PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK Twelfth Edition with foreword by Paul Buthod Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma Eugene F. Megyesy PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC. P.O. Box 35365 + Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153Copyright © by Eugene F. Megyesy Copyright 1972, 1973 by Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems — without permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control ‘Number: 2001 130059 ISBN0-914458-213 COPYRIGHT: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001 Printed and bound in the United States of America, NOTE: This new edition of the Pressure Vessel Handbook super- sedes ll previous editions, effective July 1,200] ‘The changes over the previous Eleventh Edition have been made necessary by the revision of Codes, Standards, Specifications, ete FOREWORD Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry ‘are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature in the field of code requirements and design equations, First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the applicable code, Then he must search the literature for techniques, used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company catalogs for use in the design equations. Mr. Megyesy has recognized this ‘problem, For several years he has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational methods, He has been presenting this information first in the form of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put it all together in cone place in the Pressure Vesiel Handbook. 1 believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry and that readers will find it extremely useful. Paul ButhodPREFACE This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas, ‘echnical data, design and construction methods readily available for the designer, detailer, lyoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels. Practical men in tis industry often have difficulty finding the required data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature or advanced studies. The author's aim was to bring together all of the above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form. ‘The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Division T have been utilized as well as those generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the ‘author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice. In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook, rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding, since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category. ‘Allarge part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged. ‘The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor ‘Séndor Kalinszky, Sénos Bodor, Lészl6 Félegyhézy and J6zsef Gyérfi for their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of ‘Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted the author to include material from their publications. ‘The author wishes also to thank all those who helped to improve this new edition by their suggestions and corrections. Suggestions and criticism conceming some errors which may remain in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute 19 the further improvement of this Handbook. Eugene F. MegyesyASME CODE vs. THIS HANDBOOK ‘The ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELCODE- 2001, Sect. VIN,Dis.1 The American Society of Mechanical Engi- nears set up a Commit in 1911 for te Purpose of formulating standard rules for Jheeonstuction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels that wil perform ina safe Sndrelablemanner. ‘The Code comprises these ules. ts seope includes vessels: 1. made ofnonferous materi, castiron, High alloy and carbon steel, 2. made by welding, forging, bracing, nd 5. applying awide variety of consiruction methods and dtl It includes all vessels where the question a sfey is concemed. PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK - 2001, Twelfth Edition ‘The Handbook covers design and con- struction methods of pressure vessels: 1 made of earbon steel, 2. made by welding 3. applying construction methods and details which are the most economical and practical, which arein accordance with the Code rules, and thus gener- ally followed by the industry. ‘The vast majority of the pressure vessels today fall into this category. For construction rules and details which are excluded from the scope of the Hand- bbook, references are made tothe applicable Code paragraphs to avoid neglecting them, “The Code - as itis stated in paragraph UG- 2. — "does not contain rules to cover all Getails of design and construction . .." "where details are not given, it is intended that the Manufacturer... shall provide de- tails of design and construction." Details of design and construction not covered by the Code are offered by the Handbook including: Design of tall cow- ers, wind load, earthquake, vibration, ec- centric load, clastic stability, deflection, combination of stresses, nozzle loads, re= action of supports, lugs, saddles, and rect- angular tanks. "The Code is not @ handbook." "It is not intended that this Section be used as a de- sign handbook’ as itis stated in the Fore- word of the Code. ‘The aim of this Handbook is to be easily handled and consulted, Tables, chars elimi nate the necessity of caleulations, Geom- etry, layout of vessels, piping codes, API storage tanks, standard appurtenances, painting of steel surfaces, weights, mea: Surements, conversion tables, literature, definitions, specification for vessels, de- sign of steel structures, center of gravity, design of welded joints, bolted connec- tions, boiler and pressure vessel laws, chemical resistance of metal, volumes, and surfaces of vessels, provide good service- ability. "The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals, Addenda, which also inchide revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions ‘The Handbook is updated and revised in three years intervals, reflecting the changes ‘of Code rules, new developments in the de- sign and construction method, and in- become mandatory six(6)monthsafterthe | cludes the revisions ofits squress date of issuance, except for boilers and pres- ‘ure vessels contracted for prior tothe end of the 6 month period. (Code Foreword)ae THE ASME CODE ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 ‘An internationally recognized Code published by ‘The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PRESSURE VESSEL - is a containment of solid, liquid or gaseous material under internal or external pressure, capable of withstanding also various other load- ings, BOILER - is a part of steam generator in which water is converted into steam under pressure, RULES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - Boiler explosions around the tum of the century made apparent the need for rules governing the design and con- struction of vessels. The first ASME Code was published in 1914 ISSUE TIME - The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals (2001 and so on). Addenda, which also include revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions become mandatory 6 months after the date of issuance, except for boilers and pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end ofthe 6 month period, (Code Foreword) SCOPE OF THE CODE- The rules of this Division have been formulated on the basis of design principles and construction practices applicable to vessels de- signed for pressures not exceeding 3000 psi. Code U-1(4) ‘Vessels, which are not included in the scope of this Division, may be stamped with the Code U Symbol if they meet alithe applicable requirements of this Divi- sion, Code U-2(g) ‘THE DESIGN METHOD - The Code rules concerning design of pressure parts are based on the maximum stress theory, i.e. elastic failure in a ductile metal vessel occurs when the maximum tensile stress becomes equal tothe yield strength of the material. OTHER COUNTRIES' Codes deviate from each other considerably, mainly be~ cause of differences in the basic allowable design stresses. The ASME Code's regulations may be considered to be at midway between conservative and unconservative design, COMPUTER PROGRAMS - Designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are solely responsible for the application of these programs to their design. (Code, Foreword) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION NOT COVERED - This Division of the Code does not contain rules to cover all details of design and construction. Where complete details are not given, itis intended that the Manufacturer shall provide details which will be as safe as those provided by the rules ofthis Division, Code U-2(e) PARTI PART IL PART IIL PARTIV PARTV CONTENTS Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels . Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels Measures and Weights ... 321 Design of Steel Structures soe 447 ‘MiscellaneousPART L DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL 1 Vessels Under Internal Pressure ... ‘Stressesin Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pres- sure of Fluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American, Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges. Vessels Under External Pressure ‘Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required Cylindrical Shell, Chart for Determining Thickness of ‘Cylindricaland Spherical Vessels under External Pressure when Constructed of Carbon Stee Design of Tall Towers ind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Becentric Load, Elastic Stability Deflection, Combination, of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate method), Design of Base Ring (ap- ‘proximatemethod), Design of AnchorBoltandBaseRing, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers, Vessel Supports. ‘Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two ‘Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in ‘Vessels Due to Lug Support, Lifting Attachments, Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains. Openings Inspection Openings, Openings witho Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings. Nozzle Loads Reinforcement atthe Junction of Cone to Cylinder Welding of Pressure Vessels .. c ‘Welded Joints, Butt Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal ‘Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols Regulations; Specifications. Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to Various Plate Thisknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liq- tuids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials, Specification forthe Design and Fabrication of Pressure \Vesels, Fabrication Tolerances. 15 31 153 159 170 181DESIGN R 10. Materials oFFosgn Gomis 4 1, Welded Tis. ra 12 Piping Codes. xe 1B, Rectangular Tanks a M. COtEH nse zi 15. Migeetameous Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe ana Engagement, Drill Sint for Pipe Tap, Bend Slog a a ing, Prefredoeton,CommonBorsanura 16, Painingof Stee Suracs 2 IN REFERENCES THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK "CODE" STANDS FOR A BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SE = BOILER, AND PRESSUR {CTION Vill, DIVISION | AN 2001 EDITION B STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels are subject zo various loadings, which exert stresses of different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and con- struction of the vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) a. Internal or extemal pressure 'b. Weight of the vessel and contents ¢. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, 4. The attachment of internals, vessel supports, lugs, saddles, skirts, legs ©. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations £ Wind pressure and seismic forces {g. Impact reactions due to fluid shock hh, Temperature gradients and differential therinal expansion i. Abnormal pressures caused by deflagration. STRESSES (Code UG-23) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS 'S, = Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materials page 186-190.) 4 Tensile stress ‘The smaller of S, or the value of factor B determined by the procedure described in Code UG 23 (6) (2) . Lingitudinal compressive stress ©. General primary membrane stress induced by any combination of Joadings. Primary membrane stress 155, plus primary bending stress induced Sie Gabor) by combination of loadings, except as provided ind. below. [& General primary membrane stress 1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b, induced by combination of earth- or c. This rule applicable to stresses, quake or wind pressure with other exerted by intemal or external pressure loadings. Seismic force and wind or axial compressive load on a cylinder. pressure need not be considered to | act simulta neously.4 ‘STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL Uniform intemal or external pressure induces i the longitudinal sear two times larger unit stress than in the caeumferental seam because of the geometry ofthe cylinde A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, ete.) are not factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling only. The Code provides the methog of design to meet this requirement, When other loadings are present, these combined [oadings may govern and hewier plate will be required than the plate which was satisfactory to resist the circumferential buckling only’ “Toe compressive stress cue to external pressure and tensile stress due to internal pressure shall be determined by the formulas: mt FORMULAS CX ‘CIRCUMFERENTIAL TONGITUDINAL cD Soin jane har | 2D Sa Sor cr i NOTATION Mean diameter of vessel, inches Internal or external pressure, 3S Longitudinal stress, ps Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi ‘Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance excluded, inches zl EXAMPLE Given = 96inches Po. 15x96 P= ipa 5 BEES sa40 os {> Oasinches 15 x96 oP BES Lao ot au 2 x 0.25 Fortowets under internal pressure and wind Joad the critical height above which compres- sive stress governs caa be approximated by the formula: aoe £2 were H = Cita neigh of owe, INTERNAL PRESSURE |. OPERATING PRESSURE ‘The pressure which is required forthe process, served by the vessel, at which the vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGNPRESSURE ‘The pressure used in the design of a vessel. It is recommended to design a ‘vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psior 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satisfy this requirement. The pressure of the fluid and other contents ofthe vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 for pressure of fluid. 3, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKINGPRESSURE ‘The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be: (@) in corroded condition (b) under the effect of a designated temperature (©) in normal operating position at the top (G under the effect of other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydro- static pressure, et.) which are additive tothe internal pressure. When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the maximum allowable working pressure (MAW) code 3-2, ‘Acommon practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure ‘vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc. See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. ‘The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It means the pressure at which the weakest element of the Vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel: (@) isnot corroded (new) () thesemperature does not affect its strength (room temperature) (cold) and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into consideration. 4, HYDROSTATIC TESTPRESSURE ‘At least 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure ar the design pressure (o-be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine the maximum allowable working pressure. [the stress value of the vessel material atthe design temperature is less than at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased, proportionally. Hydrostatic test shaltINT. PRESS, 16 15 x me lene Se tte Vesiels where the maximum allowable working pressure limited by the flanges, shall be tested at a pressure shown in the table Primary Service saute Rating | 15010] 3001] 4001] 6001] 90016] 1500 | 250015 HiySosate Shel Tort resure 42s_| 1100 [1450 [2175 | 3250 | s400_ [9000 Hydrostatic test of multi-chamber vessels: Code UG-99 (e) ‘A Preumatic test may be used in lea of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 Proof tests to establish maximum allowable Working pressure when the strength of any part of the vessel cannot be computed with satisfactory assurance of safety, prescribed in Code UG-101. 5. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES ‘The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in table on page 189, The maximum allowable compressive stress to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected to loading that produce. longitudinal compressive stress in the shell shall be determined according to Code par. UG-23'b, ¢, & d. 6, JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page 172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176+ ‘The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most frequently used types of shell and head, The formulas of cylindrical shell are siven for the longitudinal seam, since usualy this governs, ‘The stress in the girth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint efficiency is Jess than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when besides the internal pressure additional losdings (wind load, reaction of saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason for itis that the stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of the stress in the longitudinal seam, ‘The formulas for the girth seam according pa PR pa —25E TSE + OP R-0n ‘See notation on page 22. NoTES ”is i » FT tf INTERNAL PRESSURE if EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS | |_| DESIGNDATA: E= 1.00, joiaeffciency of seamless. NOTKTION | ee opps din prese a : 6 atc ev | ST gaint B= Stes nie tn Pong pemeormmsivaie lel ae | | $7 gabe arciaatee 5 Sem aa ie. Steet 5: Be shee |e SIEM nag 17> mepind lian pee so SOMES pe Os i amet | Be Biemameyalpocvmines {= SOTA trae altace oy CA! = Comotion tiwance inches a, 0 [2S inches corrosion swan wth estes aida i i ove SBSDESIONDATAABOVE A CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM) ee | an Dame te xinam sloatie t | Determine therequited thickness, ‘working preseure P for 0.500 in. thick A [Prenat Serer een icin ne cnaditon &, ee 0.284 in. ec en oS 95x10 eee 1 Usa the es in the fe sm ie ovring, Se ni 4806x0500 receding page. +04. om in 2 When the wall thickness exceeds one half ofthe nse ae SES SAS Un 0S0in pie 3 5 SEBDESIONDATAABOVE SEEDESIONDATAADOVE SPHERE ang HEMISPHERICAL HEAD aoe ee mee [Et anemeinanaos | Darnbntrneieensense 2SEt ota hemispherical head, working pressure, P for 0.3125 in thick i SSPE ook, roxas : out. | *23<20}000%0.85 02% 00 pa2X20000X085%0.3125 5, elt Fh end to she ie han te eSency . 840203125 SEAS sca 2 Magrath nto Px 1Srmal'besppied a Use 03125in- pate c 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SSE DESIGNDATA ABOVE Co eS Detmin te egoied ies ofa Pesan » - Dette madam ate ~~ ase : Setar Peg ia 4] * a + 0.20 10029525, in, | seamless head, when it is in ted CS WSE=OF Be07 ee y it 2X 20,000 X 10X 0.250 ssi a Te spo ea ie le ema sca gui | 19s Gara inksectak suse Sess 00350 ‘ b= ba Un037Sin ik had20 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION 'P = Design pressure of max. allowable working pressure ps ress value of material psi, page Inside diameter, inches angle, degrees Le Inside radius of di joint efficiency, page 172 ‘Wall thickness, inches R= Inside radius, inghes cA. inches 109 7 = Inside knuekle radius, inches Corrosion allowance, inches ‘One half ofthe included (apex) \ CONE anv CONICAL SECTION ‘“Teosa(SE—O6P)| PD 2SEt cos a D+i2cos a (Code Appendix I 1. The half apex angle, @ not greater than 20° 2 Whenatis greater than 30" special snalysiis required » (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) When Yin = 16% E "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD P: SEL OaaSL FOL ‘When the min, tensile strength of material exceeds 70,000 pai see Code UG-32(e) VALUES OF FACTOR “M™ a it EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA B= Be ees sie acs of ah P= 100 psi design pressure nches inside diameter ‘S = 20,000 psi stress value of 4 required wall thickness, inches SAS15¢70 pate 300 a= 30°One half ofthe apex angle B= 085 cticlony Feperexamined CA. = 0.125 inches coroston allowance Joints * incorroded condition greater with = 1.00, jointefficiency o seamless the corrosion allowance heads SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE 0s 30°= 0.866 Determine the required thickness, | rofa cone 100 96.25 ‘PRUE ,000 X08S-XTO) 978 Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick cone, when the vessel is in new condition, 2X20000X 085X0500X 0856595 sca onasin. | PSPS osooxasos vas | ‘Use 0,500 in, plate (ee pestonpata anove SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE | Lir= 164 | Determine the required thickness, eof a | seamless ASME flanged and dished head. | 0.885 100%96.125 F000 .0=0.1 x 105 025% CA O.125in O55T in, Us20,5625in plate Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.5625 in, thick seamless head, when the vessel is in new condition. a 885 X 96 +0.1 X 0.5625 2 psi SEEDENGNOATRABOVE Knuekleradusr= 6in.Lr= % =16 o73 em be | Determine the required thickness tof a | seamless ASME flanged and dished head. Te] hal ro aas ae) aaoP anal ™]acel |e latent thick seamless bead when the vessel is z in| Incorroded condition. HFT SF ae! al acl Yael Ah aad I ill coc ‘Exz0.000-02 100-7! oa So > m3 20.000 1005625194 ps Lie [.s0] s0|°*hrasl! [us 163 CA pe P96 125 x1.75+02 «0.437514 P fo Ci = Mu pas]? sa sl fr scol fas Phra Shr Use 0.5625 in, min thick head + TARITUR ALLOWED RATIO': L = D+ (ee nave on frag sar) SEEDESEDATAAEOVE Rares aes ae Determinethe maximum allowable working pressure, P for a 0.5625 in, NOTE: When the ratio of Lis greater than 63, fnon-Code construction) the values ofores 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD PD 2ske 29E+18P 1.8 || Determine the required thickness rofa seamless ellipsoidal head 10096 For elipoidal heads, where dhe ratio of the major and rminor tx othr than 2, so Code Appendix I-40 ; ‘ DNOUHDOX TDK TO OE 4c 0.125, D364: ‘Use 0.375 in. min. thick head 2 - INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS DESIGN DATA = 1.00, jointeffcieney ofseamless 100 psi design pressure heads NOTATION {$= 20,000psi stress value of R= 48 inches ouside radius = Joint eiciency, page 172 |” SA 515-70plate@ 500F D= 96 inches outside diameter P= Desig pressure or max, allowable f= Outseraur tes | £ = 085 efficiency of spotexamined 1 = Required wall thickness, inches s sn is of ieril psi, D = Ouse dame, aces joints of shell and! CA. = 01128 inches corrosion allowance 189 PRP Cal = Canoson allowance, inches a | SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘ CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)’ | Determine the required thickness, ¢ | ofa shell i ; a Determine the maximamallowabe t PR SE in | Wotking pressure, P for 0.4375 in. thie Ft, | ‘" SE+04P Pe R Ohi BOOWX0RS-0AXTOH O78 | shell when the vessel isin new condi- 0.125 in, + 204 Se ecnereremeeel spok seagate | PaReon osars 1m pare 6 | Use: 0.4375 in. thiek pate 2. When the wall thicknes exceds one al ofthe inside | ‘adler or P exeets 0385 SE, the formulassivende | || the Code Appendit 1 shall be apled L ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE . ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD | Head furnished without straight flange. | Determine the required thickness, tof | Determine the maximum allowable fn oe |, , hemispherical head. orkigpresute, Por 3135 in shck 1 soe PO P Fy pe 10048 gig, | eas when the vessel isin new aE + OH | | ergmpateneroncr ote | conan | | rer esse a For heads without a sraigh fang, ase the eff i a i SPinebeadto shel janet tele inan the effcensy | 266i. 48-08 X03125, ss ‘ofthe seas inthe head ‘Use: 0.3125 in. min thick head 22. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.356 Ro Percents (0,6 SE the formas given inthe Code Appendix 1.SSshal be pple. c ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.375 in. thick head, when itis in new conditrs 24 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS EXAMPLES dt THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED RATIO : L-t=D. (Gee note on facing page) UDESIGNDATA Treads NOTATION on [B= 100ps design presare Ro 88 nes ouside ais P = Design pressure or max. allowable a= One half ofthe incloded (apex) | $= 20,000 psi stress value of a= soeonehnifettic eagle orang pressure pa Stele, depres SA Sipe S00 @ = a onehalfortieapexanle ss Whe of sera) a ae > Di tae dpe oats eenorrersamines Regu wal ines, ches = Hin tie, age ca lis ‘ate | 2= P00: jointeiciency ofseamtess _CA. = 0.185 inches corrosion allowance = Ouse radu nebes emotion allowance nc SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE, 7 CONE anv CONICAL SECTION Ce Determine the maximum allowable. Determine the required thickness, ¢ working pressure, P for 0.500 in, thick Sane at cone in new condition, Tea ceroIn| =paowera |p “SORGaxoasnH em : in, | p-2%20000%085%0500%0.866 ee aa 96 ~(085X0.500 0.866) x t 04ST in. Di o_ 1. ‘The half apex angle, a not grester than 30° ‘Use: 0,500 in. thick plate erat ccuiataiee as SG aaemeamed SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ur 168 E ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD Determine the required thickness, tof a a (TORISPHERICAL WEAD) seamless ASME Hanged and dished | Determine the maximum allowable ea working peste, Por 625 nhc ‘When “ie es seamless head, when the vessel is in puc0885X100X96__5 95, | cottoded condition. 20}000% L008 100 5625-0125 =04375 1 O88SPL po SEL | SE+O.8P ‘UseL-oH || 2A cntsin |p 2UOMXLOXOASTS 95 5 ; Osi8in : When “Less Than 16% I Use: 0.5625 in. min. thick head | [SeeDEsIGNDaTa Bow SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE PLM. 2SEt | Knuckle radius r= 6 in, Lir Kauckle radius r= 6 in. L/r= © =16 When the min. tenstestength | tee PLM | po 28 || & of material exceeds 70,000 ps. BERPORUD | P°ME=HH=OD |) | Me=1.75 from table M=1.75 from table, fee Code 06-326) | | Determine he required hickoes ots | nine the maximum allowable ‘VALUES OF FACTOR M [Rea SSS ASME Flanged and dished | working pressure, Pfora 0.3625 in. al asl be] bee ete 10096115 | thick seamless head when the vessel is ae Pal ol eal aaeP al lead Tel eal] | maa lXQIs —onvin | Inconel contin raps] stash eat] loaf Palla] sca apps, | ro fXEAIMRLOX OATS pg ra] = in] haa) hel al> | in be nso) |o.sol lias soll 10d] | eo 5625in min wierd | aol eae 8L gol 4 sel S® 9 ally | NOTE: When the ratfo of Lis greater than 16 , (non-Code construction) the values oF L May be eaeulated by the formula: M='¥@ +i)26 2 INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES a NOTATION ion a DESIGN DATA P_ = Internal or extemal design pressure psi E=joint efficiency P = 300 psi design pressure Essjoint efficiency = Inside ameter of shel, in, @ = 26 in. inside diameter of shell faximum allowable stress value of material, psi $ =17,100 psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate {= Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. }}) = 4/345 in required thickness of seamless shell for pressure. ‘n ee thickness lca Sf corrosion allowance, in. 1, = 0.3125 in. actual thickness of shell (, =Minimum required thickness of seamless shell for pressure, in. | ICKN 4, = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. Aetna be lemeeecascaietameneecemeara a CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS t= dVO13 PSE This formula shall be applied: 1, When d does not exceed 24 in. 2. td is not less than 0.03, nor greater than 0.25 3. The head thickness, 4, is not less than the shell thickness, 1, VCPISE C= 0334/1, © min. = 0.20 Ia value of 4/,ess than 1 is used in ‘calculating tthe shell thicknes shall be D 24min. nor less than 1.251, [heed not be greater than 1 ss, = <1 ths ‘maintained along a distance inwardly from the inside face ofthe head equal to at least ar, bolted flat heads, covers, blind flanges Code UG-34; other types of closures Code UG-35 | Use 1.25 in, head | The ratio of head thickness to the diameter of the shel is satisfactory t= d VOIS PSE = 24 (0:13 x 30077,100x1 = 1.146in. Checking the limitation of 0.052 mw SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 0.243 C= 0.33 = 0.33 ————= 0.26 i 03125 = d (OBE = 24 NO 26x 300/17 T0OKT = 1.620in, Use 1.625 in plate Using thicker plate for shell, lesser thickness will be satisfactory for the head, 0.375 in. 471 in. Use 1.635 in. plate ‘The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 «af, from the inside face of the head EXOT = 6 ina —_ PRESSURE — TEMPERATURE RATINGS || PRESSURE OF FLUID i STATIC HEAD Class 150 Ib. | 300 Ib.|_ 400 1b.| 600 1b.| 900 Ib,|_ 1,500 Ib.| 2,500 Ib] Hydrostatic test, 450 | 1,125] 1,500 2,225] 3,350] 5,575 | 9,275 |[F} The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the yressure, psig | pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or at bottom Pp ) PSS | of the vessel and is due to the height af the fluid above the point at which the Temperature, F [ MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE PSIG) | pressure is considered. =20t0 100 | 285 | 740 | 990 [1,480 | 2,220] 3,705 | 6,170 f, The static head when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the 200 260 | 675 | 900 | 1,350 | 2,025) 3,375 | 5,625 |p vessel: 400 200 | 635 | 845 | 1,270 | 1,900} 3,170 | 5,280 | pater . 600 140 | 550 | 730 | 1095 | 1640] 2,735 | 4'560 |P | Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water 650 125 535 71S | 1,075 | 1,610] 2,685 | 4,475 ea 700 10 535 710 | 1,065 4,440 4 a pa So RHEE EE eS 750 95 505 | 670 | 1,010 | 1,510} 2,520 | 4,200 D 866 9.53 9S 1039 1082 1126 1169 1212 1256 Pee ee ee Sey | eu Q am aa a 805 | 1,340 | 2,230 XD 2165 BO 252 WIS 2338 2381 2425 2468 25.11 25.55 900 50 | 170 | 230 | 345} SIS) 860 | 1,430 © 2598 2641 2685 2728 27.71 28.14 2858 29.01 2944 29.88 | NOTE: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals .433 pound pressure per square A105 (1) A 350 Gr. LF2 (1) A 350 Gr. LF6 Cl. 1 (4) A216 Gr. WCB (1) Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to A515 Gr. 70 (1) A516 Gr. 70 (1) @) A537 CL.1.@) Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square inch NOTES: (1) Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800 ° sure, 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 ae pap @) Not to be used over 850 °F, | : pr 9 23 46 69 92 lis 9 162 185 208 (3) Not to be used over 700 °F. 10 231 254 «277 300 323 346 369 393 416 439 | @ Not to be used over 500 °F. 2 42 485 S08 531 S54 517 60 6A? TO | Fangs: ofANSIBIGS sal pot bewedforhigherratingsexcetwheeit || 2 @3 He HS fea Mb BI BI BL Sra Sot is justified by the design methods of the Code. 90 1155 1178" 120.1 1224 1247 1270 1293 1316 1339 1363 Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressed H 1386 1409 182 1455 Lars 1501 1524 1547 1370 1593 ‘as gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated a eae fer fod Here Eaagte neat aiteck acto nd ee shown. mie a % 2079 21022125 2148 217.1 2194 2217 240 2263 2286 emperatures are those on th inside of the pressure-contaning shell of the NOTE: One pound of presqure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water flange. In general, itis the same as that of the contained material Gor Fownbelt Thetatee: to End the foot head of wales for any pressure not Flanged fittings shall be hydrostatically tested, given in the table above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.30 31 For quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various TABLES. materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination. A Stress values at temperature ~20° to $00 °F. SAS3B SA285C SA 515-60 SA 515~ SA 516-60 SA 516-70 BIE, 13,345, 14,535 17,000 100% J. E, 15,700 17,100 20,000. B Ratios of Stress Values 13,343_[14535_[ 15,700 [17,000 _[17,100_[20,000 i345 [ 1.09 118 127 | 1.28 | 1.49 14,535_[ 0.92 = 1.08 iy} das 7137 15,700__[ 0.85 0.92 = 108 [1.09 [1.27 17,000 | 0.79. 0.86 0.93 = 1.01 | 1.18 17,100 | 0.78 0.85 [0.92 0.99) = 17] 20,000 | “0.67 0.73 10.79) 0.85__| 0.86 = ‘Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head ‘materials. ‘Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: | 1. For a wessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required| thickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 Ibs. 2, What plate thickenss will be required, and what will the weight of the vessel be using SAA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination: In case 1. The stress value of the material 17,000 In case 2. The stress value of the material 15,700 ‘The ratio of the two stress values from Table B=1.08 In this proportion the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel will be increased, 0.4426 « 1,08 = 0.4780 in. 12600 x 1.08 = 13608 Ib. EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN PRESSURE ‘When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the ‘maximum allowable external pressure to allow for pressure variation in service. Code UG-28((). ‘Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28(1). This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature be- low minus 20°F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact test. Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket: Code UG-28(i). TEST PRESSURE Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall ‘be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test is not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f). Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1% times the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f). Pneumatic test: Code UG-100. The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for Pressure Vessels Section VII, Div. 1, The charts on pages 42-47 are excerpted from this Code.Cis 32 3B EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION ‘Extomal design pressure, pig. ‘Maximum allowable wordng pressure, ps Outside diameter, in. aioe ‘the lengthy in of vessel section between: 1." circumferential line ona head at one-third the depth ofthe 2, eaangent ne, & jackets '. cone-to-cylinder junction or knuckle-to-cylinder junction of a toriconical head or section, ie + = Minimum required fal tceress in nee: CYLINDRICAL SHELL. Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints is Peso of sci PRR epg mee "SREB Liar = Move horizontally to the line representing D,/1, From the point of intersection move ver= {ieally to determine the value of factor 4. 4, Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43.47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable temperature line*. 5. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B. Compute the maximum allowable working pres- VESSEL 7 sure, Py If the maximum allowable working pressure is t smaller than the design the design ‘the ves. For values of A falling to the left of the applicable température line, the value of P an be calculated by the formula: DAE 3D.) When the value of Do/t is less than 10, the formulas given in the°Code UG-28(0\2) ‘shall be anplied, eed RIN Pe VESSEL WITH STIFFENING RING DESIGN DATA P = 1S pee. external design pressure D, = 96 in, outside diatmeter of the shell Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. 0 in. = $76 in. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material of shell SA - 285 C plate ‘Temperature 500° F E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ $00 °F (see chart ‘on page 43) Determine the required shell thickness. [Assume a shell thickness: 1 = 0.50 in. (see page 49) Length £= $92 in, length of shell $76 in, and one third of the depth of heads 16 in.) L/D, = 592/96 = 6.17 D,/t= 96/0.5= 192 (00007 from chert (page 42) determined by the procedure described on the facing page. ince the value of is falling tothe left ofthe applicable temperature-line in Fig, CS-2 (pg. 43), P, = 2AE/S(D/1)= 2x 0.00007 x 27,000,000]3 x 192* 6.56 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is smaller than the design pressure P stiffening rings shall be provided. Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, L= 200 in(Length of shell 192 in. plus one third of depth of head 8 in.) L/D,= 200/96 2.08 Do/t= 96/0.5= 192 ‘A= 0,00022 from chart (page 42) {B= 3000 from chart (page 43) determined by the procedure described on facing page. Py = 4B/3(D./1) = 4 x 3000/3 x 192* 20.8 psi. 48-0" Tan-Tan Since the maximum allowable pressure Pe is ageater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. See page 40 for design of stiffening rings. ey=eSHLEINpores 34 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION P= External design pressure psig P= Maximum allowable working pressure psig. D, = Outside diameter of the tead, in Ry = Outside radius of sphere or hemisphereical head, 0.9D, for ellipsoidal heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished head, in. ¢ = Minimum required wall thickness, inches. E__= Modulus of elasticity of material, rei, (page 43) ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD ‘The maximum -—2_ allowable pressure: ”* ~ TR, 77) ‘The value of B shall be determined by the following pro- cedure 1. Asiume the value for 1 and calculate the value of A sing the formula: A=O,125/ Rit (See page49) 5 2. Ener the applicable materia chart (pages 43-47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable teruperatureline.* 3. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of 2. “For values of A falling to the left of the appli- ‘able temperature line, the value of P, ean be eal- culated by the formula:P, = 0.0625EAR,/1)! If the maximum allowable working presture P, com- puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design pressure, a greater value for r must be selected and the design procedure repeated. 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD ‘The required thickness shall be the greater ot the following thicknesses. (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas sven for internal pressure using a design pres- Sure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint efficiency E=1.00. whereR.=0.9 D, and B to be determined as for sphere. "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) ‘The required thickness and maximum allowable pres- sure stall be computed by the procedures given for ellipsoidal heads. (See above) R,maximum=D, cn re DESIGN DATA: P = 15 psig external design pressure 1D, = 96 inches outside diameter of heed Matetial of the head SA-285C plate 00°F design temperature Determine the required head thickness. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘Assume a head thickness: (= 0,25 in, R, = 48.00 i. 4 =0.125/¢48.0010.25)0,00065 rom Fig. CS-2 (page 43) B = 8500 deter facing page. P,, = 8500(48.0010.25) ined by the procedure described on the 44.27 pal Since the maximum allowable working pressure Pg is exceedingly greater than the design pressure P, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory. For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t= 0.1875 in, 48.00 in 0.125/48.000.1875) = 0.0005, (6700, from chart (page 43), P, = BURJ) = 6700256 = ‘Phe assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in, is satisfactory. 2 psi. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) “Assume a head thickness: 1=0.3125in., R,= 0.9 x 96 86.4 in, A= 0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045 100 from chart (page 43), Py = B/(R,/¢)'= 6100/276 = 22.1 psi, Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2) Assume a head thickness: = 0.3125 in., R,*D, = 96 in, A = 0.125)(96/0.3125) = 0.0004 'B = 5200 from chart (page 43), P, = B/(R,/1) = $200/307 = 16.93 psi. Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory.36 37 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS fe i 1 NOTATION 4 = floor deemipedtom {UG0-280 (page 42 B= facior determined from chars (pages 4-47) = prelate ntudes (apex) angle, degrees utside diameter at the large en in. outside diameter atthe mallend, in. modulus of elasticity of maceial (page 43) length of cone, in. (ee page 39) Le = equivalent length of conical section, in(Lay(1+D,) P = external design pressure, psi P, = Maximum allowable working preseur, psi + = minimum required thickness, in. fg. = effective thickness, in. =I cos CONE Ano CONICAL SECTION Seamless o with Butt Joints WHEN aS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 60° and Dy/t, > 10 ‘The maximum alowable pressure: 4B 3Dil,y 1. Assume a value for thickness, f, ‘The values of B shall be determined by the folowing procedure: 2, Determine ,,Z,, and the ratios L,/D} and Dit, Enter chart G (page 42) at the value of L/ D,(LiD,) (Enter at 50 when L/D, is greater tan 50} Move horizontally tothe ine rep- resenting Di/t, From the point of inter- section move vertically and read the value of A 4. Enter the applicable material chart at the value of A* and move vertically to the line of applicable temperature. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B 5. Compute the maximum allowable working pressure, P,, Pam If P, is smaller than the design pressure, the design, the design procedure must be repeated increasing the thickness or decreasing L by using of stiffening rings. ‘For values of A falling tothe left ofthe appi- ‘able line the value of P can be calculated by the formula: P, = 2AE/3(D iit.) For cones having D /t- ratio smaller than 10, see Code UG-33 (0(0) WHENG IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘The thickness of the cones shall be the same as the required thickness for a flat head, the diameter of which equals the largest outside ameter of the cone. Provide adequate reinforcing of the cone-to- coninder juncture. See page 159 EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA P = 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C plate 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD Din sein ae2Bséepes Dz ad Deter he ue hts, t ‘| Lena E=t Dyanna 188, ay bin Isms head iene (03128 2 RSfewaroaus 909 = om Loa op = teas = 990 ~ 5 my ies cb Dass senas | P| 3. A'=0,00037 (from chart, page 42) 44, B=5,200 (from chart, page 43) 45 4x52 yg ps 5. Pa HD) 3333) bes Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness i satisfactory. CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) Di =144in. Dy =96in. a =30des, Determine the required thickness, Length, L=[W-Dy/Ytana =24/.5774=41.6 in. 96 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 in, 2. ty wf cosam0.375 x 0.866 =0.324 Le=(L/\(t + D/D, (1+ 96/144) = 34.67 L/D; =34.61/144=02 Di/ty = 144/0,324= 448 3. A =0,00065 (from chart, page 42) 4, B=8,600 (from chart, page 43) ; 4B. 44x 8600 Pe 3D ~ Fx M4032) = 25.8 psi. Se a cence ee eee P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory. EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN @ IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADSirae 38 39 NOTES EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS ar FA Use L in caleuation as shown when the strength of joints f cone to cylin- 1 der does not meet the requirements — Aeseribed on pages 163-169 It will result the thickness for the cone not Jess than the minimum required thick- ‘ness forthe joining cylindrical shell. ri Use L in calculation as shown when the strength of joints of cone 1 cylin- der meets the requirements described (on pages 163-1694 “0 EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS NOTATION DESIGN DATA: + Factor determined rom the char (pge 42) forthe materia used in P= IS pec enteral design presse OF ng gn (0 42) rhe meri sd in te 6 in outside diameter ofthe shel A, = Cross sectional area ofthe stiffening ring, sq. i, D, = Outside Diameter of shell, in, Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43) ~ Required moment of inertia ofthe sffening rng about its neutral to the axis of the shel, in‘, r, = Required moment of ierta ofthe stiffening ring combined with the shell section which s taken as contributing tothe moment of inertia, The width of the shell section 1.10 "Dyin The sum of one-alf ofthe distances on both sides of the sifening rng from the centerline ofthe rng tothe (1) new stiffening ring, (2) othe hea line at ° dep, (3) to @ jacket connection, or (4) to cone-o-eyinder junction, in. ternal design pressure, psi inimum required wal thickness of shel, in. r I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine is eros sectional area A UL Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between jacketed section, cone-o-shell junction, or head line at 4 ofits depth and determine dimension, i, IIL. Caleulate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of the ring combined wit the shell section (see page 85). IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumforential stiffening ring shall not be less than determined by one ofthe following formulas: p= Diba liraltya = DibstitA/L)A ‘The value of shall be determined by the following procedure: 1. Calculate factor B using the formula: mle, 2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages43 -47) atthe value of B and move horizontally tothe curve of design temperature, When the value of Bs less than 2500, 4 can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E, 3. From the intersection point move vertically tothe bottom ofthe chartand read the value of. 4, Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above. Ifthe moment of inertia of thering or the ring combined withthe shell section is greater than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening ofthe shells satisfactory. Otherwise stiffening ring with larger mement of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings shall be increased, Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f) Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 47 ft. 8 in. = 572i. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material ofthe stiffening ring SA-36 Temperature 500% E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi, @ SOO*F (See chart on paged3) 1 = 0,500 in thickness of hell ; oe & 1. Amangle of 6x 4s selected Ey 4, 73.0359. i0. =} 1, Using 2 stiffening rings equally Spaced between one-third the = lepths of heads (see figure), 2 LE is6in: a IIL The moment of inertia ofthe ’ | eas é SL. Thevalue of Factor B: 5 ~ B=% (PD t+ A/L I= § (15x96/05+3.03/196)) =2095 2. Since the value of Bis less than 2500, A=2B/E= ~ 2x2095/27,000,000 = 0.00015 IV. The required moment of inertia: [Do?hs(t + Ag/Ly) A) _ 96? 196x (0.5 + 3.03 / 196) x 0.00015, © 1" Since the required moment of inertia (9,97 in‘) is smaller than the moment of inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in.) the vessel is adequately stiffened. Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling, This should be considered in addition to the required moment of inertia See pages 95-97 for stiffening ring calculations.ang ssajumg { OL -901-VS wrapy{ HVS s8t-¥S vas ssoiums (Sop adc “aseg-vs mov ses Seee-vs sree pon Avanbous ou Suyoloy ay Huojoq fa0Roteo Ho, sono pur sd OoOoE MUONS oads oun put [aes uogaes Jo polonusuod 2 yascen ayy dn >yqea|dde are eyo ax) JO F90]08 90, SMASSAd TWNUALXA YAGNA STASSAA HOU SVTAWOA NI agsA. @ MOLVA AO SHIVA IHL BIOHK v wosava ’ secose cz eerose cc g5ez 3266 ovat Rees e835 cost E55 wy 228 7 gees ae i335 0 Beia Q cox s2a2Q 225s 3 coe SSE RB coe /[REEE oom yao ooo'es BBS ceo Q56 coo eae THE VALUES OF FACTOR A USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE. 2 88a g2e2e 82222 238 a ag Sage es een e Ree" eggeRR §(061 280d wo ¢ o1901) (91¢ adKy, “oW-ING-UD8I) [oars opMtarsME Jo poronnsuod st jassoA amp uaYM a]qeo4|dde axe Lueyo aui Jo sonjEA ouL ‘RAIASSAUA TVNAGLNA AIGNN STASSAA YO SVINWAO NI GasN @ YOLOVA AO SANTVA FHL VuOLva cosne 2 sero ec sacosy et secosy et ‘out aimyesoduroy ayy Jo puo zoddn ‘am Jo uonsoroud jeuozioy ou YpIK UOHODsTONU tue oumsse ‘oury smaezduray og7 Jo pue qt Jo 1yaL1 qf 0} sifey V JO anyea ayy aay 8969 UI =LLON @ YOLOVA (061 982d uo | 21921) (oe 2444, 18-4981) fos omuarsne jo poronzsu0> s)J9sson ayn Hoy alqeodde axe E49 4 JO SONTEA SL UNSSAUd TNNALXA YANN STASSIA YOM SV'INAWOA NI GBS @ HOLOVA JO SAN'IVA THL VUOIOVE ' w 0 10000" cose OES coset “eecosy ce tose owe 20178003 ore rere) coo 901 FUE = 3 00s owe ‘our amyesoduisy ayp yo pus seddn auf Jo uonomord jeruozyi0y ay EM uoND9sIONU @ MOLVA obo cova coone ‘ue oumese ‘eunj emqosoduray amp yo pus ax Jo 24812 2if 01 sey Y Jo an|BA ayy auaym sasvo UT 2aALON. Py rd(061 982d wo pa1qe1) (az 1¢ puw T91¢ Sed; “wogse> xem. £0°0-OW-IN8-¥OR1) [o01s ap}uansne yo paronnsuod s} [aston a4 Uay 9/GBoH dae 976 WetD ay J0 SANTEA Ag AUASSTd TNUGLXG YAANA STASSIA YOI SV TANS NI GIA. @ UOLOVA AO SAN TVA FHL v woLova ' wo wor a ove 28% flee Bre) SESE ome PVH OL Sot a vos = 3 sete cose nol * 08% = 3 Bia8 * fest” SEEg Bows ge88 8 Lae £eg3 2 or FLEE BE> BSS cou 28s con gee me = (061 980d uo z a1qea) (1H0¢ 9K, ‘Hoge IN8-4O81) 19018 onuaysno Jo paronnsuod st J2sseA axp ways a1quor|dde axe LeY> OU Jo SOUVEA Lg ‘SRINSSMd TYNUALXA YIUNN STASSIA AOI SVIAWUOA NI Gasn @ MOLVA JO SANTVA AHL ‘ew £0 vuo1ova ' : o i = rrr GEES om Lots 3238 LYRCR oe 3 bees oof : Sete) B2E Fone ite FS28 000 geek gire Eo PEE 2 9 ows bade 3 BREE &. woe gis 2 BEER © ows BF> BRE ot che mi bene |= 49 — —_* EXTERNAL PRESSURE CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS FORMED HEADS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM LOCATION Stifening rings may be placed on te inside or outside ofa vse, Using the charts, trials with different assumed thicknesses can be avoided “The charts has been developed in accordance with the design method of ASME siare or mses Bactcaeevi Soackt The tings may be of rectangular or any other sections a CONSTRUCTION It is preferable to use plates in constructing a compositeaection stiffentr ring, rather than using standard structural shapes, The reason for this ies not caly it the difficulties of rolling heavy structural shapes, but also because of the neces. sity to adjust th rng to the curvature ofthe shel. For large diameter vessels De maximum permissible out of roundness can result ine | ~ 2 inch gap between ‘he shell andthe ring. This canbe eliminated ifthe vertical member ofthe rng is cat out of the plate in sections, ‘The sections can be flame cut, instead of rolled and then buttowelded together in place 2 DRAIN AND VENT 2 Stiffener sings placed in the inside of horizontal shells have a hole or gap at the 5 bottom for drainage and at the top for vent. Practically one half of 23 inch 2 diameter hole atthe bottom and {inch diameter hole atthe topis satisfactory E and does not affect the stress conditions. Figure A. 3 For the maximum sre of shell left unsupported because of gap in stiffening 2 ring, see Code Figure UG.29.2. 8 WELDING 3 ‘According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to the 2 shell by continuous or intermittent welding, The total length of intermittent : Welding on each sie ofthe stiffener ring shal be: - 1. for sings on the outside, not les than one half the outside circumference of the vesel 2, for rings onthe inside of the vessel, not less than one third ofthe circum ference ofthe vesel Where corrosion allowance is to be provided, the stiffening ring shall be attached to the shel with continous fillet or seal Weld, ASME, Code (UG.30,) tit i R= INSIDE RADIUS OF HEAD. IN. Max. Spacing o 121 internal ing 1a 20 30 40060 70 €0. 90 100 110 129 100 190 180 160 170 180 190 200 8 t for external ring SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive) To find the required head thickness 1, Determine R, 2. Enter the chart atthe value of R, 3, Move vertically to temperature in, 4, Move horizontally and read t. {= Requiced head thicknes, in. R__ = For hemispherical heas, the inside cadivs, in igure Figure ene oro ae For 2:1 ellipsoidal heads 0.9xDo are RINGS OUTSIDE "x 3" Ig fillet weld on 6” ctrs, For flanged and dished heads, the inside crown radius, in. Rng RINGS INSIDE. 46" x2" Ig. fillet weld on 6” ctrs. Do Gutside diameter of the head. in, ‘The fet wel egsze shall be not les than te smallest of the folowing: 1/4,50 SI CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM Dolt LENGTH OF SHELL OR SECTION, I. Le Delt PRP AR ARERR ER DDD Spas PPAR ER EE REQUIRED SHELL THICKNESS, IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive) To find the required shell thickness: Enter lower chart (facing page) at the value of L Move horizontally to curves representing Do Move vertically to temperature line Move horizontally and read Dojt Enter chart above at the value of Do/t Move horizontally to curve D Move vertically down and read the value of t NOTATION ‘Required shel thickness, io Outside diameter of sel a Length of the vessel or veil section taken af the largest ofthe following 1 Distance between the tangent liner of the heads pls one third ofthe depth of the Reads If stifening rings are not ure, in. 3, The greater distance between any tWo akjocnt stiffening sags, i 3, The distance from te center of the fst stiffening rng to the head tangent line plus ons third af the head depth a. . ee : * TT . f e = Cbd . CYLINDRICAL SHELL (See facing page for explanation) Ju “Based on New ASME Code Addenda -. Chart Finds Vest Thickness,” {OGAHGON PROCESSING, $5 No.5, May 1976 p 217 P, Ju “A Simplified Approach to... Proture Vetsl Head Design,” HYDROCAR- SROCESSING, 35 No. 11; November 1976 268, Copyrighted Gulf Publishing Co. Houston. Used with permission.arr 2 = DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD ‘The computation of wind load is based on Standard ANSUASCE 7-95, approved 1996. ‘The basic'Wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following pages. ‘The basic wind speed is 105 mph. in Hawaii and 125 mph, in Puerto Rico. ‘The minimum design wind pressure shall not be less than 10 Ib./sq. f. When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed shall be applied. “The wind pressure on the projected ares ofa cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the following formula. ” F = q,G Cry Table6-1 ANSVASCE 7-95 STANDARD (Numbers of tables and paragraphs are references to this Standard.) (DxH) Projected area of tower, 842 LL pei of tower considered outside diameter of tower, Shape factor= 0.6 for eylindrcal tower (Table 6-7) Gust response factor= (Gy & Gy* (Pat. 6.6) ‘When the tower is located: in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B 0.8; in open terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure 0.85; in flat, unobstructed areas, Exposure D 0.85, ‘Velocity pressure at height z above ground, Ib/sq, i. 0.00056) KK ¥? [ Iblsq A (Table 6-1) Design Wind Force, Ib, LL importance factor = 1.0 for structures that on projected area of present low hazard to human life in event tower. (Para. 6.2) of failure (Para. 6.2). Wind speed, mph, (Map 6-1) ‘Topographic factor = 1.0 when wind speed-up ‘over hills and escarpment is not present. (Para. 6.5.5) Velocity Pressure, Exposure Coefficient* Exposures 8, C & D (Table 6-3) * See tables below for values of g and for combined values, of Gy Ge, and K, in Exposures B, C, and D. VELOCITY PRESSURE, ¢ Basie wind speed, mph, 7 WO] % [100 [110 [120 [30 Velocity Pressure pst0.00mse7=g | | 7] af *| a] 7| # 3 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD (Continued) CORFFICIENT G CGertrerpont tn in with Exposure Coefficient) HEIGHT Above Ground, ft. | EXPOSURES | _EXPOSUREC | _ExPOsURED ois "06 i a 07 iz 15 __ Og 13 16 - = “09 ia —ar 10 ~as 18 Ld 16 ais) ar 7 20 aa 19) 2 16 20 32 19 23 24 ‘The area of caged ladder may be approximated as I sq.ft. per lineal ft. Projecte'area of platform 8 sq. f. Users of vessels usually specify wind pressure for manufacturers without reference to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 Ib. per sq.ft. This specified pres- sure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel. ‘The total pressure on'a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected area of the tower. With good arrangement of the equipment, the exposed area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the vapor line. EXAMPLE: Determine the wind load, F DESIGN DATA: ‘the wind speed, ¥ = 00mph diameter of tower, D = 68 height of tower, = soft the tower located in flat, | unobstructed area, exposure: D ‘The wind load, F=g, xG x Cy Ay 4 from table = 26 psf G from table 18 Shape factor = 08 Area, A= DH= 6 x 80= 480 59. ft. F=26 X18 x08 x480= 17,971 Ibs: 33 MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (alles per hour) MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (miles per hour) Alaska Note: For coastal areas and Islande, se nearest contour pci! Wing Raion Population Contor Location Notes: : 1, Values are 3-second gust epe above ground for Exposure © esociated with ‘an annual probability of 0.02. Interpolation between wind speed contours Ie permit- ANSUAASCE STANDARD 7+ Courtesy of American Society of CiDESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD ‘Computation of wind load as alternate method based on standard ASA AS8.1-1955. ‘This standard is obsolete but still used in some codes and foreign counties. “The wind pressure at 30 A. level above ground for the United States is shown on the map on the facing page. The table below gives the wind pressures for various heights above ground for the areas indicated by the map. ‘WIND PRESSURE P, WHEN THE HORIZONTAL CROSS SECTION SGUARE ORRECTANGULARE| itnoso HEIGHT MAP AREAS wen the horizontal rose see ZONE f. {30 Tas [30 [35 [40 [45 [50 | tion is hexagonal or octagonal less than 30] 15 [ 20 | 25 [2s | 30] 35 ] 40] andwith 0.60 when the horizon- Sai0 ad _fao- [2550 L 35 [ao [as PSO] sl eros sectints circular orc 301099 _|25.[ 30 | 40 [as | 50-35] | 10010499 }30 | 40 | 45 | 35 | @ | 7 | 75 EXAMPLE: ind the wind pressure Py from map, ‘The vessel is intended to operate iz. Oklahoma, which is in the wind pressure map area ‘marked 30. In this map area the wind pressures for various height zones are: In the height zone less than 30.8, 25 Ib. persq ft Inthe height zone from 30-49, 301. persg. ft For a cylindrical tower these values shall be multiplied by shape factor 0.6, then the wind pressure in different zones will be 15 and 18 1b, per sq, ft. respectively If many pieces of equipment are attached to the tower itis advicable to increase the shape factor (according to Brownell) up to 0.85 for a cylindrical vessel Users of vessels usually specify the wind pressure for manufacturers without refer- ence to height zones or map areas. For example: 30 1b. per sq.ft. This specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel Relation between wind pressure and wind velocity, when the horizontal cross section is circular, is given by the formula: Py =0.0025 x Hy? where Py = wind pressure Ib, per sq. ft ¥, = wind velocity mph EXAMPLE: Wind of 100 mph velocity exerts a pressure: Py = 0.0025 x Vy ?= 25 Ibs. per sq.ft. pressure on the projected area of a cylindrical vessel at a height of 30 feet above ground, ‘The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected area of the tower. With a good arrangement of equipment the exposed area of the wind ccan be reduced comsiderably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the vapor line. 37 MAP OF WIND PRESSURE, I bsfiiiinatiny La _ ai ‘The map based on the records of the United States Weather Bureau and developed by the National Bureau of Standards.59 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS pee WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL Cy FORMULAS, ERED weight of the vessel results compressive stress ony when eecantiity dots not SHEAR Moment [srniss|rmicuntes ni 'and the fesltant fore. conedes with the ant ofthe vase. Usally the EnoaeR Sompretsion duc to the weit i insignificant and isnot controling. y= PDotly iy e_ospp s-BE| ‘The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows: r= M—bdV-0P.Ding) Rt |. Erection weight, which includes the weight of the: te = 100-4" — 0 4 “Top of Ladder NOTATION Dyds = With ofthe vesel vith ulation ee... BUT einen ofthe wold jon dike Lever am, sted fot tte otto der comin, of Yerul or vee ecton Maximum moment (tte tse) fb Moat ae hy nd pressure, 1. pers ® ‘Monn faci of vee, i $= Ste ae of mati rata ses ps ‘oul sea = Reguied tickaess, corrosion excluded, i. EXAMPLE: Givens Dy = $07 Dr = 34" Hy = 56-0" Hy Beebo" Bos dope Detesnne the wind moment hp Myke DB hy = Hy + Hy POD He RI Lower Section Upper Selion 30X34 = 3,960 x 78 Teal v= To,se0 Moment the boom tangent tine Myo Mg = OS BaD hy) = 497,040 ~ 4 (10,680 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 4 x 4) = 455,280 fh “or WK 4x 56 = 6700 x 28 = 357,000, EXAMPLE Gives: Dy =3..6in, PL = pt Determine the wind moment hy =H = SO On xD, xH= Vxh= M Vessel 35x 3.5 x 100 = 10,500 x 50 Ladder 30 % 98 tin f 2,340 = 49 = 148,060 Platform 30 % Blin. ft 240 x 96 = _23,040 Total v= 13,680 Mm = 692,100 ‘Moment atthe botiom tangent line 1) My, = M~ hy(V ~ OSB, D; hr) (692,100 ~ 4 (13,680 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 3.5 x 4) = 638,220 i SEE EXAMPLES FOR COMBINED LOADS ON PAGE: 69 1. shell Equipments: 2. heads 3. internal plate work 13, insulation 4 try 14. fireproofing 5. insul 15. platform 6. openings 16. ladder 7. skirt 17. piping 8. base ring 18, miscellaneous 9. anchor ring 10, anchor lugs 1, miscellaneous 12) + 6% of the weight of items 1 through 11 for overweight of the plates and weight added by the weldings Erection weight: the sum of items 1 through 18. 1B, Operating weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2 trays 3. operating fquid . Test weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2. test water ‘The compressive stress due to the weight given by: s= nit ste, pst f WE weight of vessel above the section under consideration, 1b. ¢ = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, in. thickness ofthe shell or skit, i. ‘The weight of different veisel elements ae given in tables beginning on page 37461 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS VIBRATION ‘As a result of wind, fall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration should be limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible deflection. ‘The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook since the trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising of this problem. FORMULAS Period of Vibration: sec. T= o.000026s (f° Maximum Allowable Period of Vibration, 7 sec. 7,-0.80-V %, NOTATION = Outside diameter of vessel, ft. = Length of vessel including skit, 32.2 0 persee, squared, acceleration “Thickness of skirt atthe base, i. otal shear, Ib. CH, see page 61 Weight of tower, Ib. = Weight of tower per foot of height, Ib. eeyrk RO DESIGNOF TALL TOWERS SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of @ cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end. ‘The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1997 (UBC). FORMULAS. MOMENT oo Me [FX H+ (V-F)X QHD) ts Ry | MTF, XX] forks /, pond y My ee F,)X HB) TT Base Shear 4 The base shear is the total horizontal seismic shear at the base of a tower. The triangular loading pattern and the shape of the tower shear diagram due to that load- (Seismic Loading Diagram ing are shown in Fig, (a) and (6). A portion of F, of total horizontal seismic force Wis assumed to be applied at the top ofthe tower. The remainder of the base shear is A thus My (Fy X+ WF) (OC- HB) I= [330 x 96 + (4,296 -330) (100-33) ]= 281,138 Ib67 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ECCENTRIC LOAD Design of Tall Towers ELASTIC STABILITY ‘Towers and their interna! equipment are usually symmetrical around the vertical axis and cus the weight of the vessel sets up compressive stress only. Equipment attached to the vessel on the outside can cause unsymmetrical distribution of the loading due to the weight and result in bending stress. This unsymmetrical arrange- rment of small equipment, pipes and openings may be neglected, but the bending stresses exerted by heavy equipment are additional to the bending stresses resulting rom wind oF seismic load, wR” Sle x 152 x 025 When there is more then one eccentric load, the moments shall be summarized, taking the resultant of all eccentric loads. ‘A tower under axial compression may fallin two ways because of instability: 1, By buckling of the whole vessel (Euler buckling) 2. By local buckling In thin-walled vessels (when the thickness of the shell js less than one-tenth of the inside radius) local buckling may occur at @ unit load less than that required to cause failure of the whole vessel. The out of roundness of the shell is a very significant factor in the resulting istability. The formulas for investigation of elastic stability are given in this Handbook, developed by Wilson and Newmark. Elements of the vessel which are primarily used for other purposes (tray supports, downcomer bars) may be considered also as stiffeners against buckling if closely spaced. Longitudinal stiffeners increase the rigidity of the tower more effectively than circumferential stiffeners, If the rings age not continuous around the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined in the Code UG-29 ( FORMULAS ALLOWABLE STRESS (5) Withaar Suffer with Safer $= 1,500,000 ebyietd point) | s=1:500.000 V7, (23 veld) ‘NOTATIONS; essa es fon lal ns = Grou sectional area of one cetnrenal stifles Distance beweon login sifeer, in Disiance betwee creumferental sient, in Mean rs oe yen Allonable compressive Se, ps = Taskness of sel in 4 z ? g te FORMULAS : REQUIRED WouENT | staess | REQUIRE 7 we we | 1 ee | Sona Base | NOTATION = Bromus dtc fom the ove ais center of fees | a = Etre of weet ons fa Moan of cen font, 8. B= Mem rio of ene S$ © Sten sae of manny attending ss, ps 3 {= Totnes yee xing conn owas Wy = Besson EXAMPLE Given: € 4 01m, Deteine moment, M, and ses, S. k= 1sin Moment, = We = 1000 x 4 ™ 4000 1 5 025in oo > ! < 1000 W Stow gw XE any ag. Toe egies fhe sl when logy 08 © stoned 3 sea Ae The equines of sal hen ctl i Nien EXAMPLE Given: R= JB ja, Determine the allowable compressive ses (S) coasts : 150,000 F 1,500,000 «0.25 39 35 pi Give: Ay = 159. in R cy 4 in Determine the allowable compressive stress (S) using Longitudinal, stiffener stiffener rings fee sed there op = 1800.00 eo 1 = 1 = 0.25 in a 1 gaitage 1500.000 EFT m 22.438 PSL = 0.25 + 0.04 = 0.29 " Reference: Wilson, W. M., and Newmnark N, Mi: The Strength of Thin Cylindrical Shells as Columns, Eng. Exp. Sta. Univ I bull. 255, 1933.DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DEFLECTION ‘Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 inches per 100 feet of height. The Weflection: due to the wind load may be calculated by using the formula for uniformly loaded cantilever beam. a FORMULA hyn PDH ODHY Ast SET \ hy NOTATIONS ‘hi yy = Maximum deflection a the opin ) DY = Wath ot the over wth inulin, \P |u| 2! = Modus of ease, psi Hr Length of vessel, ied si, TT Rete momento neta fx hia india shel (wen 10) 2 Mean aus ofthe tov, in fo Thickness of ek in b= Wind pressure, pat EXAMPLE Determine the maximum defection: dy, PD (aH eer . 30 x25 x 4802 x49) = §°% 30,000,000 x 123 x 3.14 x 0.3125 4 69 in, Since te actual deflection does not exceed this limit, the designed thickness of the skirt is satisfactory [A method Tor calculating deflection, when the thickness of the Tower fe not com] Slant, piven by S. §. Tang: “Short Cut Method for Calculating Tower Deflection Hydrocarbon Processing November 1968. DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS COMBINATION OF STRESSES ‘The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in combination to establish the governing stresses. Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), internal pressure and weight of ‘Stress Condition At leeward side ~ Stress due to wind + Stress due to int, press. = Stress due to weight 4 Stress due to wind + Stress due to int. press. — Stress due to weight Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), external pressure and weight of the vessel: Stress Condition At leeward side — Stress due to wind — Stress due to ext. press = Stress due to weight At windward side + Stress due to wind ~ Stress due to ext. press — Stress due to weight ‘The positive signs denote tension and the negative signs denote compression. The summation of the stresses indicate whether tension or compression is governing. It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously, thus the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load whichever is greater. Bending stress caused by excentricity shall be summarized with the stresses resulting from wind or earthquake load, ‘The stresses shall be calculated at the following locations: 1, At the bottom of the tower 2. At the joint of the skirt to the head 3. At the bottom head to the shell joint 4, At changes of diameter or thickness of the vessel ‘The stresses furthermore shall be examined in the following conditions: 1, During erection or dismantling 2. During test 3. + ‘During operation Under these different conditions, the weight of the vessel and consequently, the stress conditions are also different. Besides, during etection or dismantling the vessel is not under internal or external pressure. For analyzing the strength of tall towers under various loadings by this Handbook, the maximum stress theory has been applied0 n COMBINATION OF STRESSES (cont.) The bending moment due o wind i decreasing fom th Dotiom tote top of the tower, thus the plate thickness can alto be decreased accordingly one of ‘Table‘A'and Figure Bate convenient ads to fad the Sates down from the top of the tone for witch seas chose soease DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ‘wt, [05 [06 [07 TOR [09 T1.0 [ia ]i2 ]i3 jis [ts [16 [LT m {1.0 |0.91| 0.86| 0.79] 0.74] 0.71 | 0.67 [0.64 | 0.62] 0.60 |0.58] 0.56 0:54] wi, [ES [ES [2.0 [22 [24 [26 ]28 3.0 33 [36 [a0 [as 150 m” |0.53}0.51] 0.50] 0.48] 0.46) 0.44 10.42 /0.41 | 0:39] 0.37 [0.35] 0.33 |032 TABLE A, VALUES OF FACTOR m Since the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure is one half of the circumferential stress, one half of the required wall thickness for internal pressure is available to resist the bending force of the a ‘wind, From Table A, using factor m can be found the distance X down from the top tangent line within which the thickness calcu a lated for internal pressure satisfactory also to resist the wind | pressure, Xo =Hxm {, ~The required thickness for internal pressure (Hoop Tension) in 4, = The required thickness for wind pressure atthe bottom head joint to shell, in EXAMPLE: f= 0.233 in, 4, = 0.648 in, 4/4, = 0.688/0.233 = 2.7 = 100 From Table m = 0.43 and X = mH = 0.43 x 100 = 43 f Figure B shows the moment diagram of a tower under wind | ressure. The diagram ean also be used to select the appropriate plate thickness at various heights, EXAMPLE: oa Ath height of 0.71 the required thickness is 0.5 =| times the thickness required atthe bottom, gloa. 1 da requited thickness is g for intemal pressure, = 0,250 in Blo {for wind load, 1, 625 in e atthe bottom required Sle { Bret, =0.750 in S| at height 0.71 Hs Elan 7 0.5 x 0.750 = 0375 in 2 thickness for intemal ow pressure 1/2 = 0125 in + required thickness at 0.71 H = 0.500 in, os. 10. O10Re3 080506070809 10 Fig B Ratio of plate thickness required at the bottom G2 * «) to thickness required at the consid- cfed height. EXAMPLE - A Required thickness of cylindrical shell under internal pressure and wind load, DESIGN CONDITIONS D. = 2ft.0 in inside diameter of vessel Dy = 2 ft 6in, wiih of ter wit inslaon, ete B' = 085 efficiency of welded joints fe 48 tcOin length of tower fhe = 4140 in distance ftom the base fo the bottom ead to shell joist 2 = Bp nenal paw P= 30 pel wind presure BO The inside rade of vessel $= 15t0ops sues valve of SA 285 C imate at 200°F temperature v= Toa shear [No allowance for corrosion. ‘Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of te long seams PR 250 x 12 3,000 _ 9998 in "= SE oer ~ 1ST00x 085 — 06 x 250 ~ 13,195 “Minimum required thickness for intemal pressure considering the strength ofthe girth seams: PR 250 12, "956 + O4P ~ 2% 15,700 x 0.85 + 04 x 250 [Required thickness for longitudinal bending due to wind pressure, Moment at the base (M) PLXD, XH = VX hy = 38 x 2.5 x 48 = 3,600 x 24 = 86,400 fb, Moment at the bottom seam (Ms) My = M.~ hy (V — 0.5 P, Dy hy) = 86,400 ~ 4 (3,600 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 2.5 x 4) 86,400" 13,800 = "72,600'R. 1b. = 72,600 "12 = 871,200 in, Ib. ‘Required thickness: 3,000 = 55.799 7 0-112 in M, 871,200 871,200 s Me, 871200 871.200 gy i, Ria SE™ 12 x 318 x 15,700 x 0.85 ™ 6,037,135 “The required thickness celeulated with the strength of the bottom girth seam: For wind pressure 0.145 in. Forint pessufe 0.172 1 isis greater than the thickness calculated with TOTAL 0.254 the strength ofthe longitudinal seam therefore, this ‘minimum thickness 0.257 in. shall be used For simple vessels where the moment due to wind is smal, the above etleultion is satisfactory Vessels which are subject to larger loadings may need closer investigation with respect also to tconomical viewpoints, See pages 76:86 for skin, base and anchor bat design,2 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE B Reuedthckness of ysl shell under combined loadings of ineral press, wind and Weight of tower EXAMPLE B (CONT.) “Te preliminary caleslation ofthe required wal thick- iat Shows tht at the bottom approumatey 0.73 i, plate is equled, to withstand the wind loxd snd internal Presse, while at the top the wind lsd isnot factor fn for intemal pressure (hoop tension) only 025 pate 76 5 = fo; DESIGN DATA D = 38. 0%n, imide dameter Dy = 3.1 6 in. with of veal wit ination, allowance for ping, et. OS eieency of welded seams = 41. Din distance fom the bate to the boom head to shell join. 100 f. 0 i. length of tower 150 pantera presse 30 pit wind pesswe 18, inside ais of vere 15700psi ses ue of SA-285C material x 200°F temperature = Teal shear 221 seams eles Circumference of shell onthe mean diameter, a (Gonesion allowance not required) a oe Minimum que Wickes former press considering te beg of he anginal ‘seam of shell. . ¥ PR 150 x18 SE — 06 ~ 15700 x 0.85 — 0.6 150 ~ 0204. Use 0.25 in, plate “Minimum required thicksess for internal pressure considering the strength of the cicumferen- tial seam of shel PR 130 x18 ear 25E + 04P ~ 2x 15700 x 085 + 04 X 150 = “Minimum required thickness for head PD. 150 x 36, eae 0.203 in 2% 15100 x 0.85 — 02 150 Wind Lood Px Dy x H vo x hy Vessel 30x 3.5 x 100 = 10.500 x3) Platform 30 x Blin. ft 240 x96 Ladder 30 X 98 in, f 2.340 x 49 Total shear 13,680 = 692,108. Ib, moment at base Moment tthe bottom head seam (4p) My = M ~ hy (V = 05 P,Djhy) = (692,100 ~ 4 (13680 ~ 015 x 30% 3.5 x 4) = 638,220 fb. pe BM, 12 x 638,220 = 258.610 Rew SE ~ 1X 3.14 x 15700 x 0.85 ~ 13,583,556 = 0564 ‘Try 0.750 in, plate forthe lower courses FOr it. pressure 0.101 0.665 in, i satitactory. For economical reasons Its tdvistble 0 Use ferent plate thicknesses at various heights of the tower, ‘The thickness required for hoop tension (0.25 in.) serves to rest also the wind load toa certain distance down {tom the top. Find this distance (X) from table A, Page 70 tw/tp = 0.5640.204 = 2.7 then X= 0.89 x H= 43 ft From diagram B, Page 72. can be found the required thickness and lebgth of the intermediate shell sections Using 8 f. wide pate, the vessel shall be constructed from: (5) 0.25 thick 8 ft. wide courses 40 ft. (@) 0.50 thick 8 {€ wide courses, 32 ft G) 0.75 thick 8 ft. wide courses 24 ft. Total 56% WEIGHT OF THE TOWER (See tables beginning on page 374) Shell 40 x 97 380 ‘Skit 4 x 195 32 x 195 240 Base ring 24 x 294 7035 Anchor ring Head top 0.3125 nom. 160 Anchor lugs bot. 0.8125 nom, 393 Int. plate work 300 + 6% ‘Tay suppors 0 Insulation rings 20 Sy Opening 500 F Tass _‘sulation Platform + 6% alisg Plato 20983 Ib. Piping say 21,000 say 10,000 1. TOTAL ERECTION WEIGHT: 33,000 Ib Trays 600 Operating liquid 2400 ' 300016, + Erection Wt. at ‘TOTAL OPERATING WEIGHT: 36.000 Ib, ‘Test water 42,0001. + Erection Wt 33,000 Ib. TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,0001. ‘For weight of water content, sce Pagem 15 EXAMPLE B (CONT,) EXAMPLE B (CONT.) (Checking the stresses withthe preliminary ealclated plate thicknesses ‘Stress in the shell at the bottom head to shell joint: Pate thekness 0.75. Pout Stee deo itm esnare 5 = 22 a 80 23625 «i937 pg, iba, 2 x 628.200 Stress due to wine s-2 - eee ,632 psi Siete Gs a Remt 18.375? x 3.14 x 0.75 eae Soo Teresina $= Gar Tiss x 075 7 358 mH Sooo in opening condition oy = eg COMBINATION OF STRESSES WINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDE IN EMPTY (ERECTION) CONDITION. Stes due to wind + 9,640 | Stress de to wind 9,640 Sires dc to weight "S58 | Stes ue foweaht = "958 + 9.282 psi "9.998 psi (No int. presure ducing sxetion) TR OPERATING CONDITION, Tiss dae fo a pro Sires due to wind > 9640 Stes due to wind Stier due fo weight =” '392 ~10,032 Sires due to weight uss due to int. pres. 5/1837 8.195 pst ‘The tensile sires 11,085 pst in operating condition on the windward side governs. The allowable stress for the plate material with 0.85 joint efficiency is 13,345. Bsk Thus the selected 0.75 in. thick plate at the bottom of the Vewel is eatisfectory. Stress in the shell at 72 ft. down from the top of tower, Plate thickness 0.50 ia, ‘Suess due to wind, x Px Dx X= Vx SoM, Shell 30. 35 x T2= 7,560 x 36 = 272,160 Platform 30 Blin-ft, = 240 x 68 = 16,300 Ladder’ 30 x 70linsft, = 2.100 x 35 = 731500 ‘otal Moment, = 361380 fb 2M, 12 x 361,960 So Reet ~ iBase x 3.14 x 050 ~ $508 si ‘Suress due to internal pressure (As calculated previously) 1,837 Tal 10,140 psi ‘The aeaation of trees tthe ottom head bak shown that the sexe onthe windward sid in operating condidon goremn and the stfect of the weight in tient Theor thot Yrs caolon it can be see tht he ee 140 pt doesnot exceed the allowable stiest13,348 Pol Thus the selected 090, in, thick plate is satisfactory. Be a ‘Stress in the shall at 40 ft. down from the top of the tower, Plate thickness 0.25 in. Stress due 1 wind. x xD, xX =v xE=M, Shell 30. 3.5 x 40-= 4,200 x 20 = 64,000 Plaform 30 x Bilin. = 240 x 36= 8,640 Ladder” 30 x 36 lin. f= 1,100 x 19 = 21,660 “Taal Moment M, = 114300 8. 2M, 12 x 118.300, BM 2K 114.300 Lg 5 s Rat 18,125? X 3.14 0.25 ue Stress due to internal pressure (As ealouled previously) 1,837 psi Tat 77.153 pst ‘The 0.25 in, thick plate for shell at 40 ft. distance from top of the tower is satisfactory. No further calculation is required on the same reason mentioned above.16 n DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT A skirt is the most frequently used and the most satisfactory support for vertical vessels. Iti attached by continuous welding to the head and usually the required size ofthis welding determines the thickness of the skirt Figures A and B show the most common type of skit to head attachment. In the calctlation ofthe required weld siz, the values of joint efficiency given by the Code (UWI2) may be used. FORMULA 12M, W R sSE* DaSE NOTATIONS, Outside diameter of skirt in, Efficiency of skirt to head joint, (0.6 for butt weld, Fig. A,0.45 for lap weld, Fig. B) Moment atthe skirt to head joint, ft Ib Outside radius of skir, in. Stress value ofthe head or skirt material whichever issmaller, pi. 1 = Required thickness of skirt, in W = Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head joint, in operating condition. NOTE: Using extiemely high skirt, the stresses at the base may govern. To calculate the required thickness of | the skirt, in this case the above formula can be used, considering the moment and weight atthe base; E= 1 EXAMPLE, Given the same vessel considered in Example B, D=375in, S = 15,700stress value E = 0,60 forbutt joint of S4-285—Cplate W = 31,0001, Determine the required skit thickness, I2Mr ,__12 638,220 eee T87S7X3.14X15,700%K06 — ~0736in For weight: He SSE =0.easin DX3.14XSE 3.75 %3.14 X 15700 X06 TOTAL = =0.764in, Use 13/16” thick plate for skirt, Vertical vessels, stacks and towers must be fastened to the concrete foundation, skid or other structural frame by means of anchor bolts and the base (bearing) fing, ‘The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts must be in multiple of four and for tall towers itis preferred to use minimum eight bolts, ‘Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely’ spaced anchor bolts is not fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not closer than about 10 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical skirt or wider base ring with gussets Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. ‘The root areas of bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inch should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts. For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described: 1, An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cates, 2. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and ‘other circumstances make it necessary. Th TABLET rr NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS TABLE A i H ‘Diameter of tinimum | Maximum Bolt circle in. Mi 2 eu ae ane 2410 36 4 4 ciel CE | 3 3 % | 0.126 118 5/8 60 to 78 12 a es Lr % | 0302 five [ase] | ates | 6 | 20 % | 0419 |iwa | 15/16 a 1 | ess igre | tans 1% | 0.693 | 1-1/2 | 1-1/8 1% | 0.890 | 1-3/4 | 1-1/4 TABLE C 1% | 1.034 | 1-7/8 | 1-3/8 | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR 1%| 1294 |2 | vi | |_pouts usep as ANCHOR BOLT Wa) isis | 28 | 15/8 | [Specitication Max. allow 1%] 744 [oie | aa | |S Number | Plameter in, fees os 1% 20a | 23/8 | 12718 2 |'x300 | 2172 | 2 SA307 —_[alldiameters | 15,000 2% | ¥020 [23/4 | 214 | [SA19387 [%andunser | 19.000 24! 3.11 | 3116] 23/8 | |SA193B16 |2%and under 17,000 24| ders {aa | 25/8 | |SA193B 7 lover2%to- inet) 18000 3 | S21 [aay | 278 | [SA193B16 fover2%t04inet| 15,000 ‘REFERENCES, Therese eared hee wore sel nd Nocatee Dah Way and Sos 199 Wel seetng ot dns, Vol 82 Ser Be Feb, 150, neues opens Roms. Tans ve * For bolts with standard threads,B DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT (Approximate Method) ‘A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced by a Continuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle. ‘The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower. DESIGN OF BASE RING (Approximate Method) ‘The formulas below are based on the following considerations: 1 The bearing surface of the base ring shall be large enough to distribute the load uniformly on the concrete foundation and thus not to exceed the allowable kear~ FORMULAS, ing load ofthe foundation. otanal 2. The thickness ofthe base ring shall resist the bending stress induced by wind or Tension Ibvfin. in, 7. earthquake, ‘Required Area of | FORMULAS, One Bolt Sq. in. By i 1] Maximum Compression Stress in Anchor ht |_teatin i Bolt psi. Se ‘Approximate Width of Be Ring, NOTATION 5 Ay = Area within the bot cizcle, £9 in | Approvinae Teens Cy = Circumference of bot ciel in AM = Moment atthe base due to wind or earthquake, ft Ib [Number of anchor bolts ‘Maximum allowable stress value of bolt material ps. ‘= Weight of the vessel during erection, Ib EXAMPLE, Given bot circle = 20 in then: Determine the size and numberof required anchor bos 707 xq in. . aia 7 ZX 86400 _ 6.000 9 in, in 6400 fb 701 . (60001. dring erection. ae ‘= 15000 psi. the maximum 1402 94 9 196 29, in. allowable sess value of 15,000 x 4 the anchor bolt material, N= 4 numberof bolt, (Gee Table B on the Preceding Page) From Table A. Page 77 the root area of 2" bolt is 2.300 69. in. 0.125 in for corrosion, use: ‘Since the maximum allowable stress 15,090 psi, the selected number and size of bots are satisfactory. N Base ing, in Bearing Stes, ps Bending Stes, pe ‘NOTATION ‘Area of base ring = 0.7854 (D?, - D}) sq. in ‘Area within the skit, sq in Circumference on O.D. of skirt, in, ‘Safe bearing load on concrete, psi. See Table E, on Page 80 Cantilever inside or outside, whichever is greater, in. Dimensions, as shown on sketch above. (For minimum dimensions see Table ‘Aon page 77) ‘Moment atthe base due to wind or earthquake, ft. Ib ‘Weight of vessel during operation or test Ib EXAMPLE, Given: Determine the minimum width and thickness of M™= 86,400. Ib. base rng for operating condition 500 psi from 12 86,400 | 7,500. Table E, Page 80 p.=!2X 86400 , 7,500 ini. Anchor bolts: aan in. 7 476 eee ODD. of skirt: 24.625 in. 2275 aa 2275... 55in, but from Table A, page 77 the 500 minimum dimension for /, Bain. and for],=2% ing tse 6 in, wide base ring 4 032X5=1.60in Use I in. thick basering 5, 3X205 XS 10,167 psi 7S Bending Stress Using SA 285 C plate for base ring, 15,700 psi allowable stress can be taken. Thus the widd tnd Wich: of he bo tg aceatsoy Hen Ti te in ‘eet sald Seced ds fr sondion ‘Then 4,= 4765q. in, TTin, Checking stresses: 5-22 XT soi Beafing stress80 81 DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING When a tower is under wind or earthquake load, on the windward side tensional stress arises in the steel and on the opposite side compressive stress inthe concrete foundation, It is obvious then that the area of the bolting and the area of the base ring are related, As the anchor bolt area increased, the base ring area can be decreased, With the design method given here, the minimum required anchor bolt area for a practical size of base ring can be found. The strength of the steel and the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the centerline of the skirt, Design procedure: | 1. Determine the rae of k aie 2 Caeante the rested se an momber of a snchor bolt See age 77 Table B ali 3, Determine the ide sd out dametr ofthe ae Sue 12|37] 4, Check the stésses in the anchor bolts and foundation 5. If the deviation between the allowable and ctual ‘streses ae too lange, repeat the ‘aloultion Calculate the base rng thickness Use gusset plates, anchor chairs or *Mltm| ompresdon ring itis necessary for vetier . rae See St es emcee cana Seaena nae eee ae eee oe eR ee Sa Sua ree gel ua |e # ig 1 © sa) | *| = Sit] fg | Bt | HB os —sxx— ame ea 3S Bis 0.333 0.00787. | 0428/1) at] eee) AB | Me) ase | Game | cece Lt a FE ae 0.667 0.055867 | - 0.227411 a E too | oaare | “aunt ast Be 1.500 0123 £8 | 0.124 f0" | HE| BB | aw | om ze | Donasae 38 | HB | 3000 | iss ce | Losae | amaze | cameo trp a Fee ore See notation on facing page. ‘Wiuaate 28 dey [2000 | 2800 | 2000 | 3750 Strenath_pe ‘Allowable compe | p00 | ro00 Tan Strength fe pe ED Safe bearing loud a] eae aa fy el a Factor wf nf w]e | | FORMULAS ‘ae of comnts dwmacaen | F*Tp Toa quand ar ofmenrbats | 9,9, Hd Bee By Tattonip between mex atowane] —_Je=/atlG! 14 on anchor bolts, Feb Je sre in anchor bolts, 8, pi “Thicknes of ering which has an ates equal fo heaves of anchor Renew z fo" Gr nye, ‘sompresion in concrete, Tonahip between tension a Hea Base ring thicknese without gusset = VTS rng thickness with guset te, 8 (Guimax ta |e i w gopraeRctpS snes NOTATION The distance between gusset plates, measured on are of bolt circle in ‘Total area required for anchor bolt sq in. ‘Constants, sce Table D on the preceding page. Diameter of anchor bolt circle, in Diameter of anchor bok ciel, ‘Compressive stress in the concrete atthe outer edge ofthe base ring, pi Constant, see Table D on the preceding page 11, in, = with ofthe base ring, in foment atthe base due to wind or earthquake ft Ib Compressive stress inthe concrete atthe bolt circle, psi ‘or M,, whichever is greater. See Table F on the preceding page Ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel and concrete Es/Ec. See Table E. Radius of bolt circle, in Allowable tensile stress on anchor bolts, psi faximum allowable stess value of base pate, Pi ‘Weight of the tower atthe base, Ib ‘onstant, See Table D on the preceding page.Using 12 anchor bots, the required root area for one bolt 23.50/12 = 1,958 in From Table A 17 i, diameter bolt would be satisfactory but adding in. for corosion, use (12) -2 in, diameter anchor bolt. ‘Tensile load on the anchor bots Required thickness of base ring 1) = 6 in. 1 TTS =6 EBB 2 406 To dectease the thickness of the base ring, use gusset plates. Using (24) gusset plates, the distance between the gussets 4 2 s DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE EXAMPLE (Cont.) Checking vale of which was clolted with ime value of 1,00 pind DESION DATA: DETERMINE Sees Pee Rin. dancer of ac tlicice. These and amber Thea the consis om OS fain. dae af cor ek ter ls an oe ‘leas 4 rym teuiratceecinl see Tpit ab tne Fy 1+ ne eerie inion ie © age 8) woe re 5 ee oem 4, = Todt awa compe ste ot flame ‘concrete (Table E, Page 80) yee z = 0461 = Sd arlene ae of bs 8 ~ Rp ao et be . pe M MD _ 621t0-$010X086X3 son yon 5, = 1800p alae sie ses in ots AD OSX ; Been ae eee = 21008 Remon ese piss Pt etter soumios 8 Fb, “TBR SOERB ‘ett 8h we ue ing and aconresve ses tt bok cit, = 1.00 p ‘Bene conta fom Fen Fy+7 1571923600019, 19218 pee eee Le 73 R0 tee pork Iwas TO x 1,000 O83 Gare ni )FC,(TBISF1OX0.125)30% 1184 oa Compressive sess inthe anchor bos. . ‘isis in satis ee ee fate Bs = a9 PAOD 00g pi Ren me ed f= 10X 955,950 a $1 Px 035 x value of fy = 1,000 psi ‘Compressive stress in the concrete atthe outer edge of the base ring: equi ac ef ecorbls 2X019X60-+8 TM Wad yng 12x 62100 = 36,00 0407 x 0 96 x2 X01 X08. 595 LM = Wal gg 12 X 100 = 36000 x OAT 359 i FSO Bem Da ig = 828775335 x 18,000 X 0.783 x 6 a | med IO” 3500 105213 _ supp, SD ants x 3 | Tes sees int anchor bos | f 157150 | =p Gy = OTIS BX TIS = 17.960 vst j = - 32s onrsin. ad 3x © Compressive load on the concrete: ly = 1 ~ f, = 8.0 ~ 0.125 = 7.875 in E, 193,150 Cel coniecl F10% XT “a+ mre, O = 430 psi Fd oy gst 6 arash = 0.764 from Table F: Mega My = 0.196 fol? $0,196 X 805 X 6= 5680 in, b, EXC, «. Pict to FS oa0" 1.5076 in, Use 1% in, thick base plate,85 ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS, ‘The chairs are designed for the maximum load which the bolt can transmit to them. ‘The anchor bolt size and base plate shall be calculated as described on the fore- going page All contacting edges of the plates shall be welded with continuous fillet weld. The leg size of the fillet weld shall be one half of the thinner joining plate thickness. DIMENSIONS inches eee] 4 8 c D> E F G 1 fe [oa | am [im Poa foam [oan ws | vm | 3 | om | tm | oe | asm | ase a | 2 3 | mm | om fa | aa | am pa fas | 4 3 | ose fa | ase |e un | ame | 4 | 3 fom | tm | am | 2 wis | ame | 4 fa | osm foam | atm | ve | an | 5 | 3m foam | ne | a” | om vs | ame | os [osm foam | a | ame | 2% 2 | am | sf 3m | am | im | om | ate am | 3 6 | 4 wae | Ba | 2% wa fam | 6 | & 2” | am | 3 pa | am | 7 | s ain | 3° | au 3 |am fo | s ain | 3m | 3a ‘The above table is taken from Scheiman A.D. Short Cuts to Anchor Bolting and Base Ring Sizing.Petroleum Refiner, lune 1963. NOTES86 STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES ‘The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick’s analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick’s work (Pressure Vessel ‘nd Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers to the analysis of Zick. ‘The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with slight modification and further refinement. Zick’s work has also been used in Aifferent studies published in books and various technical periodicals. ‘The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972) ‘A horizontal vessel on saddle support acts sa beam with the following deviations: 1, The loading conditions are diferent fora full or partly filed vessel 2. The sreses in the vessel vary according tothe angle included by the saddles. 3. The load dv tothe weight of the vest is combined with ther lads. LOADINGS: 1, Reaction of the saddles. It is a recommended practice to design the vessel for at least a full waterload., 2, Internal Pressure, Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half of ‘the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness is availabe to resist the load of the weight, 3. External pressure, If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum ‘occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump. 4. Wind load, Long vessels with very small t/t values are subject to distortion from wind pressure. According to Zick “experience indicates that a vessel designed to 1 psi. external pressure can successfully resist external loads en- ‘countered in normal service.” 5. Impact Loads, Experience shows, that during shipping, hardly calculable im- ‘pact Toads can damage the vessels. When designing the width of the saddles and the weld sizes, this circumstance isto be considered, 7 LOCATION OF SADDLES. ‘The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economically over the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location ‘of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case, then the saddles can be pliced at the statically optimal point. Thin walled Vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick walled vessels are best supported Where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle ofthe saddles, The distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than (0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L) Contact Angle @ ‘The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under exter- nal pressure the contact angie is mandatorily limited to 120° by the ASME Code. UG-29. ‘Vessels supported by saddles are subject to: 1. Longitudinal bending stress 2. Tangential shear stress 3. Circumferential stress88 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES NOTATION: All dimension in inches Q'= Leadon one saddle ts R = Raciue of hall 1h = Wall thickness of head (Excluding corrosion allow.) X = Constant, See page 90 G = Contact angle of saddle degree alae a E\z5 Max. Allow. Stress 3 \S5 2\26 Internal presto (PR/24) shall not 5 \8E ced the towable stem ale of [28 Shel mater neste effceney of 5/88 Bi Seams 2/83 1 comprension the ston de to in 3 a3 {ermal prestre minor Stall oto B\e2 Sed Sne halt ofthe! compration BES doi hero 5 [28 Even 8 | 72 |Sigene com (100,40) bees Sp sal not exceed 0.8 times the = laze) ow allowable stress value of vessel ma- 2 ig2 | sits tera 2 (2 | os i By 2 18a | ado NOTE: Use formula with factor K Fee iF rng not sed or sings ae adjcant a to the sada Use formals with fac= 2 ee {or Ke if ing wad in plane of sade, 3 | ita & ope 2K 218 (SGM) 212 | sq sha not exceed 1.50 tines the ELE} ads stlownbe tna steve of ah 2 [z)6| sibue[,_ oak. B Iv H TALSETRT) UE | sg sna not exceed 0.5 times the gi sompreon veld pola of shell mee E [a Yootton| 5,0 ao 3) “sre SH S6/R) ole WOH S6VRE) 89 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES STRESS NOTES: Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression. E = Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ing materia pound pe square inch LONGITUDINAL BENDING ‘The maximum bending strees § may be either tension or compression. Computing the tension stress in the formula for 8, for factor K the values of Ky shall be used. Computing the compression stress in the formula for Sy, for factor K the values of Kg shall be used. When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for Sy ‘The compression stres is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R 0,005 and the vessel is designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure. Use stiffener ring if stress S exceeds rhe maximum allowable stress. TANGENTIAL SHEAR, If wear plate is used, in formulas for Sp for the thickness t may be taken the ‘sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10 inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the saddle and an adjacent stiffener ting. In unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When. the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. "This sess shall be added to the stzest in the heads due to internal pressure. ‘When stiffener rings are used, the maximum shear occurs at the equator. CIRCUMFERENTIAL If wear plate is used, in formulas for Sq for the tpickness t may be taken the sum of the shell and wear plate thickness and for ¢2 may be taken the shell thick- rest squared plus the wear plate thickness squited, provided the wear plate ‘extends R/10 inches above the horn of the saddle ,and AcR/2, ‘The combined ‘lzcumferential sess atthe top edge of the wear plate should also be checked. When checking at this point: t = shell thickness, B= width of saddle 9 = central angle of the wear plate but not more , than the included angle of the saddle plus 12' If wear plate is used, in formulas for Ss for the thickness ts may be taken the sum of the shell and wear olate thickness, provided the widih of the wear plate equals atleast b + 1.S6y Rly If the shell is not stiffened, the maximum stress occurs at the born of the saddle. ‘This stress i not be to added to the internal pressure-stress, In a stiffened shell the maximum ring-compression Is at the bottom of shell. se stiffener ring if the circumferential bending stress exceeds the maximum allowable stress.91 ‘STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO ‘SADDLES *K, = 3.14 if the shel is VALUES OF CONSTANT K (aterpolate for Intermediate Values) stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2) CONTACT ANGLE | kit | Xo | Ks | Ka) Xs | Ke | Kr | Ke 120 | 0335] 1.471 0880 | 0.401 0.760 } 0.603, 12 | 0345) 11139 0846 | 0.393 0.753 | 0.618 124 | 0.355] 3.108 0313 | 0385 0.746 | 0.634 126 | 0.366] 1.078 0781 | 0377 0.739 | 0.651 128 | 0376] 1.050 0751 | 0369 0.732 | 0.669 x30 | 0387 1.022 0.722 | 0362 0.726 | 0.689 132 | 0398) 0996 0.694 | 0.355 0.720 | 0.705 134 | 0409 | 0971 0.661 | 0347 ora | 0.722 136 | 0.420| 0.946 0.641 | 0340 02708 | 0.740 138 | 0432 | 0923 ote | 0334 0.702 ) 0-159 140 0.443 | 0.900 | 9319 | 0592 | 0.327 0.697 | 0.780 142 | 0455 | 0879| For | 0569] 0.320| See | 0.692) 0.796 144 | 0467 | 0858 | Any | 0547 | 0314) chart | 0.687 | 0813, 146 | 0.480 | 0.837 | Con | 0526 | 0308] on | 0.682 | 0831 148 | 0492 | 0818 | Tac | 0.505 | 0.301 | facing | 0.678 | 0-853 150 | 0,505 | 0.799] Angtes| 0.485 | 0295 | page | 0.673 | 0876 ys. | osis | 0.781] “9 | oes | 0.289 0,669 | 0.894 154 | 0531) 0.263 0.448 | 0.283 0.665 | 0.913, 156 | 9.544 | 0.746 0430 | 0278 0.661 | 0.933, 138 | 0557 | 0729 0.413 | 022 0.657 | 0.954 160 | 0571 | 0713 0.396 | 0:26 0.684 | 0976 162 | 0.585 } 0,698 0.380 | 0.261 0.650 | 0.994 164 | 0599 | 0.683 0365 | 0.256 0647 | 1.013, 166 | 0.613 | 0.668 0350 | 0.250 0.643 | 1.033 168 | 0.627 | 0.654 0336 | 0.245 0.640 | 1.054 170 | 0.642 | 0.640 0322 | 0.240 0.637 | 1.079 172 | 0657 | 0.627 0.309 | 0235 0.635 | 1.097 174 | 0.672 | asia 0296 | 0.230 0.632 | 1116 176) 0687 | 0.601 0.283 | 0.225 0.629 | 1.137 178 | 0.702 | 0.589 o27i | 0220 0.627 | 1158 180 | 0.718 | 0577 0260 | 0216 0.624 | 1.183, STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO ‘SADDLES VALUES OF CONSTANT Kg 0.04 0.03 ‘VALUES OF CONSTANT Ke, 002 oot ot OS vo TS Zo RATIO AR GweLONGITUDINAL BENDING STRESS (S,) Suress at the saddles Since L. (960) > BR(4BO), A(68) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula: oxo io SE AUR =48/60 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart) 300,000 3.x 0.036 x 300,000 A SO" GaT Ga + 16 V@RT) Ey cee 92 wa { 3 STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO SADDLES SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS (cont.) ‘Design Data ~ iS | A= 48iin. distance from tangent line ‘TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS (S,) of head to the centr of saddle . . b = 24 in. width of saddle Since A (48)>R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula: H= 21 in. depth of dish of head gira aaNet oot oss! ote aa ; Pet etna nese 5 RS ee (sereaacar) = 20m Cee ne 53 does not exceed the stress value of shel material multiplied by 0.8;20,000 X 0.8 a ts ty = 1.00in. thickness of shell = 16,000 psi thy 2 |G = s20¢0p contact ange a Shell materia: SA 515-70 plate Allowable stress value 17,500 psi CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS : Yield point 38,000 psi. f Joint Efficiency: 0.85 Stress at the horn of saddle (Sy 4s oorna 1 = 21" | cali - 200,000 « an (1. 960" Ba 4x 9 inal 3x 360 : Sm ‘Ky - 0.335 x 67 x T ae Stress at midspan +2 OL( Eta Vee Ss oe y aR, Bw x eee uss du tina presse: EB 2% 50 pi ‘The sum of tensional stresses: 4959 +7500= 12,459 psi does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 X 0.85~ 17,000 psi ‘Compression stress is not a factor since /2> 0.005; 1/60= 0.017 ‘S,does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 20,000%1.5, 30,000 pst Stress at bottom of shell (Ss) Ka Sa (0.760 x 300,000 T(24 + 1.36 J@OxT) ‘Ss does not exceed the compression yield point multiplied by 0.5; 38,000. 0.5 9,000 psi Seem == 6,319 psi peii STIFFENER RING i FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL. VESSELS SUPPORTED BY i STIFFENER RING SADDLES i FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS Ring [ SUPPORTED BY SADDLES R | noraion. | f ot AT Gratiersonatiings et) VALUES OF CONSTANT, K q i i D Lz Momento nen ih (Interpolate for Intermediate Values) @ = London ee aa he e & Reds’ than oniaal @ Sob Moat Sn pt Somer [ee [xo [oe [ase [to |e [1s ar K, 3a fa [| 2 | 3 | 2 | a7 | 2s MAX. STRESS FORMULAS ‘alow Sis | Ky a3 | os | 07 | a | mo | om | ov Ring Isis || vores: Comoreaaign Se K5Q_KioQR | | 1. In figures & formulas A-F positive sighs denote tensile stresses and nega- wise Governs 3 i tive signs denate compression. seers 2. The first part ofthe formulas for gives the direct stress and the second nam iecoman 5 part gives the circumferential bending stress alc Stress at the if 3, If the governing combined stress is tensional, the stress due to internal ae i prewure sal beaded ce Pt See EE | | carcoxarton orsionmerornimana Stay ay Rine % 1. Determine the width of shell thats effective to resist the circumferential bend- cae Ring ise B ing moment. The effective width = 1.56VR,,; 0.78VRr, on both sides of stiffener . | seine Set $2] i Gu eo sete se] i axa —f | Governs Be 2. Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and calculate the areas (a) of each St sol v | Siesatthe: ge rectangle, including the area of shell connection within the effective width = Sha #2 ‘had the areas (a) total area = A DT ¢saae Bing Taide. e3 3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) from the shell to the center of wats ies] Sa 33 gravity ofthe rectangles, Summarize the results and denote all AY id Ting Taide 3s 4, Determine the neutral axis ofthe stiffening ring, the distance (C) from the shell 261 sea) eee 3 5 to the neutral axis C = 4 wee Ring 3 E 33 5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of 3601 =i noone a2 cach rectangle ofthe stiffener. | ashen” 32 6 Multiply the square of distances (#?) by the areas (a) and summarize the swe NN fe] Soverss 35 results to obtain A? ie £3 1. Calculate the moment of inertia g ofeach rectangle Ig =-22, where b= the F) St Sine inside. 28 ‘width and d= the dépth of the rectangles Sheil ee & The sum of AH? and £'/g gives the moment of interta ofthe stiffener ring and Sede —f: | Rina Inside is the effective area ofthe shell resisovad | Tetthe ss Seé example calculations on the following pages RingSTIFFENING RINGS STIFFENING RINGS ‘Moment of Inertia () — Example Calculations ieee : ‘Moment of Inertia ()— Example Caleulations (All dimensions in inches — R= 72 in, ouside radius of shel) (Alldimensions in inches — R= 72 in. ouside aus of shell) = Sgt « I= 0.78\Ra= 0.78 Rai = : O78 EROS ~468 7 O78 XOS~468 i § AREA Ole AREA Ie i bid 9.86%03" 9 95 ig Sf | bud _986%0.5" 9 193 194 a* Ae = 0.103 os a wes 6; 05x68, 4 4 AREAQ Ie q Tz 79-00% t Fadl 058 9 9 in a = 12 12 me oy | + |e | oe | 8 aT Ty [es] oF 7 ws [as Poe aa Tas | os [1 | 2 [ae | 8 [010 Z| —300—[— 350] 1030_| 0.96 | ~092 [234 | — 9.00, 330 | 1050 20 [ans | t8 | 900 AY=11.73 - [AH?=19.68] Ig~9.10 a = ae ay a = = [aves as| Teo. 148 [= AMP + Ig ~ 19.68 + 9.10 = 28.78in+ + Ig = 64.03 + 9.14 = 73.17 in ey 2 = 0.25 1-156 VRdy 1-156 VRdy = ‘ 136 V72x025~6618 1.36 72x028=6618 q AREAQ Ig = AREAQ Ig s| ie 3.74 x 0.25% 02 in. Ix. Xogp | bill 13.74 0283 9.03 ins | _ 2 Shey 4a oe | st" | ZS 9.00 in erst tro g AREA@ AREAQ Ig. {| bad 050269 65a be gx025° _ootint WV 12 in 12 12 (MARKS AREA MARKS AREA orancas| “a » {oy | in |e | ow | od ae aa 7 eet | f @ | 36 [| ons | om [ius | an | oz | om E 3G) OS | OS Se |e a 5 7 [_so_[ 3250 | ss] 0s] om 300 300 | 3250 | 97s | 16m | 299 | aa7 | so 5 sopra ae ee iat toraL | 4-643] — | ay=10.8 = |an?=15.64] te=9.02 Toral | 4=-33| — arn] — = 1g=9.03 I= AH? + Ig= 15.64 + 9.02 = 24.66 in “cwAL a 293 2949 1= AH? + 1g=50.73 + 9.03 = 59.76 in* 4 8.4398 DESIGN OF SADDLES PLATE HORN OF. 7 SADDLE ! sax. EFRECTIVE ‘AREA i | 1. The saddle at the lowest section must resist the horizontal force (FJ. The effective cross section of the saddle to resist this load is one third of the vessel radius (R. FK,Q, Where Q=the load on one saddle, tbs, K,,~ constant as tabulated. The average stres shall not exceed two thirds of the compression yield point ofthe material. (See example below.) ‘VALUES OF CONSTANT K, int Angie] 120" [130° [140° [150° | 160" _[—170°_[ 180" Ky | 20e [| _222_[_2ar_|_259_ [279 [298 [318 EXAMPLE: Diameter of vessel = 8'- 6" ‘Weight of vessel = 375,000 Ibs. Q= 187,500 Ibs. Saddle material: SA 285 C Web plate thickness = 0.25 in. Contact angle = 120° K, = 0.204 from table above R/3= 51/3 = 17 inches Force, F = K,, xQ= 0.204 x 187,500 = 38,250 Ib. To resist this force the effective area of web plate = R/3 x 0.25 = 4.25 in? 38,250/4.25 = 9,000 Ibs. per square inch. The allowable stress = 24 30,000 = 20,000 psi. ‘The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizoftal force (F). 2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longit nal bending over the web, 3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling. EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS “T A B Cp) | Cp 9D W \\|_& sappLes 2 ports |) . | fports __ || 2 © SADDLES +— + +— EXPANDING VESSEL CONTRACTING VESSEL For thermal expenson and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one ‘on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement, The coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree F =0,0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimen- sion “a” calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 70°F and the indicated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles is more than 3/8” inch long, a side (bearing) plate should be used. When the vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4” thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle, ‘MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. “2”) DISTANCE DEIweEN Sarre. [-50]109)200] 300] 400] soo] 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 10 | 0} 0] of 1/4] 3/8] 3/8] 1/2) s/s) 3/4] 3/4 | 20 | of o jaya} 3s] Sy} 3yafa | iayali-i/4f-3i8 2 FOR TEMPERATURE °F 2 30 > f1/4}1/8/3/8] 5/8] 7/8]1-1/8) 1-3/8] 1-5/8]1-5/8 Be 49 |i/s|i/a}3/8| 3/4] 1-1/3]1-1/2] 1-7/8] 2-1/8 | 23/8 | 2-1/2| ie 30 |3/8|1/4|1/2|1 }1-3/a|i-s/e}2-1/5| 2-5/a|3_ | 3.3/8) ° 60 3/8) 1/4|5/8]1-1/4] 1-5/8}2-1/8) 2-3/4] 3-1/8) 3-5/8 | 4-1/8) The width of 70 | 1/2|1/4)3/4|1-3/8| 1-7/8]2-1/2] 3-1/8] 3-5/8 | 41/4 | 4-5/8| the sit equals | go, | 1/2}3/8}3/4 1-1/2] 2-1/8]2-7/8)3-5/8| 4-1/8] 4-7/8 | 5.3/8] tar Eote 90” |5/8|3/8}7/8|1-3/4]2-3/8}3-1/4]4 | 45/8}5.3/8|6 ne 100 |5/a}3/8|1 i-7/8|2-578|35/8|41/2)5-1/8|6 |6-s/8100, SADDLE FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS 101 SADDLE ‘The design based on: 1. the vessel supported by two saddles 2. toresisthorizontal force (F) due tothe maximum operating weight of vessel as tabulated. 3. the maximum allowable stress is 3 of the compression yield point: #4 30,000 = 20,000 psi. a 4, the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation $00 psi. 5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120°. Weld: '4" continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges. Drill and tap %" weep holes in wear plate. tthe sliding saddle the nuts ofthe anchor bolts shall behand-tight and secured by tack welding, SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSIONS re] | fe] me | 10 Lown} xo fe} atom! » fo] «| » |= | coed rates [erate fos Da po fm | «| — | sooo fa pa fee fos fw fo fm | «| — | seed re fiae fia |e s fos [| Po [x | | — | oom) ve [asa toa |e [soon] fo | | « [= | rom mot fase fo for fm fof |» | — | re00 20 fra [rs +] eloml* fol |» | — | som) 2a [rater «oles [fo] ~ |» [a | 900m za tan Lis Late fosm| x fol «| % | % | ome 26 [aa [refs elos tw fol * | | % | ro1o a [24 pro [4 [6[osn) » fol | [% | mo mapas fa} « [a |owl% fo] * | [x [im 2 [20 Pe} ulout»|o* | «|x | rae! 2 faa tbetutio [x fo] | % |» | reso an 22te[u[u tx to]» [aE [i | mem 3%, 23 | 6 | | 12 % 10 4 i 2 | 20000] x6 [26] e[utmt*lol* |i [2 | x20 3 30 | 6 | i | 16 % lo % i i_| 282000) 44 33 {6 | | 18 %* 1 % i &_| 312000] 49% | 3-6 | 6 | |i) %* | 1 | % i t_ | 344000 san [39 [9 [isfoo | % [1 | % | t | f | 402000) 58 40 | 9 | 18 | 22 % it % % E_| 43000) G1 43 | 9 | 18 | 24 1 1 Me % ¥_| 470000 66 46 | 9 | 18 | 26 ria % % E_| 502000 61% | 49 | 9 | 18 | 28 mE 1 % i_| 536000) tax [sa] 9 pw [aot ta pap [| 000 rox tss to tepo [1 fata | «| socom sol so opm fsa Lm [2 [1 |» | | amood ee sm Loop ota tse [im |e ta | % | «| S000 no | 964 | 63 | 9 | 2 | 38 [im | 2 1 %_|_% | 986000] Te [loo Poo Pe [ae pao [ im [a | a | | [rc000 ‘20 fos [oo bo [feo [mts 11 Lx | x [ieroo1m STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT NOTATION: TaN ah of veel, pounds n = Number of legs oo IESE soe pois R= Radhsottea, ach Speers 2A, Dimension of wear plate Sue orm eee eee po yarn ore kl iaawsteciere c ‘VAB, inch C= Radiat tear ear pat, inch =B) vw st d= 126 Lonorrupwan.stness: 8 [eos 2 (x, +6Kz) +H fE(x, +6K,)] CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS: 5,78 [erect 66) hfFeaye ony] NOTES: Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression. Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S,, Sand Ky, Ky, Ks and K, denote negative factors and K, Ky Kg and Ky denote positive factors, Computing the maximum compression stresses in formulas for S,, Sand K), Ky Ky, Ky Ky Kg, Ky and Ky denote négative factors. ‘The maximum tensile stresses S,, and S,, respectively, plus the tensile stress due to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material ‘The maximum compression stresses S,, and S,, respectively, plus the tensile stress due to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable compression stress value of hhead material, P| 103 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 K, Kg 0.15 0.10 0.05 azezsa4 ¢ Sssssiit a VALUEOF Ky, & Ks 3.0: 4.0 Ke r— asyeeca a scdcnn aw a VALUE OF Kz, & Kg 4.0 3.0. S104 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT 0.20, 0.15) > vol S o.0ff i 0.05 Ye 4 = HCO) qeeeca ny Ss 3 3 ScccnH en a a De VALUE OF Ky, & K; 0.60 ee S, 0-40 i 0.30. 0.20: 0.10. 0 ————t aeessa4a S 2 ssssilt2 & a = VALUE OF Ky, & Ky 2 105 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS DESIGN DATA 00,000 Ib, weight of vessel n= 4,number of legs = Be SO = roo p00 naonone eg = 100 raisothead = Sinch, everarmofload 2A-=30 inch, 2830 inch, dimensions of wea plate = 1.8 gh tienes of head cos ce =0.800 P= 100 pss internal pressure Heed atria: 451570 Allowable ses vale: 20,00 ps Sone sfcency: 085 Yea Point 38,000 ps Factors K (see charts): C= VAB=VISx15= 15 inch eras AS. {100 Dx 182 & of B= 1.82 5 ty =208 K=0.065, — K,=0.030 —-K,=0.065 = 0.025 K4=0.020, Ky= 0.010 Ky=0.022, Kg =0.010 LONGITUDINAL STRES: 1.) Maximum tensile stress: 2 feos ek, 6k) +E PECK, +6K,)] 5, = 200.000 [£00 0.065 + 60.030) +5, 1 = Bre [0800 >i V8 (0.065 x 60.025) ] =17,634 psi ‘The stress due to internal pressure: PR._ 100x100 7 Fe Et 2778 psi ‘The sum of tensional stresses: 7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000.106 107 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS 2) Maximum compressional stress = 2 [eos a(-, + AVE, 8,=9 [eos «(-x,-0K) + BY EK, 6k) ] 200,000 f- To, 200.0, 900(-0.065-64 0.030) + 725-1 PF -0.068-6x 0.025)] = = 17,048 psi ‘The stress due to internal pressure: PR _100x 10 “RD TE = #2778 psi The sum of stresses: 17044 + 2,778 =~ 14,266 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 psi Circumferential stress 1.) Maximum tensile stress: 5,3 [cos (Ky 6K) + HY R(-K-oK)] 200.000 TOO , = NGO [200 -0.020-+6x0010)+ £5 VTE -0.02246¢0010)] 4 2,849 psi The sss to ira presse: Fee ares ‘The sum of tensile stresses: ~ 2,849 +2,778 =~ 5,627 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 psi 2.) Maximum compressional stress: 5,°% [eos (-K,-6xy + Lf Bn ok] 2009 im 700.60 [0 -0.020-6x0010)+ 65-V TE -0022-6x0010)] a= 5857s ee coe ‘The sum of stresses: 3,059 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 720,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 pst108 LEG SUPPORT Notch out angles to clear sear = a x3"x38" ae 109 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT LUNSTIFENED STIFFENED SHELL ‘SHELL NOTATION: 2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate W = Weight of vessel, Ib 55 ~ Suess, pound per sq. in in = Number of lugs 1 = Wall thickness of shell, in Ww c = shape factor, see table = Lato mowing Reet See R = Radius of shell, io pes oft ‘H = Lever arm of load. in R A LONGITUDINAL STRESS: oH kr, R s 22 2 (cK toe x= pam (+ © cry a7 4m) “HA ) NOTE: In tension, pus the stress duet internal pressure PR/2tshll not exceed the sres value of shell material times the efficiency of girth seam. (CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS: on. KR + 6k par ( O* Sey NOTE: tn tension S, plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall ot exceed the stess vale of shell material multiplied by 1.5. Sat Se leet neta eee eer0 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT m STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 2 TT 0 005 O10 NSD 0.25 0 VALUE OF K; a HHH rrr 0 0.05 0.10 0.415 0.20 025 (CD) VALUE OF K>2 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT VALUE OF Ky 13 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 0.08 /o 06 st 0.04 002 0 0 005 010 01520 0.25 vaweorx, — (C,D) BA || Re C, G GS G 0 || on 103 0.95 1.07 100 ||__ 0.68 102 097 1.06 12 [200 | oe 1.02 108 105) 300 || 0.60 1.02 110 Lot so [| 4 1 1 1 wo || 1 1 1 1 [aos 1 1 1 300 [ft 1 1 1 [ 50 0.85 1.10 0.85 0.92, 100 [| 15 1.07 081 0.89 2 [Poo 12 0.98 0.80 0.88 300 |] 150 0.50 079 079 VALUE OF C"4 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT us STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS DESIGN DATA W = 1,200,000 Ib. weight of vessel n= 4 number of lugs @ = Wx 128.000 509009, oat on one ig R = 90 in, radius of shell H = Sin, leverarm of load 2A = 30 in, 2B = 30 in, dimensions of wear plate 1 = 5 in, thickness of shell 100 psi internal pressure ‘Shell material: SA - 515-70 Allowable stress value 20,000 psi Yield point 38,000 psi Joint Efficiency: 0.85 Shape factors C, (ee table Ri = 8 = 60, BA = A515) = 10 C, =, =C,=C,= 10 The factors K, (see charts) =A 3/B . 15 3/B~ K, = 28, K, = 0.025, K,= 68 K, = 0.021 ‘Longitudinal Stress: D sae UE ( Oki + 6+ ee ) Dre Cx 2 (17 + Bia)” HA 390,000 x 5 0.025 x 90 4 Si Quer capers (12846 rs 0.167 __, 9@_) 211,795 psi 2 (1.17 + 15/15) ix) ‘Stress due to internal pressure: PR __ 100 x 90 The sum of tensional stresses: Ta x 377 3000 psi 11,795 + 3000 = 14,795 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 X 0.85 =17,000psi. ‘Circumferential Stet on kak Sy=+ oe De (cx+5-at) ( 300,000 x oa2t x 90 Si Therap ers (1868+ Sze) = a6 Stress due to intemal pressure: PR 100 X90 _ goog’ng; ‘The sum of tensonal stresses: 1 = TS = 600Ps 10,616 + 6000 = 16,616 psi does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5: 20,000 X 1.5 = 30,000116 uw SUPPORT LUG SUPPORT ro RGstaTED eras FOR INSULATED VESSELS a | Tired t t T t ' i f I i | | Le», | D ‘ hy “He by ofthe tT] +L TT h yer hy L 60" h ' " or L— LI t LL i : 7 Taw | DIMENSIONS Vanier biota aia ian Tara noel Tas Tatel eed OR tbat on Ow TST eT one a ts cdenoe To Ta LLL Ele] | aon mp2 Leet « [oop [oe pm [amp 1,400 61 5 15% 13%) 41% 15K) Kw] MH i 2,200 3M {aK} 3 | 5% [5% | % | 2 | | full 2 220 lenlsate | sisal %lsul alu 9 3,600 4 [am [3% [on [orisl % [2% [te [ran 4 360 [en lenlmlexl7 |» len| ul ul] 16 5,600 sm] m[olomlols[s[x[x 9 5,600 10%| 8% | 9% |9% | 9H") 1 | BH] % | % 24 9,000 MA 7 | PAIS |e} 1 | SH | he | 21 9,000 12%|10%| 11%] 14%\14%| 1 [10%] % | 58 14,000, | 8% | 9% | 17 [IM | 1 | 6 | Me | K 2B 14,000 13%|11%4|12%4] 17 |17%] 1 |114] % | 2 22,000 10 | 9% | 10% | 18 [1%] 1% | 7 | | K 4S 22,000, 15%| 13 |13%|18%}18%| 1% [124] % | * 126 36,000 12 [U4] 4] 2 | 2%) | 9 | | he 80 36,000 17%4| 14%] 15%4] 22 |22%| 1% | 14 | % | 165 56,000 15 | 15 | 16% 128% Big 1% | 12 | %i6 | 3/g 148 56,000, 20% | 17%] 18% |28%| 29 | 1% [164] % | % 235 90,000 16%] 15%} 17 [31% [324s] 1% | 13 | /s | 38 218 90,000 [2a%lismlion|aralaen[im is} || 28 140,000 18 [ams 19% [304 [354] 2 [a4 [on [2% | 260 140,000 25% | 20% |21%2/34%/35%| 2 | 20) % | 482, a { All dimensions are in Inches ‘All dimensions arin inches Sireses in vessel shall be checked ‘Stresses in vessel shall be checked. Use wear plate if necessary Use wear plate if necessary.119 8 LIFTING LUG . LIFTING ATTACHMENTS: LLL | VESSEL WEIGHT | D T R HTL WELD : MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF LIFTING LUGS USING SHACKLE (Lbs) amy | ay | am | am | tm | in i Shgckie | Hore Sigeed | Rgled 12,000 1 ~[w Ts Toy _ |) Yee Di Be, 5 A {ost tgp 20,000, Th % 2 6 10 eg } a 3 Tio] 716 | 3/8 30 6B 4 30,000 Pa | am | 6 0 5 7060 |~3/8 776 | 36, 73 ci 7 4 3 1600716] 12 |_.63. 2 78 3a_[ 6 wh | 4 7 3 i baka v *% i 2 j 3170 [172 3/8. 69 90 Fs 7/144 70,000 am | m™ | a | 8 2B ge { 820 | 3/8 3/4 | 94122 1-1/4 11175, ; Bs : 4420 | 3/4 7/8 {113447442 | as 2.12 100,000 2h 1% ah 2 16 Be i 6375 | 7/8. 1) 19 155 13/4 | 1-1/4_[2.25 : iaauallees 0 7 32 \ [860 f~ 1s 131 [1:70 212-1259 Lua a ge | |a300 ysis] 19s aya 5.2.94 200,000 4 2 6 2B 18 3S ; 13400 [1-1/4 [13/8 | 1.63 | “2.12 | 24116 _[1-3/a_13.06 - 22 | [Passo hse 1.75328 25s 98 13.62 250,000 ara |2 om | 8B 8 ge 20000 [1-1 15/8 [1.88 [2.45 [27/8 2 [4.06 300,000 a | mm | 7 «|» 23750] 1-5/8 | 1.3/4 3116} 3316 | 4.19 32350, 2] 21/8 | 328295 | 33ya [25/8 [475 Notes: | | S00 Taaya | “2a/e F256 | 3.33 |e 3 [5.25 1. All dimensions ae in inches. \ $4000 [2-1/2 [25/8] 281 | 366 | 49/6 | 31/4 [6.00 eanree : | [era [raya | “2-7/8 | 2.94 [3582 5 [39/161 7.00 ge ase | {Pet000 3-338 S76 _[-37/8 [esr b. Minimura tensile strength of lug material 70,000 psi. 97000 [34/4 | 3.3/8 S178 | 41/4 [9.14 . Direction of force is in the plane of lugs.LIFTING ATTACHMENTS (cont.) RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness, and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation’ WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at least 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug. To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug. All possible directions of loading should be considered (during shipment, storage, erection, handling.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the an- ale between each leg of the sling and the horizontal should be assumed to be 30 degrees, EYE - BOLT ‘Threaded fasteners smaller than 5/8” diameter should not be used for lifting y because of the danger of x aa overtorquing during assembly. W Commercial eyebolts are a supplied with 2 rated break- ing strength in the X direction, = For loadings other than along ta the axis of the eyebolt, the following ratings are recom- mended. These are expressed as percentage of the rating in the axial direction. X= 100% Y= 33% Z= 20% We 10% EXAMPLE: ‘An eyebolt of 1 in, diameter which is good for 4960 Ib. load in tension (direction x) can carry only 4960 x 0.33 = 1637 Ib load if it acts in direction y. ‘The above dimensions and recommendations are taken from C. V. Moore: Designing Lifting Attachments, Machine Design, March 18, 1965. “Assuming shear load only thru the minimum sec may be esleulated by the formula: required thickness of lug, in. Re df t= P___where t= 2S (R-D./2) P= load. Ibs. , the required thickness 121 ‘SAFE LOADS FOR ROPES AND CHAINS ‘The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of the angle between the sling and the horizontal, Thus the maximum allowable safe load shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress, If the allowable load for 2 single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of the angle between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicate the allowable load on one side of the inclined sling. Example The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is 8000 Ib. If the rope applled to an angle of 30 degrees, in this position the allowable load on one side will be 8000/cosecant 30 deg. = 8000/2 = 4000 Ib. For the two-rope sling the total allowable load 2 times 4000 = 8000 Ib. The table shows the load-bearing capacity of ropes and chains in different positions. Multiplying with the factors shown in the table the allowable load for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate the allowable load in inclined position. FACTORS TO CALCULATE SAFE LOADS FOR ROPES AND CHAINS. Lics| cS,| cbr | econ eon Anse ot | 900 60° 450 30° 100 coe 1.00 oss 0.70 0.50 0.7 Sanne - 1.70 1.40 1.00 0.34124 types see Code, Fig. UW-I6.1. OPENINGS WITHOUT REINFORCING PAD Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other iOTATIONS: Min, wel sz isthe smalest, in + ay 1x the smallest of f0¢ | in 1 oF a= the smallest of t,t 0F 0.373 in ‘= No minimum size requirement 10 tor 0.375 in, whichever R= the lesser of or A peer Te at ' Stars gage ee ie st: ~The angle of beveling shallbe such sto permit compete join penetration and complete f= SonDependson paths, welding pro 1 Thickness of vessel wales coroson allow ‘os Nominal thickness of nezae wall es coro- Son allowance. ia NOTES: 1. When complet joint peneation cannot be verified by isu inspetion or other means Permited by the Code backing sips shal be Sed il penction weld dep om only one sie, 2. Thepurposeof weld isto climinatetheiregu- ieessthe wooed she rotand tte ration I's uualy one pass only an maybe omited if not necded forthe above purpose. 3. The weld sass defined hee are the minimum urements. For calculation of strength of was seepage 136 4, Suength calculation of welds for pressure load- ing ate not equted for atechmens shown in fig B.C. E, Fr, and fr openings “in. pipe size atached to veszl walls of 38 in ores in thickness, in, pipe sie attached to vetsel walle over 5/8 icknes, (Code UG36 (0) ()) c iO the lesser of 4, oF % in, “. R= the lesser of 4s, or % in, D G e 3 : R melee E H a 125 OPENINGS WITH REINFORCING PAD Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other types see Code, Fig. UW-16.1. | 150% taba NOZZLE WITH NozzLe WELDING NECK WITH SLIP ON FLANGE FLANGE Backing strip R= the lesser of Yt, or % in, NOTATION: Minimum weld sizes, inches. Use the smallest values. @= ty of fp oF 0.375 in 6 = Nominimum size requirement. 0.14, 0F 0.7%, oF 0.5 i. 0.74, 0 0.7%y, oF 0.7te, oF 0.75 in. 1, 0r fp, oF Vin, ‘The angle of bevel shall be such as to permit complete joint pen- etration and complete fision. De- pends on plate thickness and weld- ing techniques. 1 = Thickness of vessel wall less cor- rosion allowance, in. fe= Thickness of reinforcing pad less be less corrosion allowance, i tp Thickness of pad type flang SEE NOTES ON FACING PAGE. K N R R= the lesser of Ys, oF % in, oy FS D =e 4 ! ag Re the iesser-of Yt, or Yin, M P122 123 OPENINGS SHAPE OF OPENINGS: Openings in pressure vessels shall preferably be circular, elliptical or obround An obround opening is one which is formed by two parallel sides and semicircu- lar ends. The opening made by a pipe or acircular nozzle, the axis of which is not perpendicular to the Vessel wall or head, may be considered an elliptical opening for design purposes. Openings may be of shapes other than the above, Code UG-36(a)(2) SIZE OF OPENINGS: Openings are not limited as to size. The rules, construction details of this handbook conform to the Code UG-36 through UG-43 and apply to openings: + for maximum 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one half of the vessel diameter, but maximum 20 in, + for over 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one third of the vessel diameter, but maximum 40 in For openings exceeding these limits, supplemental rules of Code Appendix 1-7 shall be satisfied Code UG-36(b)(1) For nozzle neck thickness see page 140. WHERE EXTERNAL PIPING IS CONNECTED TO THE VESSEL, THE SCOPE OF THE CODE INCLUDES: (a) the welding end connection for the first circumferential joint for welded connections, (b) the first threaded joint for screwed connections, (€) the face of the first flange for bolted, flanged connections, (4) the first sealing service for proprietary connections or fittings. Code U-1(€)(1) INSPECTION OPENINGS All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable \manhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning. ‘The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG-46, as they are considered to be the most economical, INSPECTION OPENINGS ARE NOT REQUIRED: DIAMETER "OPENING 1. for vesels 12 in, or less inside diameter OF VESSEL REQUIRED if there ace at least two minimum % in, pipe size removable connections. 2. for vessels over 12 in. but less than 16 in, inside diameter, that are t0 be over 12 in, two - 1% in, installed so that they must be discon- less than 18 in,| pipe size threaded | nected from an assembly to permit LD. opening inspection, if thete are at least two a removable’ connections not less than 1% in, pipe size. UC-46(0). 3, for vestels over 12 in. inside diameter rin, 16. in. LD. under air pressure which also contain 18in. manhole other substances which will prevent to 36 in. or corrosion, providing the vessel con- inclusive two -2 in tins suitable openings though which sige size inspection can be made conveniently, HD, | vipesizedeaded | rd provding sch openings are equi opening alent insize and number to the require- rent of the table. UG-46(¢) i 4, for vessel (not over 36 in I.D.) which over min, 16 in. LD. are provided with teltale holes (one manhole hole min. per 10 sq. ft.) complying or with the provisions of the Code UG-25, 1D. ‘two - 6 in, which are subject only to corrosion pipe size nozzle and are not in compressed air service, UG-46(b). ‘The preferable location of small inspection openings is in each head or near each head, In place of two smaller openings a single opening may be used, provided it is of such size and location.as to afford at least an equal view of the interior. Compressed air as used here is not intended to include air which has had moisture emoved to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. Th manufacturer's Data Report shall include a statement “for non-corrosive service’ and Code paragraph number when inspection openings are not provided. NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS126 THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS THE FIGURES BELOW SHOW THE MOST COMMONLY USEL 1YPES OF WELDI ‘CONNECTIONS. SEE CODE FIG, UW. FOR OTHER Poy WELDED a B hoe ag 7 ar 1 : } a foe = t i: b ! ‘ 127 NOTATION a=1, f, oF 0.375, whichever is the smallest, in a, a, = 1-1/4 times the smallest of, 1, oF 1 in 4, oF a,~ the smallest oft, oF 0.375 in ‘b= 0 minimum size requirement = the smallest of for 12 in, = the thickness of Sch 160 pipe wall, in. e= the smallest of oF 3/4 in. thickness of vessel wall, less corrosion allowance, in nominal thickness of fiting wall less corrosion allowance, in. ‘The weld sizes defined here are the minimum requirements. THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS ‘THE FIGURES BELOW SHOW THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPES OF WELDED ‘CONNECTIONS, SEE CODE SIG. UW-16.1 FOR OTHER TYPES Ey [EY “th ae (ae SEE NOTATION ON FACING PAGE: [H] ‘Max, pipe sie: 3 in D max = outside diameter of pipe + 34 in. FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE. In some cases the welds are exempt from size requirements, or fittings and bolting pads ‘may beattached othe vessels by fillet weld deposited from the outside only with certain limitations (Code UW-16 (8) (2) and (3)) such as: 1, The maximum vessel thickness: 3/8 in. 2. Themaximum size ofthe openings limited tothe outside diameter ofthe attached pipe plus % in 3. The weld throat shall be the greater of the minimum nozzle neck thickness required by the Code UG-45(a) or that necessary to satisfy the requirements of UW 18 for the applicable loadings of UG 22. 4, The welding may effect the threads of couplings. Itis advisable to keep the threads above welding with a minimum % in. or cut the threads after welding. Strength calculation of attachments isnot required for attachments shown in Figs. A, Cand E, and for openings: 3 in, pine size fittings attached to vessel walls of 3/8 in, or less in thickness. 2 in.128 z 129 ‘SUGGESTED MINIMUM EXTENSION OF OPENINGS ‘The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary {0 increase these OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHES USING WELDING NECK FLANGE NOM. PRESSURE RATING OF FLANGE LB PIPE SIZE 1500 | 2500 2} 6 s| s |e 3 | 6 ala ease |e 10) 4] 6 8 | 3 | 12 6 8 10 | 10 | 14 8 8 1o | 12 | 16 nO Ee a2) 12 | 14 | 20 2 | 8 12% | 16423) 4 | 8 14 | 16 1 | 8 4 | 16 18 4 | 18 20 14 | 18 4 14 | 20 OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHES USING SLIP ON FLANGE, Now. PRESSURE RATING OF FLANGE LB SIZE 1500 | 2500 2 8 | 8 3 8 | 10 4 10 | 10 6 2 | 12 8 ata] 10 2 | 14 2 12 | 16 14 16 18 20 24 INSIDE EXTENSION REINFORCEMENTS OF OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE Vessels shall be reinforced around the openings, except single, welded and flued openings not subject to rapid pressure fluctuations do not require reinforcement if not larger than: 3%4in, diameter in not over 3/g in. thick vessel wall; \ 25/gin, diameter in over /g in, vessel wall. ‘Threaded, studded or expanded connections for whieh the hole cut isnot greater than 2 in. diameter. FEL, (Code uG36(00%0) t ‘The design procedure described on the following pages con- @® —_formstoCodeUG-36 through UG-. Fig. For openings exceeding these limits supplemental rules of Code 1-7 shall be applied inadditionfo UG-36 through UGS For reinforcement of openings in flat heads see Code UG-39. A brief outline of reinforcement design for better understanding of the procedure is described in the following pages. ‘The basic requirement is that around the opening the vessel must be reinforced with ‘an equal amount of metal which has been cut out for the opening. The reinforcement ‘may be an integral par of the vessel and nozzle, or may be an additional reinforcement pad. (Fig, A) This simple rule, however, needs further refinements as follows: 1. Iti not necessary to replace the actually removed amount of metal, but only the ‘amount which is required to resist the internal pressure (4). This required thick- ness of the vessel at the openings is usually less than at other points of the shell or head. 2 The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be re- quired according to calculation, The excess in the vessel wall (4,) and nozzle Wall (42) serve as reinforcements. Likewise the inside extension of the opening. (Ay) and the area of the Weld metal (A,) can also be taken into consideration as reinforcement 3. Thereinforcement must be within a certain limit. 4, The area of reinforcement must be proportionally increased ifits stress value is lower than that of the vessel wall 5. The area requited for reinforcement must be satisfied forall planes through the center of opening and normal to vessel surface. “The required cross sectional area of the reinforcement shall then be: ‘The required area for the shell or head to resist the internal pressure (A). From ‘area subtract the excess areas within the limit (4,434). Ifthe sum of the areas available for reinforcement (4;+4z+4s+4,) is equal or greater than the area {to be replaced (4), the opening is adequately reinforced. Otherwise the differ- tence must be supplied by reinforcing pad (Ay). Some manufacturers follow a simple practice using reinforcing pads with a cross- Pontinnal araa which ie nanal to the metal area actually removed for the opening. This130 Y - BI REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS REINFORCEMENTFOROPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGNFORINTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) (continued) B 1_AREA OF REINFORCEMENT ¢ 3._LIMITSOFREINFORCEMENT For vessels under internal pressure the total eross-sectional xx “The metal used as reinforcement must be located within the . area required for reinforcement of openings shall not be limits. ty less th A=dXxt, where <= the inside diameter of pening ints eomoded coniton, inches. 4, = the required thickness of shell or head computed by the applicable formulas using E= 1,0 when the opening is in solid plate or ina category B joint. When opening passes ‘through any other welded joint, E= the efficiency of that Joint, When the opening is in'a vessel which is radio- graphically not examined, E = 0.85 for type No. 1 joint and E= 0.80 for type No. 2 joint. When the opening and its reinforcement are entirely ‘within the spherical portion ofa flanged and dished head, 4s the thickness required by the applicable formulas using M* 1 ‘When the openings in acone, fis the thickness required fora seamless cone of diameter, D measured where the nozzle axis intersects with the wall ofthe cone When the opening and itsreinforcementare ina2:1 ellip- soidal head and are located entirely within a circle the cetter of which coincides with the center ofthe head and the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head diameter, ris the thickness required for seamless sphere ‘of radius 0.9 times the diameter ofthe head, If the stress value of the opening’s material is less than tha’ ofthe vessel material, the required area 4 shall be ine-eased. (See next page for examples.) Py Bi 72, AVAILABLE AREAS OF REINFORCEMENT ‘Arm Arca of excess thickness in the vessel wall (-—t,) dor (4) (le 92 use the larger value, square inches If the stress value of the opening's material is less than ‘that ofthe vessel material, area 4, shall be decreased. (Gee next page for examples.) Az Area ofexcess thickness in the nozzle wall ty— ty) Stor tm) Sty vse — the smaller value, square inches. Ag Areaofinside extension ofnozzle square inches -—o)2h. A= Area of welds, square inches. Ifthe sum of 4. A> Avand A. is less than the area for rine NOTATION: t= thickness of the vessel wall Tess or rosion allowance, inches. = see preveeding page| jominal thickness of nozzle wall re- spective of product form, less corrosion allowance, inches. required thickness of seamless nozzle wall, inches. stance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall less cor- rosion allowance, inches. Je= corrosion allowance, inches. Jd=see preceding page. For other notati ‘The limit measured parallel to the vessel wall X= dor Ra+ tn, use larger value. The limit measured parallelto thenozzle wall Y=2.5t0r2.5tu use smaller value. When additional reinforcing pad is used, the limit, Y to be measured from the outside surface of the reinforcing pad, Rn= inside radius of nozzle in corroded condition, inches. s, See the preceding page. % ‘STRENGTHOF REINFORCEMENT 1 7 tg \tte i. ir UB Hh Ifthe strength of materials in Ay Ay 4; As and As or the material of the reinforcing pad are lower than that of the vessel material, theirarea considered s reinforcement shall be propor inverse proportion increased. The strength of the deposited, weld metal shall be considered as equivalent to the weaker material ofthe joint. It is advisable to use for reinforcing pad material identical with the vessel material. ‘No credit shall be taken for additional strength of einforce- ment having higher stress value than that ofthe vessel wall. EXAMPLES: ately decreased and the required area, 4 in a. The stress value of nozzle material: 17,100 psi. The stress value of shell material: 20,000 psi. Ratio 17,100/20,000=0.855 To the required area, A shall be added +2 te(1—0.855) b. From the area 4; shall be subtracted: = ty X (tt) (0.855) Using identical material for the vessel and reinforcing pad, the required area for reinforcement is 12 square inches. If the stress value of vessel material ~ 20,000 psi., the stress value of the nozzle material = 17,100 psi., ratio20,000/17,100=1.17 Inthis proportion shall be increased the area of reinfore-132 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) Angle 6 of Plane with Longitudinal Axis [5 REINFORCEMENT IN DIFFERENT PLANES FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE Since the circumferential stress in cyli drical shelis and cones is two times greater than the longitudinal stress, at the open- ing the plane containing the axis of the shell is the plane of the greatest unit load- ing due to pressure. On the plane perpen- dicular to the vessel axis the unit loading fs one half ofthis. ‘Chart shows the variation of the stresses on different planes. (Factor F) ‘When the long dimension of an elliptical ‘or obround opening exceeds twice the short dimensions, the reinforcement across the short dimensions shall be in- creased as necessary to provide against excessive distortion due 10 twisting mo- ment. Code UG-36(@)(1). Factor F shall not be less than 1.0, except for integrally reinforced openings in cy- lindrical shells and cones it may be less. Factor F Fig. UG37 Longitudinal suit of shell 3 ‘The total cross-see- tional area of reinforce. eet ‘ment in any planes sitait bs AzdxnxF (Notations on preceeding pages.) DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘The reinforcement required for openings in a single-walled vessel subject to external pressure need be only 50 percent of that required for internal pressure where f, is the al hllaess rege by he rules for vesels under extemal pres: Code UG- sadxtxF REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1. a DESIGN DATA: Pp Inside diameter of shell: 48 in. ‘Design pressure: 250 psi at 200° F ‘Shell material: SA-285-C "5015700 p= 0.625 | “The vessel is pot aiograped | + Noallowance for corsion. Nozzle miteril: SA-53-B | S$ =17,100 psi, ty = 0.432 in. Nozale nom, size: 6 in. Extension of nozzle inside the vessel: 1.5 in. for nozzle: = —PRa_. nS SE- F°1,5.19°2.5 x 0.432108 in ‘The nozzle does not pass through seems. Fillet weld size: 0.375 in, Wall thickness required: PR 250x24 __g 386in, ‘SE-06 15,700%1.0-0.6«250 2502.88 T7A00%1.0-0,6%250 043in. 0.6P [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED ‘Since this area ix greater than the area required for sihsaaot eainfaenomant ig not needed, Ae dip 5.161 x 0385 = 22% in AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE ‘4, = Exces in shell) Larger of the following (ete) d= (0625-0.386) « 5.161 = 1.377 54 in. of 1377 sin (00) lg +1) 2= (0625 ~ 0.386) x (0432 + 0625) x2 = 0505 54 i. -Ay= (Excess in nozte nese) Smaller ofthe followin (etn) t= (0432-0083) 5 x 0.625» 1.216 9. in (itn) 5h, = (0432-00043) x 5 043 0843 sn. (io ciel for aiiionsl strength of nozzle material having higher stress valu tha ofthe vessel wal.) ‘As = (nse projection) fy x 24= 0432 2x 1.08= 0933 sin Aq= (Area of filet weld) 037° 6.240 in ‘45 ~ (Aes of fillet weld inside) 0.375 040s, TOTALAREA AVAILABLE 3433 5q inREINFORCEMENT OF OPED GS ~ REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 2. EXAMPLE 3. DESIGN DATA: DESIGN DATA: Inside radius of shell: = 24 in Inside diameter of shell: 48 in. ‘Design pressure: P= 300 psi at 200° F Design pressure: 300 psi at 200° F. Shell material: ¢= 0,500 m. $A-516-70 plate, bn Shell material; 0.500 in. SA~516-60 plate, 20,000 psi ‘The vessel is Spot examined ‘There is no allowance for corosion Nozzle nominal size: 6 in Nozzle material: $A-S3 B $= 17,100 psi, ty 0.432 in, Extension of naztle inside the vessel: 5 in Fillet weld size inside: 0,500 in; Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in Ratio of stress value: (7,100/20,000 = 0.855 Wall thickness required: PR 30024 Shell, f, =——— = OA ‘SE~O.6P ~ 30,000%1-0.6%300 364in. PR, 3002.88 ‘SE-0.6P ~ 17100x1.0-0.6%300 Since the swength ofthe nozzle materi slower ta hat ofthe vesel materi the rquied area for ‘isoenec Sl e propria none md haw nee propria AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A= dl, 5:61 x 0364= 2097 sain ‘Area increase: +24,» fy (L173100/20,000) = 2x 0.432 « 0.364 x (LOS) = 0.046 3. in Nozzle, y= 0.051in, 3 sain [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE “A= (Eas i sel) Lara of te flowing (t= (0500 ~ 0368) 5761 = 0.784 i. oF 1-1) +02 = (0500 ~ 0364 x (0452 + 0500) 2= 02565 in Area reduce 2 yf) (10855) 2 0432 x (0500 ~ 0368) (1~0855) =-0017 0. 07679. A= (xen in orale eck) Smaller of lowe (tg) Se= (22-0051) 50,500" 0953 (ate) iq= (0432-051) 5x 0482 = 083 ‘Area ede 855» 0823 ~ 0.704 an Since th tenth of te aoc ower than thst the shell, 2 dcrened re al bee inf ensideratin 17100720 000» 0855, 108580825 = 0.7049 ‘As (sie projection) fy = 0432» 2 108-0503 ‘Aven desrestd 0933 0855 ~ 0297 win Aq = (Area of fillet weld) 2 x 0.5 x 0,625? 0.855 = 0.336 sq. in. ‘s= (hres of let wel inside 2 05x SO 0855 = o214sa.in TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE 2g6an in ‘Addivonal reinforcement not required. N ‘The vena fly radigraped,E \ ‘There isn allowance for corosion t Nozzle nominal size: 8 in. ———T ‘Nozzle material: SA-53 B, 0.500 in. wall F Extension of me ie ee 05 in i ‘The nozzle does not pass through the main h 4, seams. Size of fillet welds 0.375 in. (Reinforcement pad to nozzle neck.) Wall thickness required: PR 300%24 PR. __ORT__= 0.426 in. ‘SE-06P 17100x1-0.6x300 Shell 1, = PRy 300«3.8125 SE-0.6P —17100x1-0.630% Noz2le, ty = 0.068 in, AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A= dxf, = 1625 x 0.426 = 3.249 sq. in. AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE ‘Ay = (Excess in shell.) Larger of the following: (¢ ) d= (0.500 ~ 0.426) 7.625 = 0.564 0.564 sq, in, OF (tty) (lg +) 2= (0.500 ~ 0.426) ( 0.500 + 0.500) 2 = 0.148 sq, in. _Ay= (Bxcess in nozzle neck.) Smaller of following (in ~ fy) 5t* (0.500 ~ 0.068) 5 x 0.5 = 1.08 oF (ig — ton) Sty = (0.500 ~ 0.068)5 x 0.5 = 1.08 1.08 sq. in ‘Ay = (inside projection.) f, x 2h = 0.500 x 2x 0.5 = 0,500 sq, in. ‘Aga (Area of fillet weld) 0.375? 9.141 sa, (he area of pad to shell weld disregarded) ‘TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE sq.in, ‘This area is less than the required area, therefore the difference shall be provided by reinforeing element. It may be heavier nozzle neck, larger extension of the nozzle inside of the vessel or reinforcing pad. Using reinforcing pad, the required ‘area of pad: 3.249 ~-2.285 = 0.964 sq. in. Using 0.375 in. SA-516-60 plate for reinforcing pad the width of the pad 0.964/0.375 = 2.571 ‘The outside diameter of reinforcing pad: Outside diameter of pipe: 8.625 250. width of reinforcing pad: 11.196 in.136 , i 2 ‘STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL Atthe attachments, joining openings tothe vest, Eile ma . ‘ccur through the welds or nozae neck inte combinations aa DESIGN DATA shown in figures A and B, A= 3172 59, ing Ay = 0.641 59, in, dy = 0.907 59. in ‘The strength of the welds and the nezzle neck in those combina tions shall be atleast equal tothe smaller of: 1. The stength in tension ofthe eros-sctional aca of the ele- ‘ment of reinforcement being considered, or ous paths of ae [Twougn 0-0 1 Broug O-0 2. Thestength in tensionof aaa = 1 les he sent intenfonot te sxets me veel wal (iy). ‘The allowable stress value ofthe welds i the stress value of the ‘weaker materiel connected bythe welds multiplied by the fllow- ing factors Groove-weld tension 074 Groove-weld shear 0.60 Fillet.weld shear 049 ® Possible paths of failure 1. Through © - © 12. Through © —@ 3. Through @ -@ ‘The allowable stress value of nozzle neck in shear is 0,70 times the allowable stress value of nozzle material EXAMPLE & A= 2397 sq in, Ay = 0.484 99, in, 44, = 6.625 in, outside diameter of nozale 6.193 in, mean diameter of nozzle 20,000 pa allowable stress value of vessel material 17,100 ps allowable stress value of nozzle material ‘p= 0.432 in. wall thickness of nozzle, £°% 0.500 in. wall thickness of vessel” 0375 i, filet weld leg (Check the strength of attachment af nozzle load t be eared by welds. Load tobe catie¢ by welds (4 ~4,) 5 (2.397 - 0.484) x 20,000 = 38,260 Ib, STRESS VALUE OF WELDS: Fillet.weld shear 0.49 x 20,000 = 9,80 psi Groove-weld tension 0.74 x 20,00 = 14.800 ps Stess value of nozzle wal shear 0:70 x 17,100 ~11,970 pi ‘STRENGTH OF WELDS AND NOZZLE NECK: 4 Fillecweld sheer e x weld leg x 9,800 = 10.4065 x 0.375 x 9,800 = 38.243 Ib 1, Nozzle-wallsheat 4s x 4 x 11,970 9.72 «0.432 x 11,970 = 50,262 Ib © Groove-weld tension 2.x #x 14,800 = 10.4065 x 0500 x 14,800 = 77,008 Ib POSSIBLE PATH OF FAILURES 1. Through a, and b, 38,243 + 50,262 = 88,505 I, 2. Throgh a. and c. 38,243 + 77,008 = 115251 i. ‘Both path are stronger then the required strength 38,260 1h 12.845 in, outside diameter of reinforcing pad = 8625 in. ouside diameter of nozale. dy = 8.125 in, mean diameter of nozzle 20,000 psi allowable stress value of vessel material ~17,100 psi allowable stress value of nozzle material (0.5000 in. thickness of vessel wall (0375 in. leg of fillet ~ eld a 0250 in, leg of fillet — weld a 0.250 in, thickness of reinforcing pad (Check the strength of attachment of nozzle, LOAD TO BE CARRIED BY WELDS: (A ~Ay)S = (.172 ~ 0.641) x 20,000 ~ 50,620 1 LOAD TO BE CARRIED BY WLDS a. (ay + 2 syS= (0.907 * 2 x 0.500 « 0.500) x 17,100 1b. «24,059 ‘STRESS VALUE OF WELDS: Fillet —weld shear 0.49 20,000= 9,800 psi Groove - weld tension 0.74 x 20,000 = 14,800 psi ‘STRESS VALUE OF NOZZLE WALL SHEAR: 0.70 « 17,100 = 11,970 psi ‘STRENGTH OF WELDS AND NOZZLE NECK: a. Flt weld ahear 22 wld leg 9800 = 13.55 «0375 x 9,800 = 49,796 Bi 1,970 12.76 x 0.500 x 11,9 »b, Nozzle wall she 6,368 Ib. 2 «Groove weld tension £20 wo leg x 14800 = 13.85 0.500 x 14.800 ~ 100,270 «, Groove weld tension #20 weld leg x 14,800 = 13.55 x 025 x 14,800 = 50,128 I, 2 POSSIBLE PATH OF FAILURE: Through band °76,368 + 49,433 125,801 Ib 2Through cand d —100.270+ 49,483 = 149,703 Ib 3, Through ae and e 49,796 + 100,270+ $0,128 = 200,194 Ib. Paths 1. and 2. are stronger than the total strength of $0,620 Ib Path 3. is stronger than te strength of 24,089 Ib The outer fillet weld d strength 49,433 Tb is greater than the reinforcing pad strength of | (dy~ dg S= (12.845 ~ 8,625) x 0.25 x 20,000 21,100 1b.138 LENGTH OF COUPLINGS AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS NOZZLE IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER C=R-VRP EXAMPLE: Given: R= 15 in, r= 8 in, Find: C= 1S VIS = 1SNDS—F = 15—12.6886 = 2.3114 in. NOZZLE IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER GY Y=VRF ey Given: R=15in, Ge2sin, F r= 4.3125 in, Find: ¥ = VIS Gra 3105p = S10 10.9 X=24—109= 13.1 in, via COUPLING IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER XV VRE v= PP EXAMPLE: iver: R= 15a, R= 16ing F= 6in, V = VIG 6— 1.25} = Y256—22.5 \. MIS +1257 = Y2IS=52.56 = 13.12 in X= 1530—13.12 = 2.18 in ‘COUPLING IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER EXAMPLE: Given: Ry 12in, a= 15% A= Find: F on LENGTH OF COUPLING AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS (COUPLING IN 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD. Vad-@=o8, , VG rot X=vo¥, v= EXAMPLE Givens | Ry= 29 ny" 30m Fina: X yom NemAT = 1098 i. ay y eee ‘NOZZLE IN FLANGED & DISHED HEAD p-c, C#R, WRI +A Gepth of ggh, 1D = 239 in Fe 24 ing t= ia Ry P= 24a c= aay ae% Gar a= 7.70 in. ea ier 0 in. ‘COUPLING IN FLANGED & DISHED HEAD. x=V-¥, EXAMPLE Given: Ry =24 in, Ry=25 in Fina VYCEA VEE 2410 yVaat— 7 DF “V76=81 © 22.28 0. ‘NOZZLE IN CONE 14= [tan 309 (12 + 2)] #2 (B= 612 = 0.500 = 30" y=30h15°= 45" Hse in 8) 6 07071 x6= 4283 i, When Fis known, Find asin Example C above NOZZLE IN 2:1 ELUIPSOIDAL HEAD K COUPLING IN CONE, XeGISF YE Weve ve te vYeimaxe RET nae EXAMPLE ER ata retin, a0? 24 in. Fel2in, r= in, SF=2 in. Find: X * Given: R, @ 20 in. Find: 9 BESTDssy ~ VTE =6.3 in X= 20~6.63—2 = 11.37 in a1 +2x0.8774 * 346%, v an Yeasrxt + 0.5774 N141 NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS Code UG-45 for Access Openings, Openings for Inspection only the minimum wall thick ness of necks shall not be less than the thickness computed from the applic cable loadings in UG-22 such as internal or external pressure, statti, cyclic, dynamic, seismic, impact reactions, ete for Nozzles and other openings (except access and inspection openings) the ‘minimum wall thickness of necks shall be the larger of he chickness com: puted from the applicable loadings in UG-22 or the smaller of wall thickness ‘determined in3, 4, 5, 6 below, {In vessels under internal pressure thicknes of the shell or head required for internal pressure only, assuming E= 1.0, In vessels under external pressure thickness of the shell or head for internal pressure using itas an equivalent value for external pressure, assuming B=. In vessels under internal or external pressure the greater of the thickness determined in 3 and 4, ‘The minimum wall thickness of standard wall pipe. ‘The wall thickness of necks in no case shall be less than the minimum thick- ness specified in UG-16(b) for: Shells and heads: 0.0625 in, Untied steam boilers: 0.2500 in. In compressed air service: 0.0918 in. Allowance for corrosion and threading'- when required - shall be added to the thicknesses determined in 1. through 7. above. Using pipe listed in Table of Std. ANSI B36.10, the mi ‘equals 0.875 times the aominal wall thickness, ‘See Code UG-45 footnote No. 27 using pipe sizes 22, 26 and 30 inches. For selection of zequired pipe under internal pressure, see table “Maximum, Allowable Intemal Working Pressure for Pipes” on the following pages. EXAMPLES for using the table imum wall thickness 1, Opening Diameter: 18” Intemal Design Pressure: 800 psig Corrosion Allowance 0.125" ‘The Required Pipe for Manway: Sch. 60 0.750" Wall The Required Pipe for Nozzle: Sch. 60 0.750" Wall, 2 Opening Diameter: 1s Internal Design Pressure: 150 psig Corrosion Allowance 0.125" ‘The Vessel Wall Thickness 03125" ‘The Required Pipe for Manway: Sch. 10 0.250” Wall ‘The Required Pipe for Nozzle: Std. We 0375" Wall NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS ‘Code UG-45, (Continued) 3. Opening Diameter: 18” Internal Design Pressure: 140 psig Corrosion Allowance 0.125" ‘The Vessel Wall Thickness 0.750" ‘The Required Pipe for Manway: Sch. 10 0.250" Wall ‘The Required Pipe for Nozzle: Sch. 40 0,453" Wall (min.) ‘Std. Wi, 0.328” + 0.125" Corr. Allow. External Design Pressure: ‘Material SA 516-60; Outside diameter of cylindrical shell: Shell thickness: ‘The required thickness for 14 in. O.D., 12 in, long nozzle neck: 1. To withstand 35 psi external pressure approximately 0.05 in. wall re- quired, but the thickness shall not be less than the smaller of: 2. The'thickness required for the shell under 35 psi internal pressure (as. ‘equivalent external pressure) 35X47 _ 9 997 in, 3. Theminimum thickness of standard wal pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The smaller of 2. and 3. 0.097 for wall thickness of nozzle neck is satisfactory. 5, External Design Pressure: Material SA 516-60; Outside diameter of cylindrical shel Shell thickness: ‘The required thickness for 14 in. O.D., 12 in. long nozzle neck: 1. To withstand 15 psi extemal pressure approximately 0.02 in. wall re- juired, but the thickness shall not be less than the smaller of the following: 2. The thickness required for the shell under 15 psi internal pressure PR__1SX17.6875 9.916 i, ‘SE-06F" 17,100-9 ~916 3. The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe: 0,328 in. (0.375 in.nom.) The smaller of 2. and 3. is 0.016 in., but the thickness of the nozzle neck shall be in no case less than 0.0625 in. UG-45(a)(2),we 5 a3 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cont) INTERNAL WORKING PRESSURE FOR PIPES ' “The Caleuations Based on the Fonnula: Nom] pesig. | Pipe wall Corrosion allowance in. 2851 pipe | ation thickness o 7 wie | ws | 3/16 | 1/4 mine » where size ‘Nom. | Min. Max. Allow. Pressure Psig. Ae STD, [0.203] 0.178] 3,237] 1419] 639 P= The max. allowable working pressure, psig. : ay |XSTG. | 0.2764 0.242 | 3,085) 2,246] 1.437 | 657 7,100 psig. the stress value of the most commonly used materials for pip 4 |scre160| 0.375] 0.328] 4293] 3.409 | 2580 11,738 | 947 (9530, A106) tempers = 200 60° Fr higher tempers ots aocsta| 0ss2| 0483 | 66371 3664] 4708 [3.829 |2,962 at the end of the tables, 7 “ 0 joint ficiency of seamless pipe stp. | 0.216 1,930] 1,272] 633] 13 D= Inside diameter of pipe, in. 3 PEST. | 0.300] 0.263 2,793} 2,053] 1,391) 750 | 126 {inimum pipe wall thickness, in. (.875 times the nominal thickness). SCH.160| 0.438) 0.383} 4,100 | 3,378 | 2,679 | 1,999 | 1,339 XX-STG.| 0.600} 0.525 | 5,874 | 5,052 | 4,301 | 3,572 } 2,867 Nom. | Desig- Pipe wall Corrosion allowance in. STD. 0.226] 0.198] 1,762] 1,190] 632] 88 Pipe | nation thickness go _ jane | we [ae [4 3% |x-sta. | 0.318] 0.278] 2,515] 1,925] 1,348 | 787 | 240 8 ee | xx-s7G/ 0.636] 0.557| 5.359] 4,691 | 4.042 [3,410 |2,208 xstc. | ois | 0129 | $987 |2'ee8 | 163 STD. | 0.237] 0.208] 1,640} 1,134) «39 156 2 )sesieo| ais7 | o16s | 7.912 | 4'575 | 1,649 X-STG. | 0.337) 0.295] 2,365] 1,842] 1,331 | 832] 319 xx876.|_ 0294 | 0.257 _|13.854 Loria {6.146 [3,030] 287] | 4. |scei.120] 0.438] 0.383 | 3,122] 2,582 2,054 | 1,539 | 1,035 STD. 0.113 0.099 | 3,487 | 1,222 ) SCH.160] 0.531] 0.465 | 3,852] 3,294 | 2,749 | 2,218 | 1,698 XSTG, | 0.154 | 0.135 | 4,900 | 2,498 | 328 XX-STG| 0.674} 0.590 | 5,009 | 4,423 | 3,852 | 3,294 | 2,749 3/4 | SCH.160 | 0.218 0.191 | 7,280 | 4,638 | 2,263 | 114 STD. 0.258] 0.226| 1,435] 1,028] 629) 237 XXSTG.| 0.308. 0.270 | 11,071 | 8,026 | 5,308 |2,867| 661 x-sTG. | 0.375) 0.328 2115 1,696} 1,284} si 484 See learon eee dlseaeee ss |scx.120| 0.500] 0.438 | 2.872| 2,439] 2,014 | 1,597 | 1,187 1 | scxt.160} 0.250 | o219 | 6370 | 4498 |2,592 | 834 SCH.160| 0.625 0.547 | 3,649] 3,201 | 2,761 | 2,330 | 1,907 xxste.] 0358_| 0313 {10,054 | s.462_[5.519 [3,532 1,703] | XX-STG| 0.750] 0.656 | 4,452 | 3.988 | 3.534 |3,088 | 2,650 ‘STD. 0.140 0.123 | 2,692 [1,283 | STD. 0,280] 0.245 | 1,303) 963| 628] 298 xst. | 0191 } or | 3741 |2266 | 382 X-STG. | 0.432] 0.378 | 2,044) 1,692) 1,346 | 1,005 | 670 1-1/4 | SCH.160 | 0.250 | 0219 | 5043 | 3,487 /2,028 | 658 6 |SCH.120} 0.562| 0.492] 2,699} 2,338] 1,981 | 1,631 | 1,285 xxs7G.| 0382_| 0334 | 8201 | 6.435_| 4,788 [3,246 |1,803 ScH.160) 07181 0628 | 3-507] 3,132 | 2764 | 2400 [2.044 are esac orci ace toed ena XX-STG, 0.864] 0.756] 4,204 | 3,906 | 3,526 | 3,150 | 2,781 112 | SCH.160} 0281 } 0.246 | 4,939 | 3,578. | 2,294 |1,079 SCH.20 [0.250] 0.219[” 885] 629] 375 | 128 xx-sTG.| 0.400 | 0.350 | 7388 | 5;886 | ars [3139 (1.978 scH30 | 0277] 0.242/ 981] 722) 468) 216 STD. | 0154 [0.135 | 2.036 | 1,069 | 143 stD. | 0.322/ 0.282] 1,147] 888] 631) 377] 126 xsta, | 0218 | oa | 2938 |1933 | 971 | 50 8 |scrtco | 0.406] 0.355) 1,454) 1191] 931 | 673] 419 2 | scx.i60 | 0.343 | 0.300 | 4305 | 3,716 | 2,676 |1,683}. 731 x-sTG. | 0500] 0.438| 1,809] 1,542] 1,277] 1,016 | 758 ST JOSS OE G12 | Sel 22a See SCH.100| 0.593] 0.519] 2,161] 1,890| 1,621 | 1,355 | 1,093, SCH.120| 0.718] 0.628 | 2,643| 2,365 | 2,091 | 1,820 | 1,552145 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cont) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cont) i Nom] pasig. |. Pipe wall Corrosion allowance in, | Nom) esige Pipe wall Corrosion allowance in. pipe | nation [thickness [0 Tite {ws [se [ We} | pipe} sn thickness [0 [1/i6| ws | 3/6] 1/4 size Nom. | Min: Max. Allow Pressure Psig, | size ‘Nom.[ Min.|~_Max. Allow Pressure Psig. SCH.140] 0.812] 0.711 | 3,017 | 2,736 | 2,456 ]2,180] 1,909 14 |SCH.160 1.406] 1.230]3,250]3,055] 2,880 | 2,707] 2,535 8 |ScH.160] 0.906) 0.793| 3,393 | 3,106 | 2,822 |2,543 | 2,266 | ISCH.10 0.250[ 0.219] 473] 336, 189/64 XX-STG| 0.875] 0.766| 3,269 | 2,983 | 2,701 |2,423'| 2,148 } ISCH.20 0.312] 0.273) 590| 453) 318 183 49 SCH.20 | 0.250] 0.219) 707] 502] 300 | 102 | ISCH.30.STD. |0.375] 0.328} 712 574] 437] 302/166 SCH.30 | 0.307] 0.269! 873] 666 462 | 259 57 i ISCH.40X-STG. | 0.500] 0.438) 956) 817; 679} 541) 404 STD. 0.365] 0. 319) 1,038} 831 025 | 421 220 { 16 |SCH.60 0.656 | 0.574) 1,263] 1,121! 981 841| 703 X-STG, 0.500} 0.438} 1,439 | 1,228 | 1,019 | 811 606 |SCH.80 0.843 | 0.738] 1,637]1,493] 1,350 | 1,209| 1,068 10 |SCH.80 | 0.593) 0.519] 1,716 | 1,502 | 1,290 |1,080) 873 : |SCH.100 1,031 | 0.902|2,018] 1.873] 1,727 | 1,583] 1,439 SCH.100] 0.718} 0.628] 2,095 | 1,877 | 1,662 |1,447| 1,236 ISCH.120 1,218] 1.066|2,406|2,257} 2,110 | 1,963! 1,818 SCH.120| 0.843] 0.738) 2,484 | 2,261 | 2,248 |1,825 | 1,610 ISCH.140 1.438 | 1.258|2,869]2,717] 2,566 | 2,416] 2,268 | SCH.140] 1.000] 0.875} 2,976 | 2,750 | 2,526 {2,264 | 2,085 ISCH.160 1,593| 1.394]3,202|3,048] 2,895 | 2,743 | 2,593 } SCH.160| 1.125) 0.984| 3,377 | 3,146 | 2,918 |2,692 | 2,469 ISCH.10 0,250] 0.219] 419) 298) 178 61 SCH.20 | 0.250] 0.219] 595] 422 253 86, SCH.20 0.312} 0.273] 524] 403) 282} 163 43 SCH.30 | 0.330} 0.289| 788] 615 443 | 273 103 i STD. 0.375| 0.328) 631] 509) 388| 267) 148 STD. 0.375] 0.328} 897) 723 550 | 379} 209 [SCH.30 0.438] 0.383) 739] 616) 494] 373) 253 scH.40 | 0.406] 0.355] 973| 799} 625 | 453] 282 Ix-STG. 0.500| 0.438] 848} 725| 603] 481| 359 X-TG. | 0.500] 0.438] 1,207 1,030} 856 | 681] 554 18 |scH.40 0.562| 0.492} 955} 831} 707| 585| 463 12 }scH.60 | 0.562| 0.492| 1,361 | 1,183 | 1,006 | 832] 658] ISCH.60 0.750| 0.656|1,287|1,157| 1,032] 908] 785 SCH.80 | 0.687] 0.601] 1,674 | 1,494 | 1,315 [1,137] 962 ISCH.80 0.937] 0.820|1,616| 1,488] 1,362 | 1,235] 1,110 SCH.100} 0.843} 0.738] 2,074 | 1,891 | 1,710 |1,528 | 1,349 4 [SCH.100 1.156} 1,012|2,013) 1,883] 1,754 | 1,625] 1,497 SCH.120] 1.000] 0.875| 2,482 | 2,295 | 2,110 ]1,926 | 1,744 ISCH.120 1.375] 1.203]2,414|2,282| 2,151 | 2,020] 1,890 SCH.140] 1.125] 0.984] 2,812 | 2,623 | 2,435 [2,248] 2,063 |SCH.140 1,562 | 1.367}2,764| 2,631) 2,496 | 2,364] 2,232 SCH.160| 1.312] 1.148} 3,317 | 3,123 | 2,932 [2,740 | 2,552 ISCH.160 1.781 | 1.558}3,179]3,042) 2,907 | 2,772| 2,637 SCH.10 | 0.250] 0.219] 541] 385] 230 | 78 ‘ ISCH.10 0.250] 0.219] 377) 263] 160[ 54 SCH.20 | 0.312] 0.273| 677] 519 363 | 209 55 |SCH.20 STD. | 0.375} 0.328] 567] 458] 348] 240) 133 sTD. 0.375} 0.328} 816) 657 S01 345 190 |SCH.30 X-STG 0.500| 0.438) 761! 650) 541) 432) 323 SCH.40 | 0.438] 0.383) 956] 796 639 | 482| 327 |SCH.40 0.593 | 0.519} 906) 794) 684) 573) 463 14 X-STG, 0.500 0438] 1,096 | 937 774} 620) 463 20 |SCH.60 0,812} 0.711/1,250) 1,137} 1,026 | 914) 802| SCH.60 | 0.593 0.519) 1,306 | 1,144 983 | 825| 666 ISCH.80 1,031 | 0.902) 1,599] 1,485] 1,370 | 1,257) 1,144 SCH.80 | 0.750] 0.656) 1,664 | 1,500 | 1,337 }1,175| 1,014 ISCH.100 1.281 | 1.121]2,006|1,888] 1,772 | 1,657) 1,542 SCH.100| 0.937] 0.820] 2,101 | 1,933 | 1,767 |1,602| 1,438 ‘ ISCH.120 1.500] 1.313}2,368]2,250] 2,131 | 2,014] 1,898 SCH.120] 1.093} 0.956) 2,469 | 2,299 | 2,130 |1,963 | 1,796 |SCH.140 1.750} 1.531]2,788)2,667| 2,546 | 2,427] 2,308 SCH.140| 1.250] 1.094] 2,850 | 2,676 | 2,505 {2,334} 2,166 ISCH.160 1.968 | 1.722]3,162}3,039| 2,916 | 2,795 | 2,674NOTE: IF THE _RESS VALUE OF PIPE LESS THAN 17100 PSIG. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PR” SURE (cont) | DOE TORRE TE oe ee roo PSIG. 0.688| 0.602] 956] 855] 753} 653] 554 0.750| 0.656/1,044| 942| 841 | 739) 639 { Irom] ; Pipe wall aaa | ALLOWABLE PRESSURE GIVEN IN THE TABLES BY THE, ripe | PSS | thickness [0] V6] 178 | 3/16] 114 | ECTORS EUTEIS TABLE: size Nom.[ Min.| Max. Allow. Pressure Psig \ TEMPERATURE NOT EXCEEDING DEGREE 0.250] 0.219] 343] 243] 145 [50 (650_{700_|750_[800_|850_[ 900_[950_[ 7,000] 0.342) 0.273) 428) 329| 230] 132] 35 ‘AS3B | stress_|17,100[15,600] 13,000 10,804 8,700 | 5,900] - | — 0.375] 0328] S15] 416) 316) 218) 120| | Tajo6m]_“pag® |17.100]15,600] 13,00 10,804 8,700 3,900 | 000 [3.500 0.437| 0.382] 601] soi] 402| 304] 155 2 0.500] o438t sso} ssi) 491} 392 294 Factor___|1.000 [0.9123 [0.7602] v.36) 0.4971 0.3450 0.2339] 0.146 0.562| 0.492] 776] 677] 577| 477| 378 0.625| 0.547| 867] 766] 665| 365| 466 Example: j ‘The Maximum Allowance Pressure for 6” x Stg. Pipe With Corrosion) ISCH.10 0.250) 0.219) 313) 2231 133 45 Allowance of 1/8” From Table = 1,346 psi. — at Temperature 800 °F Iscz20 stp. |0.375] 0.328] 471) 380} 290] 200] 110 ‘The Max, Allow. Press. 1,346 * 0.6316 = 850 psig, \X-STG, 0.500 | 0.438} 632) 541} 450| 359) 269 ISCH.30 0.562) 0.492) 712| 620) 528] 437) 346) |_| Evample to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values: ‘SCH.40 0.687| 0.601} 873) 780) 688; $97] S05 i 24 [SCH6O 0.968 | 0.847(1,241/1,146] 1,053 | 959] 861) | ‘The Max. Allow. Press. 1,346 Psig. From Tables \SCH.80 1.218} 1.066|1,574) 1,478} 1,383 | 1,289] 1,194 ‘The Stress Value 13,000 psi. 100 ISCH.100 1,531 | 1.340}1,998] 1,900) 1,803 | 1,707] 1,610 For This Pipe The Max. Allow. Pressure +" 55 *1,346= 1,023 psi. |SCH.120 1.812) 1.586)2,386|2,286| 2,187 | 2,089/ 1,991 i * ISCH.140 2.062 | 1.804|2,734|2,634] 2,534 | 2,433] 2,334) | ‘SCH.160 2.343 | 2.050|3,135/3,032| 2,930 | 2,829| 2,728 { 0.250] 0.219] 289) 206) 723) 42! 0.312} 0.273] 361 278) 194) 11} 29) | 0.375| 0.328 435| 351{ 267] 184] 102] 0.437] 0.382] 508] 424] 339] 256) 173 26 0.500} 0.438} 583) 499]. 414] 331] 248) | 0.562} 0.492) 656} 572} 487! 403) 320 0.625] 0.547} 730] 646] $62) 477] 393 0.688 | 0.602} 805] 721] 636] 551] 467) | 0.750] 0.656| 880] 794] 709) 624) 540 0.312] 0.273/ 313] 240] 168] 96] 26 30 9.375} 0.328] 376{ 304{ 232| 160] 88 0.500} 0.438} 505] 432] 359| 287] 2148 : 49 REQUIRED WALL THICKNESS FOR PIPES See ee UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE 7 ee IpiaM! —50-[ 100 | 150[ 200 | 250 | 300 350] 400] 450] 500 T [0.003] 0.003} 0.005} 0.006} 0.008] 0.009] 0.01 6.012) 0.014) 0.013 Fhe required yal theres for ips, tabulated onthe falling page, hasbeen 2 | 0.003] 0.006] 0.008} o.012| 0.015) 0.018] 0.021] o.024} 0.027) 0.030 computed with the folowing formula: 3. | 0.008 | 0.009] 0.014] o.018| 0.022| 0.027) 0.031] 0.037) 0.040} 0.045 4 |0.006| 0.012] 0.018| 0.024] 0.030) 0.036| 0.042) 0.048] 0.054) 0.060] t ee where 5 | 0.008 | 0.015] 0.022] 0.030] 0.037] 0.045] 0.052] 0.060) 0.067| 0.075} the required minimum wall thicknes of pipe in 6. | 0.009] 0.018} 0.027] 0.036| 0.045] 0.04] 0.063] 0.072| 0.081] 0.090 P= internal pressure, sig. 7 {0.011 | 0.021] 0.031| 0.042] 0.052] 0.062] 0.073} 0.083] 0.094] 0.105 17,100 pig the stess value ofthe most commonly used materials for pipe || 8 o012} 0.024) 0.036| 0.087] 0.059 o.071| 0.083] 0.095 0.107) 0.119 De otic crenie ee 1 | 9 {0.013} 0.027] 0.040] 0.053} 0.065] 0.080} 0.094] 0.107} 0.121] 0.134 R= inside radius of the pipe, in. j 10 | 0.015) 0.030) 0.044! 0.959| 0.074] 0.089] 0.104] 0.112] 0.134) 0.149] For the inside diameter of the pipe round figures are shown, With interpolation i 11 | 0.016] 0.033 | 0.049] 0.065} 0.081] 0.098| 0.114} 0.131] 0.147| 0.164 the required thickness canbe determined with satisfactory accuracy. || 12. |o.018] 0.036] 0.033} 0.071| 0.089] 0.107) 0.125] 0.143] 0.161) 0.175] eee eer ete oe | | |as| ans ase] 047} aos one) 013] 059) 0174 0154 |] 14 Jo.o21} 0.041} 0.082} 0.083} 0.104] 0.124] 0.145} 0.166] 0.183] 0.209] Fe eee eee ee ere eee [| 1s [oa oot} coss} cose] oats} 0133 0136 0:17] 020] 0224 varius piping codes shal be applied. | | | 16. [0.026] 0.047| 0.071] 0.095) 0.118] 0.142] 0.166] 0.190] 0.214) 0.238 Seesting pp the 125% lenin wal hiss hal be ken ta soni | | 47 [0.025] 0.050] 0.075| 0.100] 0.126] 0.131] 0.176| 0-202) 0.228 0.283 Ce ee a ee |] 18 0.027] 0.53 0.080) 0.106) 0.133} 0.160| 0.187] 0214) 0.241] 0.268 1 | 19 J0.028} 0.056) «.084) 0.112] 0.140] 0.169] 0.197] 0.226} 0.254] 0.283 || 20 |0.030} 0.059) 0.089) 0.118] 0.148] 0.178| 0.208] 0.238) 0.263] 0.298 21 | 0.031 0.062 0.093} 0.124] 0.155] 0.187] 0.218| 0.249] 0.281] 0.313 22. |0.033) 0.065| 0.097] 0.130] 0.163} 0.193| 0.228| 0.261 0.294) 0.328| 23. | 0.034] 0.068] 0.102] 0.136] 0.170) 0.204) 0.239] 0.273] 0.308] 0.343 24 |0.035} 0.071] 0,206 0.142| 0.177 0.213] 0.249] 0.285] 0.321} 0.357] 25 |0.037| 0.074] 0.111] 0,143] 0.185] 0.222] 0.259] 0.297) 0.335} 0.373 26 | 0.038] 0077] 0.115} 0.153] 0.192] 0.231| 0.270) 0.308} 0.348| 0.387 27, | 0.040] 0.080} 0.119} 0.159] 0.199] 0.240| 0.280) 0.321} 0.361] 0.402] 28 | 0.041 | 0.083] 0.124] 0.165] 0.207] 0.249| 0.290) 0.332) 0.375) 0.417 29 | 0.043] 0.085 0.128] 0.171| 0.214) 0.257] 0.301] 0.344] 0.388] 0.432] 30 | 0.044] 0.088] 0.133] 0.177] 0.222] 0,266] 0.311] 0.356] 0.401) 0.447]150 - 151 REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) 1s, PRESSURE PSIG. 1S. PRESSURE PSIG. Diam| 550 | 600 | 650 | 700 | 750 | 800 | 50] 900 | 950 | 1,000] [DIAM] 1,160] 1,200] 1,300] 1,400] 1,500] 1,600] 1,700] 1,800] 1,900] 2,000 1 [0.017] 0.018| 0.020] 0.021] 0.023] 0.024) 0.026) 0.028} 0.0291 0.031 1 [0.034] 0.037| 0.040] 0.043] 0.047| 0.050} 0.053] 0.057] 0.060] 0.063] -2-| 0.033] 0.036 | 0.039] 0.042| 0.045] 0.048] 0.052| 0.055) 0.058| 0.061 2. [0.067] 0.074 0.078} 0.086] 0.093) 0.099] 0.106) 0.113] 0.119} 0.126| 3. | 0.050} 0.054| 0.059} 0.063] 0.068] 0.073] 0.077] 0.082) 0.087] 0.091 3 | 0.101} 0.1104 0.120| 0.130] 0.139] 0.149) 0.159] 0.169] 0.179} 0.189] 4. | 0.066) 0.072} 0.078| 0.084] 0.090] 0.097] 0.103] 0.109) 0.113] 0.122 4. | 0.139] 0.147| 0.160] 0.173} 0.183) 0.199] 0.212] 0.225] 0.238) 0.252 3 | 0.082} 0.090| 0.098} 0.105] 0.113] 0.121] 0.128] 0.136] 0.144] 0.152 5 | 0.168] 0.184] 0.199] 0.216] 0.232| 0.248| 0.265} 0.281] 0298] 0.315 6 | 0.099] 0.108] 0.117} 0.126| 0.135] 0.145] 0.154} 0.163) 0.173] 0.182] 6 |0.201| 0.220] 0.239] 0.259] 0.278| 0.298| 0.318] 0.337] 0.357] 0.378 7 | 0.115} 0.126} 0.136] 0.147| 0.158] 0.169] 0.180) 0.191 0.201} 0.212| 7 |0.235| 0.257] 0.279] 0.301] 0.324] 0.347] 0,370| 0.394] 0.417] 0.441 8 | 0.132| 0.144] 0.156] 0.168] 0.181| 0.193] 0.205) 0.218) 0.230) 0.243) 8 | 0.268] 0.293| 0.319} 0.345] 0.371) 0.397] 0.423| 0.450] 0.477] 0.503} 9 | 0.148} 0.162} 0.175} 0.189] 0.203] 0217] 0231] 0.245] 0.259] 0273) | 9 | 0.301} 0.330] 0.359] 0.388] 0.417] 0.446) 0.476] 0.506] 0.536] 0.566 10 | 0.164) 0.180} 0.195] 0.210] 0.226) 0.241) 0.257] 0.272| 0.288] 0303] | | 10 | 0.335] 0.367| 0.399) 0.431} 0.463] 0.496] 0.528] 0.562] 0.596] 0.629) AL 10.181 | 0.197] 0.214} 0.231] 0.248} 0.265) 0.282] 0.299] 0.316] 0.334) | 11 | 0.368/ 0.403) 0.438] 0.474) 0.510] 0.546] 0.582) 0.618| 0.665] 0.692) 12 | 0.197] 0.215) 0.234} 0.252} 0.271 | 0.289) 0.301] 0.326] 0.345] 0.364) | 12 | 0.402] 0,440] 0.478| 0.517] 0.556] 0.595| 0.635) 0.675| 0.715] 0.755] 13, [0.214 0.233] 0.253) 0.273] 0.293) 0.3131 0.333| 0.354] 0.374] 0.394, | | 13. | 0.435] 0.477] 0.518| 0.560| 0.602| 0.645] 0.688| 0.731] 0.774] 0.818) 14 }0.230| 0.251 | 0273] 0.294] 0.316] 0.337] 0359] 0381) 0.403\ 0425 | | 14 | 0.469] 0.513] 0.558) 0.603] 0.648] 0.694 0.740] 0.787] 0.834) 0.88 15 | 0.246 | 0.269 | 0.292) 0.315} 0.338} 0.361) 0.385) 0.408 *0.431) 0.455) 15 | 0.502 0.550} 0.598] 0.646] 0.695} 0.744] 0.793] 0.843] 0.893] 0.944) 16 | 0.263} 0.287] 0.312} 0.336] 0.361] 0.385] 0.401) 0.435] 0.460) 0.485] || 16 | 0.536] 0.586] 0.638] 0.689] 0.741] 0.793) 0.846! 0.899] 0.953] 1.007] 17 |0.279| 0.305) 0.331] 0.357| 0.383] 0.409] 0.436] 0.462] 0.489] 0.5161 | | 17 | 0.569] 0.623] 0.677| 0.732] 0.787] 0.843] 0.899] 0.955) 1.012) 1.0701 18 |0.296) 0.323] 0.350] 0.378) 0.406| 0.434] 0.461| 0.489) 0.518] 0.546] | | 18 | 0,603] 0.660] 0.717] 0.775] 0.834] 0.893] 0.952] 1.012) 1.072) 1.132 19 [0.312| 0.341 | 0.370] 0.399) o.428| 0.458] 0.487] 0.517| 0.546] 0.576 | | 19 | 0.636] 0.696] 0.757] 0.818| 0.880) 0.942] 1.005} 1.068) 1.131] 1.195 20 | 0.328) 0.359} 0.389) 0.420) 0.451) 0.482/ 0.513) 0.544) 0.575] 0.606, | | 20. | 0,669] 0.733] 0.797 0.861] 0.926] 0.992] 1.058] 1.137] 1.191] 1.258} 21. |0.345| 0,377) 0.409} 0.441] 0.473] 0.506] 0.538] 0.571} 0.604] 0.637] | 21. | 0.703) 0.770} 0.837| 0.904 0.973] 1.041] 1.110] 1.180) 1.250] 1.321 22 | 0.361] 0.395 | 0.428] 0.462] 0.496] 0.530] 0.564) 0.598) 0.633] 0.667, 22 | 0.736] 0.806 | 0.877} 0.947] 1.019) 1.091! 1.163] 1.236] 1.310) 1.384] 23. | 0.378] 0.413 | 0.448| 0.483| 0.518] 0.554] 0.590] 0.625] 0.661] 0.697, | 23 | 0-770] 0.843] 0.916| 0.991] 1.065] 1.140] 1.216| 1.292) 1.360) 1.447] 24 10.394) 0.430 | 0.467 | 0.504} 0.541] 0.578} 0.615} 0.653) 0.690) 0.728] 24 | 0.803 | 0.879] 0.956] 1.034] 1.111] 1.190] 1.269] 1.349] 1.429] 1.510) 25 |0.410] 0.448] 0.487} 0.525} 0.564] 0.602| 0.641} 0.680) 0.719} 0.753 25 |0.837| 0.916}.0.996| 1.077] 1.158| 1.240] 1.322] 1.405] 1.488) 1.573 26 | 0.427| 0.460| 0.506| 0.546] 0.586) 0.626] 0.666] 0.707| 0.747) 0.788 26 |0870| 0.983] 1.036| 1.120] 1.204] 1.289] 1.375} 1.461] 1.548] 1.636 27 |0.443| 0.484] 0.525] 0.567| 0.608) 0.650] 0.692] 0.734] 0.776} 0.819] 21 } 0904} 0.989 1.076| 1.163] 1.250| 1.339] 1.428) 1.517] 1.607] 1.698] 28 | 0.460] 0.502| 0.545| 0.588] 0.631] 0.674] 0.718] 0.761| 0.805) 0.849 28 | 0.937] 1.026] 1.116] 1.206) 1.297| 1.388] 1.480] 1.573) 1.667) 1.761 29 | 0.476] 0.520] 0.564] 0,609] 0.654} 0.698] 0.743] 0.788] 0.834] 0.879 29. |0.971| 1.063] 1.155] 1.249] 1.343] 1.438) 1.533} 1.630 1.727] 1.824 30__|0.492| 0.538] 0.584 | 0.630] 0.676] 0.722| 0.769] 0.816] 0.862] 0.909) 30_| 1.004| 1.099| 1.195] 1.292| 1.389] 1.487] 1.586] 1.686| 1.786] 1.887}182 153 REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) IS PRESSURE PSIG. ipiam! 2,100] 2,200] 2,300] 2,400] 2,500] 2,600} 2,700] 2,800] 2,900] 3,000] 1 [0.067] 0.070} 0.074] 0.077| 0.080] 0.084] 0.088| 0.091) 0.095| 0.098} 2+ |0.133| 0.140] 0.147| 0.154] 0.161] 0.168] 0.175] 0.182] 0.189] 0.196 3. }0.199| 0.209 | 0.220| 0.230] 0.241| 0.251] 0.262| 0.273] 0.284] 0.294 4 | 0.266| 0.279] 0.293| 0.307] 0.321) 0.335] 0.349] 0.364} 0.378 0.393 5 | 0.332] 0.349 | 0,366] 0.383) 0.401] 0.419] 0.436] 0.454] 0.472] 0.491] 6 }0.398| 0.419] 0.439] 0.460] 0.481| 0.502] 0.524] 0.543] 0.567] 0.589] 7 | 0.468| 0.488] 0.512| 0.537] 0.561] 0.586 0.611/ 0.636] 0.661) 0.687 8 | 0.531] 0.558| 0.586] 0.613] 0.641] 0.670] 0.700] 0,727) 0.756) 0.785 9 | 0.597 | 0.628} 0.659] 0.690] 0.722| 0.753] 0.785| 0.818| 0.850] 0.883) 10 [0.663] 0.697/ 0.732| 0.767| 0.802) 0.834] 0.872| 0.908] 0.944) 0.981| | 11 |0.730| 0.767] 0.805} ¢.843| 0.882] 0.921] 0.960) 0.999) 1.039] 1.075] 12 | 0,796] 0.837] 0.878 0.920| 0.9624 1.004] 1.047] 1.090} 1.133] 1.17] 13 |0,862) 0.907}0.951| 0.997) 1.042] 1.088} 1.134| 1.181] 1.228} 1.275} 14 |0.928| 0.976) 1.025] 1.073) 1.112] 1.172] 1.221] 1.271} 1.322) 1373 15. | 0,995] 1.046] 1.098] 1.145] 1.202} 1.255] 1.308| 1.362) 1.416] 1.474 16 | 1.061 1.116] 1.171] 1.226] 1.282] 1.339] 1.396] 1.453) 1.511] 1.569 17} 1.127] 1.185} 1.244] 1.303] 1.363] 1.421] 1.483) 1.544) 1.605] 1.667 1s |1.194] 1.255] 1.317] 1.380| 1.443] 1.506] 1.570] 1.635] 1.700] 1.765} 19 | 1.260] 1.325) 1.390] 1.456] 1.523] 1.590] 1.657| 1.725] 1.794] 1.863 20 | 1.326] 1.395] 1.463] 1.533] 1.603] 1.673] 1.745] 1.816] 1.888) 1.961 21 | 1.392| 1.464] 1.537] 1.610] 1.683] 1.757] 1.832| 1.907] 1.983) 2.059) 22 |1.459] 1.534] 1.610| 1.686] 1.763] 1.841] 1.919) 1.998] 2.077] 2.157] | 23 {1.525} 1.604\ 1.683] 1.763] 1.843} 1924] 2.006| 2.089] 2.172] 2.253] | 24 | 1.591] 1.673] 1.756} 1.839 1.923] 2.008] 2.093] 2.179] 2.266] 2.353] | 25 | 1.658] 1.743] 1.829] 1.916] 2.004) 2.092| 2.181] 2.270] 2.360] 2.451 26 | 1.724] 1.813] 1.902| 1.994} 2.084] 2.175] 2.268| 2.361] 2.455| 2.549) | 27 | 1.790] 1.883) 1.976| 2.069] 2.164] 2.259] 2.355] 2.452] 2.549| 2.647) | 28 | 1.856] 1.952| 2.049] 2.146| 2.244] 2.343] 2.442] 2.543] 2.644] 2,745] | 29 | 1.924] 2.022| 2.122] 2.223] 2.324] 2.426] 2.529] 2.633] 2.738] 2.843] | 30_| 1.989] 2.092 | 2.195] 2.299] 2.404] 2.510] 2.617| 2.724] 2.832) 2.942 NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS Piping by the adjoining nozzles exer local stressin the vessel. The method, below, to determine thenozzle loads is basedin parton the Bulletin 107 of Welding Research Counciland represents simplification oft. The vessels are not intended to serve as anchor points for the piping. To avoid excessive loading inthe vessel, the piping shall be adequately supported. ‘External Forces & Moments To calculate the maximum force and moment, fist evaluate Band 7, Then determine a, Z, and d from Figures 1, 2 and 3, forthe specified land 7, substitute into the equations below, and calculate Fran, Mow and Mune p=318 () ne Determine a Fandom Figure 28nd CaeuntePresure Stes (0 = ED) 2 fl fe 65-0) Myc fate E Mea So) Plotthe value of Fagras Far and the smaller of Myqwand Mazar a5 Mn The allowable nozele loads are bounded by the area of Fas 0, Mu EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and Moment 500 psi @ 460° 20,000 psi -@) From Figure l,i 440 _FromPigure2, £1070 _From Figure3, 4~ 340154 NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS. IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued) Calculate Pressure Stress He Ty Msn 28) Use @= 14;850 in the equations for calculating Frer and Mun, Catenlte Allowable Forces and Moments = 6,-)=GISP (31 500-14,850)=33,2141b, 14,850 psi <5, 0,000 psi. £31,500), 620,984 in.-Ib. 7.5PU5), FD X31,500~ 14,850) 032,973 incl Plot forthe value of Far as Fup and the smaller of Macy and Muse as Mua The allowable noz2e loads are bounded by the atea of Far, 0. Man ‘Therefore, a nozzle reaction of F'= 20,000 Ibs. and ‘M= 100,600 in. Ibs. would be allowable (point 4) but anozzle reaction of F= 5,000 ibs. and M= £620,000" in. Ibs. would not be allowable (point 5). ‘Note: Use absolute values in the graph. NOTATION: P= Design Pressure, pounds persq.in. = Dimensionless Numbers 4 = Dimensionless Numbers Mean Radius of Shel, inches Fur Maximuin Resultant Ras Force, = Shell Thickness, inches S, = Yield Strength of Material at Design ‘Temperature, pounds per square inch @ ~ Suess DuctoDesignPressure, pounds per square inch += Stress Value of Shell Material, pounds per square inch, B= Dimensioniess Numbers = Dimensionless Numbers @_ ~ Dimensionless Numbers REFERENCES: Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K. R. ‘Wichman, A. G. Hopper and J. L. Mershon — Welding Research Council. Bulletin 107/August 1965 — Revised Printing — December 1968. ‘Standards for Closed Feedwater Heaters, Heat Exchange Institute Inc., 1969. pounds Mrcw~ Maxirpum Resultant Circumferential Momentm, ineh-pounds* ‘Muar Maximum Resultant Longitudinal Mo‘ rent, inch-pounds* Fyp = Maximum Resultant Foree, pounds* Fue = Maximum Resultant Moment, inch: pounds Use anslue values, 8 8 waned re errr | Ben ne eed NOZZL¥. LOADS 155157 NOZZLE LOADS Fig.3 NOZZLE LOADS Fig2 156158 159 NOTES REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE At the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with reinforcement to be compensated. DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle @ <30 deg.) 1. Determine P/S, E; and read the value of 4 from tables A and B, 2. Determine factor y, For reinforcing ring on shell, y = S, Es For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S:E: TABLE A- VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END] ‘PIS, Ei{ 0.001 {_0.002 | 0,003 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.009% ‘Avdeg| 11 [| 15 | is | 21 | 23 | 25 { 27 | 285] 30 "TABLE B- VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END. (Pi, Ei 0.002 [ 0.005 | 0.010 [0.020 | 0.040 | 0.080 | 0.100 | 0.135%] A, de; 4-61 9 [is tins | 2m | 27 | 30 A= 30 deg, for greater value of PS, Ey ‘When the value of A is less than a, reinforcement shall be provided. 3. Determine factor & = y/S, E, (Use minimum 1.0 for k in formula). 4, Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page). NOTATION E~ with subscripts, cor rmodulus of _Re=inside radius of large cylinder at large elasticity of shell, cone orreinforcing ‘end of cone, in. ring material respectively, psi ‘Revinside radius of small cylinder at small See chars beginning on page 43 for end of cone, in, ‘modulus of elasticity. Se with subscripts, corrallowable stress E= with subscripts lor 2 efficiency of of shel, cone or reinforcing material, ‘Welded joins in shel or cone si, respectively. = minimum required thickness of eylin- For compression £=1.0 for butt dec atthe junction, in welds. ‘= actual thickness of eylinder at the june ‘fim axial Joad at large end due 10 wind, tio, in dead load, etc. excluding pressure, 4-= minimum required thickness of cone Win atthe junction, in, ‘f= axial load at small end due to wind, j= ctualthickness ofconeat the junction, ‘dead load, etc, excluding pressure, in, ‘orin, ‘a= half apex angle of cone or conical sec- P= Design pressure, psi tion, deg. Qralgebraic sum of PR:/2 and fi In, angle from table A or B, deg. Qe algebraic sum of PR/? and fy Ibn. factor: S, Eso Se Ee160 REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT THE SUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER Te FOROS TED cos ‘ x es x angle of cone. ne ‘TTHE LARGE END. ean 30S Fats modclus of clastic, psi ‘ar | Required area of reinforcement, 4 sq. in, when tension govems eens ta GB (1-8) ma EE, = 1.0, joint efficiency in shell and cone 0,58, joint efficieney in reinforcing ring 800 ibn, axial load at large end 4 = 952 Ibvin, axial load at small end 0.25 x VR JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END Required area of reinforcement 4 sq. in. when tension governs (See notes) oe, 4-1 (Sma = (/1) 608 (a—A) (t-—t) VR + (te/t) X08 (aA) (ltr) VRiiTe0s @ “The distance from the junction within wi er i nich the centroid of the reinforcement shall Vie ‘The distance from the junction within whic 5 The tance rom te untn win whieh he enti of i einfrceent sall 025 VR SS Zor PRI2 respectively, the desi SNe net Os anus sakus one mono Cee es tava meaty mE CRT tabeeeaeatpwmn eta reaver aetna ageing Pemba cree 1 4 So ps. internal design pressure _ Tee | Ateaofexcess metal for reinforcement, sq in z radius oe cginder Aa (tet) VRibs+ (tet) VR Te0s @ 7 Ss. . The dist netion with ae = 0429 in, et a ee ty 2056p ins roguited min. thickness for small eylinder {= 0.500 in, actual thickness of cone. 2 vi ta 14375 in., actual thickness of large cylinder Ng {, = 0.375 in. actual thickness of small cylinder “The distance fom the junction within whiel . ff So.at in required thickness of cone at small cylinder nG.p | inorecncat hall beatated, in hich the centroid of the fr o.do in, required thickness of cone at large cylinder 5. The required cross-sectional area of compression a) Tsing the same material for shell and cone: <0 eA te PIS.EI= zeae 7 0.0082 from table A. An 186 Since Ais less than a reinforcements is required. Using reinforcement ring on the shell “y= SpE 15,700 30 x 10° 15,700 x 30 x 108/ 17,100 x 30 x 106= 0.92 QL=PRI2f;, Ulin, = S02 100 + 800 = 3,300 Ibn. = FOR A 13,300 x 100 18.6) = dum AOR. Aan 1300x100 (1.186)tan 30% 4.62 sq in. cE, 15,7001 “The are cf excess in shell available for reinforcement: Aes = Cart) Rika (Gots) fe 608 (0.4375 -0,429) x VIOOX0.43TS + (0.5 -0.49) x 100 x 0.57e0s 36° = 0.132 sq. in. ‘Art ~ det = 4.62-~ 0.132 = 4.49 89, in. the required cross sectional area of ‘compression ring ‘Using J in, thick bar, the width of ring: 4.55/1 = 4.55 in. Location of compression ring: ‘Maximum distance from the junctiot viii = VI00x 0.4375 = 6.60 in, Maximum distance of centroid from the junetion = 0.25 vi 4100 x 0.4375 = 1.65 in.162 =4.8° Since A is les than o, reinforcement is required. 15,700 x 30 x 10 0. PR, 2 +n S088 059 = 059 hn ‘The required cross-sectional area of compression ring: 4, GE (1-8) tan = 143,052 8 782(0~448) tan 30° = 792 09 in. The area of excess in shel available for reinforcement: A (talty) €08 (~ A) tarts) Reta (tel ty) X ©05 (Ck~ A) (te fu) Vite Teas (0.375/0.36) x cos(3-4.8) x (0.375 - 0,36) x VB4 X.0373, + (0.5/0.41) cos 0-48)x (0.5-0.41) x V84 x 0.31608 30°= 0.77 sq. in. An Aas=7,92-0.77 = 7.15 sq, in, the required cross sectional area of compres- sion ring. Using 1 thick bar, the required width of the bar: 7.15/1.5* 4.8 in, Location of the compression ring: ‘Maximum distance from the junction: Vf,= V84X 0375 = Maxinum distance of centroid from the junction: 025 Rem VKOSIS 14in 6 in, Insulation ring may be tied as compression ring provided i is continuous and the ends of it are joined together. ee ee " Since the moment of intertia of the ring is not factor, the use of 1 rng is not factor, the use of flat bar roll: casy-way is more economical than the use of structural shapes. nO To climinat the necessity of addional enforcement by wting thick . ' onal reinfrcerent by ui ate fr the eynders atthe junction n some cases may be more advair taf application of compression rings. Naniagous than the 163 REINFORCEMENT | REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER EXAMPLE (continued) UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER | Renfremeot shal be provided atte junction fens © 1. PU, E) = 0.0032; from table B A: D, cylinder, or at the junction sical ‘section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesn’t hhave knuckles and the value of A, obtained rom table E, is less than a. 3 < "TABLE E — VALUES OFA i PSE] 0 Jo.oa2 [0.005 foo [0.02 [0.04 Toos To.10 Adeg]_o | 5 | 7 | 10 | ts | 21 | 29 | 33 PSE [025 [0.15 [020 [O25 [030 [035 dee) 37 | 40 | 47 | 52_| s7_| 60 fa = 60 eg, or greater values of PSE Note: Interpolation may be made for intermediate values. ‘The required moment of intertia and cross-sectional area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring - when the half apex angle «xis equal to of less than 60 degrees — shall be determined HIG. by the following formulas and procedure. 1, Determine Pe, and red the value of fom le 5 Determine ts eguvaleat area of eytindr cone and siteing ring. A, $9 in, Seepage 48 for con- struction of tifening ring) ‘Make ebecrips moe visible Li =3( 8s By ers ry ane y 4 én tee ap? a rRutone ty ROR Fyrrssuee Mam Oh I, ina negative mur, the design hal bein cordance with U2 (2 2, From the aplicable char (pages 4 thr 47 read the value of 4 entering athe value of 3, moving {o bel othe mateialepersie line ahd fom the intersecting point moving wertcaly tthe toto ofthe chart For values ofB filing below the ft end of the materi/emperatr ine for the design tempers: tur, the vale of 4= 206. {fhe vale of Bis filling above the materiaemperatre in forthe design temperature: the cone Deeley configuration shall be changed, andor the sifenng ring relocated, the axial compres- Sion sexe educa, For vals of 5 having rulple values of A such as when B fils on borizonal portion ofthe ‘curve, he smallest vale ofA shall be wed 4. Comps the value of the required moment of inet For the aiening ng oly: Forte ops coe to: 1,- fA 1e= 4D Aa ae oer 108 5 Select he typeof tenn ing and eteine the avalable moment of inertia (sce pape 95) ofthe agony or the sell one or tering shell-cone ztion 1164 16s REINFORCEMENT [REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER [AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER (continued) (continued) IfTor’is ess than J, or’, respectively, select stiffening ring with larg- ‘er moment of inertia: 6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A, , sq. in, (when compression governs) ” ay, = HOR tan 1 2 A. SE a Ja ‘Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: 4, 89 i. ey, = 0.55YDrig(t, +t, [008 a) ‘The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforce- ‘ment shall be situated, in Rite The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the rein- forcement shall be situated, in, 0.25 /Rit, Reinforcing shall be provided at the jungtion of small ‘en.of conical section without flare to cylinder. ‘The required moment of inertia and eros-sectional area of reinforeing (stiffening) ring shall be determined by the following formulas and procedure. 1. Determine the equivalent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, A. 89 jn, L fet A, 2 Late Ars =e 2. Caleulate factor B | <4 ‘where VESSEL. VESSEL wimour. ‘WITH STIFFENING —STIFFENING i e i ING aq RNG | AFR, is emegative number, the design shall be in accor- dante with U-2 (g). 3, From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) read the valu of 4 entering athe value of ‘B, moving to the left to the materiltemperatue line and ‘fom the intersecting point roving vertically to the bottom of the chart For values of 2 falling below the left end ofthe materialRemperature ine for the design temperature, the value of = 2B/E. [If the value of B is falling above the materialtemperatur line for the design tempera- tue: the cone or eylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or the stiffening rng relo- cated, the axial compression stress reduced. For values of B having multiple values of A, such as wh n B falls ona horizontal por tion ofthe curve, the smallest value of A shal be used. 4, Compute the value ofthe required moment of inertia: Forth ring-shellcone section: For the stiffening ring only: 2 Rp AD, Ars 7, 40s As 109 140 5, Select the type of stiffening eng and determine the available moment of inertia (see page 95) ofthe ring omly, and ofthe ring-shell-cone section, 1° IFJor1"is less than J, or I, respectively, select stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia, 6, Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement. 4, $4 i KQ,R, tance SE ‘Area of excess metal available for reinforcement, ,. 54 Ag = 0.55) Dlg Kite +(t,-t,)/cosar] ‘The distance-fom the junction within which the additional reinforcernent shall be situated, ‘The distance from the junction within which th centroid ofthe reinforeement shall be sit- uated, in An 0.25 JR, NOTE: When the reducers made out of two or more conical sections of different apex angles without nucle, and when te hal spex angles greater than 60 egress, the design imiy be based on special analysis. (Code 1-8 (8) and (e)) : ‘NOTATION ‘A, = area of excess metal available for 4, = cross-sectional area of the stiffening reinforcement, 9, i, ring, 59 jn Ap, =tequited area of reinforcement 4, equivalent area of cylinder, cone and ‘when Q, i in compression, $9 stiffening ring, 9. i. in, B= factor A,,=toquired area’ of reinforcement, = ouside diameter of cone or large end When Q, is in compression, sq in. ‘of conical section, in.167 166 [ REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER (continued) EXAMPLE ‘outside diameterofcylindrical sel shellmetionandone thi DESIGN DATA : = cine ineontearet fe age y= nonstate of yinder outside diameter at small end of shell D, = 48.in. outside diameter of small cylinder ‘conical section, in. Ly ™ design length ofa vesselsection, in. E. = 0.1, efficiency of longitudal welded joints E__ = lowest efficiency of the longitudi- for stiffenedvessel section: distance | | 0.61" of shell and cone naljointinthe shell nead or cone; ‘between the cone-to-small-shell Ey Bg E730 X105, modulus of elasticity of ‘= [for butt welds in compression, Junction ind an adjacent stiffening || shell, cone, andring material, psi Fing onthe small shel: i fy = 100 bi, axial load due to wind E = with subserips c,r ors modulus of| elasticity of cone, reinforcentent or shell material respectively, ys. for unstiffened vessel section: dis- ‘tance between the cone-to-small- : selijwnctonandonethirdthe depth k= SsGdSeEe but not ess than 10. beste ptpc ceded fi = pacha ‘at large end due to wind shell. atc, Ibvin The value off shall be p= esi _ taken aspesiveinalicalclaions. 7) Bit len pgs Ps fr = sxialloadatsmallendduetowind, §% ~ “*H Wy"+h etc lin. The Vale off shall be aialcompresive force duetopres- sure and axial load taken as postive inal calculations. 1 available moment of nenia ofthe Re ~ outside radius of lage cylinder, in. stiffening ring, in* Re = outside radius of senali cylinder, in. availblemomentofineriaofeom- $= allowable working sess, psi, of bined ringshell cross-section, it cone materia. “Thewidtnoftheshell hich istaken 2 contributing tothe moment of inertia ofthe combined section: LawBar 1, = required more of inexa ofthe ‘minimum required thickness ofcyl- stiffening ring, in’ inder without allowance fc 1 required moment of inertia ofthe corosin, i. combined ingshellooecros- 4. = acta thickness of cone without on, int, comosion allowance in axial length of cone in z= lengthof coneslongsurfaceofeone, or distance betweenstiffeningrings 4, of cone, i. 1, ~ design length of a vessel section, infor stiffened vessel section: the distance between the cone-to-large 4 shell junction and an adjacent tiff= ening ing on the large shel. for wistiffened vessel section: toe distance between thecone-to-large- = minimumrequiredthicknessoftone without corrosion allowance, in. = actual thickness of shell without allowance for corrosion, in, @ = balfapex angle, deg value to indicateneed for reinforee- ‘ment, from table E, deg. | if = 30Tb.fin., axial load due to wind ‘Lz = 120/in,, design length of large vessel section L, = 244 in, design length of small vessel sec- Aion 1, = 48in. a = 30deg,,halfapex angle of cone Oy P. = 15 psi extemal design pressure Ry = 48.00 in, outside radius of large cylinder R, = 24,00 in, outside radius of smatt cylinder well 5, = 17,100 psi. maximum allowable working stress of shell and cone material Design temperature = S00°F 15700 psi. maximum allowable working stress of reinforcement mate~ rial. fiz. = 0.25 in, miriam sequited thicknes of large cylinder. {, = 0.1875 in, minimum required thickness of small cylinder. f= 0.25 in, actual thickness of cone, 1 = 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone, 1, = 0.25 in, actual thickness of cylinder. Se = JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END 1. PSE= 15/7100 = 0,00088; from table E A = since A is less than 0, reinforcement ‘s required. 2. Assuming A= 0, An, = Lut/2+Let/2*As = = 120 x-0,125 +48 x 0,125 +0 = 21 in’, Reta ky, ROR! ABXOSTIA, 120, 48-28 _ 6g g Me——7* 7 *3Rinae 2 FARK OSTI Fi= PM +/itan a. 15 66,9 + 100 x 0.5774 = 1061 se168 i 2 169 REINFORCEMENT i REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYL, AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER EXAMPLE (continued) ae EXAMPLE (continued) .75 x 1061 x 96/21 = 3636 ‘A 0.0003 from chart on page 42. = ADiAre _ 0.0003 x96? x21 Te 109 10.9 32 ins 5. Using two 24x 4 flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shell: 1.10 x VDit = 1.1 ¥96% 025 = 5.389 in., ‘The available moment of inertia: $365 in (see page 95) {t's larger than the required moment of inertia, The stiffening is satisfac- tory. 6. The required cross-sectional area of reinforcing: = SE, _ 17100 x30 10° _ FO SRE T3700 BO TOF” 109 PR, orm PR 4 yalSxa8 = 1.09% 460 x 48x 0.5774 15x48 -460)2.2 = TT100x0.7 [i -o.25(3xs8-460 Soe 1.15 in? The cross-sectional area ofthe stiffening ring is 2. in. Itis larger than the area required. ‘The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction: Vat, = Va8 025 = 3.46 in. ‘The centroid ofthe ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25 VR = 0.25VE8X 025 = 0.86 in, JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END 1. The conical section having no flare, reinforcement shall be provided. 2. Asuming A. =0, Ars=Lit/2 + Letd2 +. 244 X 0.25/2 + 48X0.25/2 + 0=36.5 in? Rytanc Ly | RA-RE 24x0574 m4 agt-2e NORTE + aecana + eg = 140.750 4. Required moment of inertia ofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section: = PN+ fotana = 15 x149.7 +30 x0.5774 = 2263 x BPS - 3428x418) 2032 2-5 as . Since value of B falls below the left end of material/temperature line: A= 2 BIE = 2x 2232 / 30x 105= 0.00014 Required moment of inertia of the combined ring-shell-cone cross section: yx ADI Ars 0.00014 x48°x365 | 9) ~T09~ 109 : Using 214 x % flat bar, and the effective shell width: 1.1 V4Bx025 =3.81 in. ‘The available momentof inertia 1.67 in.‘ (see page 95) Itis larger than the required moment of inertia; the stiffening is satisfactory. 9. The required area of reinforcing: 09 Om FR + fe 1Sx24 +30=210 Ibn, = AO Rotana © 1,09 210%24x05774 «0.265 in? Ae" SE 1710007 Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: VRE (ety + VRE tot ARE (et) + NR oe) = VHXOZS (025 - 0.25) + VIX (0.25 - 0.1875) = 0.183 in? An Ae= 0.265- 0,153 = 0.112 in? ‘The area of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in2. It is larger than the required area for reinforcement. ‘The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction: ABet= N24 x 025 = 2.44 in, and the centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25 VRit = 0.25 24x 0.25 = 0.61 in,170 WELDING OF PRESSURE VESSELS ‘There are several methods to make welded joints. In a particular case the choice cof a type from the numerous alternatives depend on: 1. The circumstances of welding 2. The requirements of the Code 3. The aspect of economy |, THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF WELDING. {In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a dame ree onde 1g 24 inched) from the inde, manual ‘welding can be applied. Using backing stip it must remain in place, In larger diameter vessels if a manway is not used, the last (closing) joint can be welded from outside only, The type of welding may be determined also by the equipment of the manufacturer, 2. CODE REQUIREMENTS, ‘Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on verve, ‘material and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels are also restricted by the Code as described in paragraph UW-27. ‘The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the titles: a. Types of Welded Joints Goints permitted by the Code, their efficiency and limitations of their applications.) Table UW-12 b, Design of Welded Joints (Types of Joints to be used for vessels in various services and under cer- tain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3 c. Examination of Welded Joints The efficiency of joints depends only on the typeof joint and nthe degree of| examination and does not depend on the degree of examination of any ether joint. (Except as required by UW-11(a\3) ‘is rule ofthe 1989 edition ofthe Code eliminates the concept of collective ‘qualification vf but joints, the requirement of stress reduction. 3. THE ECONOMY OF WELDING. If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy ‘ust be the deciding factor. ‘Some considerations concerning the economy of weldings: ‘V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more eco- ‘nomical than the use of Jor U preparation, im Double V peepaation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V preparation. : Increasing the sizeof filet wel, is stent increase in det proportion, ‘Tile te deposited weld metal Increases withthe square ofits si. Lower quality welding makes necssry the ute of thicker plat fr the ves Weies"wsigg stongtr welding and thinner plate or the opposites more Mononical, depends on the sizeof vessel, welding equipment, et. Se decided in each pericular case.12 1B pe TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS CODE UW-i2 iy 7 Radio fu ee BR, | edit | athe ; aera doubleselding or by other maederete | ets EZ | EEE | we wapeme |, eS ‘weld surface - Soar cence * a pense | om | cao | ass For eecumferentit ees 5 PR | sevens 7 Double-full_ fillet lap joint ~ CA | ; See with plug welds 7 7 om fz he, shig wel ee eae tee TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS LIMITATIONS IN APPLYING VARIOUS WELDTYPES NOTES FOR TYPE 1: NONE, Joint Category: A,B,C, D FOR TYPE2: NONE. Joint Category: A, B, C, D Except butt weld with one plate off-set for circumferential joints only. FOR TYPES: Joint Category: A, B,C Cirounsferential joints only, not over 5/8 jn, thick and not over 24 in outside diam- er. FORTYPE4: (a) Longitudinal joines not over 3/8 in. thik. Joint Category: A (b) Circumferential joints not over 5/8 in, thick, Joint Category B,C Por C joints these limitations not appli= cable for bolted flange connections, FORTYPES: (a) Circumferential joints for attachment ‘of heads not over 24 in. outside diameter tg shells not over } in. thick. Joints at aching hemispherical heads to shells are excluded. Joint Category B: (b) Circumferential joints forthe attach+ Iment to shells of jackets not over 5/8 in. in nominal thickness where the distance from the center of the plug weld to the edge of the plate isnot les than 1 times the diameter of the hole fr the plug. Joint Category: C FOR TYPE 6: (2) For the attachment of heads convex to pressure to shells not over $/8 in. re- quired thickness, only with use of fillet ‘weld on inside of shel: ‘Joint Category: A,B (b) For attachment of heads having pres- sure on cither side. to shetls not over 24 in. inside diameter and not over 1 ro- quired thickness with fillet weld on out- side of lange only. Joint Category:'A, B 1. In this table are shown the types of welded jolnts which ate per~ mitted by the Code in are and gas welding processes. 2. The shape of the edges to be joined by butt-weld shal be such as (0 permit complete fusion and penetration, 3, Butt joints shall be free from undercuts, overlaps and abrupt ridges and valleys. To assure that the weld-grooves are completely filled, weld metal may be built up as relnforcement. The thickness Of ‘the reinforcement shai? “aot exceed the fottowing thicknesses. Plate thickness in. Maximum teint. in. ‘up to M4 incl, over 14 to Fine. Ve over I 3/16 4, Before welding the second side of double welded butt joint, the impurities of the first side weld- ing shall be removed. by chip- ping, grinding or melting out to Secure sound metal for complete penetration and fusion. For sub: ‘merged are welding, chipping out a groove in the crater 1s recom mended, 5. The maximum allowable joint efficiencies given in this tabie are to be used in formulas, when the joints made by arc or gas ‘welding processes. 6. Joint efficiency, in compression for butt joints174 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS |» Le omed head a ‘ther han emipheeat WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS To the joints under certain condition special requirements apply, which are the same for joints designated by identical levers. ‘These special requirements, which are based on service, material, thickness and ‘other design conditions, are tabulated below. Tongryee | napoomnac | one | POLED axbCareoowy | Sasinanon | ervey | (Hf T Tega [Aaoy Awa Dt YR Toctatn | ica sce cian | dha wos Ailcsepn) Bobo Be Bem Bete [Ate 8 CR Yee | coor [athe a ec listed delow Sambers) ucss6 ching cuter) ‘when falh which intersects the tsoommy | Stray ase ves! 5 ‘sections or heads or None mandatory.) | connect seamless vessel ass 0.80 bad sections or heads bwin Cac Aad Bb Te SEE ch to ae Teens bea pe are there) ones Dhl [ie Dart bee |p Te baw {coe Iaogntic | Pel ou Sas) Bin” | teste randioy oe) 175 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT) POST WELD DESION Jom tyre |RADIOGRAPHIC| __JOINT SOE cONDITION | aNBICATEGORY —|'EXAMINATION | EFFICIENCY | tpt MENT 3. Rall “Any pe of welded None [Type 8 0.79 ine {3} 16s | Per Code Santadton| Boe G3 O60] “USCS ose 38 os ry. 2 (5) 0.8 The wal Boe os signed fr external pene Wein ns aa Vessels Bigs Ne. ral 10 | fabricated of Sante carbon or low 4. Vases a EDR RING | fois B and C shal be aT ‘pos 4 ih Be No. or stall be p OW) | BEd) treated setts Owl Soins D shal be fat | Al bt. welded Peron nt | ta Extending trough the entire ticness of the | Be lly Sessl ox sousie wal | odowzaped BrAGH. excert fcr Joint of category C for ine the abated ap Sort. ab ends UW2QL0. 3. vee Joints 4 shall be Type Eom cave [No () xcept for ntfs ebm eympact | poke stiles tee. {GENE | Joins 5 shat be Type ceria Or Tyee) rea] Per Code cee y. | UW-ROKD And C - rat) Oe od 20) | soins ¢ fi penetation | spot aso | OS welds exending 2 coe ee Ibe enlreseouon of joint UW20)0). ois fat pent on mle xe seater he oun wat 7 Gated ae Vessels fabri- etal es dade | hen tee |eated of car- prose pins osha be Bye | Se sal ‘bon or low al- Seeding so} Zim sha be Type fay Joy steel shall ea ee = rotyec [be post weld seers under te oe | compe) heat treated Small. aoa Gwe176 q ee DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.) Desi ron tise | sapogamae | on] POSEWECD conpmion | aN carecony | TaMminow | sratcincy | HEA EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS Toss A al be pe No ‘When the ick iM ma ADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION Joins B sal be type No. Sek (No. 7. rae vx | QarNo et an | BR) | ocd Sin Faltradiography s mandatory of joints: (Code UW-11) ckness essed 100 | Sa a ick co ing chambers of unfied Sie abje fo Spee oe 1. Allbutt welds in shells, heads, nozles, communicating red Sr ie | ale in ope Me [GS 84 | as Sea boiles having design pressures exec 5 pt an veel containing (3) ae peed for eer (che tan lethal substances. . me ‘oe jon in any Yo pos el 2, Allbutt wels in vessels in which the least nominal thickness at the wel ‘etree heat westment joint exceeds: wae ander) 1 iidin, of carton steel and 1 12 in of SA24Ostainlessteel, © Bearosiag [all bt wal UWA) Tibet) | fer co ‘Exemption: Categories B and C but welds in nozzles and communicating weling [16 Ea ostream) | Uesse ‘chambers that neither exceed 10 in pipe size nor 1 1/8in, wall hicks do not Ri require radiographic examination in any ofthe above cases - | vinssc 3. Allcategory A and D butt weds in vesel sections and heads where the design 9. Hm enue | Any ts mame | otpem | rercoe | | ‘ofthe joint or partis tased on join efikionys 1.0, or, (oe presedang etveselt | UWI censncion | 09 pe(@) | ‘UCS 36 i ‘pages: Design of Welding Joins). . | oes nx permit j 4. Allbutt weds joined by clectosiag welding and al electrogas welding with any adopts Single pass greater thaa 1 1/2. fecons or | fos conasting vessel Nose a | ‘Spot radiography, 1s minimum, is mandatory of teas" | Seton an bea ce when A&B |g gsy esse i 1. Category B or C welds which intersect the Category A butt welds in vessel Gwin) be dpaad } sections (including nozles and communicating chambers above 10 in. pipe 0) 45.6 : ‘ze and { in, wal thickness) or connect seamless vesel sections or head when uv.12@) i the design of Category A and D butt wes in vesel ston and heads based on Tens Not pear han joint efficiency of 1.0009. somplaed | any We ey 2 Sootatogai bps ot weiss (Type 10.) wh nt ag required tobe fully radiographed. If spot radiography: en — | ‘vessel, radiographic examination snot required of Category B and C butt, 1 vweldsin nozzles and communicatingchambers. ; EFFICIENCY (E) TO BE USED IN CALCULATIONS [No Radiography. No radiographic amination of welded joins i required when OF SEAMLESS HEAD THICKNESS ASME Code UW-12(@) the vessel or vessel partis designed for enteral pressure only, or wien the Aesign of joints based on no radiographic examination. DEGREE OF EXAMINATION TYPE OF TYPE OF | OF HEAD To SHELL JOINT ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION HEAD JOINT ‘i Fut | spor [No 1 In feriic materials elecirosiag welds and electrogas welds with any single Hi NOL 1.00 | 085 | 0.70 pass greater than 1 1/2 in. salle ultrasonically examined throughout their ans z entire length. ‘ eee spherical NOD 0.90 | 080 | 06s 2 Inadalio oth requiement of radiographic examination all els made bythe | Otters "ANY 7.00 ass electron beam proces or by the inertia and continuous drive friton ‘welding process shall be ultrasonically examined for their entire length. ‘3, Ultrasonic examination may be substituted for radiography for the final closure Fania ene seam ifthe construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable radiograph. “For caution volving ‘creumferetal stesso for thickness of seamless head Re