) and 15 875 Part), 19.8.1 In ordinary buildings, such as low tise dwellings whose lateral dimension do not exceed 45 m, the ba ed jacffects due to temperature fluctuations and shrinkage ‘and creep can be ignored in design calculations. 19.6 Other Forces and Effects In addition, account shall be taken of the followang forces and effects ifthey are liable to affect materially the safety and serviceability of the structure: 4) Foundation movement (see IS 1904), bb) Elastic axial shortening, ©) Soil and fiuid pressures [see IS 875 (Part 5). di Vibration, e) Fatigue, 1) Impact [ee 1S 875 (Part 5), 8) Erection loads (see I$ 875 (Part 2)], and bb). Stress concentration effect due to point oad and the Like. 19.7 Combination of Loads ‘The combination of loads shall be as given in IS 875 Par 5) 198 Dead Load Counteracting Other Loads and Forces When dead load counteracts the effects due to other Toads and forces in structural member or joint, special care shall be exercised by the designer to ensure adequate safety for possible stress reversal 19.9 Design Load Design load is the load to be taken for ais Ja tte appropriate method of design: it is the characteristic Joad incase of working stress method and characteristic luad with appropriate parcial safety factors for limit design 20 STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE 20.1 Overturning The stability of a structure as a whole against cr urring shatl he ensured so that ¢ ‘moment shall be not less than the sum of 1.2cimes the maximum overturning moment due to the character ead load and 1.4 times the maximum overturning ‘moment due to the characteristic imposed leads. Ya ceases where dead load provides the restoring moment, conly 0.9 times the characteristic dead load shal! be conssdered. Restoring moment dve to imposed loads shalt be gnered 20.1.1 The anchorages or counterweights provided for overhanging members (during construction and service) should be such that static equilibrium should remain, even when overturning moment is doubled 15456: 2000 20.2 Sliding ‘The structure shall have a factor against sliding of not less tan L4under the most adverse combination ofthe ie forees, In his case the characteristic dead load shall be taken into account. 20,3 Probable Variation in Dead Load ‘To ensure stability at all imes, account shall be taken of probable variations in dead load during construction, repair or other temporary measures. Wind and seismic loading shall be treated as imposed loading. 20.4 Moment Connection In designing the framework of a building provisions shall be made by adequate moment connections or by a system of bracings to effectively transmit all the horizontal forces to the foundations. 20.5 Lateral Sway Under transient wind load the lateral sway at the 1pp should not exceed H/500, where H isthe total height ‘ofthe building. For seismic loading, reference should ‘be made to IS 1893. 21 FIRE RESISTANCE 21.1 A structure or structural element required to have fire resistance should be designed to possess an appropriate degree of resistance to flame penetration; heat transmission and failure. The fire resistance of a structural element is expressed in terms of time in hours inaccordance with IS 1641, Fire resistance of concrote slements depends upon details of member size, cover sinforoement detailing and type uf aggregate a! weight or light weight) used in concrete. General requirements for fire protection are given in 15 1642, 21.2 Minimum requirements of concrete cover and memier dimensions for normal-weight aggregate ‘concrete members so as to have the required fire tesistance shall be in accordance with 26.4.3 and Fig.t respectively. 2.3 The reinforcement detailing should reflect the cchauging paitera of the stuclurai section and ensure that Soth individval elements and the structure as ¢ whole contain adequate support, ties, bonds anu anchorages forthe required fire resistance. 213.4 Additional measures such as application of ire resistant finishes, provision of fire resistant false ceilings and sacificialstet in tensile zone, should be adopted in case the nominal cover raquised = 40 mm for beams and 35 mm for stabs, to give protection against spalling. 21.4 Specialist literature may be referred to for ‘determining fire resistance ofthe structures which have rot been covered in Fig. 1 or Table 16.15 456 : 2000 SOD SLAB si ° FULLY EXPOSED cow 30% EXPOSED RIB WAFFEL SLAB ‘ONE FACE EXPOSE MNS Cola Dimension bor Ds fig Minimum Rib ir Fei. Beam” Widh —Thicbuers SS) con ne wet Meh Subs yeas Spc Bapeag SS Ne es Spoee os a ssa g 10 tw 1 ms sm we io 0 ism seam wo 0 2 mw sas vo 100 2 wo mee xo 0 + ms mw eo ores 2 The ini nnn et ety Se nes drei ib 1 2 piste empl tes enc Fe: 1 Mn Daesesens or Semone Concais Mannan Fon Fas Risoince 22 ANALYSIS 222 Elective Span 221 General Unless otherwise specified, the eitectve span of a AN structurss may be analyzed by the fincas elastic theory to caleulate interna! actions froducsd by design loads. in lew of rigorous elastic analysis, a simplified analysis as given in 22.4 for frames and as given in 228 for continuous beams may adopted, be: @ beas éoilows: 8) Sinoly Supporcea Beam or Siad— The effective span of amember thats not built integrally with its supports shall be taken as clear span plus the more tar 10D 0m, Sangth in compression shail be equai io the development ieageh in compression, calculated as described in 26.2.1, but not ess haa 218 2) When bars of two different diameters are to be spliced, the lap length shall be calculated on the basis of diameter of the smaller bar. When spl cored ot ap de se that overlap measured between the extreme cross wires shall be not less than the spacing oF ‘ross wites plus 100 mm, 2) In case of bundied bars, lapped splices of ‘bundled bars shall be made by splicing one bar 1S 456: 2000 atatime; such individual splices within abundle shall be staggered. (6.2.8.2 Strength of welds ‘Tae following values may be used where the strength cof the weld bas been proved by tests to beat least as {reat as that ofthe paren bar. 4). Spices in compression — For welded splices and mechanical connection, 100 percent ofthe design strength of joined bars. 2) Splces in tension 1) 80 percent ofthe design strength of welded bars (100 percent if welding is strictly supervised andifat any cross-section ofthe member not more than 20 percent of the tensile reinforcement is welded). 2) 100 percent of design strength of mocha- nial connection 2625.3 End-bearng splices End-bearing apices shall be used only for bars in compression. The ends ofthe bars shall be square cot and concentric bearing ensured by suitable devices. 26.3 Spacing of Reinforcement 26.3.1 For the purpose ofthis clause, the diameter of 4 round bar shall be its nominal diameter, and inthe case of bars which are not round or inthe case of deformed bars or crimped bers, the diameter shall be taken asthe diameter of acco giving an equivalent effective area, Where spacing limitations and Slameter, a group of bars bundled ia i ‘rested as a single bar of diameter derived from the total equivalent area. 26.3.2 Minimum Distance Between Individual Bars ‘The following shall apply for spacing of bars: 2) The horizontal distance between two parallel sain reinforcing bars shall usually be not less ‘han the greatest of the following: 1) The diameter of the bar ifthe diameters are equal, 2) The diameter of the targer bar if the diameters are unequal, and 3) Smm more than the norainal maximum size ‘of coarse aggregate NOTE —This does aot pein he we of larger soe of aggregates Seyond the congeted ceinfrcerent in he cue member he wise of aggregates soond congested reinforcement to comply with this previa 'b) Greater horizontal distance than the minimum specified in (a) should be provided wherever possible. However when needle vibrators are1S 456 : 2000 Used the horizontal distance between bars of a group may be reduced to two-thirds the ‘nominal maximum siz of the coarse aggregate, provided that sufficient space is left between groups of bars to enable the vibrator to be immersed ©) Where there are two or more rows of bars, the ‘bars shall be vertically inline andthe minimum vertical distance between the bats shall be 15 min, two-thirds the nominal maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of bars, whichever is greater 26.3.3 Maximum Distance Between Bars in Tension Unless the calculation of crack widths shows that a {greater spacing is acceptable, the following rues shall be applied to flexural members in normal intemal or external conditions of exposure. ®) Beams — The horizontal distance between parallel rein‘orcement bars or groups, near the tension face of a beam shall not be greater than the value given in Table 15 depending on the amount of redistribution carried out in analysis and the characteristic strength of the reinforcement. &) Slabs 1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be more than three ‘Tne horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against shrinkage and temperature shall notbe incre than five times the effective depth of a solic slab of 430 mm whichever is smaller 264 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement 26.4.1 Nominal Cover Nominal cover isthe design depth of concrete cover {o all steel reinforcements, including links. It is the ‘dimension used in design and indicated in the drawings. [It shall be not less than the diameter of the ba. 26.4.2 Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirement Minimum values for the nominal covet of noral- Weight aggregate concrete which should be to all reinforcement, including links depending on the condition of exposure described in 8.2.3 shall be as given in Table 16, 26.4.2.1 However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any case not be Jess than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of Such bar. In the case of columns of minimum = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam, and characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcementin Nima which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mm. ‘Where the maximum shear stress calcultedis less than half the permissible value and in members of minor structural importance such as lintels, this provision need not be complied with. 26.5.1.7 Distribution of torsion reinforcement ‘When a member is designed for torsion (see 41. or 'B-6) torsion reinforcement shal be provided as below. 8) The transverse reinforcement for torsion shail be rectangular closed slimups placed perpe dicular tothe axis ofthe member. The specing Of the stirrups shall avt exceed the least of > AAD aod 00m, wher, and, a respectively the short and long dimensions of the stirup, ') Longitudinal reinforcement shall be placed as lose a is practicable tothe comers of the cross. section and in all cases, there shall be at least ‘one longitudinal bar in each corner of the ties, ‘Whe the cross-sectional dimension of the member exceeds 450 mm, additional Fengitudinal bars shall be provided 1 satisfy tte Fequirements of minimum reinforcement and spacing given in 26.1.3, 6.5.1.8 Reinforcement in flanges of T-and L-beams Shall satisfy the requirements in 23.41.14). Where flonges ars in tension, 2 p: ‘aia tension ‘reinforcement shall be distibuted over the effective ‘lange width or a width equal to one-tenth ofthe span, Whichever is smaller. If the effective flange width exceeds one-tenth of the span, nominal longitudinal ‘reinforcement shall be provided in the outer portions of the flange. 48 26.5.2 Slabs ‘The rules given in 26.5.2. and 26.2.2 shat! app to slabs in addition to these given in the appropriate clauses, 265.21 Minimum reinforcement ‘The mild steel reinforcement in ether direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15 percent of the total cross. sectional area. However, this value can be reduced t0 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars or Welded wire fabric are used. 265.2.2 Maximum diameter ‘The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one- ight of the total thickness of the stab. 265.3 Columns 265.31 Longitudinal reinforcement 4) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent ‘nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross- sectional area of the column. NOTE — The use of 6 prea inforcement may involve peta dius in placing and compacting of concrete: enc lower percentage isrecarmended. Where tas ros {he columns below have 1 be lpped with hose the solumn under considera, the petesage of et sal sly not exceed 4 percent 6) Im any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to sunport the load tis minimum percentage of stee! shall be Sased upon the area of concrete required ‘esis the direct stress and not apon the set four in rectangular columas and six in circular columns, @) The bars shatl not be less than 12 mum ia diameter. ©) A reinforced concrete colum having te rinforeement shall have at test st & Tongitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement, 4 Inabelically reinforced colume, the longitudinal bars shat! be in contact with the helict! iforcement ac equidistant around its inner cireumference Spacing of longitudinal bars measured slong the petiptery of ce corumn shail not exceed 300 mm 4) In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal ‘reinforcements not taken in account in strength } For contiouous beams r= 02(i+15D) ‘eunce oeween suppOTS OF | emes te clear Span, ‘whichever is smaller and Dis the overt See. 24.3 Reinforcement 1 Posit eement ‘The ‘tensile reinforcement requited to resist positive ‘ending moment in any span of a deep beara shal ') extend without curuilment between supports: by be embeded Deyond the face of each support, so that atthe Face of the support it shall have a development length not less than 0.8L; where is the development length (see 26.2-1), for the design stress in the reinforcement; and15 456 2000 ©) be placed within a zone of depth equal to 0.25 D — 0.05 | adjacent to the tension face of the beam where D is the overall depth and lis the effective span. 29.3.2. Negative Reinforcement a) Termination of reinforcement — For tensile reinforcement required to resist negative bending moment over a support of s deep beam: 1) shall be permissible to terminate not more than half ofthe reinforcement ata distance ‘of 0.5 D from the face ofthe support where Dis.as defined in 29.2; and 2) The remainder shall extend over the full span. ) Diszribution—When ratio of clear span to ‘overall depth is in the range 1.0 t0 2.5, tensile reinforcement over a support of a deep beam shall be placed in two zones comprising: 1) azone of depth 0.2.D, adjacenttothe tension face, which shall contain a proportion ofthe tension steel given by 1 tos 055 ) 1 clear span and = overaideph, 2) zone measuring 03 D on che sde of the midedpth of the beam, which sil ‘contain the remainder of te tension tet cvenlycisiioued For pio depth ati eda unity i set shal be evenly distibuted ove depth of 0.8 D measured frem the tension face where 29.3.3 Vertical Reinforcement If forces are applied to a deep beam in such a way that hanging action is required, bars or suspension sirsps shall bs provided to curry all the forces concerned. 2934 Side face reinforcement shall comply with require: ments of misimam reinforcement of Wali (se 324, 30 RIBBED, HOLLOW BLOCK OR VODEDSLAB 30.1 General ‘This covers the slabs constructed in one of the ways 3) Ase series of concrete ibs with topping cast on forms which may be removed after the concrete has set: b) As a series of concrete ribs between precast blocks which remain part of the completed 32 structure; the top of the ribs may be connected by atopping of concrete ofthe same strength as that used in the ribs; and ©) With a continuous top and bottom face but containing voids of rectangular, oval or other shape, 302 Analysis of Structure ‘The moments and forces due to design loads on ‘continuous siabs may be obtained by the methods given in Section 3 for solid slabs. Alternatively, the slabs ‘may be designed as a series of simply supported spans provided they are not exposed to weather or corrosive conditions; wide cracks may develop at the supports and the engineer shall satisfy himself that these will not impair finishes or lead to corrosion of the reinforcement. 303 Shear Where hollow blocks are used, for the purpose of calculating shear stress, the rib width may be increased to ke account of the wall thickness of the block on one side of the rib; with narrow precast units, the width of the jointing mortar or concrete may be included 304 Deflection ‘The recommendations for deflection in respect of soi slabs may be applied to ribbed, hollow block or voided cconsiruction. The span to effective denth ratios given in 23.2 for @ fianged deam are appiicabie but wivea calculating the finai reduction factor for web width. the rib width for hollow block slabs may he assumed {o include the walls ofthe blocks on both sides ofthe Hb. For voided slabs and slabs constructed of box ct [section units, an effective rib width shall becalculated assuming all material below the upper flange of the tnt to be concentrated in a rectangular rb having the same vross-seetional area and depth 30.5 Size and Position of Ribs nest sibs shall be not less than 65 mm wide. They shall be spaced at centres not greater than 1.5 m3 ‘aad their depth. excluding any topping, shuii be nox ‘more than four times their width. Generally ribs shall bee formed along each edge paraltel to the span of ore way slabs. When the edge is built into a wall or rests fon ateam,a nb atleastas wide as the bearing shall be 30.6 Hollow Blocks and Formers Blocks and formers may be of any suitable materil Hollow clay tiles forthe filler type shall conform to 15 3951 (Part 1). When required to contribute to the | astructural strength ofa slab they shall: 8) be made of concrete or burnt clay; and ') have a crushing strength of at ieast {4 Nammt ‘measured on the net section when axially loaded {nthe direction of compressive stress inthe slab. 30.7 Arrangement of Reinforcement ‘The recommendations given in 26.3 regarding ‘maximum distance between bars apply to areas of solid ‘concrete in this form of construction, The curtailment, anchorage and cover to reinforcement shall be as described below: a) At least 50 percent of the total main reinforcement shall be carried through at the bottom on to the bearing end anchored in accordance with 262.33. ‘Where a sab, which is continuous over supports, has been designed as simply supported, ‘reinforcement shall be provided over the support to control cracking. This reinforcement shall hhave across-sectional area of not less than one- quarter that required in the middle of the adjoining spans and shall extend at least one- tenth ofthe clear span into adjoining spans. In slabs with permanent blocks, the side cover to the reinforcement shall not be lest than 10 mm. In all other cases, cover shall be provided according to 26.4 » 9 388 Precasts Joists and Hollow Fler Biucks ‘The constriction with precast joists and netlew cconerete filler blocks chall conform to 1S 6061 (Part 1) and precast joist and hollow clay filer blocks shall ‘conforma to 1S 6061 (Part 2). 31 FLAT SLABS 31 Genersi Toe corm flat sia means a reinforced concrete slab ‘sith or without drens. supported generally wichout peams, by eclumns with oF without flared column heads (see Fig. 12). A flat slab may be solid sisb oF comprises a series of ribs in two directions. The secesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks. of tds clause, the 3 Column strip —C yeane 2 €2sign strip having a width of 0.25 1, but not greater than 0.25 |, on each side ofthe column centre- line, whete J, is the span in the direction ‘moments are being determined, measured vente tocentse of supports and, isthe span transverse 18 456 : 2000 01, measured centre to centre of supports. ). Middle srip—Middle stip means a design strip Dounded on eaci of its opposite sides by the ‘column strip. ©) Panel — Panel means that part of aslab bounded (on each ofits four sides by the centre-line of 2 ‘column or centre-lines of adjacent spans. 31.2 Proportioning. 312A Thickness of Flat Stab “The thickness of the flat slab shall be generally controlled by considerations of span to effective depth ratios given in 23.2 For slabs with drops conforming to 31.2.2, span to ‘effective depth ratios given in 23.2 shall be applied ) Where adjacent spans are unequal, the extension of negative reinforcement beyond each face of the common cofumn shail be based on the longer span, +8) The length of reinforeement for sis in frames rot braced against sideways and for slabs resisting lateral loads shall be determined by analysis but shall not be less than those prescribed in Fig. 16.1S 456 : 2000 ale SE ett. OP stSIRF SEC Ston fh sue ronr Gienea surreny 3 € (COMMUTY PROVO! {80 SUAS conTSWua¥) \ i Lena ou [omy [ome | an, | oxy | oz, | om, | Beat brat exterior uprrs ny be wed i [NOTE —D ithe dare of he lita ad ihe inne considera, Fro, 16 Maun Bexe Jone Locsrions asc E:TEst0Ns FOR RENFORCENENT Fear Stans3ULTA Anchoring Reinforcement 8) All slab reinforcement perpendicular 10 a discontinuous edge shall have an anchorage swiss anchored} smal face of the spendrel beam, ‘column, of an amount 1) For positive reinforcement — not less than 150 mm except that with fabric reinfosce- ‘ment having a fully welded transverse wire directly over the support, it shall be permissible to reduce ths length to one-half Of the width of the support or 50 mm, whichever is greater and For negative reinforcement — suc that the design stress is developed at the internal face in accordance with Section 3 ‘Where the slab is not supported by a spandrel beam or wall, or where the slab cantilevers beyond the support, the anchorage shall be ‘obtained within the slab. 2 by 31.8 Openings in Flat Slabs ‘Openings of any size may be provided in the fat slab if wis shown by analysis that the requirements of strength and serviceability are met, However, for openings conforming to the following, no special analysis i required 8) Openings of any size may be placed within the ‘middle half of the span in each direction, Provided the totel amount of reinforcement required for the panel without the open! is yn the area commen to two ‘more thay one-cighth of cither span shall be interrupted by the openin2s, ‘The equivaleat of reinforcement interrupted shall be added on ll sides af the openings. In the area common to one column strip and one rmiddte stip, act zaore than one-quarter of ie reinforcement in either strip shall be interrupied by thes The equi Proamen ts el the oe 32 WALLS compression or combined tlewure and dive compression shrul he designed in secordance wich reinforcements provided in each face, raced wails subjected ioonly vertical compression may be designed 15 456: 2000 as per empirical procedure given in 322, The minimum thickness of wall shall be 100 mm, 32.1.1 Guidelines or design of walls subjected to al and vertical loads are given in 32.3, 32.2 Empirical Design Method for Walls Subjected to Inplane Vertical Loads 3221 Braced Walls Walls shall be assumed tobe braced ifthey ate laterally supported by a structure in which all the following. apply: 8) Walls or vertical braced elements are arranged in wo directions so aso provide lateral stability to the suucture asa whole Lateral forces ae resisted by sheae in the planes ‘of these walls or by braced elements, Floor and roof systems are designed to transfer lateral forces Connections between the wall and the lateral ‘supports are designed to resist a horizontal force not less than 1D the simple static reactions tothe total applied horizontal forces at the level of lateral support; and 2) 25 percent ofthe total vertical load that the ‘wall is designed to cary atthe level of lateral support 32.2.2. Eccentricity of Vertical Load ‘The design of a wall shall (ake account of the actual » a * The vertical load transmitted to a wall by 9 discontinuous concrete floor of roof shall be assumed to act at one-thind the depth of the bearing area ‘measured from the span face of the wall. Where there js an tw-site concrete flout coatinuous over the wall, the load shail be assumed 0 act atthe centre of the 6 ‘ajyk'o, salt be calculated on the assumption that the sesuttant eccentricity ofall dhe vertical loads above R24 Efesive sivight The tive height ofa braced wall shal be taken as 88} Where restrined against rotation at both ends by| 18 456 : 2000 1) floors 075 H, oF 2) intersecting walls or 0782, similar members Whichever i the fesse, bb) Where net restrained against rotation at both ends by 1) floors 10H, or 2) intersecting walls or 104, Similar members whichever isthe lesser. where H, = the unsupported height of the wal L, = the horizontal distance between centres of lateral restraint. 322.8 Design Axial Strength of Wall ‘The design axial strength P., perunitlength of a braced ‘wall in compression may be calculated from the following equation P= 03¢- where 1 = thickness of the wal, € = eccentricity of load measured at right angles tothe plane ofthe wall determined in accordance with 32.2.2, and = additional eccentricity due to sten- ddemess effect taken as H /2 500 26-20 hy 32.3 Walls Subjected to Combined Horizontal and Vertical Forces 32.3.1 When horizontal forsee ars it he plane of te wall, it may be designed for vertiea! forces ia accordance with 32.2 and for horizontal shear in accordance with 32.3. In plane bending may be ‘neglected in case ahorizomtal cross-section ofthe wall is always under compression due to combined effect of horizontal and vertical loads 32.3.2 Walls subjected t0 horizontal forces Perpendicular tothe wall and for which the design axiat Toad does not sxceed 0.04 £. A. shall be designed is slabs io accordance with the appropriate provisions Under 24, where A, is gross area of the section, 32.4 Design for Horizontal Shear 324.1 Critical Section for Shear cal section for maximum shear shal be taken suince from the bass of 0.5 L, ot G5 Fi, hivever is less. 324.2 Nominal Siear Siress ‘The nominal shear stress ,, in walls shall be obtained as follows: t Vlad a where ¥, = shear force due to design loads, d= O8%L, whore L, is the length of the wall 324.2.4 Under no circumstances shall the nominal shear Suess, in walls exceed 0.17, in limit state tethod und O72, in working stresttethod 3243 Design Shear Srength of Concrete ‘The design shear strength of concrete in walls, Tq» Without shear reinforcement shall be taken as below: a) For ist 12 O0-HY LOK, fT het Kis 02in mit sate method and 0.13 in working stese metho. &) Forti, >1 Lesser of the values calculated from (a) above and from (Halby #1) toe Ka fig Halt, Saray ‘where K, is 0.045 in Tinie state method and 103 in working sess method, but shall be nottess than K, Jf in any case, wher &, Sotking sess method 32.44, Design of Shear Reinforcement Shear reinforcement shall be provided to cary a shear esual co ¥, ~5.54(0.8 L.). Incase of working sese method V, is placed by ¥. The stength of shear reinforcement shal be cleat as per 4.4 or Bd with A defined as below = PLORLY: 3) Fecwalls where #,/L, <1, P, shalt be the reinforcement area oF the horizen'al ssinforsmrent arate the cross-sectional ares of wall the respecuve direction 2 Fon walis where 1,/L,> 1, P, shall be te ratio ofthe horizontal “nt = the ross-Sectlonal area of wall per vert: 32.5 Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in Walls ‘The reinforcement for walls shall be provided.as below:2) the minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement 19 ross concrete area shall be: 1) 02001 2 for deformed bars not larger than \¢mumin diameter ané withachareeerie strength of 415 Nizam? or greater, 2) 0.0015 for other types of bas 3) 01001 2 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 mum in diameter. tb) Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than tree mes the wal thickness sot 450 mm. ©) The minimum rato of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete ace shall be: 1} 0.002 0 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mmin diameter and witha characteristic strength of 415 Nima? or greater 2) 00025 for other types of bars. 3) 0,002 0 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 mun in diameter 46) Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wal thickness nor 430 mm, NOTE — The minimum senforcement may not always be suicient to povige adequte resistance 1 the effects of Seikage cad tepertre, 32.5.1 For walls having thickness more than 200 man, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be provided in two grids, one near each face of she wall 22.8.2 Vertical einforcement need not be enclosed dy sransvere seinforcement as given in 263.32 for ‘columia, if she vertical reinforcement is nor greacer than 0.0% times the gress sectional area or where the cal reinforcement 1s not required for compression, 33 STAIRS BRE Eftecti 15 456 : 2000 be taken as the following horizontal distance 2) Where supported at top and bottom risers by beams spanning parallel with the risers, the ‘istance cone-to-cenze of bear: 'b)_ Where spanning on othe edge ofa landing slab, which spans parallel, withthe risers (see Fig. 17), distance equal tothe going of the stairs plus at each end either half the width of the landing or one metre, whicheveris smaller, and ©) Where the landing slab spans in the same direction asthe stairs, they shall be considered as acting together to form a single slab and the span determined asthe distance eentre-to-centre ofthe supporting beams or walls the going being measured horizontally. 33.2 Distribution of Loading on Stairs Inthe case of stirs with open wells, where spans parly crossing at right angles occur, the load on areas ‘common to any two such spans may be taken as one- halfin each direction as shown in Fig. 18, Where flights or Tandings are embedded into walls for a length of rot less than 110 mm and are designed to span inthe direction ofthe fight a 150 mm srip may be deducted frorn the loaded area and the effective breadth ofthe section increased by75 mm for purposes of design (see Fig. 19). 383 Depth of Section ‘The depth of section shall be taken as the minimum “pendicular 1 she soffit af the staircase 341 General Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, ‘roments and forces and the induced reactions and to censure chat any settlement which may occur shall be possible, and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded (see IS 1904), Ma ped or stepped footings the effect fex-bx-b— some (6) ete vateyt Fo, 17 Esrecrive Sea fom Stauts Suerortep at Bach END my LANDINGS Spawwina PARALLEL WITH THE RISERS 8Fro. 18 Loapans on Srains wren Ore Weuss cross-section in compression shall be limited by the area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or ‘depth and location of steps shal be such tha the design ‘equirements are satisfied at every section, Sloped and stepped footings that are designed as a unit shall be Constructed to assure action as a unit 34.1.2 Thickness at the Edge of Footing Ineinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness atthe edge shall be not less than 150 mm for footings ‘01 soils, nor less than 300 mm above the tops of piles {for footings on piles. 34.1.3 In the case of plain concrete pedestals, the angle ‘etween ths plane passing through dhe aociom edge of he pedestal and the corresoonding junction edge of ‘the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane {see Fig, 20) shall be governed by the expression: tan a £09, oO 4 ti \/ [coum EFFECTIVE ‘near Fic, 19 Loaooss ow Stains Bucr ero Was where 4, = calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal in Nim? and Z = characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in Nima ‘342 Moments and Forces 34.2.1 In the case of footings on piles, computation for moments and shears may be based on the assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at the centre ofthe pile. 34.22 Forthe purpose of computing tresses in etme ‘wiv support around or octagonal coneree cojumn oF eds, the face of the column or pedestal shalt be taken as the side of a square inscribed within the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal 342.3 Bending Moment 34.2.3.1 The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical PLAIN ‘CONCRE PEDEST Fic. 20 64plane which extends completely across the footing, and computing the moment of the forces acting over the bre area of the Footing on one side ofthe std plane 34.232 The greatest bending moment te be used i the design of an isolated concrete footing which supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be the ‘moment computed in the manner prescribed in 3423.1 at sections located as follows: a) Atthe face of the column, pedestal or wall, for footings supporting aconcrete column, pedestal or wall; by Halfway between the centre-line and the edge of the wall, for Footings under masoncy walls; and ©) Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted base, for footings under gussetted bases. 34.2.4 Shear and Bond 34.2.4.1 The shear strength of footings is governed by the more severe ofthe following two conditions: 4) ‘The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack extending in a plane across the entire width; the critical section for this condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of footing for footings on piles, b) Two-way action of the footing, with potential diagonal cracking along the surface of truncated, ne oF avramiG around the concentrated om in this case, the footing shall be designe f near in aocordance with appropriate provisions specilied in 316. 34.242 in computing te extemal shear orany section though a footing supported on piles the entire reaction from any pile of diameter D, whose centre is located ‘D,f2 or mote outside the section shall be assumed as prodcing shear on the seetion; the reaction from) any ite whose ceatee is leested D/2 or more inside the ai! be assumed as producing no shear on the iene posivions of he pte centre, the portion of the pile reaction to be assumed as the section shall be bases: on straight line interpolation between full valve at D,/2 ‘ulside the section and zero valve at D/? insid: the 34.2.4.3 The critica! section for checking the develxpment ‘ength in a footing shall be assured =t the same planes as those described for bending moment in 34.2.3 and also at al other vertical planes wianere abrupt changes of section occur. If reinforcement is ‘curaited, the anchorage requirements shall be checked in accordance with 26.2.3, 18 456: 2000 34.3 Tensile Reinforcement The total tensile reinforcement at any section shell provide a moment of resistance at least equal to the beading moment on tae section calculated in accordance with 34.2.3, 34.3.1 Total tensile reinforcement shall be distributed across the corresponding resisting section as given below: 4) In one-way reinforced footing, the reinforcement extending in each direction shall be distributed ‘uniformly across the full width ofthe footing; b) Jn two-way reinforced square footing, the reinforcement extending in each direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing; and ©) In two-way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction shall be disuibuted uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement in the short direction, a central band equal to the width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing and portion of the reinforcement ‘determined in accordance with the equation given below shall be uniformly distributed ‘across the central band: Reinforcement in central band width 2 ‘Total reinforcement in short ditection ~ B+1 where B is the ratio of the long side io the short Side of the footing. The remainder of the foresiment shall be aniformiy distiouted in the cuter portions of te footins. 340) Transfer of Load at the Base of Column The compressive stress in concrete at the base of a column or pedestal shall be considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting ‘pedestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded ‘12a shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to ie ‘but not greter than 2; = supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped toting may be taken as the area of the lewer base of the fargest irustum of a pyramid or cane contained wholly within the footing and having for its upperbase, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two horizontal; and ‘A, = loaded area at the column base, 615 456 : 2000 For working stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full areaof conerete shall be taken as (0.25, for limit state method of design the permissible bearing scess shall be 0.43 f,. 34.4.1 Where the permissible bearing stress on the ‘concrete inthe supporting or supported member would be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided for developing the excess force, either by extending the longitudinal bars into the supporting member, or by dowels (see 344.3), 34.4.2 Where transfer of force is accomplished by reinforcement, the development length of the Teinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the Compression or tension to the supporting member in accordance with 26.2 344.3 Extended longitudinal reinforcement or dowels ‘ofatleast 05 percent of the cross-sectional area of the ‘supported column or pedestal and a minimum of four bars shell be provided. Where dowels are used, their diameter shall no exceed the diameter of the coluran bars by moce than 3 mm, 34.44 Column bers of diameters larger than 26 nim. in compression only can be dowelled atthe Footings with bars of smaller sizeof the necessary area, The dowel shall extend into the column, a distance equal to the development length of the column bar and into the footing, a distance equal tothe development length of the dowel, 34.5 Nominal Reinforcement 345.1 Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be 8s per the requirements of soli sib, 345.2 The nominal reinforcement for concrete sections of thickness greater than 1 m shall be 360 mm? per metre length in each direction on each face. This provision doesnot supersede the requirement ‘of minimum tensile reinforcement based on the depth ofthe section,18 456: 2000 SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (LIMIT STATE METHOD) 3S. SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS 35.1 General {In the method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all Toads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable Timit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a ‘limit state’. The aim ‘of design is 10 achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will got become unfit forthe use for which itis intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state. 35.1.1 Al relevant limit states shall be considered in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability. In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states. 35.1.2 For ensuring the above objective, the design should be based on characteristic values for material strengths and applied loads, which take into account the variations in the material strengths and in the loads te be supported. The characteristic values should be ‘based on statistical data if available; where such data are not available they should be based on exnerience. ‘The ‘desiga values’ are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial safety factors, one for material strengths and the oer for fonds. Inthe eo! have the values given in 36 socording the it the type of loading and the limit stare being considered. 35.2 Limit State of Collapse ‘The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture of one or ofe critical sections and from buckling due to elastic o> plastic instability (including the effects of sway, vhere appropriate} or overturning. The resistance 12 ‘ending, ste, won it aia aa wt shall not be es than the appropiate value at thet combination of loads on the structure using Ie anpropriate partial safety factors. Limit States of Serviceability 88.M DeRection Limiting values of deflections are given ia 23.2, 38.3.2 Cracking ‘Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or durability ofthe structure; the acceptable or Timi ofcacking would vary withthe ype of structure and environment, Where spet on is regu ‘Shute degned cc des panstlr ale, crack width calculation may be done using formula seiven in Annex F “The practical objective of ealculating crack width is merely to give guidance to the designer in making appropriate structural arrangements and in avoiding gross errors in design, which might result in ‘concentration and excessive width of flexural crack. ‘The surface width of the cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in members where cracking is not harmful and does not have any serious adverse effects upon the preservation of reinforcing steel nor upon the durability ofthe structures. In members where cracking. inthe tensile zone is harmful either because they are ‘exposed to the effects of the weather or continuously ‘exposed to moisture orin contact soil or ground water, an upper limit of 0.2 mm is suggested forthe maximum width of cracks. For particularly aggressive ‘environment, such asthe ‘severe’ category in Table 3, the assessed surface width of cracks should not in general, exceed 0.1 mm. 35.4 Other Limit States Structures designed for unusual or special functions shall comply with any relevant additional imi state considered appropriate to that structure. 36 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN ‘VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 36.1 Characteristic Strength of Materials ‘The erm ‘characteristic strength’ means thot value of the strength ofthe material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall. The characteristic strength for concrete shall be in accordance with Table 2. Unti the relevant indi Standard Specifications for reinforcing steel are the minimum yield stress/0.2 percent proof stress she salevant Indian Standard Speci 362. Characteristic Loads “The term ‘characteristic Load’ means that value of load which has.a95 percent probability of nct being exceeded during the fife of the stracture. Since data are aot purpose of this standard, dead loads given in 1S 875 (Par 1), impased loads given in IS 875 (Part 2), wind toads given in IS 875 (Part 3), snow load as given in TS 875 (Part 4) and seismic forces given in IS 1893 shall be assumed asthe characteristic loads.1 486 : 2000 363 Design Values 36.3.1 Materials ‘The design strength ofthe materials fis given by tek where J = characteristic strength of the material (ee 36.1), and Yon = pattial safety factor appropriate to the ‘material and the limit state being considered, 36.3.2 Loads ‘The design load, F, is given by APY where F = characteristic load (see 36.2), and ‘Ye= partial safety factor appropriate to the ‘nature of loading and the limit sate being ‘considered. 36.3.3 Consequences of Attaining Limit State ‘Where the consequences of a structure attaining a limit State are of serious nature such as huge los of life and disruption of the economy, higher values for 7, ‘and “than those given under 36.4,1 and 36.4.2 be applied. 364 Partial Safety Factors 36.4.1 Partial Safety Factor yp for Loads ‘The values of 1- given in Table 18 shall normally be sed. 36.4.2 Partial Safety Factor for Mateiral Strength 364.21 When assessing the strength of structure or sizuetural member for the limit state of collapse, the values of partial safety factor, 4, should be taken as 1.3 for concrete and 1-15 for sted NOTE— values re already incorporated ia the Caunon ab utes given du fr ae oom 364.22 When assessing the deflection, the material Properties such 28 modulus of elasticity should be taken as those associated with the characteristic strength ofthe material 37 ANALYSIS ‘37.1 Analysis of Structure Methods of analysis as in 22 shall be used. The ‘material strength (o be assumed shall be characteristic values in the determination of elastic properties of members irrespective of the limit state being considered. Redistribution ofthe calculated moments may be made as given in 37.1.1. 37.3.1. Redistribution of Moments in Continuous Beams and Frames ‘The redistribution of moments may be carried out satisfying the following conditions ‘) Equilibirum between the interal forces aad the external loads is maintained. ') ‘The uitimare moment of resistance provided at ‘ay section of a memter is not less thaa 72 percent of the moment at that section obtzine:! ym an elastic maximum moment diagram veng all appropriate combinations of ica, ©) Theelastic moment at any section in a member due to particular combination of loads shall ‘Table 18 Values of Partial Safety Factor +, for Loads ‘Claes 1822.1, 36.41 and B43: Lond Combination ‘Limi State of Collage Lim Sates of cise eae eon a ay oD oF oO 16) 7 buen — 2 tom we BG : ores 41 While considering earthquake effec, sbeitte EL. for WE. 2 Forth int ts of sevice he vals of, given in thitabe ae applicable for abort effects. Whi sessing the omg term fists deo rep the dead oa and that pat af thee load ikl o be petagent ay only be considered 1 This vale 0 be considered when sabity against oveuming of ses rere eee —_—— I en ae rerrning mers evened cies osnot he reduced by more than 30 percent of the sumerically largest moment given anywhere by the elastic maximum moments diagram for the particular member, covering ali appreprisie ‘combination of Foads. 4) At sections where the moment capacity after redistribution is Tess than that from the elastic maximum moment diagram, the following relationship shal be satisfied 5, 8M 42484 <0 4100 where x, = depth of neutral axis, d= effective depth, and 6M = percentage reduction in moment. ©) In structures in which the structural frame provides the lateral stability, the reductions in ‘moment allowed by condition 37.11 (¢) shall be restricted o 10 percent for structures over 4 storeys in height 31.1.2 Analysis of Slabs Spanning in Two Directions ‘ar Right Angles Yield line theory of any other acceptable method ‘may be used. Alternatively the provisions given in ‘Annex D may be followed. 38 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPS! 281 Assumptions [Design forthe limit state of collanse in flewure shall pLEXURE be based on the assum 4a} Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane afior be tee Fic, 21 Stasss-Smawy Cunve ror Concaers i Sette 18.456 ; 2000 b) The maximum strain in concrete at the ‘outermost compression fibre is taken 350.003 $ in bending. ©). The relationship betweea the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain im concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of test. An acceptable stress- strain curve is given in Fig. 21. Por design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete inthe structure shall be assumed tobe 0.67 mes the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor 7,,= 1.5 shall be applied in addition 10 this [NOTE — For the sese-sain care in Fig. 2 he design sets lack parameter aa follows see Fg, 2): Area of aes book = OM 8, Depth of cee of compressive force = O42, from he exueme fib in compresion here Sq Scent compressive strength of concent 2,8 depth of etal as 44) The tensile strength ofthe concrete is ignored, e) The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the ‘ype of stee! used. Typical curves are given in Fig. 23, For design purposes the partial safety factor equal to 1,15 shall be applied. f. The mxeximum strain in the tension reinforze- ment im the section at faiture snait not be where J, = characteristic strength of stecl, and z ty of sel Th vine O28 tum | 4 Fic. 22 Suess Block Pawawevens15 456 : 2000 STRAIN —> 23A Cold Worked Delormed Bar ty ! siress| fy tras STRAIN — 9B Sres. Ban wnt Desnere Veto Poor Fig, 23 Repaasexranive Sraess-Srean Cueves FoR REINFORCEMENT ‘OTE — The liming values of be depth of neal ais er ‘tees gades of se! based o he mgt 381 ea 4 Anal 20 ass as bat ‘The eiprassan for ebtsning the sens of 2 vecanglat and Sections, based oo te astunptions of 38, at ‘Bren Annet G, 39 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: ‘COMPRESSION 39.4 Assumptions In addition to the assumptions given in 38.1 (a) to 38.1 (¢) tor flexure, the » following shall be assumed: te imum compressive strain in con axial compression is taken as 0.002 ‘The maximum compressive strain 3: the hight compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected _ te axial compression and bending and when menus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre 392 Minimum Eccentricity Al members in compression shall be designed for the ‘minimum eccentricity in accordance with25.4, Where 0calculated eccentricity is larger, the minimum ‘eccentricity should be ignored. 393. Short Axially Loaded Members in ‘Compression ‘The member shall be designed by considering the assumptions given in 39.1 and the minimum ‘eccentricity, When the minimum eccentricity as per 25.4 does not exceed 0.05 times the lateral dimension, the members may be designed by the following equation: P, = O4f, A +0678, AL where P, = axial Toad on the member, fog. = characteristic compressive strength ofthe cconerete, |. = Area of concrete, Jf, = characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement, and A,, = area of longitudinal reinforcement for ‘columns. 39.4 Compression Members with Helical Reinforcement ‘The strength of compression members witk helical ‘einforcement satisfying the requirement of 39.4.1 shall ‘be taken as 1,05 times the sureagth of similar member ‘with acral tes, 3. to the volume of th O36 ADE, 11 The mtc oft grass area ofthe section, area of the core ofthe helically resaforced column measured othe outside diameter ofthe h characteristic compressivestreng:hof tbe sharscter 415 Nina. 36.8 Members Subjected to Combined xia Lovad and Uslaxiat Bending, A member sunjected to axial force and uniaxial bending don the basis of 38.4 and 39.2 NOTE— The design of member sue: .o wun wa ot fd unana bending wil ove lengthy ealculton Wy ts fd enor In ode o overcome these aficulies uteacioe ‘agrane maybe wed. These have been prepared an abled by BIS 19 'SP° 16 Dengn aid for seaforeed concrete to Base 18 456 : 2000 39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load ‘and Biaxial Bending “The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bendiag shail be obwained un te basis of assumptions given in 39.1 and 39.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load ard ‘moments about wo axes. Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation: ‘= moments about x and sxes dve to design loads, maximum uniaxial moment capacity foran axial load of P, bending about x and y axes respectively, and 4, is related to PJP, where P,=045f,.A,40.754,.4, For values of P/P,,= 0.2 0 08, the values of vary lineazly from 1016 2.0. For values less than 0.2, is 1.0; for values greater than 0.8, is 2.0. 38.7 Slender Compression Members ‘The design of slender compression members (see 25.1.1) shall be based on the forces and the ‘moments determined from an analysis ofthe strscs ‘including the effect of deflections on moments and faen ste elfeet uf defections ae aul iakes ‘ngq account tbe analysis, addidonal moment giver fe account inthe appropriate 39.74 The aiditionai moments M1, and Mf, shail be ‘saleulated by the following formula: eifeciveiengthinrespectof de aioursais, dept of the cross (o tive mayer axis, and ‘width of the member 2 For design of section, 39.5 or 39.6 as appropriate shall apply. n18 456 : 2000 Nores 1. Acohuye maybe considered bacdina given plane ifaw {Eat to te stcrre a a whole proved by wall oe ‘racing o btaessing designed wo rest al Ikra oc ie ‘hat ple I shoald obese be considera st ebraced 2 Inthe cue of braced eo withot any trance lad cccuring nits bight he aon moment shal beaded ‘to an intial moment equal to sum of 04 My, and 06 M ‘where Ma it the larger end momen nd BM, the smalls ed mont sted negative te calm enn dole ‘curvature Inno cave tll he nal moment be les har 1.4, wor the total morentinclding the intl monearbe Jee thin iy Por staced clues, tbe aldionsl meat shal beaded othe end moments 3. Unbnced compression members, stany given evel rare, subject wo taal lad ae estaly constrained to delet squall In such cass slendemess rato foreach al ay Se taken a the average oral column acting Sa the sume reten, 39:7.1.1 The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be ‘multiplied by the following factor: en tark g where P, = axial load on compression member, P., = as defined in 39.6, and P, = axial load corresponding to the condition of maximum compressive strain of 0.003 5 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in outer most layer of tension ste! 40 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE : SHEAR 40.4 Nominal Shear Stress ‘The nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depts V, = shear force due wo design loads, ‘sreadth of the member, which fr langed al! the web, band 40.1.1. Beams of Varying Depth In the case of deams of varying depth the equation shail he modiied as: where ty Vy band d are the same asin 40.1, "M, =bending moment at the section, and = angle between the top and the botiom edges of the beam, ‘The negative sgn inthe formula aples when the ‘ending momeat 4, increases aumerically Giecon athe efbctve dein d increas and the ‘positive sgn when the moment decreases numerically in this direction. 40.2 Design Shear Strength of Concrete 40.2.1 The design shear strength of concrete in beams ‘without shear reinforcement is given in Table 19. 40.2.1. For sold slabs, the design shear strength for concrete shall be 1k, where & has the values given below: Overall Depth Odor HS 230205 200 115 15Der ofSlab,mm more less E0105 1.00 11S 120 195 130 [NOTE — Thi povson sal wot apy at labs for whieh ‘314 stl apy. 40.2.2 Shear Sirengih of Members under Axial Compression For members subjected to axial compression P,, the design shear stength of concrete, given in Table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor: 2 Baty Zp banat exceeding 1.5 where P, = axial compressive force in Newtons, _gr0ss aren of the concrete section inn", and characteristic compecssive 529% concrete 40.2.3 With Shear Reinforcement Under no circumstances, even with shear reinforcement, shall ihe nominal shear stress in beams 1, e1e00 Tey ive in Table 20. 40.2.3.4 For solid slabs, the nominal shear stress ce ‘Table 20. he 40.3 Minimum Shear Reinforcement ‘When +, isles than t, given in Table 19, minimum. sear reinforcement shall be provided ia accordence with 266.18. 404 Design of Shear Retnforcement When +, exceeds <, given in Table 19, reinforcement shall be provided in any of the following forms: a) Vertical stirrups, bb) Bentupbars along with stirups, and1 15 486 : 2000 ‘Table 19 Design Shear Strength of Concrete, x,, N/mm* (Clauses $021, 40.2.2, 403, 40.4, 405,341.32, 4133 and 41.43) roots Conggete Grade (i oe was M20 as M30 M35. M40 and above 0 a o a o o o sons ozs 02s os 02 op 030 ozs oss 036 036 037 037 038 0x0 046 oss 04s 030 030 ost ons 0s 096 os 03 09 06 bn 100 000 os 06 066 067 068 ¢ 1s os ost 07 on ors om 190 ost on on 076 on 079 vs on 075 on 080 on ons 200 on on on om ons oss nas on oat 08s ons 090 092 230 on on ose os 093 095 2s on on 050 ose 096 098 300 on on os 096 098 Lot an stove [NOTE — The term, eth are of longus! tension infrcement which conics test ne ffecive depth ey oad te section beng consdeed excep al uppont where tefl ae of ension forcement maybe weed provide he detaling conforms 10 26:2 ond3623 ‘Table 20 Maximum Shear Stress, t; aaa »'N/mni? (Clauses 40.2.3, 4023.1, 405.1 and 1.3.1) Concrete ms M20) Mas M30 Mas, ory ‘Grate ‘ee Femers Nan? 2s 3 2 as a ao ©) Tnetined stipe V,=087f 4, sin 0 ‘Where bem-up bars are provided, their contribution where towards shear resistance shail not be more than half ‘A. = totalcross-sectional area of he or stirrup legs that of the total shear reinforcement. for bent bars within a distances, ‘Shear reinforcement shal be provided to carry shear |i, -= spacing ofthe stimups of bent-p bars equal tw ¥,~ ty Ad Tae strength of shear seiafonce- along the length of the member, nent ¥,_ shal he calculated ag below £, © ecmrinal shear ress. 4) For vertical stirrups: ‘= design shear sirength of the concrete, Ost fu bread of the member wblch for wey Hone naeneer erent breadth ofthe web}, >) Frise simpsora sees steep hai ego espa foram crogs-sections: ‘bent-up reinforcement which shall not Se caleea greater than 408 Nir, O87 h Aad v= ETA ines ese ce angle between the inctined strap or Seat up bar andthe ais ofthe member, c) For single bar ot single group of parallel bars, ‘not less than 45°, and Alben pal the same coset dm effeive depthnnn 18 486 : 2000 Nores is given by: 1 Where more than oe yp of sea reinforcements ed ‘omiforette same posi ofthe beam, he tol ene ‘essence sal be competed ashe som ofthe stance Ab ,~ 2d $0) O87 f 26.45 910.87), ‘Thisreinforcement should be provided within the middle forthe vies types separately x 2 Theareacfite singe shllecrbetes thane minimum ER quarters of a, where isles thane. horizontal srecifedin 265318. shear reinforcement wil be effective than vertical 40.5 Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close 40-53 Enhanced Shear Strength Near Supports to Supports {Simplified Approach) -- 40.8.1 General \\ The procedure given in 40.5.1 and 40.5.2 may be used forall vets. rowevet aw beams carrying severally ‘Shear failure at sections of beams and cantilevers [fy Usui, OWS Cr principal toed‘ caer ‘without shear reinforcement will normally occur on tater than 2d from the face of suppor, the shest re a hae aandi 30°10 he horizontal: Ife Ses may oe cased atesconen te ie Sealy than ie ceed be inclined more ace of suppon The vas Ot ie rie 2a ante he section consideed — cordance wit Table 19 ead penne shear acre ead late toa supporto for or evocemeat is provided teeter ‘he ‘esonsl the ‘shear force required to produce failure is suppor no Further chek for shear at such setions i ease required, The enhancement of shear strength may be taken into account in the design of secuons neat a support 41 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE : TORSION by increasing design shear suength of concrete «2 41.1 General 2d 1a, provided thet desiga shear stress atthe face of the support remains less than the values given in ‘Table 20. Account may be taken of the enhancement ‘nary situation where the section considered i closer 1 structures, where torsion i required to maintain equilibrium, members sal be des ged for tron ia accordance with 4.2, 41 3and 41.4 Howevesforsoch rsheretasioncan blind to the face of a support or concentrated load than twice ‘determinate structures -. the effective depth, d. To be effective, tension betesing eres) paved eae ete or reinforcement should extend on each side of the paint 5 ne Provl jonal stiffness is where itis intersected by a possible failure plane fora 8d inthe calculsion of intemal forces. Adequate Gis et le fener ty a yal epi be e Provided with an equiv alent anchorage. reinforcement as per 40. NOTE ~The spo dip in cn i tos 4058.2 Shear Reinforcement for Sections Close totam oe ce ag le Son rene erenig dou tne el asa ‘aac etme er fetes Sach ‘ca ncn ofl Dedng ome es pti titi NOTE —The shear causing flu sth cing om section XX Fic. 24 Sean FanuRe Nean Surrowrs "‘inilary web eiforemeat is Gemine feactou shear ‘whch nein of ate te and eso 41.11 The design rules laid down in 41.3 and 41.4 shall apply to beams of solid rectangular cross-section However, these clauses may also be applied to flanged ‘earns, by substituting b, for b in which case they are {generally conservative; therefore specialist literature may be referred to 412 Critical Section ‘Sections located less than a distance d, from the face cof the support may be designed for the same torsion as ‘computed ata distance d, where dis the effective depth, 413 Shear and Torsion 413.1 Equivalent Shear Equivalent shear, V., shall be calculated from the formola: q +6 where ¥, = equivalent shear, V, = shear, T, = torsional moment, and b= breadth of beam. The equivalent nominal shear stres, 1, in this case shall be calculated as given in 40.1, excent 41.3.2 If the cquivaient nominal shear suess, 1, does aot exceed t, given in “able 19, minimum shear inforcement shall be provided as per 26.16, 41.3.3 IF 1, exceeds 1, given in Table 19, both Jongitudinal’and transverse reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with 41.4. “A1.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected te 41.4.1 Reinforcement for torsion, when raquited, shall 414.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement ‘The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to fn eguivatert bending moment, MY, viven by bi, = 8, 8, = bending moment atthe cross-section, and 18 a 1S 486 : 2000 ‘where T, isthe torsional moment, Dis the overall depth cof the beam and bis the breadth of the beam. 41.4.2.1 If the mumerical value of M, a8 defined in41.4.2 exceeds the numerical value ofthe moment M,, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on the flexaral compression face, such that the beam can also withstand an equivalent M,: given by ‘Mg, = M, ~ M,, the moment M, being taken as acting inthe opposite sense tothe moment Mf, 41.4.3 Transverse Reinforcement Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal bars shall have an area of cross-section Ay sivenby Ay = Rg MS * b 4(O87 7)” 25d, (087f,)" but the total transverse reinforcement shall not be less than torsional moment, shear force, spacing of the stiemep ccontre-to-ceatre distance between corser ‘bars in the direction of the wide, centre-to-centre distance between comer bars, = breadth of the member, f, = characteristic steeagth of the stirrup reinforcement, ‘T= ecuivalemt shear sr0si as specified in 43.i,and {= shearstrength ofthe concrete sper Tube ly, 42. LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: DEFLECTION 421 Fexaral Members {Inall normal cases, the deflection ofa flexural member vil not be excessive if the ratio ef its span to its effective depth is not greater than appropriate ratios ssiven in 23.2.1, When deflections are calculated according to Annex C, they shall not exceed the permissible values given in 23.2.Ee 18 486 : 2000 & LIMIT STATE oF SERVICEABILITY: 432. Compression Members CRACKING Gracks due t bending in a compression member 481 Flexural Members wsciet0 € esign aval oad greater han 0.2), A ; where isthe characteristic compressive sueegh oh orem stmnance with he sacngeqiements NHL A, sth area ofthe gross section sf the 2h iatorcement given in 26.3. should be sufficient member, need not be checked. A member sutjeccd ns rege enum etching TF sretr spacing are MBCY Nex than 0.2/4, may be considered Drtomelepaceremagittmalbectcien tJ hen 02 Pupose of crak aera by fonmata given in Annex Gees 76ISNo, 260: 1989 383 : 1970 432 (Part 1) 198, 455: 1989 516 : 1959 a5 (Par 1): 1987 Part 2}: 1987 Par 3}: 1987 (Part 4): 1987 (Past 5) < 1987 1199: 1959 13431880 se (Pert 1) 190% (Part): 1991 1566: 1982 roti : 1933 Title Code of practice for fire safety of buildings (general): Details of construction (first revision) Specification for high strength ‘deformed stel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement (third revision) Specification for batch type ‘concrete mixers (second revision) Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures (fourth inom) ‘Code of practice for design and construction of foundations in soils : General requirements (third revision) Steel for general structural purposes (fourth revision) Methods of test for aggregates for ‘concrete : Part 3 Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking ANNEX A (Clause 2) LIST OF REFERRED DIAN STANDARDS Tite so, Specification for ordinary \g4p, ogg Pordand cement 33 grade (fourth revision) Specification forcoaec and ne 1786, 1985 aggregucs from natural sources ie forconerete(econd revision) Specification for mil steel and redium tensile sel ba and 1791; 4968 hard-drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement: Par 1 Mild steel and medium tensile 1893: 1988 steel bars (hid meson) Specitication for Portand slag cement fourth revision) 1904: 1986 Method of test for strength of concrete Cove of praciefrdesign ols 2969; 1999 (other than earthquake) for bailing and srvctaes 2386 Pan) Dead loads — Unit weigts or 2386(Pa3) building material and stored satel (second eon pote ad conde in ep asgg Special a combinations (second Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete Code of practice for presisssed ‘concrete (rst revision) revision) of buildings (general): Generat principles of fire grading and ‘lassfication (first revision) 2805 : 2506 : 1985 2514 278111979) (Part 17): 1984 (Part 18) : 1984 ‘Codie of practice for bending and fixing of bars tor cencrste reinforcement Concrete vibratcrs —lmmersion ‘ype —~ General requirements General requirements for screed board concrete vibrators (frst revision) Specification for concrete vibrating tables Recommended practice for Welding of cild steel pian and deformed bars for reinforced ‘construction (frst revision) Methods of sampling and test “physical and chemisa fr omer and waste water: Non-filterable residue (cota! suspended solids) (rst vision} Volatile and fixed residue (tot fiterable and noa-iterabl) (frst revision)| 1S 456 : 2000 ISN Tite 18No, Tile (Par 22): 1986 Acidity (ret revision) @an3): 1972 (Pan 23): 1986 Alkalinity (frst evbion) Pa d):1972 Types of concrete (Part24): 1986 Sulphate (rst revision) Part): 1972 Formwork for concrete (Part 32): 1988 Chloride (frst revision) @art6): 1972 Byuipment, tot and plant OUATI96E Cote of patie fo design and Par) 1973 Mixing, leying, compaction, installation of joins in buings curing and other construction 3812: 1981 ‘Specification for fly ash for use ‘aspect Aspozaolanaand admixture (fist (Pan'8) : 1973 Properties of concrete revision) Part 9) 1973 Suuctural aspects AppgPatD = Speen ertlowclay tits par sy. gra “ets and testing apparatus 1975 for Moors and roofs: Pat I Filler ‘ype (rst revision) (Pare 11) 1973 Prestressed concrete “Nar 5): Methods of physical tests for (Part 12): 1973 Miscellaneous 1988 Drrceasictment : Part 5 6909: 1900 Speciation for supeslphated Determination of initial and final cement setting tes (frst revision) 7861 Code of practice for extreme 40821996 Recommendations on stacking Weather concreting ; maaemes of onstaetion aye. 1ots Reson os ‘commended practice for hot (Grcand eg mPeneD wie ‘weather concreting : a2): 1975 Recommend al 4326:1993 Code of practice for earthquake (Pa2): 19 weather consaeg reals resistant design and construction of brings (second revision) 8041 1990 SPreiiatin for rp hardening 4656: 1968 Specification for form vibrators td cement (second esi) foc Speciticaion for hydrophobic $845: 1968 Definitions and tara cen ‘elating to hydrautic cement Seaaateation for 42 grade : 4925:1968 ——Specifiestion for concrete pevtiony land exment batching and mixing plant 013 197% Meth aking, curia 4926: 1976 Specification for ready-mixed 8 and determing eee coverete seeond revision) strength of accelerated cured $816:1999 Method of test for splitting concrete test specimens tensile strength of concrete g.g5_ Specification for admistures fr Gir POPE Steno ai 06 Sehacttats rca assy Reet fer weld sTotey Recammendations for welding {floor and root with joists and cold Worked bare renin fie sted rtd With hotiow concrete filler revision) bocks H8I7::385 Classification of & With hollow clay Siler blocks buildings for accomadation ct (first revision) dimensional deviations during Specification for high slumins ‘cement for structural se 2089 Specification ior gransated saz : for manufacture of Portand sag 6461 Glossary of terms relating to cement coment (Part) 1972 Concrete aggregates 12119; 1987 General requirements for pan ‘mixers for concrete (Port 2): 1972 Materials nmIS No 12269 12330 12600 iat 1987 1988 1989) Title Specification for $3 grade Polane cement Specification for sulphate resisting Portland cernent Specification for low heat Portland cement Methods of non-destructive testing of concrete ISNo, (Part 1): 1992 (Part 2 = 1992 13920: 1993) 14687 : 1999 » IS 456 : 2000 Tle Utwasonie pulse velociey Rebound hammer Code of practice for ductite detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seesmic forces Guidelines for falsework for ‘concrete structures| TS 456: 2000 ANNEX B (Clauses 18.2.2, 223.1,22.7,26.2.1 and 32.1) STRUCTURAL DESIGN (WORKING STRESS METHOD) B-l GENERAL, BrL.1 General Design Requirements ‘The general design requirements of Section 3 shall apply to this Annex. B-1.2 Redistribution of Moments ‘Except where the simplified analysis using coefficients (see 22.8) is used, the moments over the suppor for any assumed arrangement of loading, including the ‘ead loa moments may each be increased or decreased by not more than 15 percent, provided that these modified moments over the supports are used for the ‘aleultion ofthe corresponding moments in the spans 'B-1.3 Assumptions for Design of Members Inthe methods based on elastic theory, the following 'ssumptions shall be made: ®) At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plain after bending. All ensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement and none by concrete, except as otherwise specifically permitted. ©) The stress-strain relationship of steel and ‘oncrete, under working loads, is a saight ine, The moda rato m ta the value 282. where o., is permissible compressive sess due to bending in concrete in N/m? as specified in Table 21. NOTE — The expression given form pil tke eto sou longte effect such accep. Terr thie ¥ nohe se the moda rio dvd bce oe value of pen i 623.4 3-2 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES B-2.1 Permissible Stresses in Concrete Permissible stresses forthe various grades of concrete shall be taken as those given in Tables 21 and 23. NOTE — For increase in sength wih age 6.2.1 shal be ‘sppshle The vlas of penis ses salle ote lntepolaton between the rae of coment B211 Direct Tension For members in direct tension, when full tension is taken bythe reinforcement alone, the tensile strese shall be mot greater than the values given below: Grade of MIO MIS De Tensile Stone 12 2 82 Nm Ez ‘The tensile stess shall be valeulated as rarrra where ‘oral tension on the member minus pee. any. before conre A, = cross-sectional th tension, B-24.2 Bond Siness for Deformed Bars In the case of deformed bars conforming to IS 1786, the bond stresses given in Table 21 may be increased by 60 percent. 2-22 Permissibie Stresses in Steel Reinforcement Permissible stresses in stel reinforcement shall not exceed the values specified in Table 22 222.1 In flexural members the value of gi is applicable at the centroid of the © of tensile reinforcement ig provi atthe centroid of the outermost Hives exceed by more than 10 percent the value givea in Table 22 18-23 Increase in Permissible Stresses ‘Where stresses due to wind (or earthquake} temperate and impact load, the stresses spevitieg in 22 and 23 may be exceeded upto a limi of 23] pon Wi emi fe edt co ag sites