மோதலின்போது கண்டுகொள்ளப்படாத இனப்பெருக்க உரிமைகள்

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ISBN 9789551770228
Kjw; gjpg;G - [dtup 2015
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njhiyNgrp : 94-11-5632045/5635900> njhiyefy; : 94-11-2690192
kpd;jghy; : wmcsrilanka@gmail.com
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2
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1.0 mwpKfk;.......................................................................................................... 15
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fz;Lzh;jy;..........................................................................................20
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1.4 Nkhjy; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngah;Tg; gpd;dzpfspy;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;....................................................................29
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2.1 Nehf;fKk; KiwapaYk;........................................................................... 33
2.1.1 gjpyspj;jth;fspd; ,dg; gfph;T................................................. 36
2.1.2 Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; taJg; gfph;T..................................... 37
2.1.4 ngz;fspd; tpthf epiy...............................................................38
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2.2.4 fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT....................................................................45
2.2.5 fUf;fiyT mDgtk;...................................................................... 46
2.2.6 KjyhtJ fUf;fiytpd; NghJ taJ.......................................48
2.2.7 ,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd; NghJ taJ.................................................. 49
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2.2.9 ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfs;...............................................................53
iii
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2.5 Nritfis mZFtjpy; r%f tpyf;fYk; fl;likg;Gr;
rhh;e;j jilfSk; ....................................................................................... 65
2.5.1 Xu; Rje;jpukhd ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhpT ...................................... 67
2.5.2 mwpTG+h;tkhd njhpT.................................................................... 70
2.5.3 fUf;fiyg;G ....................................................................................... 73
2.6 ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;jpdJk; chpikfspdJk;
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2.8 KbG................................................................................................................. 87
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3.1 Gj;jsk; khtl;lk; .............................................................................95
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3.4 kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk; ................................................................. 140
3.5 aho;g;ghz khtl;lk; .................................................................... 159
3.6 mk;ghiu khtl;lk; ........................................................................ 175
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fhl;bfs;....................................................................................................... 31
2. khtl;l hPjpahf Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dg; gfph;T...............36
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4. khtl;l hPjpahf fy;tp kl;lk;...............................................................38
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vz;zpf;ifapd;gb gps;isiag; gpurtpj;j ,lk;.........................52
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CFAf;Fg; gpd;dUk; gps;isg;NgWfspd; vz;zpf;if...............64
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12
xii
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xiii
13
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mDgtq;fis EZfp Muha;fpd;wJ. ,J 2003 Kjy; 2005 tiuahd
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mDgtq;fis Muha;fpd;wJ.
15
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Kd;itf;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
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ghFghL fhl;lg;gl;lth;fSk; gadilaf;$bajhf Kd;Dhpikfs;
Kd; gpd;dhf khw;wg;gLtjw;Fk; ,lkspf;fpd;wJ (UNDP2000)2.
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chpj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpuq;fSf;Fkhd chpiknad;W cyfshtpa
mgptpUj;jp tpthjq;fs; mjpfhpj;j mstpy; njspthff; $wpAs;sd.
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chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjrf; $l;L cld;gbf;if (ICESCR)
$Wfpd;wthW :
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chpik Rje;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; chpj;Jf;fs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
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cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. khwhf chpj;Jf;fs; mjpAah; Rfhjhu kl;lj;ij
kf;fs; mDgtpg;gjw;Fr; rkkhd tha;g;ig toq;Ffpd;w Rfhjhug;
2. UNDP (2000). Overview: Human Rights and Human Development - for Freedom and Solidarity, in
Human Development Report 2000, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
16
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17
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rpq;fsr;
rdr%fj;ijAk; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. ,k;khtl;lq;fs;> Fwpg;ghf Aj;jj;jpd;
tpisthf> ehl;bd; Vida khtl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy;
murhq;fr; Nritfspd; NtWghl;Lf;Fhpa ePl;liyf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
,t;thuha;r;rpf; fhz;Gfs; JauKk; ghJfhg;gpd;ikAnkd;w xu;
R+oiktpy; jg;gpg; gpiog;gjw;Fg; Nghuhba ngz;fspd; Fuy;fspd;
Kd;Ndhbahd xU gjpTr;rhd;iw toq;Ffpd;wd.
1.1 ,dg;ngUf;f chpikr; rl;lfnkhd;iw Muha;jy;

,dg;ngUf;f chpikr; rl;lfk;> ngz;fspdJk; Mz;fspdJk;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; njhlh;gpy; guhkhpg;G vspjpy; fpilf;ff;
$baik>
mZff;$baik>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baik
kw;Wk;
guhkhpg;gpd;
juk;
gw;wpa
Nfhl;ghLfis
cs;slf;Ffpd;w>
Rfhjhuj;Jf;fhd
chpik
gw;wpa
tplaj;ijf;
ftdj;Jf;Ff;
3
nfhz;LtUfpd;wJ .
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
Xu;
njhlh;thpirahd
fUj;jilj; njhpTfisf; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;> fpilf;fpd;w ntt;NtW
KiwfSk; mtw;wpd; gaDWjpj;jd;ikAk; gf;ftpisTfSk; gw;wpa
KOikahd jfty;fis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G toq;fypy; kpf Kf;fpakhditahfpd;wd.
guhkhpg;gpd; juk; vd;w tplak; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;
JiwapYs;s njhopy;ty;Ydh;fsplkpUe;J gf;fr; rhh;gw;w xU
kdg;ghq;ifAk; Ntz;Lfpd;wJ4. rdj; njhifAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
gw;wpa rh;tNjr khehl;bd; (ICPD) nray; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;
ehd;fhtJ
Nfhl;ghL
tsq;fs;
epjprhh;e;jitahapUg;gpDk;
my;yJ nghUs;rhh;e;jitahapUg;gpDk; mtw;iw mZFtjw;Fk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtw;Fkhd mth;fspd; Mw;wypy; ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk;
NtWgl;l epiyapYs;s ghy;epiyr; rkkpd;ikg; gpur;rpidfspy;
cynfq;Fk; rdj;njhiff; nfhs;ifapd; ftdk; ,d;wpaikahjthW
<LgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w mf;fiwiaj; njspthff; $Wfpd;wJ.
3. UNICESCR (2000) nghJf;fUj;Jiu 14: Rfhjhuj;jpy; milaf;$ba mjpAr;r juj;Jf;fhd
chpik (cWg;Giu 12).
4. Zhang, Heather Xiaoquan, and Catherine Locke (2000).Implementing Reproductive Rights: Population
Debates and Institutional Responses to the New Agenda. Wellbeing, Rights and Reproduction Research
Report IV, Social Research Policy Programme. http:/www.uea.ac.uk/dev/publink/locke/project/report4.pdf
18
elj;ij rhh;e;j r%f epakq;fSk; ghy;epiy cwTfspYs;s

rkkw;w mjpfhuKk; ngz;fis mth;fspd; nrhe;j tPLfspy;
Mz;fSld; czTf;fhd rkkhd tha;g;gpypUe;J ngUk;ghYk;
tpyf;FtJld;
Mz;fSld;
rkkhd
tpjj;jpy;
fy;tpiaAk;
cah;fw;wiyAk; mDgtpg;gjpypUe;Jk; jPh;khdnkLf;Fk; kl;lq;fspy;
<LgLtjpypUe;Jk; mth;fisj; jLf;fpd;wd. mNdf re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
mj;jifa epakq;fs; ngz;fs; mth;fspd; cly;> ghypay;G my;yJ
jha;ik njhlh;ghd KbTfis mth;fs; vLf;fyhnkd;gij
xg;Gf;nfhs;s
kWf;fpd;wd.
,r;rkkpd;ikfs;
gpujhdkhf
Mz;fSf;Fs;sdthff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wdTk;
cz;ikapy;
mth;fSf;F
,Uf;fpd;wdthfg;
ngUk;ghyhd
r%fq;fspy;
mth;fshy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wdTkhd mjpfhuKk; fl;Lg;ghLk;
gw;wpa
vz;zg;Nghf;Ffis
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lit.
rkr;rPuw;w mjpfhuj; njhlh;Gfs;jhd; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd ghy;epiy
rhh;e;j td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fSk; ngz;zpd; ghypay;gpd; kPJ
MzpdJk; (xU gue;j fhl;rpg;Gydpy;) r%fj;jpdJk; fl;Lg;ghLk;
mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; ghypay;G njhlh;gpyhapDk; my;yJ mth;fspd;
FLk;gq;fs;
njhlh;gpyhapDk;
Mzpd;
nghWg;gpd;ikiag;
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fshAs;sd5.
chpikfspd;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;igj; jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;FjyhdJ ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dh;
jhgpf;fg;gl;lJk; ngUksTf;F ntw;wpfukhdJk; rh;tNjr hPjpahf
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhd ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhiff; nfhs;ifapy;
xg;gPl;lstpy; xU Gjpa tsh;r;rpahFk;. gue;j kw;Wk; mfd;wJk;>
ed;F tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJkhd mbg;gilr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G
Kiwikapd; MjuTld; murhq;ff; nfhs;if ngUk;ghyhd
fpuhkr; rdr%fq;fisr; nrd;wilfpd;wJ. mjd; rdj;njhifapy;
Mz;fspdJk; ngz;fspdJk; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; rhh;gstpy;
cah;thd vOj;jwpT tPjk;> jd;dpr;irahd kylhf;FjYf;fhd
Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ntt;NtW fUj;jil tiffspd; njhpit
tYg;gLj;Jjy;
Mfpatw;wpD}lhff;
FLk;gj;jpl;lkplYk;
gpwg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; NritfSk; toq;fg;gLjiy ,ayr;
nra;Js;sJ. ,yq;if ICPD ,y; gq;Fgw;wpaijj; njhlh;e;J 1998
,y; mjd; Njrpa rdj;njhif kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuf;
5. Kottegoda, S.(2004). Reproductive Health and Gender Gaps. Paper presented at the ICPD+10: Keeping
the Promise Seminar organized by the UNFPA and the Ministry of Health, Colombo, July.
19
nfhs;ifia tFj;jikj;jJld; ICPD ,y; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nray;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F ,zq;fg;
gy;NtW nfhs;if kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l Kd;Kaw;rpfisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;lJ6. ,f;nfhs;ifapd; vl;L ,yf;Ffs; jhapd; ,wg;G
tPjj;ijAk; Neha;epiy tPjj;ijAk; Fiwg;gjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fpd;wjhfg; ghJfhg;ghd jha;ik> ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtk;
tsh; ,sk; gUtj;jpdhpd; gpur;rpidfs;> KjpNahhpd; Njitfs;>
cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lg; Gyg;ngah;tpd; Rfhjhu tpisTfisf;
ifahSjy;> ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it
mjpfhpj;jy;> Muha;r;rp> vapl;]; kw;Wk; ghYwtpd; %yk; njhw;Wk;
Neha;fs; (STDs) gw;wpa njhpepiy Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpd. Rfhjhu
mikr;rpd; rdj;njhifg; gphptpd; gzpg;ghsUk; nfhs;ifia
tFj;jikj;j mzpapy; mq;fk; tfpj;jtUkhd V.hp.gP.vy;.mgaNfhd;
mth;fs;> ,yq;ifapd; nfhs;if tFg;gth;fs; kf;fspd; Njitfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
ntWk;
Fbr;rhpjtpay;
,yf;FfspypUe;J
tpyFtjw;Fk; mth;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;ijAk; ,dg;ngUf;f
chpikfisAk; ngz;fspd; tYtspg;igAk; typAWj;Jtjw;Fk;
ICPD cjtpAs;snjdf; $wpAs;shh;7 Njrpa rdj;njhif kw;Wk;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if ,yq;iff;fhd kpNydpak;
mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis (MDG) rhjpg;gjpYk; xU Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fj;
njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
1.2 Rfhjhur; Nritfspd; kPJ Kuz;ghl;bd; jhf;fj;ijf;

fz;Lzh;jy;
,yq;ifapd; ,d Kuz;ghL ePz;lfhyk; ePbj;jJk; nfh^ukhdJkhf
caph;fisAk; tho;thjhuq;fisAk; kl;Lkd;wpr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;
R+oiyAk;
mopj;jJld;
Vwf;Fiwa
,U
jrhg;jq;fshf
Mapuf;fzf;fhd FLk;gq;fspd; ,lg;ngah;Tr; Rw;WfSf;Fk; top
tFj;jJ. mJ ,j;jPtpy; tho;fpd;w ntt;NtW ,d> nkhop kw;Wk; rkaf;
FOf;fSf;fpilapy; vjpnujph; epiyiaAk; gpsitAk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu Nritfspd; toq;fy; Kuz;ghl;bd;
6. Ministry of Health (2004).Implementing the ICPD POA: Sri Lanka 1994-2004, Colombo: Population
Division.
7. Abeykoon, A.T.P.L.(2000). Developments in the Population and Reproductive Health Field in Sri Lanka
- The Post Cairo Scenario, SouthAsian Women: Global Perspectives and National Trends in 1990s,
Colombo: CENWOR.
20
tpisthfg; ghuJ}ukhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJld;

Mopg;Nguiyahy; NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fTk;gl;lJ.
2004
khu;fop
2002
khrpapy;
,yq;if
murhq;fj;Jf;Fk;
jkpo;
<o
tpLjiyg;GypfSf;Fk; (LTTE) ,ilapy; Aj;j epWj;j cld;gbf;if
(CFA) ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J ,yq;if KO mstpyhd
Aj;jk; ,y;yhj xU fhyg;gFjpapDs; gpuNtrpj;jJ. Aj;jj;jpdJk;
mlf;F KiwapdJk; tpisTfisAk; mNjNghd;W Gduikg;G>
,lk;ngah;e;j Ml;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; ehnlq;fpYk;
ey;ypzf;fk; Mfpa tplaq;fisAk; ifahs;tjpy; mNdf rthy;fis
vjph;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;W gue;j mstpy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdj;njhiffspd;> Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fspd; Rfhjhuj;jpd;
kPJ Kuz;ghl;bdJk; ,lg;ngah;tpdJk; jhf;fk;> Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;fpd;wth;fspd; ey;tho;T kw;Wk;
ca;T njhlh;gpy; fhj;jpukhd jhw;ghpaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf
,g;NghJ fz;Lzug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Aj;j epWj;j cld;gbf;ifiaj; njhlh;e;j rkhjhdg; Ngr;R
thh;j;ijfspd; tpisthf 2002 ,Yk; 2003 ,Yk; Nehh;Nt
murhq;fj;jpd; JizAld; ,U jug;GfSf;Fkpilapy; MW
Rw;Wg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; KO
epiwthd $l;lj;Jf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,yq;if murhq;fKk; vy;.
hp.hp.<Ak;
nfhs;if
tFf;fpd;wJk;
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJkhd
kl;lj;jpy; MNyhridahw;wYk; nraw;gLj;Jkhw;wYk; nfhz;l
%d;W Jizf;FOf;fisj; jhgpj;jd. ,f;FOf;fspy; cldbahd
kdpjhgpkhd kw;Wk; epthuzj; Njitfs; gw;wpa Jizf;FO
(SIHRN) kw;Wk; ghy;epiy tplaq;fs; gw;wpa Jizf;FO (SGI) Mfpa
,uz;Lf;Fk; Kf;fpa nfhs;if mgptpUj;jpg; gug;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
SIHRN nrayfj;jhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Njitfspd; kjpg;gPL-ghJfhg;Gk;
kPsf;Fbakh;j;jYk;> fy;tp> tPl;Ltrjp> cl;fl;likg;G> fkj;njhopy;>
tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp Mfpa vl;Lj; Jiwfspy;
ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ8. rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspypUe;J vy;.
8. Mfpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> If;fpa ehLfs;> cyf tq;fp (2003) ,yq;if. Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspy; Njitfspd; kjpg;gPL. aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT> kd;dhh;> tTdpah>
jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; mk;ghiu khtl;lq;fs;. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> If;fpa
ehLfs;> cyf tq;fp Mfpatw;wpd; MjuTld; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ> Nk 2003@ ,yq;if> Gj;jsk;>
mDuhjGuk;> nghydWit> nkhduhfiy Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; Kuz;ghl;Lld; njhlh;Gila
Njitfspd; kjpg;gPL. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> If;fpa ehLfs;> cyf tq;fp Mfpatw;wpd;
MjuTld; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ.. Nk
21
hp.hp.< gpd;thq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh; SGI ,U jlitfs; Kiwg;gb

$baJ. mjd; Ma;Thpik tuk;Gfis tFj;jikg;gjpYk;. nra;a
Ntz;ba Ntiyfis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;JtjpYk; murhq;fj;jpdJk;
vy.;hp.hp.< apdJk; Nguhsh; FOf;fisr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; ngz;fspd;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuf; ftiyfspy; tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;jpdh;.
2003 itfhrpapy; kdpjhgpkhd Kfth; epWtdq;fspd; $l;bizg;G
(CHA) Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Njitfspd;
kjpg;gPl;il jahhpj;jJ9. ,k;kjpg;gPL cldbahd kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy
eltbf;if Njitg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fis Kidg;gLj;jpf;fhl;baJld;
nghUj;jkhd tpjg;GiufisAk; nra;jJ. NkYk; ,k;kjpg;gPL
tLg;glf;$ba FOf;fspd; tpNrl Njitfisf; fz;Lzh;e;J
mtw;Wf;fhfg; ghpe;Jiuj;j mNjNtisapy; ghy;epiy mf;fiwfisg;
ngUk;Nghf;fpy;
nfz;LtUtjpYk;
ftdQ;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
tLg;glf;$ba
,f;FOtpduhf
cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngah;e;j
Ml;fs; (IDPs) kw;Wk; jpUk;gpte;jth;fs;> gps;isfs;> jdpnahUth;
jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjitfs;> cly;hPjpahd
kw;Wk; ghypay; J\;g;gpuNahfj;Jf;Fk; Ruz;lYf;Fk; Mshd
ngz;fs;> CdKw;Nwhh;> Kjpath;fs;> jdpj;Jtplg;gl;lth;fs;
MfpNahh;
,dq;fhzg;gl;ldh;.
,k;kjpg;gPLfSf;Fk;
jpUk;gpte;jth;fSf;Fk;
Rfhjhug;;
guhkhpg;Gf;Fk;
fy;tpf;Fk;
Vida IDP mbg;gilr; NritfSf;Fkhd nghUj;jkhd tha;g;G
Xh; cldbj; Njitnad tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. Rfhjhuj;Jf;nfd
xJf;fg;gl;l gphptpy; ,k;kjpg;gPL> Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspy; FLk;gj;jpl;lkply; nghJtpy; ,y;yhik ruhrhpia
tplf;$Ljyhd
fUj;jhpg;G
tPjq;fSf;F
toptFj;Js;snjd
mtjhdpf;fpd;wJ. ,k;kjpg;gPL> ngUksTf;F WHO Ma;itg;
Nghd;W> Rfhjhu cl;fl;likg;Gf; fLikahd Nrjj;ij my;yJ
mopit mDgtpj;Js;snjd;Wk;10 kUj;Jtg; gjtpfs; gpujhdkhfj;
Njh;r;rpj; jpwd;nfhz;l kw;Wk; njhopy; ty;yik rhh;e;j tFjpfspy;
twpjhAs;sdntd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,dg;ngUf;fg; guhkhpg;G
toq;fYk; mNdf jilfis vjph;nfhz;Ls;sJ. itj;jparhiyfs;
Nrjkile;Js;s
,lq;fspy;
kfg;Ngw;Wg;
guhkhpg;G
9. CHA ,U ntspaPLfspy; aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT> kd;dhh;> tTdpah>
jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiu> nghydWit> mDuhjGuk;> nkhduhfiy kw;Wk;
Gj;jsk; Mfpa khtl;lq;fSf;fhd Njitfspd; kjpg;gPLfis toq;fpaJ.
10. Nkw;$wpa mNj tlf;Ff; fpof;fpy; 45% itj;jparhiyfs; xd;wpy; mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd ,d;Nwy;
nraw;glhJs;sd.
22
,lh;g;gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;gj;jpl;lkplw; NritfSk; Rfhjhuf; fy;tpr;

NritfSk; njhlh;e;J NghjhjdthAs;sd. NkYk;> ,k;kjpg;gPL
v];.hp.b/vr;.I.tp/vapl;];
Mfpatw;iwf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
jLg;gjw;Fkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;W jhgpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
mtruj; Njitapy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Nghjhj trjpfSk;
kUe;JfspdJk; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fspdJk; gw;whf;FiwfSk;
gutyhff;
fhzg;gLtJld;
Fwpg;;ghfj;
jPtpu
Nkhjy;
fhyj;jpd;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;Jf;Ff; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ,dq;fisf;
nfhz;Lnry;tjd; kPJ murhq;fj;jhy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; tpjpf;fg;gl;l
jilf;fl;lisfspdhy; mit NkYk; rpf;fyhf;fg;gl;LKs;sd.
fUj;jil kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fs; kPJk; ngz;fspd; MNuhf;fpaj;
Njitfs; kPJkhd jilf;fl;lisfs; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj;jpYk; chpikfspYk; Fwpg;ghd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd.
,tw;wpd;
ghy;epiyrhh;e;j
tpisTfs;
gpwg;GfSf;fpilapy;
Nghjpa ,ilntspfspy;yhky; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf; fh;g;gkiljiy
cs;slf;fpaJld; ngz;fspd; cly;rhh;e;j kw;Wk; csr; r%f
MNuhf;fpak;> tPl;LNtiy kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; nghWg;Gfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ msg;ghpa mOj;jj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd. ,yq;ifapy;
Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; Rfhjhur; Nritfs;
gw;wpa mbf;Nfhl;L kjpg;gPLfs; jLg;G kw;Wk; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Rfhjhur;
Nritfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jfh;itf; fhl;bAs;sdntd;W cyf Rfhjhu
epWtdk; (WHO) mtjhdpj;Js;sJ11. ,t;tha;T (fpof;fpy;) mk;ghiu>
kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfhzkiy> (tlf;fpy;) aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp>
tTdpah> Ky;iyj;jPT> (tlNkw;fpy;) kd;dhh; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
mj;jpahtrpar; Rfhjhur; NritfSf;Ff;$l Vw;ghL Kw;wpYk;
Nghjhnjd ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. mbg;gilr; Rfhjhu cl;fl;likg;Gfs;
,y;yhikf;F Nkyjpfkhf kdpj tsg;gw;whf;Fiwfs; ,Ushh;e;j
Rfhjhu
epiyikf;Fg;
gq;fspj;Js;sdntd;Wk;
,t;tha;T
ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Nritfs;
Vwf;Fiwa
,y;iynad;W Mjhu %ykhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJld; jhapd;
Neha;epiy tPjKk; ,wg;G tPjKk; ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfis tpl
cah;thapUf;FnkdTk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;ld12.
11. Nkw;$wpa mNj.

12. World Health Organization (2002).Health System and Health Needs of the North and East of Sri Lanka.
23
1.3 Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;

,yq;if
murhq;fj;jpd;
Rfhjhu
mikr;Rf;
nfhs;if
topfhl;ly;fisj; jhgpj;jy;> kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Jiz kUj;Jtf;
ftdpg;G> fy;tp> kUj;Jt epWtdq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk;> tpNrl
guhkhpg;Gk; kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Jiz kUj;Jtf; fy;tpAk; toq;Fjy;>
kUe;Jfspd; nkhj;jf; nfhs;tdT Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghAs;sJ.
khfhz kl;lj;jpy; gpuNjrg; gzpg;ghsuhfr; Nritahw;Wfpd;w
Rfhjhu kUj;Jt mYtyh; (MOH) khfhz kl;lj;jpy; Rfhjhu
tplaq;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; fz;fhzpf;fpd;whh;. khfhz
mikr;Rfs; khfhz epWtdq;fisr; nrayhl;rp nra;fpd;wd.
xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; fpuhk itj;jparhiyfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
rhjhuz kf;fs; kl;lj;jpy; mz;zsthf 3>000 kf;fisf; nfhz;l
fpuhkr; rdj;njhiffSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtjw;F kUj;Jtpr;rpfs;
epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Rfhjhu mikr;R UNICEF, UNFPA kw;Wk;
WHO Mfpatw;Wld; kpf neUf;fkhfg; gzpahw;WtJld; FLk;gj;
jpl;lkplw; rq;fk; (FPA) kw;Wk; rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh
(PSL) Nghd;w nghpa mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSld; njhlh;Gfisj;
jhgpj;JKs;sJ13.
Rfhjhu mikr;Rf;Fg; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd epjpia
UNFPA toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ehd;F gpujhd
gug;Gfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wd: ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu
Nritfs;> ghpe;Jiuf;fhd MjuT> fy;tp kw;Wk; mur rhh;gw;w
epWtd (NGO) MjuT. Rfhjhu mikr;Rld; xUq;fpize;J UNFPA
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu Nritfs; fUj;jpl;lk;> jha; kw;Wk; Nra;
Rfhjhu epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> FLk;gj;jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F
MjuT toq;Ffpd;wJ: fle;j jrhg;jfhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; fUj;jilj;
Njitfspd; 50%I UNFPA epiwNtw;wpAs;sJ. UNFPA fUj;juq;Ffs;
kw;Wk; nra;jp ntspaPLfspD}lhfg; ghy;epiy kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu
czh;T+l;ly;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy;
ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fisAk;
murhq;fj;
jiyth;fisAk;
<LgLj;jTk;
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. Nkyjpfkhf mJ Rfhjhuf; fy;tpg; gzpafj;Jld;
Nrh;e;J ghlrhiyfspy; ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; ghypay; Rfhjhuk;
13.
Rfhjhu mikr;R> FLk;gr; Rfhjhug; gzpafk;> UNFPA, WHO, ,yq;if FLk;gj; jpl;lkplw;
rq;fk;> rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh Mfpatw;wpYs;s epUthfpfSld; WMCI Nrh;e;j nry;tp
tptpad; nrha; mth;fshy; Neh;fhzy;fSk; fye;Jiuahly;fSk; elj;jg;gl;ld.
24
gw;wpa fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Clfg; gpur;rhuq;fisAk;

njhlf;fp itj;Js;sJ.
FLk;gj; jpl;lkplw; rq;fk; (FPA) ,yq;ifapd; Kd;Ndhbahd
FLk;gj; jpl;lkply; epWtdkhFk;. 1953 Kjw;nfhz;L mJ Nghjpa
FLk;gj; jpl;lkplw; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fg; gzpahw;wpAs;sJ.
FPA ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpl;lkply;
gw;wp mwpT+l;Ltjw;Fk; mtw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; njhz;lh;fspYk;
r%f mbkl;lg; gzpg;ghsh;fspYk; jq;fpAs;sJ. fle;j jrhg;jj;jpd;
NghJ FPA fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghLk; rdj;njhif
epiyg;gLj;jYk; gw;wpa mwpitAk; njhpepiyiaAk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy;
ftdQ;nrYj;jpaJ. mjd; Gjpa %Nyhghaj; jpl;lk; xU Jzpthd>
$ba chpik mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiwia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
mjpy;
FPA
jsh;j;jg;gl;l
fUf;fiyg;Gr;
rl;lq;fSf;fhfTk;
tphpthf;fg;gl;l NritfSf;fhfTk; ghpe;J thjhLk;> va;l;];
gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzh;it
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;
vr;.I.tp/vapl;rpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspd; chpikfis mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; gzpahw;Wk;.
mj;Jld; tPl;L td;Kiwiar; Rw;wpAs;s gpur;rpidfspYk;
ftdQ;nrYj;Jk;.
rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh (PSL) ,yq;ifapy; fUj;jilr;
Nritfspd; gpujhd toq;Fdh;. mJ ngUe;Njhl;lr; r%fq;fspYk;
murhq;f Nritfs; jsh;e;J Nghd my;yJ Kwpe;JNghd>
Nkhjyhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspYk;
(v-fh:
Gj;jsk;>
tTdpah> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G> kd;dhh;> mk;ghiu)
FLk;gj;jpl;lkply;> kylhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; elkhLk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu NritfisAk; toq;fp te;Js;sJ. PSL FLk;gj;jpl;lkply;>
kylhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; fUj;jilr; rhjdg; gad;ghL gw;wpa fzf;fPl;Lj;
njhiffisAk; Rfhjhu mikr;Rf;F tiug;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
rdj;njhifapYk; FLk;gj;jpl;lkplypYk; ,yq;ifapd; rhjidfs;
XusTf;F ntw;wpfukhditnad czug;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzj;jpw;F :
2002 ,y; nkhj;jf; fUj;jhpg;G tPjKk; rdj;njhif tsh;r;rp
tPjKk; KiwNa 1.93 MfTk; 0.85 MfTk; Fiwe;jd.
elg;gpYs;s fUj;jil tPjk; 70 rjtPjkhAs;sJ.
25
rpR ,wg;G tPjk; xt;nthU 1>000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;Fk;

ngz;fSf;F 10.2 MfTk; Mz;fSf;F 12.9 MfTk; cs;sJ.
jha; ,wg;G tPjk; xt;nthU 100>000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;Fk; 27.5

Mf cs;sJ.14
J}uj;jpypUe;J ghh;f;Fk; NghJk; tpNrlkhf mjd; njd;dhrpa

mayth;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJk; ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd;
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuk;
gw;wpa
Fwpj;j
rpy
mk;rq;fs;
cWjpahditahfTk;
KOepiwthditahfTk;
Njhd;Wfpd;w
mNjrkak; ,j;juTfs; khtl;l hPjpahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ>
Fwpg;ghf Kuz;ghl;;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
njhlh;e;JkpUj;jy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;Gs;sptpguq;fs; vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk;> Muhag;glTk; ftdQ;
nrYj;jg;glTk; Ntz;ba ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;
cs;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fUj;jil Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
FLk;gj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fkhd nghWg;G ngz;fspd; kPJ
Rkj;jg;gLtjhfj;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
,yq;ifapy;
Mz;fshy;
MZiw gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; kpff; FiwthAs;sJ (3.7%)15 vd;Wk;
mNjNghd;Wjhd; Foy; vLg;GfSld; xg;gpLifapy; tpe;Jf;Foha;
ePf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; (21.3% cld; xg;gpLifapy; 2.1%)16
vd;Wk; 2003,y; ,yq;iff; FLk;gj; jpl;lkplw; rq;fk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpd;gb ,yq;iff;fhd xl;Lnkhj;jj; jha;
,wg;G tPjk; FiwthapUe;jNghjpYk; khtl;lq;fs; kj;jpapy; gue;j
NtWghLfSs;sd. Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;fpYk;
fpof;fpYk; ngUk;ghYk; mike;Js;s gj;J khtl;lq;fspy;> jha;
,wg;G tPjq;fs; Njrpar; ruhrhpiatplg; ngUksT cah;e;jdthf 14.3
Kjy; 9.7 tiuahd tPr;irf; nfhz;bUe;jd.17vdpDk; Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;gpd;
epiyik gw;wpa tphpthd juTfs; fpilg;gjw;fpy;yhik xU
Kf;fpa ftiyahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. NkYk; ,g;NghJk; rl;l
14. Family Planning Association, Golden Jubilee Symposium Report, 2003; Department of Census and
Statistics (2005).Selected Millenium Development Goals (MDG) Indicators, Colombo.
15. ,yq;iff; FLk;gj; jpl;lkplw; rq;fk; (2003). ,t;ntz;zpf;if fUj;jil Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jk; nkhj;jr; rdj; njhifapdJ.
16. Nkw;$wpa mNj.
17. http://w3.whosea.org/drd/hlth_issues_srilanka.htm
26
tpNuhjkhAs;s fUf;fiyg;G jhapd; ,wg;Gf;F Kjd;ikahd

fhuzq;fspy; xd;whAs;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; ehnshd;Wf;F elj;jg;gLk;
fUf;fiyg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if kjpg;gPLfs; 750 Kjy; 1>000
tiuapyhd tPr;irf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jd; rl;l tpNuhjj; jd;ikapd;
epkpj;jk; jpl;ltl;lkhdJk; El;;gkhdJkhd xU vz;zpf;ifiaf;
fhz;gJ
f\;lk;.
vdpDk;
mwpag;gl;lnjd;dntd;why;>
fUf;fiyg;Gld;
njhlh;Gila ngUk;ghyhd ,wg;Gfs; twpa
ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; my;yJ mtru kfg;Ngw;Wg; guhkhpg;ig
mZFtJ f\;lkhd my;yJ mJ fpilg;gjw;fpy;yhj gpuNjrq;fspy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wnjd;gjhFk;. 1992 ,y; ,yq;ifapYs;s rpy gpujhd
itj;jparhiyfspy; ngz;Nehapay; gpupTfSf;Ff; fUf;fiyg;gpd;
epkpj;jk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lth;fspy; fzprkhd tpfpjhrhuj;jpdh;
,g;Nghf;Ff;
J}z;lg;gl;l
fUf;fiyg;igr;
nra;jpUe;jdh;18.
Fiwe;Jtpltpy;iynad;gij ehlshtpa juTfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.19
ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu trjpfSk; NritfSk;
njhlh;gpy; ngz;fspd; jftYf;fhd tha;g;gpYk; njhpTfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd chpikapYk; NtWghLfisf; fhl;Lfpd;w
kw;WnkhU gug;ghAs;sJ. gphpj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd;
fPo;
jhgpf;fg;gl;l
,yq;ifapd;
Njapiyj;
Njhl;lq;fs;>
mj;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fj; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J E}
w;Wf;fzf;fhd njhopyhsh; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lijf; fz;ld.
ngUe;Njhl;lj; jkpo;f; Fbrdk; ehl;by; MfTk; twpatw;wpy;
xd;whff; njhlh;e;JKs;sJ. mjpy; fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fisAk;
fUj;jil KiwfisAk; ngz;fs; gad;gLj;JjyhdJ> gps;isfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaAk;
mth;fSf;fpilapyhd
,ilntspiaAk;
jPh;khdpg;gjw;F vt;tpj mjpfhuKkw;wth;fshfNth my;yJ xd;wpy;
NtW topapd;wp ,Wjpahd xU topKiwahf ,d;Nwy; Rfhjhuj;
Jiwapdhy; ,og;gPlhf toq;fg;gLk; rpwpa gzj;njhiff;fhf
mth;fspd;
tho;f;ifj;
Jizth;fshy;
kylhf;fg;gLjYf;Fj;
js;sg;gLgth;fshfNth mg;ngz;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; cly; rhh;e;jJk;
cs;sk; rhh;e;jJkhd mjph;r;rpf; NfhshWld; xd;Wgl;Ls;sJ.
18. Fernando, D.N. and Rabel (1992), RAS. Induced Abortion - A hospital-based Study, The Ceylon Journal of
Medical Science, 35:1-5.
19. Hewage, P. Opinions of Health Professionals on Liberalizing Abortion in Sri Lanka and the Actual
Experience of Abortion Seekers; and Abeysekera, S. (1997). Abortion as a Case for Human Rights
Intervention: Building on the Sri Lankan Experience, in, Reproductive Rights as Human Rights: Studies in
the Asian Context. Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (Forum-Asia), Bangkok.
27
NkYk;> ,yq;ifapy; ghy;epiy rhh;e;j td;KiwAk; ghypay;

td;KiwAk;
gutyhff;
fhzg;gLk;
xu;
gpur;rpidahfj;
20
njhlh;e;JKs;sJ. tPl;L td;Kiwiag; Ghpgth;fSf;nfjpuhd rl;l
eltbf;iffSf;fhfj; jpul;lg;gl;l cWjpahd MjuT> 2005,y; tPl;L
td;Kiwj; jLg;Gr; rl;lj;ijg; ghuhSkd;wk; mq;fPfhpf;ff; fz;lJ.
,yq;ifapy; ghy;epiy rhh;e;j td;Kiw gw;wpa mz;ikf;fhy
Muha;r;rp> td;Kiwf;Fg; gypahd kw;Wk; vQ;rp tho;fpd;w ngz;fs;
njhlh;gpy; jLg;G kw;Wk; epthuz eltbf;iffs; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;
Rfhjhu Nritfspd; toq;fYld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ijj; njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ21.
1981,y;
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
vy;yh
tifahd
ghFghLk;
td;KiwAk;
xopf;fg;gLjy;
gw;wpa
rkthak;
(CEDAW)
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lijAk;
rdj;njhifAk;
mgptpUj;jpAk;
gw;wpa rh;tNjr khehl;bd; (ICPD) 1994 nray; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lijAk; njhlh;e;J ,yq;if ngz;fspd; kdpj
chpikfs; njhlh;gpy; nrhe;jkhf mikf;fg;gl;l epakq;fisAk;
tifg;nghWg;igAk; tpUj;jp nra;Js;sJ. kfsph; tptfhu mikr;R
(,g;NghJ rpWth; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kfsph; tptfhu> mikr;R)
1993,y; kfsph; rhrdj;ij tFj;jikj;jJld; 1996,y; ngz;fs;
gw;;wpa Njrpa nray; jpl;lnkhd;iwAk; cUthf;fpaJ. mj;jpl;lk;
2000,y; jpUj;jg;gl;L 2005,y; tiug;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. CEDAW ,d;
Nfhl;ghLfisj; Njrpa rl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf;FjYk; ngz;fs;
gw;wpa Njrpa Mizf;FOnthd;iw cUthf;FjYk; njhlh;ghd
mLj;j eltbf;iffs; jhkjkhfpAs;sik tUe;jj;jf;fJ. 1998,y;
Rfhjhu mikr;R ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhif kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuf; nfhs;ifiaj; jahhpj;jJ. mjw;F Kd;dh; 1991,d;
rdj;njhiff; nfhs;if fUj;jhpg;G tPjj;ijAk; rdj;njhif
tsh;r;rp tPjj;ijAk; Fiwg;gjpy; ftdj;ijf; Ftpj;jJ. rdj;njhif
,yf;Ffs; va;jg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J gpd;te;j rdj;njhif kw;Wk;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuf; nfhs;if mLj;j jrhg;j fhyk;tiu
vOfpd;w gpur;rpidfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;j Kide;jJ.
20. Cenwor (2003). Study on Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Selected Locations in Sri Lanka, prepared
for UNHCR, Colombo; Wijemanne, Hiranthi (2003). The Role of NGOs in Gender Human Rights and
Womens Development, speech given at FPA Sri Lanka Golden Jubilee Symposium; Samuel, K. (1999).
Womens Rights Watch, Colombo: The Women and Media Collective.
21. UNFPA (2004). A Multisectoral Response Towards Eliminationg Gender Based Violence in Sri Lanka,
study prepared by Sepali Kottegoda and Ramani Jayasundere, Colombo.
28
1.4 Nkhjy; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngah;Tg; gpd;dzpfspy;

,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJ tWik> tho;thjhu
,og;G> Nritfs; jilg;gLjy;> r%f MjuT Kiwikfs;
jfh;e;JNghjy; kw;Wk; td;Kiw Nghd;w fhuzpfspd; $l;lhd
jhf;fk; ,yq;ifapy; ,j;jiyg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy;NtW
Ma;TfspypUe;J ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. Mapd;> ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;
xU
Kd;Dhpikahff;
fUjg;glhky;
,Uf;ff;$Lnkd;gJk;
mNjNtisapy; rpy rkaq;fspy; nghUj;jkw;w mikg;G Kiwapyhd
Jyq;fy;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfis Nkhrkilar;
nra;a KbAnkd;gJk;jhd; $ba Ntjidf;Fhpait.22
ngz;fspd; kPJ Nkhjypd; jhf;fKk; tpyf;fKbahj ftdj;Jf;FhpaJ.
gps;isiag; ngWgth;fshfg; ngz;fs; ,d;wpaikahjthW>
Mz;fs; mDgtpf;fhj xU njhluhd tuf;$ba gpur;rpidfSf;F
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,g;gpur;rpidfs; cly; hPjpahfTk; r%f
topfspYk; ntspg;glf;$Lk;. cly; hPjpahfg; ngz;fs; gpurt
fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,uj;jr; NrhifapdhYk; Cl;lf;FiwtpdhYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl KbAk;@ Rfhjhu cl;fl;likg;G ,y;yhikapdJk;
tho;thjhuq;fs;
Fiye;J
NghjypdJk;
epkpj;jk;
mth;fs;
nghpJk; Mgj;jhd epiyikfspy; gps;isg;Ngw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s
Nehplyhk;. cly; hPjpahfTk; cstpay; hPjpahfTk; Nkhjy; kw;Wk;
,lg;ngah;Tr; R+oypy; tho;fpd;w ngz;fs; J\;g;gpuNahfj;Jf;Fk;
ghypay;
td;Kiwf;Fk;
cly;rhh;e;j
td;Kiwf;Fk;
$ba
tLg;gLepiyapypUf;ff;$Lk;. r%f tiyaikg;Gfs; Fiye;J
Nghjy;> Ra mjpfhuk; mope;JNghjy; kw;Wk; czh;Trhh;e;j
MjuT ,y;yhik vd;gitAk; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs;
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; Xuq;fl;lg;gLtjw;Fk; gq;fspf;ff;$Lk;.
,it mth;fis ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfis
vl;l Kbahjth;fshf;ff;$Lk;.23
elg;G Muha;r;rp Ma;Tf;fhd xU gpd;dzpahf> cldb kdpjhgpkhd>
epthuzj; Njitfs; gw;wpa cgFOTf;fhd (SIHRN) Njitfspd;
kjpg;gPL> ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G cl;gl mbg;gilr;
22. Nkw;$wpa mNj.
23. Nkw;$wpa mNj.
29
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs; njhlh;gpy; Kuz;ghl;lhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; ey;y Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;gpy;
Kd;ida Njrpa kl;lr; rhjhidfspd; Neh;khwhf;fk; gw;wpa
gaDs;s fhl;bfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,k;kjpg;gPL kUj;Jt mYtyh;fs;> mbg;gilahd jdpj;Jiw
epGzh;fs; kw;Wk; mbg;gilr; Rfhjhu Nritfis elj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njitahd Jiz kUj;Jtg; gzpahsh; MfpNahhpd; fLikahd
gw;whf;Fiwiag; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; Rfhjhu
MszpapYs;s 9>542 gjtpfspy; ngUk;ghYk; Njh;r;rpj;jpwDs;s
gFjpfisr; Nrh;e;j 34% gjtpfs; twpjhAs;sd.
mz;ikapy; cs;s itj;jparhiyfspy; mtruNeu kfg;Ngw;W
trjpfs; ,y;yhik> jpl;l Vw;ghl;Lf; fhuzpfspd; epkpj;jk;
mj;jpahtrpa kUe;Jfs; ,y;yhik my;yJ mtw;Wf;fhd jl;Lg;ghL>
Rfhjhuj; jfty; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G Kiwikfs; Vwf;Fiwaj;
jfh;e;JNghdik vd;gitAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jLg;Gr; Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;Gf;fhd Vw;ghL Nkhjypdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT Mw;wy;
,oe;Js;snjdTk; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;it Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd
mbg;gilj;
jfty;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wik
kpff;
FiwthAs;snjdTk; mJ NkYk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;
Fbrdq;fspd; ,lg;ngah;TfSk; Aj;jj;jpd; ,af;ftpaYk; vr;.I.tp
cl;glg; ghypay; hPjpahff; flj;jg;gLk; njhw;W Neha;fs; guTfpd;w
Mgj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdthf mJ vr;rhpf;fpd;wJ.
SHIRN kjpg;gPL tlf;Ff; fpof;Ff;Fr; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu Nritfspd; Mw;wy; Fiwf;fg;gl;ljd; ghy;epiy Fwpj;j
gpd;tpisTfisAk; ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; mjd; tpisTfisAk;
Kidg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; gad;gl;lJ.
30
ml;ltiz 1
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;Ff;Fk; fpof;Ff;Fk; kw;Wk;
,yq;iff;Fkhd njhpT nra;ag;gl;l Rfhjhu epiyf; fhl;bfs;.
fhl;b
Fiw vil 0 - 5 taJ
ruhrhp
Mz;
ngz;
gpwg;gpy; vilFiwT
,yq;if
tlf;Fk; fpof;Fk;
24.9%
29.0%
29.8%
16.7%
46.2%
50.2%
42.3%
25.7%
tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fs;
4.0%
jhapd; Cl;lf;FiwT
fUj;jilr; rhjdk; gad;gLj;jy;
(vg;NghjhtJ)
elg;gpy; fUj;jilr; rhjdk;
gad;gLj;jy;
nkhj;jf; fUj;jhpg;G tPjk;
19.4% (kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
31.4%, kd;dhhpy; 38.4%)
48.0%
84.7%
51.3%
70.0%
36.2%
1.9
2.6%
%yk; : SIHRN 2003. Njitfs; kjpg;gPl;L kjpg;gha;T.
ml;ltiz
1,y;
tpthpf;fg;gl;l
fhl;bfs;
fUj;jil
Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jjypd;
kPJ
Nkhjypd;
ghuJhukhd
jhf;fj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wd. mJ Njrpar; ruhrhpapd; Vwf;Fiwa
miug;gq;fhAs;sjd;
tpisthf
tlf;fpYk;
fpof;fpYKs;s
ngz;fspd; fUj;jhpg;G tPjq;fs; mjpfhpj;Js;sd. NkYk; mit jhapd;
Cl;lf;Fiwtpy; ftiyf;fplkhd mjpfhpg;ig Kidg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;LtJld; gps;isfs; kj;jpapy; gpwg;G vilf;FiwitAk;
Cl;lf;FiwitAk; mwpag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fspy;
mjpfhpg;G rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Njrpar; ruhrhpiatpl Vwf;Fiwa
gj;J klq;F $bajhd Kidg;ghdjhAs;sJ.
fpspnehr;rp kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G Nghd;w Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
khtl;lq;fspy; jha; ,wg;G tPjq;fs; Njrpar; ruhrhpia tpl
cah;e;jitnad;W (Njrpar; ruhrhp 27.5 Mf ,Uf;Fkplj;J KiwNa
28.7 kw;Wk; 32.9) Fbrd kjpg;gPL> Gs;sptptuj; jpizf;fsj;jhy;
(2005) jahhpf;fg;gl;l kpy;Nydpak; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspd;
(MDGs) mwpf;ifapYs;s jfty;fs; %yk; SIHRN kjpg;gPl;bd; Fiw
epug;gg;gLfpd;wJ. kd;dhh;> tTdpah kw;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPT Nghd;w
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Vida khtl;lq;fSf;fhd ,j;juTfs;
fpilg;gjw;Ff;$l ,y;iy. rpR ,wg;Gj; njhlh;gpy; kl;lf;fsg;G
kw;Wk; tTdpah khtl;lq;fs; Njrpar; ruhrhpia tpl cah;e;j
31
tPjq;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.24 rpR ,wg;Gf;fhd Njrpar; ruhrhp MZf;F

12.9 MfTk; ngz;Zf;F 10.2 MfTk; ,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtisapy;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;Jf;fhd njhiffs; MZf;F 17.4 MfTk;
ngz;Zf;F 14.4 MfTk;> tTdpah khtl;lj;jpy; mit MZf;F 12.4
MfTk; ngz;Zf;F 12 MfTk; cs;sd.25
mj;jifa fhl;bfs; mt;thwpUe;j NghjpYk; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJk; chpikfs; kPJk; Nkhjypd; jhf;fj;Jf;fhd
fhuzq;fisAk;
mjd;
tpisTfisAk;
rPh;g;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
nfhs;if ,ilaPLfs; njhlh;e;Jk; mhpjhAs;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
SIHRN Njitfspd; kjpg;gPL tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; ehl;by;
kpfr;
rpwe;jtw;wpy;
xd;whapUe;j
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfspd; toq;fy; fLikahd gpd;dilTfis
mDgtpj;Js;sJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;w mNjNtisapy; mjw;F
cldbahdJk; NeubahdJkhd jPh;T vjidAk; tpje;Jiuf;fj;
jtWfpd;wJ. mJ fUf;fiyg;igj; jLj;jy;> FLk;gj;jpl;lkply;>
ghJfhg;ghd jha;ik> mtruNeu kfg;Ngw;Wg; guhkhpg;G> RTIfs;>
STIfs; kw;Wk; vr.;I.tp/va;l;]; jLg;Gk; fl;Lg;ghLk; vd;git
cs;spl;l ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;ig tYg;gLj;jiyAk;
ghy;epiy
rhh;e;j
td;Kiwapy;
ftdQ;
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfisAk;
(,uz;bypUe;J
Ie;jhz;Lfspy;
ftdQ;
nrYj;Jtjw;F) eLj;juf; fhyj; Njitfshf ,dq;fhz;fpd;wJ.26
,dg;ngUf;fr;
RfhjhukhdJ>
Rfhjhu
Nritfis
Kd;Ndw;WtjD}lhf ntw;wpnfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba xU Rfhjhu
mf;fiwahfg; gpujhdkhff; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wnjd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ. mJ fUj;jilf;Fg; ngz;fSf;Fs;s tha;g;gpNyh
tha;g;gpd;ikapNyh my;yJ mjpfhpj;j fUj;jhpg;gpd; tpisTfspNyh
Neubahff; ftdQ; nrYj;jtpy;iy. mJ ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;ijg;
ngz;fspd; Xh; chpikahfTk; chpj;jhfTk; fUjp mjd;kPJ ftdQ;
nrYj;jtpy;iy. NkYk; mjd; gFg;gha;tpy; my;yJ nfhs;if
tpjg;Giufspy; Rfhjhuf; fhl;bfSf;Fk; ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtj;Jf;Fk;
ey;tho;Tf;Fk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilahAs;s gue;j fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j
kw;Wk; r%f-fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; jilfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlh;GfSk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
24. Fbrd kjpg;G> Gs;sptptutpay; jpizf;fsk;> ,jpy; Fwpg;gpl;ljpy;
25. Nkw;$wpa mNj.
26. Nkw;$wpa mNj.
32
2.0 ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;gpd;

Muha;r;rp Ma;T
2.1 Nehf;fKk; KiwapaYk;
gpd;tUk; gphpT ,yq;ifapy; Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gy;NtW khtl;lq;fspypUe;Jk; fpilj;j Muha;r;rpf; fhz;Gfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJld; chpikr; rl;lfnkhd;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpg;
ngz;fspd;
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj;Jld;
njhlh;Gila Fwpj;j rpy Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfspYk; ftdQ;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t;thuha;r;rp aho;g;ghzk; (tlf;F)> kd;dhh;
kw;Wk; Gj;jsk; (tlNkw;F)> nghydWitapYs;s (tlkj;jp)
vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fs;> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; mk;ghiu (fpof;F) Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,k;khtl;lq;fs; vy;yhk; xd;wpy;
vy;.hp.hp.< ,w;Fk; ,yq;if MAjg;gilfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
,uhZt Nkhjy;f@lhf NeubahfNth ,d;Nwy; Kuz;ghl;bd;
tpisthf NtW gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;j rdr%fq;fspd;
ghhpa
mstpyhd
gpuNtrj;jpD}lhfNth
Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;litnad;w
mbg;gilapy;
njhpTnra;ag;gl;ld.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfg;
Gj;jsk;
khtl;lj;jpYs;s
Fbrdj;jpd;
kj;jpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU vz;zpf;ifapdh; tlf;fpd; ntt;NtW
gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;j K];ypk;fshth;.
juTfis jpul;Ltjw;F> Muha;r;rpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpa
Kd; mDgtKs;s ngz; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fisAk; ngz;fspd;
mf;fiwfs;
kPJ
cWjpahd
ftdf;Ftpg;Gld;
me;je;j
khtl;lq;fspYs;s rdr%fq;fSld; ed;F epiyehl;lg;gl;l
njhlh;GfisAk; itj;Js;s gl;ljhhpfisAk; nfhz;l rd
r%fQ; rhh;e;j epWtdq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; Jizepd;W cjtpdh;.
me;epWtdq;fshtd: fpuhk mgptpUj;jp kd;wk; (RDF)> Gj;jsk;> kd;dhh;
ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;bizg;G (MWDF)> nghyd;dWitg;
ngz;fspd; khtl;lf; FO> #hpah ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyak;>
kl;lf;fsg;G> ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; muq;fk;> mf;fiug;gw;W
33
kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epiyak;> aho;g;ghzk;.

ngz;fsplkpUe;J
mth;fspd;
tho;f;if
tl;lq;fSlDk;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuf; ftiyfSlDk; njhlh;Gila tplaq;fs;
gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtJjhd; Muha;r;rpapd; ftdf; Ftpg;ghf
,Ue;jjdhy; Muha;r;rpf; fUj;jpl;lj;ijf; fUjg;gl;l xd;whf;Ftjpy;
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l khtl;lq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwpj;j
nkhopj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l ntspf;fs Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd; njhpT
xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahapUe;jJ. ntspf;fs Muha;r;rpia elj;Jtjw;F
khtl;lnkhd;Wf;F ,U gpujpepjpfs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
ntspf;fs Muha;r;rpahsh;fSf;F Muha;r;rp Kiwapay; gw;wpa
gapw;rp WMC %yKk; UNFPAI Nrh;e;jth;fs; mlq;fyhfg; ghy;epiy
kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu tplaq;fspy; mDgtKs;s
tsg;gfph;thsh;fs; %yKk; Muha;r;rpapd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; xU
nraykh;tpD}lhfTk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ma;T 2003 ,w;Fk; 2005
,w;Fk; ,ilapy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;j Muha;r;rp Ma;T fl;likf;fg;gl;l xU Nfs;tpf;nfhj;jpd; %yk;
xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; 100 ngz;fis Neh;fhZjiyAk;
mjidj; njhlh;e;J xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; 5 - 10
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fSld;
gFjpasT
fl;likf;fg;gl;l
xU
Neh;fhzY}lhfr; rk;gt Ma;Tfisj; njhFj;jiyAk; ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,Wjp khjphp vy;yh khtl;lq;fisAk; Nrh;e;j 560
ngz;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Muha;r;rp Ma;tpd; KjyhtJ fl;lj;jpd;
NghJ khtl;lq;fspy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l fpuhk miktplq;fspYs;s
Neh;fhzg;gLth;fis
,dq;fhz;gjw;F
Xh;
vOe;jkhd
khjphpg;gLj;jy; Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngz;fspd; tho;f;if
tl;l mDgtq;fis mfg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; 12 - 18 taJ> 19 - 40 taJ
kw;Wk; 41 - 60 taJ vd;w taJf; FOf;fspYs;s ngz;fspd; %d;W
FOf;fSf;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l Xu; Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
khjphpapd; njhpT> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khtl;lq;fspd; ,dg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ. (ml;ltizfs; 2 kw;Wk;
3I ghh;f;fTk;).
Muha;r;rp> Ma;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ fl;lk;> ,dj;jpdJk; tajpdJk;
mbg;gilapy; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l 30 Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd;
jpl;gkhd rk;gt Ma;Tfs; njhFf;fg;gLjiy cs;slf;fpaJ.
34
rk;gt
Ma;TfSf;fhf
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fs;
Muha;r;rpapd;
KjyhtJ fl;lj;jpy; njhlh;G nfhs;sg;gl;lth;fspypUe;J njhpT
nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
khtl;lq;fspypUe;J Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
gpd;tUkhW : kd;dhh;: 89> aho;g;ghzk;: 104> kl;lf;fsg;G:
76> mk;ghiu: 112> nghyd;dWit: 95> Gj;jsk;: 84 Nfs;tpf;
nfhj;JfspypUe;J juTfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjiy nfhOk;G>
B[puy; Ng]; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. juTfspd; gFg;gha;T nfhOk;G> Njrpa
tpahghu Kfhikj;Jt epWtfj;jhy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
2005 Mk; Mz;by;> Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ntt;NtW
khtl;lq;fspYs;s
ngz;fs;
FOf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfs;>
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpy; gzpahw;Wk;
epWtdq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;> kUj;Jt Mszpapdh;> FLk;g Rfhjhug;
gzpahsh;fs;> fpuhk Nritahsh;fs; kw;Wk; nghyp]; mYtyh;fs;
MfpNahUld;
gpuhe;jpaf;
fye;jhNyhridfs;
elj;jg;gl;ld.
nraykh;Tfs; Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; kd;dhh; khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j
gpujpepjpfSf;F mDuhjGuj;jpYk; VidNahUf;F aho;g;ghzj;jpYk;
nghyd;dWitapYk;
kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;
elj;jg;gl;ld.
Muha;r;rp mwpf;if njhpT nra;ag;gl;l MW khtl;lq;fspy;
toq;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpf;nfhj;Jfs;> gpuhe;jpaf; fye;jhNyhridfspy;
elj;jg;gl;l ikaf;FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; Gj;jsk;>
kd;dhh;> aho;g;ghzk;> nghyd;dWit> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspypUe;J njhpT nra;ag;gl;l ngz;fspd; rk;gt Ma;Tfs;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
tiuaiwfs;
Muha;r;rpapd;
KjyhtJ
fl;lk;
kd;dhh;>
aho;g;ghzk;>
nghyd;dWit>
kl;lf;fsg;G>
mk;ghiu>
nkhduhfiy
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; 2004 gq;Fdpapw;Fk; Mdpf;Fk; ,ilapy;
elj;jg;gLnkd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> rpy khtl;lq;fspy;
Neh;fhzg;gLgth;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jt khjphpnahd;iw mZFtjpy;
Muha;r;rpahsh;fSf;Ff;
f\;lq;fspUe;jjdhy;
,f;fl;lj;ij
ePbf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. NkYk; nkhduhfiy khtl;lj;jpypUe;J
35
tphpthd juTfisg; ngWtjpy; fhzg;gl;l rpukq;fspd; epkpj;jk;

WMC mjd; Muha;r;rpf; ftdf;Ftpg;ig nkhduhfiyapypUe;J
Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;Jf;F efh;j;Jtjw;F eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;jsk;
khtl;lj;jpy; juTfisj; jpul;LjYk; rk;gt Ma;Tfisj; njhFj;jYk;
fpuhk mgptpUj;jp kd;wj;ij (RDF) Nrh;e;j ehd;F gpujpepjpfshy; 2005
khrpf;Fk; rpj;jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
2004 ,y; mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy; juTfs; jpul;Ljypd; KjyhtJ
fl;lj;ijg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; muq;fk; elj;jpa NghjpYk;
2004 khu;fopapy; Mopg;Nguiyapd; tpisthf mg;gpuNjrj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l Nguopitj; njhlh;e;J Muha;r;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;jpy;
gq;Fgw;wf;$ba xU epiyapy; mJ ,Uf;ftpy;iynad;gJld;
mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy; gpuhe;jpaf; fye;jhNyhridnahd;iw
elj;JtJk;
rhj;jpakhapUf;ftpy;iy.
,jd;
mbg;gilapy;
mk;ghiuapypUe;J
jfth;fs;
2003-2004
,y;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l
Kjw;gbahd Nfs;tpf; nfhj;Jf;F tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2.1.1 gjpyspj;jth;fspd; ,dg; gfph;T

khtl;lq;fspYs;s jdpNtwhd Fbrdq;fspd; ,dg; gfph;it
mfg;gLj;Jjy; Muha;r;rpapd; ftdf;Ftpg;ghapUe;jJ. fPNoAs;s
ml;ltizapy; fhzf;$bathW rpy khtl;lq;fspy; (v.fh.> Gj;jsk;>
aho;g;ghzk;) Fwpg;gpl;l ,df; FOf;fs; nrwpe;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy;
Vidatw;wpy; ,dg; gfph;T fyg;ghdjhapUe;jJ.
57.7%
44.6%
25.2%
100.0%
rpq;fsk;
1.0%
4.5%
60.0%
jkpo;
89.0%
90.3%
39.7%
50.9%
12.6%
nkhj;jk;
89
104
76
112
95
36
84
nkhj;jk;
kl;lf;fsg;G
9.6%
Gj;jsk;
aho;g;ghzk;
13.0%
nghyd;dWit
kd;dhh;
K];ypk;
mk;ghiu
,dk;
ml;ltiz 2
khtl;l hPjpahf Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dg; gfph;T
560
2.1.2 Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; taJg; gfph;T

Muha;r;rp khjphp> ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; $ba
ntspg;gilahfj; njhpatUfpd;wJk; mNjNghd;W ngUk;ghyhd
epWtd hPjpahd kw;Wk; r%f hPjpahd ,ilaPLfs; ftdQ;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJkhd gpujhd taJj; njhFjpfis mfg;gLj;Jjiy
,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
ml;ltiz 3
gjpyspj;jth;fspd; taJg; gfph;T
32.1%
44.0%
24.7%
66.2%
30.9%
8.9%
Gj;jsk;
kd;dhh;
32.6%
28.8%
28.8%
47.3%
51.9%
51.9%
18.9%
18.2%
19.2%
nghyd;dWit
kl;lf;fsg;G
aho;g;ghzk;
12-18 taJ
19-40 taJ
31.3%
39.4%
49.1%
44.6%
9.6%
mk;ghiu
15.8%
nkhj;jk;
41-60 taJ
ngz;fspd; tho;tpy; r%f hPjpahfTk; cly; hPjpahfTk; ngUk;ghyhd

khw;wq;fs; 19 - 40 taJf; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWtjdhy;> vy;yh
khtl;lq;fspYk; khjphpapd; 44% ,t;taJj; njhFjpapdiuf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. 12 - 18 taijr; Nrh;e;j njhFjpapdh; nkhj;j khjphpapd;
15.7% MfTk; 41 - 60 taijr; Nrh;e;j njhFjpapdh; 39.5% MfTk;
,Ue;jdh;.
2.1.3 Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; fy;tp kl;lk;

kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l khtl;lq;fspy; Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspy; 72%
juk; 10 tiuapyhd my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j Kiwrhh;e;j fy;tpiag;
ngw;wpUe;j mNjNtisapy; juk; 5 tiu kl;Lk; gbj;jpUe;j
Mff;$ba vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fs; mk;ghiuapYk; (50%)
nghyd;dWitapYk; (36.8%) ,Ue;jdh;.
37
cah;fy;tp
nghyd;dWit
mk;ghiu
kl;lf;fsg;G
aho;g;ghzk;
1
13
11
36
23
-
2
15
22
30
6
16
7
9
15
12
27
1
7
-
16
40
22
17
9
3
2
8
27
24
31
1
4
2
19
14
31
-
38
129
105
172
17
49
13
6.7
23.0
18.7
30.7
3.0
8.7
2.3
13
2.3
Gj;jsk;
nkhj;jk;
vJTkpy;iy
juk; 1 - 5
juk; 6 - 8
juk; 9 - 10
rh.juk; rpj;jp
juk; 11 - 12
c.juk; rpj;jp
kd;dhh;
fy;tp
ml;ltiz 4
khtl;l hPjpahf fy;tp kl;lk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
18
24
4.2
nkhj;jk;
89
104
76
112
95
84
560
100
fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gj; njhlh;gpy; ,t;ntt;NtW khtl;lq;fspYKs;s

ngz;fspd; 30% juk; 9 - 10 kl;lf; fy;tpiag; g+h;j;jp nra;jpUe;j
mNjNtisapy; 22.8% ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; juq;fs; 1 - 5 tiu
g+h;j;jp nra;jpUe;jdh;. Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa kw;Wk; FiwtaJ tpthfq;fspYk; fhyj;Jf;F
Ke;jpa fUj;jhpg;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk; cah;kl;lq;fs; njhlh;gpy;
juk; 5 tiu kl;Lk; g+h;j;jp nra;jpUe;j ngz;fspd; rhh;gstpy; cah;
tpfpjhrhuk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
nghyd;dWit khtl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspy; 53.6% juk; 1 - 8 tiu
ghlrhiyapy; gbj;jpUe;jdh;> xj;jtifapy; khjphpapd; 54.3% ngz;fs;
15 - 18 taJfSf;fpilapy; tpthfQ; nra;jpUe;jik> Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l
vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fspy; ghlrhiy ,il tpyfy;fSf;Fk; fhyj;Jf;F
Ke;jpa tpthfq;fSf;Fkpilapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba xU njhlh;igf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
2.1.4 ngz;fspd; tpthf epiy

vy;yh MW khtl;lq;fspdJk; $l;L khjphp Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs;
tpthfkhdth;fs;
(70.7%)
vd;gij
38
tpsf;fpf;fhl;baJ. khjphpapd; 21.25% tpthfkhfhj ngz;fshapUe;j

mNjNtisapy; 7.2% xd;wpy; tpjitfshf my;yJ tpthfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.
tpthf epiy
kd;dhh;
aho;g;ghzk;
kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiu
nghyd;dWit
Gj;jsk;
nkhj;jk;
ml;ltiz 5
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; tpthf epiy
tpthfkhfhjth;
24
28
24
14
23
119
21.25
tpthfkhdth;
61
67
46
103
73
46
396
70.7
tpjit
19
3.3
tpthfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;
10
22
3.9
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
0
89
1
104
0
76
3
112
0
84
0
84
4
560
0.7
100
xl;L nkhj;jj;jpy; tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf

,Ue;j mNjNtisapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; Gj;jsj;jpYk; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l vz;zpf;if rhh;gstpy; cah;thapUe;jJ. mk;ghiu
khtl;lj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tpthfkhfhj ngz;fspd; Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;if ntspf;fs Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd; khjphpj; njhptpd;
tpisthf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
2.2
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;Jf;Fk; chpikfSf;Fk;

tho;f;if tl;l mZFKiw
tho;f;if
tl;l
khw;wq;fisg;
ngz;fs;
vt;thW
czh;e;jdnud;gjpYk; ,k;khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;w fl;lq;fs; gw;wp
ve;jsTf;F mth;fs; njhpe;jpUe;jdnud;gjpYk; Muha;r;rp ftdQ;
nrYj;jpaJ. NkYk; mJ ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f tho;f;if
tl;lq;fspd; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspYs;s gue;j fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j
Gwf;fl;Lg;ghLfspYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ.
39
2.2.1 G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ taJ

xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; (91%) mth;fs; 15
taij miltjw;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;.
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ
taJ
kd;dhh;
aho;g;ghzk;
kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiu
nghyd;dWit
Gj;jsk;
ml;ltiz 6
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ taJ (rjtPjk;)
9-12
13-15
16-19
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
16.8
73.0
8.9
1.3
89
8.6
72.1
14.4
6.5
104
40.5
58.1
1.3
3.8
76
24.1
64.2
9.4
6.2
112
26.3
64.2
9.4
95
27.3
64.2
7.1
1.1
84
Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
khtl;lq;fspy;
tho;fpd;w
ngz;gps;isfs; kj;jpapy; G+g;nga;Jk; taJ Njrpar; ruhrhpiag;
gpujpgypj;jJ. vdpDk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhf aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd;
khjphpapy; xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fs; 9 Kjy;
12 taJf;fpilapy; (8.6%) G+g;nga;jpajhfj; Njhd;wpa mNjNtisapy;
kl;lf;fsg;G khjphpapy; mNj taJf; FOtpy; cah;thd 40.5%
G+g;nga;jpapUe;jJ.
2.2.2 tpthfj;jpd; NghJ taJ

fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wthW khjphpapd; 31% ngz;fs; 1518 taJf;fpilapy; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. Muha;r;rp Ma;tpYs;s
vy;yhg;ngz;fspYk; 54.2% mth;fs; 22 taij miltjw;fpilapy;
tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. ml;ltiz 6 ,y; cs;s juTfSld;
xg;gpLifapy; 15-18 taJf;FOtpy; G+g;nga;Jtjw;Fk; fhyj;Jf;F
Ke;jpaJk; mjdhy; FiwtajpYkhd tpthfj;Jf;Fkpilapy; xU
neUq;fpa njhlh;gpUg;gjhfg; nghyd;dWit 54.3%> mk;ghiu
50.8% kw;Wk; Gj;jsk; 35.7% Mfpa khtl;lq;fisg; ghh;f;ifapy;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
40
tpthfj;jpd;
NghJ taJ
kd;dhh;
aho;g;ghzk;
kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiu
nghyd;dWit
Gj;jsk;
nkhj;jk;
ml;ltiz 7
khtl;l hPjpahf tpthfj;jpd; NghJ taJ (rjtPjk;)
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
33f;F Nky;
tpthfkhfhjth;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
14.6
19.1
21.3
11.2
3.3
3.3
26.9
0
100
(89)
16.3
29.8
10.5
9.6
1.9
3.8
27.8
0
100
(104)
21.0
18.4
17.1
3.9
6.5
1.3
31.5
0
100
(76)
50.8
25.8
7.1
4.4
1.7
0.8
5.3
0.8
100
(112)
54.3
34.5
7.4
2.4
1.2
0
14.7
0
100
(95)
35.7
9.5
19.0
3.5
2.3
0
27.3
2.3
100
(84)
177
127
73
33
15
9
120
6
100
(560)
31.6%
22.6%
13.0%
5.8%
2.6%
1.6%
21.4%
1.0%
mk;ghiuapypUe;Jk; Gj;jsj;jpypUe;Jk; gjpyspj;jth;fs; Kw;W

KOjhf
K];ypk;fshjyhy;>
mr;r%fj;jpy;
tpthfj;Jf;Fr;
rl;lg+h;tkhff;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Fiwe;jgl;r
tanjhd;W
,y;yhik fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
vdpDk; Gj;jsj;Jf;F Kuz;ghl;lhy; J}z;lg;gl;l ,lg;ngah;Tk;
mk;ghiuapy; gy Mz;Lfshf epytpa ,dg; gjw;wKk; Aj;jKk;
,sk; Ml;fs; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;ij ehLtjw;F my;yJ
mt;thW nra;a eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLtjw;Fg; gq;fspj;jpUf;ff;$ba
fhuzpfshf ,Uf;ff;$Lnkd;gijAk; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl KbahJ.
kl;lf;fsg;Gk; nghyd;dWitapd; vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fSk; $l
Aj;j fhyj;jpy; ,iltplhj ,lg;ngah;TfisAk; jhf;Fjy;fisAk;
mDgtpj;jd. ,g;gpuNjrq;fspypUe;j ,sk; Ml;fs; mjpfhpj;j mstpy;
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;lJld; mbf;fb ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk; ,uhZtj;jhy;
Ch;fhty; gilf;F27 my;yJ vy;.hp.hp.<.ahy; Ml;Nrh;f;fg;gLtjw;Fk;
Mshfpdh;. fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa kw;Wk; FiwtaJ tpthfk;
Kuz;ghl;lhy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,ay;ghd
xU epfo;r;rpnad;w vz;znkhd;Ws;sJ. ,e;j Muha;r;rp Ma;T
27 ,d Kuz;ghl;bd; NghJ murhq;fk; rptpypad; Mz;fisf; nfhz;l gilg;gphpnthd;iw 'Ch;fhtw;

gil" ahf cUthf;fpaJ. mg;gilapdh; nghypRlDk; ,uhZtj;JlDk; Nrh;e;J fpuhkg; ghJfhg;G
eltbf;ifapd; Fiw epug;gpdh;.
41
,f;fUj;Jf;Fr; rhd;Wfhl;b cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.28

ve;jsTf;Ff; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;jpd; tpisthf ,sk; jha;khh;
,we;JNghFk; Mgj;ijf; nfhz;ldthff; FiwtaJf; fUj;jhpg;Gfs;
cz;lhfpdNth me;jsTf;Ff; fUj;jhpg;gpd; NghJ my;yJ xU rpy
gps;isfs; gpwe;j gpd;dh; ,t;tpsk; kidtpfs; iftplg;gLjYk;
mth;fspd; ,sk; fzth;fs; kWkzj;ij ehLjYnkd;w tof;fKk;
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ikaf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ
ngz;fs; ,jid tpsf;fpf;fhl;Lfpd;w jdpg;gl;l rk;gtq;fisg;
gw;wpf;$wpdh;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fu;g;gtjpahf ,Ue;j NghJ mthpd;
fztuhy; iftplg;gl;l 15 taJg; ngz;gps;isnahUtiug; gw;wp
xU ngz; $wpdhh;. mg;ngz;gps;is ,ul;ilg; gps;isfisg;
gpurtpj;jNghjpYk; mtw;wpy; xU gps;is rpRthapUf;ifapy; ,we;J
NghdJ.
rpWtiuf; flj;Jjy;fs; Nghd;w ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fspd;
epkpj;jk; ngw;Nwhh; ngz; gps;isfis XusT ,sk;
tajpNyNa tpthfk; nra;J nfhLj;JtpLfpd;wdh;. mj;Jld;
mthpd; ,isakfs; tshpsk; gUtj;ij milAk; NghJ Xh;
,sk; jhahf mg;gps;isia mth; ed;F guhkhpf;ff; $batuhf
,Ug;ghnud;Wk; ngw;Nwhh; vz;Zfpd;wdh;. (kl;lf;fsg;G)
twpa FLk;gq;fs; kj;jpapy;jhd; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfk;
ngUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gps;isfisf; FLk;gj;jpYs;s
Mz;fspd; ghypay; J\;g;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;f
KbahJ. (kl;lf;fsg;G> nghyd;dWit).
Gj;jsk;> kd;dhh;> aho;g;ghzk;> nghyd;dWit kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l ikaf;FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,sk;
ngz; gps;isfspd; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfk; xg;gPl;lstpy;
gue;J
fhzg;gLtij
ntspg;gLj;jpd.
,k;khtl;lq;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; ,t;tof;fj;Jf;Ff; $wg;gl;l gpujhd fhuzq;fs;
tWik> mwpahik> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;G ,y;yhik
vd;gdthFk;. ,f;fhuzq;fisg; ngw;NwhUk; cWjpg;gLj;jpajhf
mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy khtl;lq;fs; njhlh;gpy; Fwpg;ghd
fhuzpfSk; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nghyd;dWit
28 vdpDk; Muha;r;rpg; gFg;gha;T njhlh;e;J eilngWtjdhy; ,j;juTfis ehk; njhlf;f epiyj;;
jfty;fSlDk; MAj Nkhjyhy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;glhj khtl;lq;fspypUe;J fpilf;fpd;w
jfty;fSlDk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;g;Nghk;.
42
khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s Mz;fs; Ch;f; fhtw;

gilapduhf Ntiy nra;tjw;Fr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy;
my;yJ ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpy; giltPuh;fshf ePz;l fhyq;fSf;F
tPLfis tpl;Lr;nry;tjdhy; mf;fpuhkq;fs; MAjg;gilfisr;
Nrh;e;j
MszpapdUld;
$ba
neUf;fj;ijf;
fz;Ls;sd.
ngUk;ghyhd
fpuhkthrpfs;
mth;fspd;
tho;thjhuj;Jf;Ff;
fkj;njhopypy; jq;fpapUg;gjdhy; mNdfh; tWikapy; tho;fpd;wdh;.
fpuhkg; Gwq;fspYs;s rpy gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkq;fspy; Fiw taJ
tpthfq;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s rpy 16 kw;Wk; 17
taJg; ngz;gps;isfSf;F 2 my;yJ 3 taJs;s gps;isfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. jha;khh;jhNd gps;isfshf ,Ug;gjdhy;
mth;fspd; gps;isfisg; guhkhpf;f Kbahjth;fshAs;sdh;.
,J mth;fspd; tPLfspy; ngUksT gpur;rpidfis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
ngw;Nwhh; jkJ ,sk; ngz;gps;isia tWikapypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;F
Kaw;rpg;gjdhy; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfk; Jd;gKk; tWikAk;
kpf;f tho;Tf;F xU jPh;thf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;g myfpDs;
rpWth; ghypay; J\;g;gpuNahfk; nghJthff; fhzg;gLtnjd;Wk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; ngw;Nwhh;> mjpYk; tpNrlkhfj; jha;khh;
jkJ ,staJ kfs;fisf; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dh; tpthfQ; nra;J
nfhLj;JtpLtjd; %yk; FLk;gj;jpYs;s Mz;fspd; ghypay;
J\;g;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J
mth;fisg;
ghJfhf;f
KbAnkd;W
vz;Zfpd;wdh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ngw;Nwhh; jkJ gps;isfs;
ngz;gps;isfshapUg;gpDk;
Mz;gps;isfshapUg;gpDk;>
mth;fspd; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;ijj; jPtpukhf Mjhpg;gjw;F
kw;w Kf;fpa fhuzk; MAjf; FOf;fshy; rpWth; Ml;Nrh;f;fg;gLjy;/
flj;jg;gLjy; vd;W vLj;Jf;$wg;gl;lJ.
2.2.3 KjyhtJ capiug; gpurtpf;Fk; NghJ taJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zf;ifapyhd ngz;fs; kpf ,sk; tajpNyNa
tpthfk; nra;J cldbahfj; jkJ KjyhtJ gps;isiag;
ngw;wpUe;jij Muha;r;rp Ma;T fz;lJ. Mff;$ba vz;zpf;ifapyhd
KjyhtJ gps;isg; gpwg;Gfs; (34.0%) ngz;fs; 15 taJf;Fk; 18
43
taJf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lth;fshf ,Ue;jNghJ ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhf

mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ.
KjyhtJ capiug;
gpurtpf;Fk; NghJ
taJ
kd;dhh;
aho;g;ghzk;
kl;lf;fsg;G
mk;ghiu
nghyd;dWit
Gj;jsk;
ml;ltiz 8
khtl;l hPjpahf KjyhtJ capiug; gpurtpf;Fk;NghJ
taJ
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
33,w;F Nky;
5.6
19.1
20.2
14.6
7.8
-
16.3
21.4
40.4
19.0
9.5
4.7
4.7
21.4
40.4
19.0
9.5
4.7
33.0
25.8
8.9
4.4
5.5
2.6
46.2
38.8
7.4
4.4
2.9
-
34.0
29.5
13.6
20.4
2.2
-
Nkw;gb ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wthW> me;je;j khtl;lq;fspy; tpthfk;

nra;Ak; taJf;Fk; KjyhtJ capiug; gpurtpf;Fk; NghJ taJf;Fk;
,ilapy; NkYnkhU njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ> mk;ghiu
khjphpapy; 33.0% ngz;fSk; nghyd;dWit khtl;lj;jpy; 46.2%
ngz;fSk; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; 46.2% ngz;fSk; 15taJf;Fk; 18
taJf;Fkpilapy; mth;fspd; KjyhtJ gps;isiag; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
nghyd;dWitapy; khjphpapd; Xh; cah; tPjj;jpdh; (85%) jkJ
KjyhtJ gps;isia 22 tajpy; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. fUj;jilg; gad;ghL
gw;wpa mwpT ,y;yhik> mj;jifa jfty;fs; tshpsk; gUtj;J
Mz; gps;isfSf;Fk; ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; gug;gg;gLjiyj;
jilnra;fpd;w r%ff; fyhrhuj; jilfs;> fUj;jilf;fhd tha;g;G
,y;yhik kw;Wk; ngz;fs; jkJ cliyAk; fUj;jhpg;igAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mth;fspd; chpikiag; gpuNahfpg;gjpypUe;J
mth;fisj; jLf;fpd;w r%ff; fyhrhuf; fhuzpfs; vd;git
,k;khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j tshpsk; gUtj;Jg; ngz;gps;isfs;
kw;Wk; ,sk; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; ,f;fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa fUj;jhpg;Gfspd;
cah; epfo;jfTf;Fg; gq;fspf;fpd;w fhuzpfshf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
44
2.2.4 fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

ehd; xt;Nthuhz;Lk; xU gps;isiag; ngWfpd;NwNd
vd;nwz;zp ,uz;L tpjf; Fspirfis vLj;Njd;.. gpd;dh;
ehk; ,lk;ngah;e;j Ml;fshf td;dpapy; ,Ue;jNghJ
mf;Fspirfs; vkf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Ie;jhtJ gps;isapd;
gpd;dh; ehd; fUj;jilr; rj;jpurpfpr;ir nra;Jnfhz;Nld;. (PMrk;gt Ma;T> aho;g;ghzk;)
vdf;F tpthfkhfp Ie;J gps;isfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. fs;S
,wf;Fgtuhf ,Ue;j vd; fzth; tpgj;njhd;wpy; rpf;Ftjw;F
Kd;dh; FLk;gj;jpy; mth; xUth;jhd; tUkhdk; <l;Lgtuhf
,Ue;jhh;. ,g;NghJ mth; Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy. ehd; ijay;
Ntiy nra;J gps;isfis tsh;j;jJky;yhky; mth;fisg;
gbg;gpf;fTk; $LkhapUe;Njd;. xU jlit ehd; fUj;jhpj;j
,U khjq;fspd; gpd;dh; vdf;Ff; fUr;rpijT Vw;gl;lJ. vdJ
fztUf;F Ntiy nra;a KbahjpUe;jjdhYk; gps;isfis
tsh;j;jy;
vdf;Ff;
f\;lkhapUe;jjdhYk;
Ie;jhtJ
gps;isapd; gpd;dh; ehd; LRT rj;jpu rpfpr;ir nra;Jnfhz;Nld;.
ehd; gytPdkhf czh;e;jjld; Rthrpg;gjpy; gpur;rpidfSk;
,Ue;jd. ehd; ,yFtpy; fisg;gilfpd;Nwd;. mjw;fhf
,g;NghJ ehd; kUe;njLf;fpd;Nwd;. (BG 46 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T>
aho;g;ghzk;)
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l MW khtl;lq;fspy; 56.6% ngz;fSf;Ff;
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT ,Ue;jnjd;gij Ma;T Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; ,t;twpit kUj;Jt itj;jpah;fsplkpUe;Jk;
nghJr; Rfhjhu kUj;Jtpr;rpfsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhfj;
njhptpj;jdh;. rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh vd;w epWtdk;
nraw;gLfpd;w ,lq;fspy; rpy ngz;fs; fUj;jil gw;wpa jfty;fis
mjd;
ntspf;fsg;
gzpahshplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf
mwptpj;jdh;.
45
ml;ltiz 9
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
72.6%
63.4%
62.9%
57.1%
56.2%
56.6%
mk;ghiu
nkhj;jk;
19.7%
Gj;jsk;
kd;dhh;
nghyd;dWit
kl;lf;fsg;G
aho;g;ghzk;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; gjpyspj;jth;fspy; 19.7% kl;Lk;

fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT mth;fSf;fpUe;jjhf ntspg;gLj;jpa tifapy;
mk;khtl;lf; fhz;Gfs; ,t;tplaj;jpy; tpjptpyf;fhAs;sd. ,jw;F
Kuz;ghl;bd; epkpj;jk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu Nritfs; Fiye;J
Nghdik my;yJ ngz;fs; mj;jifa mwpit miltjpypUe;J
mth;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w r%ff; fyhrhuf; fhuzpfs; Nghd;w
gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,f;fhuzpfs; myrp Muhag;gl
Ntz;bait.
2.2.5 fUf;fiyT mDgtk;

ehd; 43 tajhd Xh; Mrphpia. ehd; tpthfkhdTld; Kjypy;
fUj;jhpj;j NghjpYk; %d;W khjq;fspy; fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lJ.
vdJ ,uz;lhtJ fUj;jhpg;igAk; ehd; ,oe;jjdhy;
ehd; kUj;Jt MNyhridia ehltpy;iynad;W vd;kPJ
gop Rkj;jg;gl;lJ. ehd; xU jdpg;gl;l itj;jpaiuf;
fye;jhNyhrpj;j NghJ mth; D and C xd;iwr; nra;Jtpl;Lg;
gpur;rpid
vJTkpy;iynad;W
cWjpaspj;jhh;.
mth;
vdf;Fr; rpy Fspirfisj; je;jhh;. ehd; %d;whtJ jlit
fUj;jhpj;j NghJ vdJ fUg;gepiy gw;wp kpff; ftdkhf
46
,Ue;jJky;yhky; fpuhk kUj;Jtr;rpapd; MNyhridiaf; $l

ehbNdd;. vdJ %d;whtJ fUj;jhpg;Gj; njhlh;gpy; ehd; kpf
kpff; ftdkhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ehd;F khjq;fspd; gpd;dh;
kPz;Lk; fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lJ. (PR 43 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T>
kl;lf;fsg;G)
,e;j
Muha;r;rp
Ma;T
ngz;fs;
fUf;fiyTtpid
nkhj;j
mDgtpj;jpUe;jdnud;gij
ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.29
khjphpapypUe;J kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l ngz;fspd; 16.4% Fiwe;jgl;rk;
Xu; fUf;fiytpidahtJ mwpf;ifapl;bUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 10
fu;g;gj;jpd; fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
25.0%
23.0%
16.6%
16.4%
14.7%
7.8%
Gj;jsk;
kd;dhh;
6.5%
nghyd;dWit kl;lf;fsg;G
aho;g;ghzk;
mk;ghiu
nkhj;jk;
fUf;fiyT
njhlh;gpy; kd;dhhpy; 7.8% kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
6.4% Mfpatw;Wld; xg;gpLifapy; gpd;tUk; ehd;F khtl;lq;fspy;
fUf;fiytpid mDgtpj;jpUe;j ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpf
cah;thapUe;jJ. aho;g;ghzk; 23%, mk;ghiu 25%> Gj;jsk; 16.6%
kw;Wk; nghyd;dWit 14.7%. ruhrhpahfg; 16.4% fUf;fiyT
29.
mth;fs; fu;g;gtjpahapUe;j
ngwg;gl;lJ.
Ntisapy;
Foe;ijia
,oe;jduhntd;W
Nfl;Lj;
jfty;
47
kpfTk; cah;thdnjd;gJld; mjid Nkhrkhd ,dg;ngUf;fr;

Rfhjhu Nrit toq;fy;> Kuz;ghl;L Mz;Lfspd; Nghjhd kd
mOj;jKk; Cl;lf; FiwTk;> Kuz;ghl;bd; fhuzkhfr; rPh;Fiye;j
Rfhjhu Nritfs;> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l elkhl;lk;> kUj;Jt mtru
epiyikfisf; ifahs ,ayhik> tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
njhlh;GgLj;jTk; $Lk;. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; fu;g;gk; jhpj;jy;fs;> jhapd;
Cl;lf;FiwT> tPl;L NtiyfSf;Fk; tho;thjhuk; njhlh;ghd
Ntiyf;Fk; ngz;fisg; nghWg;ghf;fp mth;fspd; Ntiyr; Rikia
mjpfhpf;fpd;w ghy;epiyg; nghWg;Gf;fspyhd khw;wk; vd;git
Nkyjpff; fhuzpfs;. fhuzkhf ,Uf;ff;$ba ,f;fhuzpfs; myrp
Muhag;gl Ntz;badthAs;sd.
2.2.6 KjyhtJ fUf;fiytpd; NghJ taJ

fUf;fiyT Fwpg;ghf mk;ghiu kw;Wk; aho;g;ghz khtl;lq;fspy;
20 taJf;Fk; 23 taJf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kw;Wk; 23 taJf;Ff; $ba
taJf;FOf;fspYs;s ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; nghpJk; nghJthdjhfj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy; vy;yh taJj; njhFjpfisAk;
Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; fUf;fiytpid mDgtpj;Js;sjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
aho;g;ghzk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
mk;ghiu
12 -15
16 -19*
20 -23
23f;F Nky;
nghyd;dWit
NghJ taJ
kl;lf;fsg;G
fUf;fiytpd;
kd;dhh;
KjyhtJ
Gj;jsk;
ml;ltiz 11
KjyhtJ fUf;fiytpd; NghJ taJ
0
7
1
5
71
84
0
1
3
3
82
89
0
0
0
4
72
76
0
2
5
7
81
95
1
8
6
11
86
112
0
1
6
17
80
104
1
19
21
47
472
560
0.1%
3.3%
3.7%
8.3%
84.2%
100.0%
* ehd;F ngz;fs; njhlh;gpy; KjyhtJ fUf;fiytpd; NghJ taJ gw;wpa jfty; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
48
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkf;Ff; fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lNghJ

itj;jpah;fspd; my;yJ kUj;Jtpr;rpfspd; cjtpia ehbajhfj;
njhptpj;jdh;. rpyh; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtj;ij ehbajhf my;yJ
kUj;Jt cjtp vjidAk; ehltpy;iynadf; $wpdh;.
2.2.7 ,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd; NghJ taJ

,Wjp khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wp vdf;Fj; njhpAk;. khjtpyf;F
Xa;e;JNghjy; 50 tajpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wnjd ehdwpNtd;.
rpy rkaq;fspy; mJ cldbahf epd;Wtpl;lhy; ey;ynjd;W
ehd; vz;Zfpd;Nwd;. ,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd; gpd;dh; ghYwtpy;
<LghLk; epd;WtpLnkd;Wjhd; ehd; epidf;fpd;Nwd;. Mdhy;
FLk;g tho;f;iff;F vkf;Fg; ghYwT Njit. mjd;gpd;dh;
FLk;g tho;f;if vg;gb ,Uf;Fnkd;W vdf;Fj; njhpahJ.
,t;tplak; gw;wp xU nraykh;T elj;jg;gLtij ehd;
tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. (MC 45 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T> kd;dhh;)
,Wjp khjtpyf;Fj; njhlh;ghd Nfs;tp Neh;fhzg;gLgth;fs;
vy;NyhhplKk;
Nfl;gjw;fhdjhapUe;j
NghjpYk;
vy;yh
khtl;lq;fspYk; 41-60 taJf; FOitr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; kl;Lk;
gjpyspj;Js;sjhfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
mk;ghiu
aho;g;ghzk;
nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
nghyd;dWit
fpilf;ftpy;iy
kl;lf;fsg;G
taJ 25 - 30
31 - 35
36 - 40
41 - 45
46 - 50
51 - 55
kd;dhh;
,Wjp
khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
Gj;jsk;
ml;ltiz 12
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd; NghJ taJ
1
1
5
4
1
2
0
14
0
0
0
4
4
1
13
22
0
0
0
2
4
0
15
21
0
0
1
0
0
15
15
31
0
1
3
6
6
2
17
35
0
0
4
5
7
2
12
30
1
2
13
21
22
22
72
153
0.6%
1.3%
8.4%
13.7%
14.3
14.3
47.0%
100.0%
49
,Wjp khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wpj; njhpe;Js;sik gw;wpa Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpy;fs;

41-46 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fsplkpUe;J kl;Lk; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;ld. gjpyspj;Njhh; kj;jpapy; gpd;tUNthUf;F ,Wjp
khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wp Ke;jpa mwptpUe;jJ.
Gj;jsk;
: ,t;taJf;
nghyd;dWit : ,t;taJf;
kd;dhh;
: ,t;taJf;
mk;ghiu
: ,t;taJf;
kl;lf;fsg;G : ,t;taJf;
aho;g;ghzk; : ,t;taJf;
FOtpypUe;j 14 Nghpy; 8 NgUf;F

FOtpypUe; j 31 Nghpy; 2 NgUf;F
nghJthfg;
ngz;fs;
kj;jpapYk;
,Wjp
khjtpyf;if
mDgtpg;gjw;fhd $ba rhj;jpaKs;s ngz;fisj; jtpu Vida
taJf; FOf;fisr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; kj;jpapYk; ngz;fspd;
clypy; Vw;gLk; tho;f;if tl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;
mhpjhAs;sijg;
Gj;jsj;jpypUe;J
ngw;w
jfty;
ePq;fyhf>
,f;fhz;Gfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,dg;ngUf;f chpikfs; gw;wpa
tpthjj;jpdJk; ngz;fs; jkJ Rfhjhuk; gw;wpg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk;
mjidg; guhkhpf;fTk; mth;fis ,ayr; nra;a Ntz;bajd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLjypdJk; mbg;gilapy; mj;jifa
xU ghq;F tphpthd Rfhjhuf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd
mtruj; Njitiaj; njspthfr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. taJ %j;j
K];ypk; ngz;fs; ,j;jfty;fisj; jk;kj;jpapy; xUtNuhnlhUth;
ghuk;ghpakhfg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;fpd;wduh my;yJ Gjpjhf vOr;rp ngw;W
tUfpd;w ngz;fspd; FOf;fSk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs;
(IDPs) kj;jpay; gzpahw;Wfpd;w rdr%fQ; rhh;e;j epWtdq;fSk;
ngz;fspd; tho;f;if tl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sdth vd;W jPh;khdpg;gjw;Fg; Gj;jsj;Jf;fhd
njhiffspYs;s NtWghl;il NkYk; Muha Ntz;bAs;sJ.
2.2.8 gps;isiag; gpurtpj;j ,lk;

vdJ %j;j rNfhjhpapd; KjyhtJ gps;is tPl;by; gpwe;jJ. xU
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtr;rp mjpy; mtUf;F cjtpGhpe;jhh;. mk; kUj;Jtr;rp
fpuhdpYs;s MAh;Ntj itj;jpahplkpUe;J rpy kUe;Jfis mtUf;Fg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jhh;. mtUf;F Rthjthrpj;J}Sk; (xU jhtur; rhW)
50
xU kUj;Jt vz;nzAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. gpurt Ntjidiaf;

Fiwg;gjw;Fg; ngz;fSf;Fr; rhuhaKk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ (Ms.R.
48 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
Nkhjypd; NghJ ehk; Xl;lkhtbapypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;J>
NrdGutpy;
myp
mkPd;
ghlrhiyapypUe;j
,lk;ngah;e;jth;fSf;fhd KfhKf;F te;Njhk;. vdf;F
12 tajhd NghJ Kfhkpy; ehd; G+g;nga;jpNdd;. ehd;
KfhkpypUe;j Ntisapy; 16 tajpy; NrdGuitr; Nrh;e;j Xh;
MZld; vdf;F tpthfkhdijj; njhlh;e;J ehd; mq;fpUe;Njd;.
mth; Xh; Ch;fhty; giltPuh;. xU tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;zhf
Ntiynra;tjw;F kj;jpa fpof;Ff;Fr; nrd;wpUe;j vdJ
jha; jpUk;gpte;jijj; njhlh;e;J Xl;lkhtbapy; vy;.hp.hp.<
gpur;rpidfs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jjdhy; ehk; Xl;l khtbf;Fj;
jpUk;gpr; nrd;Nwhk;. vdf;F 11> 9> 6 kw;Wk; 4 taJs;s
ehd;F gps;isfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; vy;NyhUk;
tPl;by; gpwe;jth;fs;. Kd;dh; ehd; fUj;jil Kiw vjidAk;
gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. Mdhy; gps;isfs; rpd;dg;gps;isfshf
,Ug;gjdhy; ehd; ,g;NghJ CrpkUe;J (nlg;Ngh GNwhntwh)
vLf;fpd;Nwd;. vdJ fzth;; new; nra;ifapy; <Lgl;lJld;
xU $ypj;njhopyhspahfTk; Ntiy nra;jhh;. (RB- rk;gt
Ma;T> nghyd;dWit)
fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l
khtl;lq;fspy; Neh;fhzg;gl;l vy;Nyhh; kj;jpapYk; gps;isiag;
gpurtpf;Fk; gpujhd ,lk; murhq;f Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G
epWtdq;fs;jhndd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk;
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G ,ytrkhdJ. vy;yhr; NritfSf;Fk; Nehahsp
fl;lzQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba jdpahh; itj;jparhiyfspy; rpfpr;iria
ehbajhfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz;fs; njhptpj;jdh;. 2003,y;
SIHRN mwpf;if Fwpg;gpl;l tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fs; gw;wpa fhl;bfSld;
xg;gpLifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; kd;dhh; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy;
rpwpJ Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.30
30. Njitfspd; kjpg;gPl;L Ma;T 2003> ,jpy; $wg;gl;ljpy;
51
ml;ltiz 13
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapd;gb gps;isiag; gpurtpj;j ,lk; (rj tPjk;)
11.6%
7.2%
7.8%
7.1%
92.1%
92.8%
35.5%
88.3%
92.7%
63.8%
Gj;jsk;
kd;dhh;
itj;jpa rhiy
aho;g;ghzk;
21.2%
15.8%
78.7%
84.0%
mk;ghiu
nkhj;jk;
tPL
gjpyspj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if :
kd;dhh;
: 61
mk;ghiu
: 82
gjpyspj;jth;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if : 355
aho;g;ghzk; : 57
nghyd;dWit : 68
kl;lf;fsg;G : 41
Gj;jsk;
: 46
vdpDk; mth;fspd; tjptplj;Jf;F mz;ikapy; fpilf;ff;$ba
trjpfs;
Nrjkile;jik>
itj;jparhiyfSf;fhd
J}uk;>
Nkhjyhy; J}z;lg;gl;l Mgj;Jk; ,lh;fSk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J
trjp ,y;yhik> tWik kw;Wk; fyhrhu tof;fq;fs; Nghd;w
fhuzpfs;
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fshy;
njhptpf;fg;gl;l
15.8%
tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rpy ngz;fisg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; gpuahzj;Jf;fhd gzk;> kw;Wk; itj;jparhiyapy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk; fhyj;Jf;Fr; Rj;jkhd cilfs; Nghd;w Njitfs;
twpa FLk;gq;fSf;F kl;L kPwpaitnad;gjdhy; mg;ngz;fs;
gpurtj;Jf;F itj;jparhiyf;Fg; Nghf tpUk;Gtjpy;iynad;W
ikaf;FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpd. rpy khtl;lq;fspy;
K];ypk; ngz;fs; fyhrhuf; fhuzpfspd; epkpj;jk; rpyrkaq;fspy;
52
itj;jparhiyapy;
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjw;Fj;
jaq;Ffpd;wdnudj;
2.2.9 ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfs;

ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jt khJ kUj;Jtpr;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
tPl;by; xU gpurtk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wNghJ mjid mth;
ftdpf;fpd;whh;. mth; njhg;Gs; nfhbia ntl;bg; gps;isiar;
Rj;jQ; nra;tJld; fUr;rpijTfs; ,Ue;jhy; mtw;Wf;Fk;
rpfpr;ir Ghpfpd;whh;. xU %jhl;bahd mth; mz;ikapy;
fhykhfptpl;lhh;. (Ms. ALBM> 37 - rk;gt Ma;T> Gj;jsk;)
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfs; tPl;by; gpurtj;Jf;F cjTtjpy;
,g;NghJk; xU gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdh;. ,f;fpuhk itj;jpah;fs;
gpurtj;jpd; gpd;tpisTfspypUe;J jha;khh; Fzkiltjw;F
cjTfpd;wdh;.
mth;fs;
J}s;fisAk;
%ypiffisAk;
vz;nza;fisAk; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; Fbg;gjw;Fg;
ngUq;fhak; nfhLg;gJld; nte;jak; mtpj;j ePiuAk; kUe;jhff;
nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. (Ms.R> 48 - rk;gt Ma;T kl;lf;fsg;G)
murhq;f
Rfhjhu
Nritf;
fl;likg;G
nghJr;
Rfhjhu
kUj;Jtpr;rpfSf;Fg;
gapw;rpaspj;J
ehnlq;fpYk;
mth;fs;
mkh;j;jg;gLjiy cs;slf;fpa NghjpYk;> Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fk;> cs;ehl;L
,lg;ngah;T kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Nrit toq;fy; fl;likg;Gfspd;
rPh;FiyT vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthfg; ngz;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj; NjitfSf;Fg; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfspd; cjtpiaj;
jPtpukhf ehLtjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.31 ngUk;ghyhd ghuk;ghpa
kUj;Jtpr;rpfs; mth;fspd; jpwd;fis mNjnjhopypy;; <Lgl;Ls;s
Kjpa ngz;fsplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; mth;fspd;
Nritfs; ngUk;ghYk; murhq;f Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G Mszpapdiu
mZFtjpy; f\;lq;fs; cs;sNghJ my;yJ xU ngz;Zf;Fg; gpurt
Ntjid Vw;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J kpf mz;ikapYs;s fpspdpf;Ff;F
my;yJ itj;jparhiyf;F mtiuf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F toptif
,y;yhjtplj;J ehlg;gLfpd;wd.
31. The Women and Media Collective (2002). Study on Outreach Capacity of Public Health Midwives in
Addressing the Issue of Domestic Violence at the Level of the Community: Insights from Two Districts in
Sri Lanka.
53
aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s xU ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rp jhk; fle;j 20

Mz;Lfspy; 100 Foe;ijfSf;F Nky; gpwg;gpj;Js;sjhff; NfhUfpd;whh;.
mth; xU fh;g;gpzpj; jhiag; ghh;f;fr; nrd;wNghJ mg;ngz;Zf;Fg;
gpurt Ntjid Vw;gl;L mtiu mz;ikapYs;s itj;jparhiyf;F
mDg;Gtjw;Fg;
Nghf;Ftuj;J
trjp
,y;yhikapdhy;
mth;
Kjw;jlitahfg; gpurtk; ghh;j;jhh;. Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa mikjp
fhf;Fk; gil (IPKF) aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epiynfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy;
nghJkf;fspd; elkhl;lk; fLikahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jjdhy;
xU kUj;Jtr;rp ve;NeuKk; miof;fg;gLk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jjdhy;
r%fj;jpy; kUj;Jtpr;rp kpf cah;thf kjpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
2.3
,dg;ngUf;fr; RfhjhuKk; ghy;epiy rhh;e;j

td;KiwAk;
gpujhdkhfg;
ngz;fspd;
kPjhd
Mzpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;ilg;
nghWj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;w ghy;epiy rhh;e;j r%f epakq;fspdJk;
tof;fq;fspdJk; tpistpdhy;jhd; murhq;f kw;Wk; jdpahh;
Jiwfs; ,uz;bYk; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fs;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Mz; jiyikr; r%ff; fl;likg;Gfs;>
tUkhdk; <l;Lfpd;w ngz;fs; (Gyk;ngah; njhopyhsuhf my;yJ
Kiw rhh;e;j/Kiwrhuhj; Jiwapy; mth;fspd; <l;ly;fspd; %yk;)
toq;Ffpd;w jPh;Tfl;l MjuT vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW> mth;fspd;
FLk;gq;fspdJk; tPl;bduJk; eyNdhk;Giff;Fg; ngz;fspd;
nghUshjhug;
gq;fspg;Gfis
xg;Gf;
nfhs;sj;jaq;Ffpd;w
epUthf eilKiwfspYk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
FLk;gq;fs; FLk;gf;$l;Lj; jiyikfis my;yJ FLk;gg; ngz;
jiyikfisf;
$lf;nfhz;Ls;sdntd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
tpUk;ghj nfhs;if eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%f eilKiwfs; Mfpa
,uz;bYk; ghy;epiyg; ghFghL njhlug;gLfpd;wJ.32njspthfg;
ngz;fs;
mth;fspd;
FLk;gq;fSf;F
Kjd;ikahd
gq;fspg;ghsh;fshf cs;stplj;J mth;fSf;nfjpuhfg; Ghpag;gLk;
td;Kiw> FLk;gj;jpDs;Sk; r%fj;jpDs;sk; Mz;fspd; Kjd;ik
epiyiag; gwpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ngz;fspd; nrhe;j Kaw;rpfspd;
tpisntd;W tpsf;fkspf;fg;glg; ghh;f;fpd;wJ.
32. Vidyaratne, S. (2004). Monetary Value of Unpaid Work and Disaggregating GDP by Sex. Colombo:
Department of Census and Statistics, Kottegoda, S. (2004). Negotiating Household Politics: Womens
Strategies in Urban Sri Lanka. Colombo: Social Scientists Association, Samuel, K. (1999). Womens Rights
Watch. Colombo: The Women and Media Collective. Colombo.
54
2.3.1 tPl;L td;Kiw

Muha;r;rp Ma;tpd; gFjpahapUe;j ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; tPl;Ltd;Kiw kpf
cah;thapUe;jik tpag;gspf;fhj NghjpYk; ftiyaspg;gjhapUe;jJ.
fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW> mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy;
49% ngz;fs; td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfj; njhptpj;jdh;.
Gj;jsj;jpy; 67.8%, nghyd;dWitapy; 30.5%, kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
28.9%, aho;g;ghzj;jpy; 20.1% kw;Wk; kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpy; 14.7%
ngz;fSk; $lj; jhk; tPl;by; td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfj;
njhptpj;jdh;.
jk;kPJ
td;Kiwiag;
Ghpe;jth;fshfr;
rpyh;
je;ijkhiuAk; rNfhjhuh;fisAk; jha;khiuAk; Fwpg;gpl;lNghjpYk;
nghJtpy; $Ljyhf mjidg; Ghpe;jth; fzth;jhd;. tho;f;ifj;
Jizapd; td;Kiw njhlh;gpy; KjyhtJ td;Kiwr; rk;gtk;
tpthfkhd
Kjy;
%d;W
Mz;LfspDs;
,lk;ngw;wjhfg;
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; mwpf;ifapl;ldh;. tPl;Ltd;Kiw vd;Nwh
xU jlit ele;j rk;gtky;yntd;Wk; khwhf mJ jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr;
nra;ag;gl;lnjhd;nwd;Wk;
mth;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs;
njhptpj;jdh;.
vdJ gps;isfSf;fpilapy; ehd;fhz;L taJ NtWghLs;sJ.
Mdhy; mJ epfo;e;jJ ,ilntsp tpl;Lg; gps;isfisg;
ngwNtz;Lnkd;W ehk; KbT nra;jjdhyy;y. vdJ
fzth; rPjdk; gw;wp vd;Dld; rz;ilNghl;L ehd;fhz;Lfs;
vd;idg; gphpe;jpUe;jjdhy; mJ epfo;e;jJ. mth; rPjdg;
gpur;rpidapd; epkpj;jk; tpthfkhd %d;W ehl;fspd; gpd;dh;
vd;idj; jhf;fpdhh;. mth; xU Gjpa tPLk; njhiyf;fhl;rpg;
ngl;bnahd;Wk; Ntz;Lnkd;whh;. ghYwT nfhs;tijg;
gw;wpf; $l mth; vd;Dld; rz;ilgpbg;ghh;. ghYwT
nfhs;s ehd; kWj;jhYk; $l mth; ghYwT nfhs;tjw;F
vd;id
gyte;jg;gLj;Jthh;.
mthpy;yhjNghJ
ehd;
cwtpdh;fisg; ghh;f;fr; nrd;why; mjw;Fk; mth; rz;il
gpbg;ghh;. mth; Fbntwpapy; tPl;Lf;F tUfpd;wNghJk;
vd;Dld; rz;il gpbg;ghh;. toikahf mayth;fs;
jiyapl;L vkJ gpzf;Ffisj; jPh;j;Jitg;ghh;. ehd; 1 khjf;
fu;g;gpzpahapUe;jNghJ vdJ fzth; vd;Dld; rz;il
Nghl;ljdhy; vdf;Fr; fUr;rpijT Vw;gl;lJ. (Ms.R> 28-rk;gt
Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
55
ml;ltiz 14
tPl;L td;Kiw (rjtPjk;)
67.8%
49.1%
35.3%
30.5%
28.9%
20.1%
14.7%
Gj;jsk;
kd;dhh;
aho;g;ghzk;
mk;ghiu
nkhj;jk;
ngz;fs; mth;fspd; fzth;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;ljd; Nghpy;

itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ mth;fs; mbj;J
cijf;fg;gl;lhh;fnsd;w cz;ikia kWj;J tpLfpd;wdh;.
mth;fs; Fspayiwapy; tOf;fp tpOe;jjhf my;yJ tpOe;J
gy;Yile;J Nghdjhff; $Wfpd;wdh;. mth;fspd; fzth;fs;
fl;Lf;fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;lhy; mth;fisg; guhkhpg;gjw;F
vtUk; ,Uf;fkhl;lhh;fnsd;W mth;fs; mr;rkilfpd;wdh;.
r%fk; ,jid Vw;Wf;nfhs;skhl;lhnjd;gJld; kidtp
fztiur; rpiwf;F mDg;gpajdhy; mtiuj; JNuhfpnad;Wk;
mJ fUJk;. mth; Xuq;fl;lg;gLthh;. mjidj; jtpu
mj;jifa fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tjw;F vkJ fyhrhuk; vk;ik
mDkjpg;gjhapy;iy.
r%fk;
mth;fis
Vsdkhfg;
ghh;f;Fnkd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; ngz;fs; mjidr; nra;tjpy;iy.
(ikaf;FOg; gq;Fgw;Wdh;> aho;g;ghzk;)
ikaf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; tPl;L td;Kiwg; gpur;rpid
$ba tphpthff; fye;jhuag;gl;lJ. tPl;L td;Kiwf;Fr; rPjdk;
56
xU nghJthd fhuzkhf ,Ug;gjhfg; ngz;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.

fztdhy; vhpj;Jr; nfhy;yg;gl;l rNfhjhp gw;wp xU ngz; $wpdhh;:
mtd; mtis tpthfk; nra;tjw;fhf mtisg; ghlrhiyia
tpl;L tpyfr; nra;jJld; mtspd; gbg;igAk; jLj;J
epWj;jpdhd;. MfNt ,uz;L gps;isfs; gpwe;j gpd;dh;
mtisr; rpj;jputij nra;tjw;F mtDf;F vd;d chpik
,Ue;jJ? (uhzp> aho;g;ghzk;)
xU rk;gtj;jpy; fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;nzhUth; mthpd; fztuhy;
jhf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J mtUf;Fg; gps;is nrj;Jg; gpwe;jJ
(ikaf; FOg; gq;Fgw;Wdh;> aho;g;ghzk;)
,ay;ghf tPl;L td;Kiwf;Fk; ghypay; cwTfSf;Fk; fUj;jilg;
ghtidf;Fkpilapy; kpf neUq;fpa njhlh;GfSs;sd. ikaf;
FOf;fspy; mth;fspd; rdr%fq;fspy; ngz;fspd; mDgtq;fs;
gw;wp xspTkiwtpy;yhj fye;Jiuahly;fs; eilngw;wd. xU ngz;
$wpathW :
rpy rkaq;fspy; fzth; jkJ kidtp fUj;jilfisg;
gad;gLj;jpdhy;
tpthfj;Jf;Fg;
Gwk;ghd
fs;s
cwTfs; itj;jpUf;ff; $Lnkd;nwz;zp fUj;jiliag;
gad;gLj;Jtijf;
jLj;JtpLthh;.
vdNt
ngz;fs;
fUj;jilia ,ufrpakhfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
vdpDk;
kidtp
,jidr;
nra;fpwhnud;W
fzth;
fz;Lgpbj;jhy; mtiu elj;ij nfl;ltnsd;W Fw;wQ;rhl;b
td;Kiw %yk; mtiuj; jz;bf;fpd;whh;. ,J ,lk;ngah;e;j
rdr%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; gue;J fhzg;gLk; xU epiyik.
(ikaf;FOg; gq;Fgw;Wdh;> kd;dhh;)
jkJ Ie;jhtJ gps;isiag; ngWifapy; gpurtj;jpd; NghJ
,we;JNghd xU ngz;izg; gw;wpAk; kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpy;
ikaf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mthpd;
fzth; fUj;jil vjidAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mtUf;F mDkjp
kWj;Js;shh;. mth; kpfTk; taJ Fiwe;j xU jhahf ,Ue;jhh;.
57
2.3.2 tpthfj;jpy; gyte;jkhd ghypay; clYwT

ngz;fs;> tpNrlkhf ,lk;ngah;e;j gpd;dzpfspy; gyte;jkhd
ghypay; clYwT gw;wpAk; $wpdh;. KOf; FLk;gKk; xNu miwiag;
gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk; NghJ jdp kiwtplk; ,y;yhikahy; ngz;fs;
jkJ fzth;fSld; ghypay; clYwT nfhs;tjw;F kWf;f
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdh;. vdpDk; xU ngz; $wpathW :
rpy rkaq;fspy; Mz;fs; mth;fspd; nrhe;jg; gps;isfspd;
Kd;dhy; ngz;fSld; gyte;jkhfg; ghYwT itj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,J ngz;fSf;Fg; ghypay; clYwit kpfTk;
mUtUg;ghdjhf;fpAs;sJ.
(kd;dhhpypUe;J
nraykh;tpy;
gq;Fgw;wpath;)
ehd; 1992 ,y; tpthfk; nra;Njd;. vdJ tpthfk; vdJ
ngw;Nwhuhy; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. tpthfkhd Kjy;
ehspNyNa mth; vd;id mbj;J cijf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
mth; gytw;iwf; nfhz;L vdf;Fr; #L itg;ghh;. mth; vdJ
iffisAk; fhy;fisAk; fl;bg; Nghl;Ltpl;L vd;Dld;
ghYwT itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;. vdJ khjtpyf;F ehl;fspy;
$l mth; vd;Dld; gyte;jkhfg; ghYwT nfhs;thh;.
mth; ghYwT itj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; Nghnjy;yhk; ehd;
cld;gl Ntz;Lnkd mth; tpUk;Gfpd;whh;. (PV> 32 taJ rk;gt Ma;T> aho;g;ghzk;)
,yq;ifapy; rl;lKiwik tpthfk; rhh;e;j td;Gzh;r;rpia xU
Fw;wkhf xg;Gf;nfhs;stpy;iy.33 eilKiwapYs;s r%f-fyhrhu
epakq;fs;> ngz;fs; vjph;g;Gf;fhl;lhky; mth;fspd; tho;f;ifj;
Jizth;fSf;Fg; ghypay; Nritfis toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdthf> Fwpg;ghfg; ghypay;Gk; FLk;gKnkd;w
gug;gpy; Mz; jiyikf;Fhpa tpOkpaq;fisf; fLikahfg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. tpthfj;jpDs; td;Gzh;r;rpnad;W tUfpd;w NghJ
ghypay; nraw;ghl;by; vg;NghJ> vq;Nf mth;fs; <LgLtnjd;W
njhpT
nra;tjw;fhd
ngz;fspd;
Rje;jpuKk;
mth;fspd;
33. 1995 ,y; ePjp mikr;R jz;lidr; rl;lf; Nfhitf;F Kf;fpakhd jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mJ ghypay; Jd;GWj;jiy xU Fw;wkhf xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; tpthfj;jpDs;
td;Gzh;r;rpia xU Fw;wkhf xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njitapy; mJ ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy.
58
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;jpdJk; mth;fspd; cly;fspdJk; kPjhd

ngz;fspd; chpikfSk; nghpJk; tLg;gLfpd;w epiyapYs;sd.
ghYwT nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dh; kJghdk; my;yJ Nghijg; nghUs;fs;
ghtpf;Fk; gb jhk; gyte;jg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikfs; gw;wpAk;
ngz;fs; $wpdh;.
ikaf; FOf;fye;Jiuahlnyhd;wpy; nghyd;dWitiar; Nrh;e;j
FLk;gr; Rfhjhuk; gzpahsnuhUth;> Xh; ,sk;jha; gpurtj;ijj;
njhlh;e;J cldbahf> Ntz;lg;glhj ghypay; clYwitAk;
kw;nwhU fUj;jhpg;igAk; jLf;ff; $bajhfTk; gpurtj;jpd; gpd;dh;
Fzkiltjw;Fk; Xa;TngWtjw;Fk; ,ayf;$bajhfTk; mthpd;
rpRTf;Fg; Nghjpa fhyj;Jf;Fj; jha;g;ghY}l;lf; $bajhfTk;> mthpd;
jhahUld; xU rpy khjq;fisf; fopg;gjw;Fg; Gjpjhfg; gpwe;j
Foe;ijAld; Nghtjw;F mth; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ljd; Nghpy; jkJ
jdpg;gl;l nrhe;jg; gzj;ijf; nfhLj;jpUe;jij epidT $h;e;jhh;.
Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l rdr%fq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fis tPl;L td;Kiw
epfo;Tfspd; NghJ rl;lepthuzj;ij mZFtjpypUe;J tpyf;Ffpd;w
fl;likg;Gr;
rhh;e;j
fhuzpfSk;
cs;sd.
Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; td;Kiwf;Fg; gypahd ngz;fs;
vjph;Nehf;fpa Kf;fpakhd jilfspy; xd;Wjhd; nghyp]; Nghd;w
rl;lj;ij mKy; nra;Ak; KiwikapYs;s mYtyh;fs; Mz;fshfTk;
ngUk;ghd;ik ,dkhd rpq;fs ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fshfTk;
,Ug;gJld; mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rdr%fq;fspd; nkhopahd
jkpiog; NgrKbahjth;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy;. xU ngz; njspthff;
$wpathW:
kd;dhhpy;
3
nghyp];
epiyaq;fSs;sd.
mq;F
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; gps;isfs; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfisf;
ifahs;tjw;F tpNrl fUkgPlq;fSs;sd. Mdhy; Fbrdj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdth;fs;
jkpouhf
,Ue;jNghjpYk;
Kiwg;ghLfs;
rpq;fsj;jpy;
kl;Lk;
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mJkl;Lkd;wp
Kiwg;ghLfisf;
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
nghyp]; mYtyh;fs; Mz;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy; ngz;fs;
jkJ
Jd;gJauq;fis
mth;fSld;
ntspg;gilahfg;
gfph;e;Jnfhs;s KbahJ. (kd;dhh;)
59
ngz;fspd; ey;tho;T njhlh;gpyhd mth;fspd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fk;

chpj;Jf;fSf;Fk; xU jilahapUf;fpd;w kw;WnkhU fl;likg;Gr;
rhh;e;j fhuzp K];ypk; ngz;fSf;F Vw;Gilajhd toikr; rl;lq;fs;.
tpthfuj;J tof;Ffs; mur rl;l Kiwikf;Fg; Gwk;ghAs;s fhjp
ePjpkd;wq;fs+lhff; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;ePjpkd;wq;f@lhfr;
nrd;w ngz;fspd; mDgtq;fs; gw;wpg; ngz;fs; $wpdh; fhjp ePjpkd;wk; (Quazi Court) vg;NghJk; Kw;wpYk; gf;fr;
rhh;ghdJ. Mz;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w A+up rigapy;
ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
xUNghJk;
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
ngz;fSf;F ePjp fpilg;gjw;F ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpthfuj;J tof;fpy; ngz;
fLikahf mtkjpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;. ePjpgjpfs; ngz;fis
kpfTk; fLfLg;Gld; elj;Jfpd;wdh;. (Gj;jsk;)
,it Nghd;w gpur;rpidfs; mth;fspd; RfhjhuKk; ey;tho;Tk;
njhlh;gpy; murpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Nritfis kl;Lkd;wp
rka mikg;Gf;fisAk; mZFtjw;fhd ngz;fspd; Mw;wypd;
kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjdhy; mtw;iwf; fz;Lzu Ntz;baJ
Kf;fpak;.
vdf;F Mz;fis tplg; ngz; kUj;Jt Mszpapdiuf;
fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ
$ba
,ay;ghdjhapUe;jJ.
ehd;
kUj;Jtpr;rpAld; vdJ gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpr; Rje;jpukhff;
fye;JiuahbNdd;. Mdhy; Mz; kUj;Jth; vd;idg;
ghpNrhjpg;gjw;F ,lkspg;gjw;F ehd; ntl;fg;gl;Nld;. (Ms>R,
28 - rk;gt Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
rpy ngz;fs; jkf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; Mz; kUj;Jth;fs; rpfpr;iraspj;j
NghjpYk; ngz; kUj;JtnuhUth; jk;ikg; ghh;g;gJ $ba
MWjyspg;gjhapUe;jnjdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.
60
2.4 jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;;jpd;NghJ ,dg;ngUf;fr;

Rfhjhuk;
ehd; %d;W gps;isfspd; jha;> %j;j gps;is 1984,y; gpwe;jJ.
ehd; fh;g;ge;jhpj;jpUe;j NghJ mk;ghiuapy; ,Ue;Njd;.
mq;F mg;NghJ vy;.hp.hp.< gpur;rpidfs; ,Ue;jd. mth;fs;
nghyp]; epiyaq;fisAk; Ch;fhtw; gilapdiuAk; jhf;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vkf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLf;fg;glhj NghjpYk;
ehnky;NyhUk; mr;rj;Jld; tho;e;Njhk;. ehd; gpurtj;Jf;fhf
mk;ghiu kj;jpa itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Nld;.
vdpDk;
vy;.hp.hp.<
njhe;juTfspd;
epkpj;jk;
vy;yh
kUj;Jth;fSk;
jhjpfSk;
gpd;Nduk;
6
kzpastpy;
itj;jparhiyiatpl;Lg; Ngha;tpLfpd;wdh;. md;wpuT vdJ
jhAk; je;ijAk; vd;Dld; ,Ue;jdh;. NtW Nehahsp xUth;
kl;Le;jhd; mq;fpUe;jhh;. vdf;F typnaLj;jNghJ vdJ je;ij
kUj;JtnuhUtiuf; $l;b te;jhh;. mk;kUj;JtUf;F mth;
gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. itj;jparhiyapy; Ntiy
nra;ahj mth; ngUk; gPjpAldpUe;jhh;. vdJ gps;is rhkk;
12.45 mstpy; gpwe;jJ. vdJ ngw;Nwhh; vd;Dld; ,Ue;jdh;.
ehd; vdJ Foe;ijAld; ,Ue;jNghJ fl;bypy; ghk;nghd;W
,Ug;gij vdJ jha; fz;lhh;. mth; $f;Fuypl;lijj;
njhlh;e;J xUth; mjid mbj;Jf; nfhd;whh;. mJ xU epjp
khtpy. mJ fbj;jhy; rhT epr;rak;. (PRIW, 42 taJ - rk;gt
Ma;T> nghyd;dWit)
Aj;j fhyj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khUf;F rpNrhpad;
gpurtkhapd; mth;fis itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjpy;
vkf;Fg; gpur;rpidfspUe;jd. ehk; ,uhZtj;Jf;F mwptpf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mth;fspd; cyq;F thD}h;jpr; Nritfs;
%yk;jhd; Nehahspfs; mDuhjGu itj;jparhiyf;F Vw;wpr;
nry;yg;gl;ldh;. NehahspAld; cwtpdh; xUth; $lr;
nry;yyhk;. itj;jparhiyapy; ngUk;ghyhd gzpahsh;
rpq;fstuhjyhy; nkhopnahU gpur;rpidahapUe;jJ. rpy
rkaq;fspy; jkpo; my;yJ K];ypk; gzpahsh; mq;fpUe;jdh;.
(MSP, 42 - rk;gt Ma;T> kd;dhh;)
61
,e;j Muha;r;rp Ma;T ntt;NtW khtl;lq;fspy; jPtpu Nkhjy;

fhyj;jpd; NghJk; Nkhjy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dUk; 2002,y; Aj;j
epWj;j cld;gbf;ifiaj; njhlh;e;j fhyg;gFjpapYk; ngz;fspd;
Rfhjhuf; ftiyfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;l Kaw;rpj;jJ.
Nkhjypd; NghJ ,yq;if ,uhZtKk; vy;.hp.hp.<.Ak; gpuNjrq;fisg;
Gtpapay; hPjpahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaik Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fSf;Ff;
f\;lkhd mDgtq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mth;fs; ,lk;ngaur;
nra;ag;gl;lth;fshfTk;> ifJ nra;ag;gLgth;fshfTk;> Nrhjidr;
rhtbfspy; mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gLgth;fshfTk;> kdpj chpik
kPwy;fis mDgtpj;jdh;. mth;fspd; elkhl;lk; fLikahff;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Ml;rpg;
gpuNjrj;jpd;
,ul;ilf;
fl;Lg;ghL mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fspd; kPJk; cwTfspd; kPJk;
ghy;epiy rhh;e;j gpd;tpisTfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. murpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; filg;gpbf;fg;gLk; nghJr;
rl;lq;fspd; my;yJ toikr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;j
rpy Mz;fs; mth;fspd; kidtpkhiuf; iftpl;Ltpl;L vy;.hp.hp.<
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;Jf;Ff; fle;Jnrd;W mq;F
,uz;lhtJ FLk;gq;fis itj;jpUe;jhh;fnsd;W ikaf;FOf;
fye;Jiuahly;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpd. NtW re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Mz;fs;
(muR my;yJ vy;.hp.hp.< fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w) Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuhe;jpaq;fspYs;s jkJ FLk;gq;fis tpl;Ltpl;Lg; ghJfhg;ghd
,lq;fSf;F
efh;e;j
gpd;dh;>
jk;ikf;
fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd
toptifawpNth tsq;fNsh jkJ kidtpkhUf;F ,y;iynad;W
mwpe;jth;fshf> mq;F kPz;Lk; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. NtWk;
rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mur fl;Lg;ghl;L Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
jkJ kidtpkhiu tpthfuj;Jr; nra;j Mz;fs; vy.;hp.hp.<
fl;Lg;ghl;L Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;Jf;F efh;e;J tpl;ldh;. vy;.hp.hp.<
Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpDs; mur Kiwik vl;lKbahjjdhy; mur
KiwikapD}lhfj; jhghpg;Gf; NfhUtjw;F my;yJ rl;l eltbf;if
vLg;gjw;F vz;Zfpd;w kidtpkhh; toptif vJTkpd;wpj;
jtpf;ftplg;gl;ldh;.
62
2.4.1 jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ gps;isg;NgW

kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l MW khtl;lq;fspy; Ie;jpy; jPtpu Nkhjy;
fhyj;jpd;NghJ 19-40 taJj; njhFjpapy; gps;isg; NgW Mff; $bajhf
,Ue;jjhf Muha;r;rp fz;lJ: aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J gjpyspj;jth;fspy;
79.4%> kd;dhhpypUe;J 65.5%> nghyd;dWitapypUe;J 48.9% kw;Wk;
kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J 47.7%. ,t;taJj; njhFjpapYs;s ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs; jj;jkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkhjy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh;
gps;isfisg; gpurtpj;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy;> ,g;ngz;fspd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
rjtPjj;jpdh;
jPtpu
Nkhjy;
fhyj;jpd;NghJk;
gps;isfisg; ngw;wpUe;jdnud;Wk; fhzg;gl;lJ: mk;ghiu 47.7%>
kd;dhh; 40.0% kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; 30.4%. ,J ,f;fhyq;fspd;
NghJ ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; fUj;jilr;rhjdq;fSk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu NritfSk; xOq;fw;Wf; fpilj;jjd; my;yJ fpilf;fhjjd;
jhf;fj;ijAk; mjdhy; gps;isg;NgWfspd; ,ilntspiaAk;
vz;zpf;ifiaAk; KbTnra;tjw;fhd topJiwfs; ngz;fSf;F
kWf;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$baijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
Aj;j epWj;j cld;gbf;if (CFA) ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l gpd;dh; 19-40
taJj;njhFjpapy; Mff;$ba gps;isg; NgWfspd; vz;zpf;ifahd
37.8% Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpypUe;J mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ.
63
ml;ltiz 15
jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dUk; mjd;NghJk; CFAf;Fg;
gpd;dUk; gps;isg;NgWfspd; vz;zpf;if
fUj;jhpg;Gf;
fhyk;
aho;g;ghzk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
Kd;dh;
mjd;NghJ
gpd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
gps;isg;NgW
kl;lf;fsg;G
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
Kd;dh;
mjd;NghJ
gpd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
gps;isg;NgW
nghyd;dWit
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
Kd;dh;
mjd;NghJ
gpd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
gps;isg;NgW
taJf;FO
12 - 18
taJf;FO
19 - 40
taJf;FO
41 - 60
nkhj;jk; %*
vz;zpf;if
cgnkhj;jj;jpd; %
vz;zpf;if
cgnkhj;jj;jpd; %
vz;zpf;if
cgnkhj;jj;jpd; %
vz;zpf;if
cgnkhj;jj;jpd; %
37
26
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
81
17
3.9%
79.4%
16.6%
61
28
3
66.3%
30.4%
3.2%
65
109
20
33.5%
56.1%
10.3%
102
100.0%
92
100.0%
194
100.0%
0
0
1
0
0
100.0%
16
32
19
23.8%
47.7%
28.3%
39
11
8
67.2%
18.9%
13.7%
55
43
28
43.6%
34.1%
22.2%
100%
67
100.0%
58
100.0%
126
100.0%
22
17
32
40
20
55
1
0
2
33.3%
0
66.6%
24
46
24
25.5%
48.9%
25.5%
49
22
26
50.5%
22.6%
26.8%
74
68
52
38.1%
35.0%
26.8%
100.0%
94
100.0%
97
100.0%
194
100.0%
0
0
1
0
0
100.0
12
13
48
16.4%
17.8%
65.7%
48
14
4
72.7%
21.2%
6.0%
60
27
53
42.8%
19.2%
37.8%
100.0
73
100.0%
66
100.0%
140
100.0%
Gj;jsk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
Kd;dh;
mjd;NghJ
gpd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
gps;isg;NgW
24
16
41
kd;dhh;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
Kd;dh;
mjd;NghJ
0
0
0
0
5
61
5.3%
65.5%
32
22
58.1%
40.0%
37
83
25.0%
56.0%
gpd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
gps;isg;NgW
27
29.0%
1.8%
28
18.9%
93
100.0%
55
100.0%
148
100.0%
38
18
56
mk;ghiu
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
Kd;dh;
mjd;NghJ
gpd;dh;
0
0
7
0
0
100.0%
14
83
35
10.6%
62.8%
26.5%
45
42
1
51.1%
47.7%
1.1%
59
125
43
25.9%
55.0%
18.9%
cgnkhj;jk;
gps;isg;NgW
100.0%
132
100.0%
88
100.0%
227
100.0%
64
46
20
72
2.5
Nritfis mZFtjpy; r%f tpyf;fYk;

fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j jilfSk;
ikaf;FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; ngz;fs; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G

trjpfs; ,y;yhikiaAk; fpilf;fpd;wdtw;iwf;$l mZFtjpy;
J}uj;jpd;
epkpj;jk;
mth;fSf;Fs;s
f\;lq;fisAk;
gw;wpa
gpur;rpidia vOg;gpdh;. fpspdpf;Ffspy; NghjpasT fUj;jil
CrpkUe;Jfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iynad;gJld; kUj;Jtg; gzpahsUk;
fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; gw;wpg; Nghjpa jfty;fis
toq;ftpy;iy. cah;ghJfhg;G tyaq;fSf;F mz;ikapypUe;j
aho;g;ghzk;> njy;ypg;gis nghJ itj;jparhiy kw;Wk; Rfhjhu
kUj;Jt mYtyh; mYtyfk; Nghd;w rpy itj;jparhiyfis
mZFjy; f\;lkhdjhapUe;jJ. Nehahspfs; itj;jparhiyf;Fr;
nry;tjw;F Kd;dh; gh]; xd;iwg; ngWtjw;F ,uhZtr;
Nrhjidfisf; fle;J nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjhtJ mth;fs;
jkJ Neha;fSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; Neufhyj;Jld; te;J
ghJfhg;G eltbf;ifKiwfisg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Kuz;ghL kl;Lkd;wpr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G KiwapypUe;j
fl;likg;Gfs;jhNd ngz;fspd; ey;tho;itg; ghjpj;jd. kd;dhh;>
Gj;jsk;> aho;g;ghzk;> nghyd;dWit kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G
Mfpa ,lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fSld; elj;jg;gl;l ikaf; FOf;
fye;Jiuahly;fspy; ngz;fs; nghJthfj; jhk; itj;jparhiyfspy;
Nkhrkhf
elj;jg;gl;ljhfTk;
mtkjpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
Vrg;gl;ljhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;. tpNrlkhff; fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs;
,t;thW itJk; jpl;bAk; elj;jg;gl;ljhfg; ngz;fs; czh;e;jdh;.
ngz;fSf;F khw;Wj; njhpntJTk; ,y;yhjjdhy; mth;fs;
njhlh;e;Jk; itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nrd;wNghjpYk; mJ mth;fSf;Fj;
jpUg;jpaspf;fpd;w Xh; mDgtkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j mDgtq;fs;
kd;dhh; kw;Wk; Gj;jsk; khtl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j K];ypk; kw;Wk;
jkpo;g; ngz;fshYk; mNjNghd;W aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;ijr;
Nrh;e;j jkpo;g; ngz;fshYk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;ld.
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l vy;yh khtl;lq;fspYk; itj;jparhiyfspy;>
Fwpg;ghf khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mike;Js;s
itj;jparhiyfspy;> fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; rPh;Nflhf elj;jg;gLtijg;
65
gw;wpg;
ngz;fs;
$wpaij
ikaf;FOf;
fye;Jiuahly;fs;
ntspg;gLj;jpd. ,g;gpuNjrq;fspYs;s ngUk;ghyhd murhq;fr;
Rfhjhu trjpfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> itj;jparhiyfspYs;s
ngUk;ghyhd gzpahsh; rpq;fsk; NgRgth;fshf ,Ue;jjdhy;
jkpo; NgRfpd;w ngz;fSf;Fj; jk;ikr;Rw;wp vd;d elf;fpd;wnjd;Wk;
fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; gw;wp vd;d mwpTWj;jy;fs;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wnjd;Wk; tpsq;ftpy;iy. epWtd hPjpahd Rfhjhu
trjpfspy; fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; mbf;fb Jd;GWj;jg;gLtjdhYk;
rpy rkaq;fspy; gpurt thh;LfspYs;s itj;jparhiyg; gzpahsuhy;
miwag;gLjYk;
fps;sg;gLjYk;
Nghd;w
cly;hPjpahd
J\;g;gpuNahfj;Jf;F cs;shf;fg;gLtjdhYk; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspYs;s
fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fs; mtw;Wf;Fg; Nghtij tpLj;Jg; guhkhpg;Gf;Fg;
ghuk;ghpa
kUj;Jtr;rpfisj;
Njbr;
nrd;w
re;jh;g;gq;fSk;
cz;nld kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jkpo;g;ngz;fSk; K];ypk; ngz;fSk;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdh;.
ngz;fs; Cl;lf;Fiwtpd; fhuzkhff; Fiwe;j gpwg;G vil
nfhz;l Foe;ijfisg; gpurtpf;fpd;wdnud mur Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;G Kiwik fz;Lzh;e;Js;sjdhy; fu;g;g fhyj;jpd; NghJ
Fiwepug;Gfpd;w czit toq;Ftjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> ,lk;ngah;e;j rdr%fq;fspy;
my;yJ Kuz;ghl;lhy; Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdr%fq;fspy;
tho;fpd;w ngz;fs; mj;jifa chpj;Jf;fis miljy; fbdkhdnjdf;
fhz;fpd;wdh;. aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; rpy rkaq;fspy;
Fiwepug;Gfpd;w czT jkJ gpuNjrq;fSf;F te;J Nru;fpd;wNghJ
mJ
khRgl;ljhapUf;fpd;wnjd;Wk;
xU
rkak;
mj;jifa
khrile;j Fiwepug;G czit cz;l fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;nzhUth;
itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhnud;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.
Muha;r;rp Ma;tpd; xU gFjpahapUe;j aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xU
kUj;Jtpr;rp Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; NghJ mthpd; mDgtq;fisg;
gw;wpf; $wpdhh;. fle;j 26 Mz;Lfspy; mth; E}w;Wf;Fk; $ba
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67
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68
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70
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71
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72
tplatpjhdkhd ,sk; gUtk;/,sk; jUzk; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jJld;

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jhkjkpd;wp mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fUjpdh;. vdpDk;
,g;Gj;jfj;jpd; tpepNahfk; kPsg;ngwg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W ghlrhiy
mjpfhhpfSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLj;j ngw;Nwhh;fshYk; rpy rkaq;fspy;
ghlrhiy mjpfhhpfshYk; ,e;eltbf;iff;Ff; fhl;lg;gl;l
fLikahd vjph;g;Gg; gw;wpg; ngz;fs; $wpdh;.
mwpTG+h;tkhd
njhpTf;fhd
tha;g;G
khjtpyf;Fg;
gw;wpa
tplaj;JlDk; njhlh;GilaJ. Fwpg;ghf xt;nthU ngz;zpd;
tho;tpYk; khjtpyf;F xU jPh;Tfl;l tho;f;if khw;wnkd;gjdhYk;
mjd; csr;r%fj; jhu;ghpaq;fs; ghuJ}ukhd ,ay;Giladthf
,Uf;ff;$Lnkd;gjdhyk; khjtpyf;Fj; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs;
r%ff; fy;tpg; nghjpfspYk; rdr%fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspYk; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakdhJ.
khjtpyf;ifg; gl;lwpe;jpUe;j ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fSf;F mth;fspd;
tho;f;ifapy; ,f;fl;lk; njhlh;ghd Kd;$l;ba jftnyJTk;
njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.
2.5.3 fUf;fiyg;G
ehk;
fUj;jhpf;Fk;
NghJ
fUitf;
fiyg;gjw;F
md;dhrpg;goj;ij my;yJ gg;ghrpf; fhiar; rhg;gpLtJ
tof;fk; (ikaf;FOg; gq;Fgw;Wdh;> aho;g;ghzk;)
Ntz;lg;glhj
fUj;jhpg;Gfisf;
fiyj;JtpLtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l rpy ghuk;ghpa Kiwfs; gw;wp jhd;
cq;fSf;fr; nrhy;Yfpd;Nwd;. rpy ngz;fs; fUf;fiyg;igj;
J}z;btpLtjw;F Kjpuhj gg;ghrpia> Kjpuhj md;dhrpia
kw;Wk;
njd;dk;gl;ilapd;
FUj;Jg;
gFjpfisr;
rhg;gpLfpd;wdh;. vdJ fzth; vd;NdhL rz;ilgpbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jjdhy; ehd; 1
khjf; fu;g;gpzpahf
,Ue;jNghJ fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;Njd;. mjidj; njhlh;e;J
ehd; tapw;Wiotpdhy; mtjpg;gl;ljdhy; mjw;F xU
itj;jpahplk; kUe;njLj;Njd;. Mdhy; fUf;fiyg;Gg; gw;wp
mtUf;F ehd; nrhy;ytpy;iy. (Ms. R> 28 - rk;gt Ma;T>
kl;lf;fsg;G)
73
fUj;jhpg;gpd; R+o;epiyfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; fUf;fiyg;igf;

Fw;wr; nrayhf;Fjy; mf;fiwf;Fhpa xU Kf;fpa gug;ghfj;
njhlh;e;JKs;sJ.
td;Gzh;r;rpapdhy;
my;yJ
Kiwapyhh;
Gzh;r;rpapdhy;
fUj;jhpj;jpUf;ff;$ba
my;yJ
gpwg;Gf;
FiwghLfisf; nfhz;l Kjph; fUTilath;fshff; fhzg;gl;l
ngz;fspd; Fwpg;ghd tLg;gL epiyikfs; gw;wp 1996 Kjw;nfhz;L
ngz;fs; gw;wpa Njrpa nray; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j
NghjpYk;>
rl;lj;jpy;
vt;tpj
khw;wKk;
Vw;gltpy;iy.37
ehlshtpa fUf;fiyg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if Mz;nlhd;Wf;F
mz;zsthf 180>000 vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. (khjnkhd;Wf;F
15>000).38 ghJfhg;gw;w fUf;fiyg;Gfspd; tpisthf Vw;gLfpd;w
NfhshWfspd; Rfhjhur; nryTfSk; kpf cah;e;jit. ,yq;ifapy;
ngz; Nehapay; thh;LfspYs;s itj;jparhiyf; fl;by;fspy;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; 20% fl;by;fspy; ghJfhg;gw;w fUf;fiyg;Gfis
Nkw;nfhz;l
ngz;fs;
cs;sdnud
kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.39
uh[gf;] kw;Wk; j rpy;th MfpNahuhy; mz;ikapy; elj;jg;gl;l
Xh;
Ma;T
(2005)40>
fUf;fiyg;Gfs;
Vw;nfdNt
,uz;L
my;yJ
mjw;Ff;$ba
gps;isfisf;
nfhz;lth;fSk;
2539 taJf; FOtpy; cs;sth;fSkhd tpthfkhd ngz;fs;
kj;jpay; kpfTk; Nkk;gl;bUe;jnjdf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ngz;fs;
jkJ gps;isfSf;fpilapy; ,ilntspf;fhfTk; FLk;gj;ij
kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;
J}z;lg;gl;l
fUf;fiyg;Gfisg;
gpujhdkhf ehbdh;. ,jd; vOj;jhsh;fs; Ma;T khjphpapd; 14%
ngz;fs;
Ke;jpa
fUf;fiyg;nghd;iwf;
nfhz;bUe;jijAk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
fle;j %d;W jrhg;jq;fspd;NghJ> jz;lidr; rl;lf; Nfhitapd; 293
kw;Wk; 303 Mk; gphpTfspd; fUj;njy;iyfspd; fPo; ,g;NghJ tUfpd;w
nfhLikahd fUf;fiyg;Gr; rl;lj;ij khw;Wtjw;F vLf;fg;gl;l
,uz;L Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpfz;Ls;sd. KjyhtJ Kaw;rp
1970fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; fUf;fiyg;igf; Fw;wr; nrayw;wjhf;Ftjw;Fk;
,uz;lhtJ Kaw;rp 1995,y; td;Gzh;r;rp> Kiwapyhh; Gzh;r;rp
my;yJ Kjph;fU gpwtpf; Fiwghl;Lld; fhzg;gLjy; Nghd;w Fwpj;j
37. kfsph; tptfhu mikr;R (1996)> ngz;fs; gw;wpa Njrpa nray;jpl;lk;
38. Rfhjhu mikr;R (2004)> ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljpy;
39. mNgNrfu> ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljpy;
40. Rajapaksa, L.C and De Silva I. (2005).A profile of Women seeking Abortion, unpublished report for UNFPA,
Colombo. The study was conducted among 786 women from urban and rural backgrounds who were seeking
abortions from known abortion providers.
74
epiyikfspd; fPo; fUf;fiyg;ig Fw;wr; nrayw;wJ Mf;Ftjw;Fk;

vLf;fg;gl;lJ.41
ngz;fspd;
rhrdk;
(1993)
gps;isfspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk; ,ilntspAk; njhlh;gpy; KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd
ngz;fspd; chpikia xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; ngz;fs;
gw;wpa Njrpa nray;jpl;lk; (1996/2000) Fwpj;j epiyikfspd; fPOk;
(1995 ,d; fUf;fiyg;Gr; rl;l tiutpy; cs;sthW) fUj;jilr; rhjdf;
Fiwghl;L epiyikfspYk; fUf;fiyg;igf; Fw;wr; nrayw;wjhf;ff;
NfhUfpd;wJ.
fUf;fiyg;ig ehLgth;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; tpthfkhd
ngz;fnsd;Wk;
rl;lj;Jf;F
Kuzhd
J}z;lg;gl;l
fUf;fiyg;GfspypUe;J
vOfpd;w
kUj;Jtf;
NfhshWfs;
,e;ehl;by; jha;khhpd; ,wg;GfSf;F %d;whtJ Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
ntspg;gl;Ls;snjd;Wk; fpilg;gjw;Fs;s juTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfd;w
NghjpYk;>
,f;Fwpj;j
epiyikfspd;
fPo;
fUf;fiyg;igf;
Fw;wr;
nrayw;wjhf;f
Ntz;ba
,t;Tldbj;
Njitf;Fg;
gjpw;nrayhw;Wtjw;F rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;if tFf;Fk; mikg;Gfs;
Ntz;lg;glhj
my;yJ
tpUg;gkw;dthfj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.42
jpl;lkplg;glhj fUj;jhpj;jy;fspypUe;J ngz;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
epiyahd
Vw;ghl;Lg;
nghwpKiwfs;
miktpf;fg;gLjy;
mtrukhdjhFk;.
fUf;fiyg;G rl;l tpNuhjkhdnjd;W ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
mwpe;Js;s fhuzj;jpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;l fUf;fiyg;G kpfg; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLk; xU epfo;r;rpnad;w jftiy WMC Muha;r;rp Ma;T
ntspg;gLj;jhj NghjpYk;> 19-40 kw;Wk; 41-60 taJj; njhFjpfspypUe;j
ngz;fs;jhd;
jhk;
J}z;lg;gl;l
fUf;fiyg;Gfis
ehbapUe;jdnud;W njhptpj;jdh;. vy;yh khtl;lq;fspypUe;Jk;
Ma;tpy; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l 16 fUf;fiyg;Gfspy; 10 (62.5%) taJf;
FO 19 - 40I Nrh;e;j ngz;fshy; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. Muha;r;rpf;
fhz;Gfspd; gpufhuk; fUitf; fiyg;gjw;fhd Kbitj; jhk;
vLj;jjhf 6 ngz;fs; $wpa mNjNtisapy; 5 Ngh; jkJ fzth;fs;jhd;
fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;Ak;gb Nfhhpajhff; $wpdh;. vQ;rpa MW ngz;fs;
mk;Kbit vLg;gjpy; jhk; jkJ fzth;fisf; fye;jhNyhrpj;jjhff;
$wpdh;. FLk;gj;jpy; epjpg; gpur;rpidfSk; NkYnkhU gps;isiag;
41. Nkw;$wpa mNj.
42. Nfhl;Nlnfhl> ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljpy;
75
guhkhpf;f ,ayhikAk; fUf;fiyg;ig ehLtjw;Fg; nghpJk;

nghJthd fhuzkhapUe;jJ. fUf;fiyg;igj; J}z;btpLtjw;F
mth;fs; mwpe;jpUe;j ntt;NtW Kiwfs; gw;wpg; ngz;fs; $wpdh;.
2.6
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;jpdJk;

chpikfspdJk; kPJ Mopg;Nguiy mdh;j;jj;jpd;
jhf;fk;
2004 khu;fopapy; ,yq;ifiaj; jhf;fpa Mopg;Nguiy ehl;bd; fpof;Ff;

fiuNahuj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpiaAk; tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;Ff; fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fisAk; R+iwahbaJ.
Rfhjhu mikr;rpd; kjpg;gPLfspd; gb 72 itj;jparhiyfSld;
Nrh;j;J kdNeha; kw;Wk; rpWth; guhkhpg;Gf; fpspdpf;Ffs;>
kj;jpa kUe;jfq;fs; Nghd;w 363 gpw trjpfs; Mopg;Nguiyahy;
Nrjkile;jd.43
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu
Nritfs;
kPJ
Mopg;Nguiyapd; jhf;fk; gw;wp elj;jg;gl;l Xh; Ma;T 92 Rfhjhu
itj;jpa cj;jpNahfj;jh; (MOH) gphpTfspy; 42 ghjpf;fg;gl;ldntdf;
fz;lJ.
jhf;fk;
Mff;fLikahf
,Ue;jtw;wpy;>
mk;ghiu>
fy;Kidapy; (fpof;F khfhzk;) 12 gphpTfspy; 10 ghjpf;fg;gl;ld>
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; (fpof;F khfhzk;) 11,y; 6> Ky;iyj;jPtpy; (tl
khfhzk;) 2 ,y; 1 kw;Wk; fpspnehr;rpapy; (tlkhfhzk;) 4 ,y; 2
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.44 Mopg;Nguiyapd; gpd;dh; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fshf>
msTf;fjpfkhd neUf;fkhd R+oy;fspy; tho;gth;fshfTk; tPl;L
td;Kiwia vjph;Nehf;Fgth;fshfTk; ngz;fspd; mDgtq;fs;
Kuz;ghl;bd;
fhuzkhd
ngz;fspd;
mDgtq;fspypUe;J
nghpJk; NtWgl;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,lk;ngah;e;jpUe;j fhuzj;jpdhYk;
Nghf;Ftju;J trjpfs; ,y;yhikahYk; njhlf;f khjq;fspy;
ngz;fSf;F Rfhjhu Nritfis> tpNrlkhf ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfis mZFjy; f\;lkhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Mopg;Nguiyapd;
gpd;dh;
miktpf;fg;gl;l
mbg;gilahd
Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;G
gpQ;Rf;
Foe;ijfSs;s
jha;khiuAk;
fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fisAk; gaDWjpAs;s Kiwapy; vl;ltpy;iy.
Kfhk; R+oypy; jkJ fztUld; ghYwT itj;Jf;nfhs;sf;
43. www.tafren.gov.lk.
44. UNFPA (2005).Assessment of Reproductive Health Services in Tsunami Affected Districts of Sri Lanka,
UNFPA in collaboration with the Regional Health Authorities and the Family Health Bureau, Ministry of Health.
Colombo.
76
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lik> my;yJ ,lk;ngah;e;J thOk; Kfhk;fspy;

Kjy; Kiwahf khjtpyf;F Vw;gl;l jkJ kfs;khhpd; ghJfhg;Gg;
gw;wpAk; fyhrhug;gb Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f epfo;r;rpAld; njhlh;Gila
rlq;Ffisr; nra;a Kbahik gw;wpAk; Ntjidg;gl;lik njhlh;gpy;
ngz;fs; jkJ ftiyfs; gw;wpf; $wpdh;. ngz;fSf;F khjtpyf;F
Vw;gl;lNghJ Kiwahd MNuhf;fpa trjpfs; fpilf;fhikapdhYk;
mth;fs;> fLikahfj; Jd;gg;gl;ldh;.
eyd;Ghp Kfhk;fspDs;Sk; mNjNghd;W jw;fhypfg; Gfyplq;fspYk;
ngz;fs; tPl;L td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;tpd; mjpfhpg;Gg;
gw;wp mwpf;iffs; ,Ue;jd. mj;jifa rk;gtq;fSf;F
Mz;fs;
Mopg;Nguiyf;Fg; gps;isfisg; gwpnfhLj;jjw;Fg; ngz;fs; kPJ gop
Rkj;Jjy;: tho;f;ifj; JizfSf;fpilapy; kpf neUf;fkhd ghypay;
cwTfSf;Fj; jdpkiwtplk; ,y;yhik kw;Wk; Mopg;Nguiyapd;
gpd;tpisthy; Vw;gl;l kd mjph;r;rpf; NfhshW> Mz;fs; epthuzg;
gzq;fisf;
FLk;gj;
NjitfSf;Fg;
gjpyhfj;
jdpg;gl;l
NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> ghpr;rakhd ghy;epiy tfpgq;Ffs;
fPoWf;fg;gl;ljdhy; Mz;fs; mDgtpj;j Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ikAk;
ghJfhg;gpd;ikAk; vd;git fhuzq;fnsdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.45
Mopg;Nguiyahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; FLk;g kw;Wk; r%ff;
fl;likg;Gfis khw;wpaJ. Mopg;Nguiyapd;NghJ Mz;fis tplg;
ngz;fs; $Ljyhf ,we;jdh;. jkJ kidtpkhiu ,oe;j Mz;fs;
NtW ngz;fSld; Gjpa cwTfisj; njhlq;Fjy; mth;fSf;Fg;
nghJthdnjhd;whfpaJ. Kfhk; R+oy;fspy; ,sk; ngz;gps;isfSk;
Mz; gps;isfSk; cwTfspy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;. Jujp\;ltrkhf
,r;R+oiktpy; Mopg;Nguiyahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,sk;
Ml;fs; kj;jpapy; ,dg;ngUf;f tplaq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it
cUthf;Ftjw;Fj;
jpl;lkpl;Lr;
nra;ag;gl;l
,ilaPLfs;
,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Muha;r;rpahsh; xUth; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW fpof;fpYs;s rpy
gpuNjrq;fspy; mth;fspd; jha;khh; ,we;jijj; njhlh;e;J tpl;Lr;
nry;yg;gl;l gps;isfs; njhlh;gpy; ftiyia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wjhf
Mopg;Nguiyapd;
gpd;dh;
r%ff;
fl;likg;Gg;
ngUksT
khw;wj;Jf;Fl;gl;Ls;sJ.
45. CATAW (2005). Briefing Note to Unifem, The Women and Media Collective. Colombo.
77
Mopg;Nguiyapd;
tpisthf
tpJuh;
jiyikapyhd
FLk;gq;fs; jpLnkdj; Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,J gps;isfSf;F>
Fwpg;ghf
,sk;
ngz;
gps;isfSf;Fg;
ghjfkhd
tpisTfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fnkd ehd; epidf;fpd;Nwd;. jg;gpg;
gpioj;Js;s Mz;fs; ,sk; tajpduhjyhy;> vkJ fyhrhuk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wthW> mth;fs; kWkzk; Ghpaf;$Lk;. mth;fs;
murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J kuz epthuzkhf xU njhifiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd;dh; jpUkzq;fs; mjpfhpj;j mstpy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. rpyh; jkJ Gjpa kzg;ngz;fsplkpUe;J
nghpa rPjdq;fisg; $lg; ngw;Ws;sdh;.46
Mopg;Nguiyapd; NghJ Mff;$ba Nrjj;ijAk; caphpog;igAk;
mDgtpj;j> Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; murhq;fKk; vy;.hp.hp.<.Ak; jg;gpg; gpioj;jth;fspd;
ftiyfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F ,ilaPLfis Nkw;nfhz;ld.
jg;gpg; gpioj;j ngz;fspy; mNdfh; fLikahd kd mjph;r;rpf;
Nfhshwpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldnud;gijAk; mth;fspd; nrhe;j
mtyq;fisr; rkhspg;gjw;F mth;fSf;F csr;r%f MjuT
Njitg;gl;lnjd;gijAk; vy;.up.hp.<.apd; xU Kf;fpa ngz;
jiytpAldhd Neh;fhzy; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
Mopg;Nguiyf;Fj; jkJ Foe;ijfisg; gwpnfhLj;jjdhy;
jk;ikf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s
Kbahjth;fshfTk;
ele;JNghdjw;F ,ire;jpzq;f Kbahjth;fshfTKs;s
jha;khiu ehd; fz;Ls;Nsd;. ,we;JNghd Foe;ijfisj;
jkJ iffspy; Ve;jpf;nfhz;L mth;fs; ,we;JNghdhh;fnsd;W
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWf;fpd;w jha;khiu ehd; fz;Ls;Nsd;. mth;fs;
capUld;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;whw;Nghd;W mth;fisj;
njhlh;e;J nfhQ;rpf; nfhz;Lk; mizj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;
,Ue;jdh;. mth;fspd; Foe;ijfSf;F ,Wjpf; fphpiafs;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; mth;fSf;Fg;
ngUk; Fog;gkpUe;jJ.. gps;isfspd; ,og;G vk;ik kpf
Mokhf cYf;fptpl;lJ. mjidg; gw;wp vz;zpg;ghh;g;gJ$l
vkf;F kpfTk; f\;lkhdJ.47
46. Ismail, Zulficar (2005). Interview.Options, Vol 36, Issue 1.
47. ww.tamilnet.com Interview with Ms. Thamalini.Options, Vol 36, Issue 1, January 2005.
78
mk;ghiuapy; ,t;thuha;r;rpf;Fj; JizGhpe;J Cf;Ftpj;j mk;ghiu

khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspd; muq;fk;> gue;j
gpuNjrq;fisr; R+iwahba Mopg;Nguiyapd; tpisthfj; juT
jpul;Ljypd;
,uz;lhtJ
fl;lj;jpy;
njhlh;e;J
gzpahw;w
Kbahkw;NghdJ.
2.7 Muha;r;rpf; fhz;Gfs;

,e;j Muha;r;rp Ma;T ,yq;ifapy; Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;fpd;w ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;
njhlh;gpy; mth;fspd; Fwpg;ghd ftiyfspYk; NjitfspYk;
ftdj;ijf; Ftpj;Js;sJ.
mJ ehl;by; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs; njhlh;gpy;
xU njhlh;thpirahd nghJthd gpur;rpidfisAk;> ,yq;ifg;
ngz;fs; midtUf;Fk; mth;fspd; kdpj chpikfis KOikahf
kjpf;fpd;w Kiwapy; xg;GuthdJk; cah; juk; nfhz;lJkhd ,dg;
ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;ig toq;Fjy; njhlh;gpy; xU gue;j
tPr;rpyhd gug;Gfspy; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; rl;lr; rPh;jpUj;jj;Jf;Fk;
nfhs;ifr; rPh;jpUj;jj;Jf;Fkhd NjitiaAk; ntspf;nfhzh;e;Js;sJ.
mJ Nkhjy; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJ
cly;rhh;e;j> nghUs;rhh;e;j> ghypay;rhh;e;j> cstpay;rhh;e;j kw;Wk;
murpay; rhh;e;j tpisTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdthf mj;jifa
xU R+oypy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G toq;fy; njhlh;gpy;
Fwpg;ghd rpy gpur;rpidfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,j;jPtpy;
Nkhjyhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspy;
FLk;g
kw;Wk; r%ff; fl;likg;Gfis NkhjYk; Mopg;NguiyAk;
khw;wpa gy;tifg;gl;l topfis ,e;j Ma;T Kidg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;bAs;sJ. Mopg;Nguiyapd; NghJ Mz;fis tplf; $Ljyhd
ngz;fs; ,we;JNghd mNjNtisapy; Nkhjy; mjpfsT Mz;fs;
,we;JNghtjw;Fk; fhzhkw;Nghtjw;Fk; my;yJ cldpy;yhJ
Nghtjw;Fk; toptFj;Js;sJ.
79
,lk;ngah;e;J Kfhk;fspYk; eyd;Ghp epiyaq;fspYk; tho;fpd;w

nray;Kiwapd; NghJk; mNjNghd;W toikahd r%ff;
fl;Lg;ghLfs; jfh;e;J Nghdjd; epkpj;jKk; ,sk; Ml;fspd; tho;f;if
ngUk;ghYk; re;jh;g;gtrkhd cwTfSf;Fj; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;re;jh;g;gq;fs;
vy;yhtw;wpYk;>
r%f
kw;Wk;
FLk;gf;
fl;likg;Gfspy; khw;wq;fs; GJg;GJ tbtq;fspy; r%f kw;Wk;
ghypay; cwTfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F toptFj;Js;sd. ,r;#oiktpy;
Nkhjyhy; kw;Wk; Mopg;Nguiyahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
taJte;jth;fs; kw;Wk; tshpsk; gUtj;jpdh; kj;jpapy; ,dg;ngUf;f
kw;Wk; ghypaw; Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F xOq;FKiwahd ,ilaPLfs; ,lk;ngwr; nra;a
Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspYs;s ngz;fs;> NkhjyhYk;
,lg;ngah;tpdhYk; r%f/czh;Trhh;e;j/FLk;g hPjpahd MjuT
tiyaikg;Gfs; rPh;Fiye;JNghdjd; tpisthf cUthf;fg;gl;l
ntw;wplj;ijf; ifahs;tjw;F mth;fSf;F cjtf;$bajhf tphpthd>
xOq;FKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l r%f kw;Wk; epWtdhPjpahd MjuTf;fhd
NjitapYk; ,e;j Ma;T ftdj;ijf; Ftpj;jJ.
,jw;F
mg;ngz;fs;
mNdf
rthy;fis
vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;w
mr;#o;epiy gw;wpa Ghpe;Jzh;T Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkhjy;
FLk;gj;jpDs;Sk;
r%fj;jpYk;
ngz;fspd;
ghy;epiyrhh;e;j
tfpgq;Ffspy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa gy;tifg;gl;l topfSk;
fz;lwpag;glNtz;Lk;. nfhs;if ,ilaPLfisj; jpl;lkpLjy;
mlq;fyhf mtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; ngz;fs; gpujhd tUkhdk;
<l;Lgth;fshfTk; FLk;gj;jiyth;fshfTk; my;yJ FLk;gj;jpd;
$l;Lj;jiyth;fshfTk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;baJ
kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
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Nrjkile;j my;yJ mopf;fg;gl;l
cl;fl;likg;ig
kPsf;fl;Ltjw;Fk;
,yFtpy;
mZfKbahjdTk;
xJf;fg;gl;ldTkhd gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; Muk;gr;
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfisahjy; toq;Ftjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l
ftdQ; nrYj;jp> Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fs; G+uhTk;
80
kUj;Jt Mszpg; gjtpfspd; ntw;wplq;fSf;Fg; gzpahsiur;

Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
muR
Kd;Dhpik
mspf;fNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ijAk;
vkJ
fhz;Gfs;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Rw;waypYs;s itj;jparhiyfspy; mtru kfg;Ngw;W trjpfs;
toq;fg;gLtjw;Fk; Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Nkhjy;
Mz;Lfspd;NghJ ,lk;ngwr; nra;tpf;fg;gl;l xU eilKiwiaj;
njhlh;fpd;wtifapy;> Fwpg;ghf trjpaw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; Ntiynra;a
tpUk;Gfpd;wth;fSf;F mjpfhpj;j Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; toq;fg;glyhk;.
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdr%fq;fspd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; Nghjpa>
mZff;$ba Rfhjhur; NritfisAk; trjpfisAk; toq;Ftjd;
%yk; tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fspd; epfo;T Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
twpa kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l rdr%fq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fSf;Fg;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhd tha;g;Gg; Nghd;w nghUj;jkhd JizahjuTr;
Nritfs; %yk; cjtpGhpa Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j Ma;T gue;j ghy;epiyrhh;e;j r%ff; fyhrhur; #oiktpd;
gpufhuk; ,yq;ifapy; Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspYs;s
ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd Vida Ma;TfspdJk; kjpg;gPLfspdJk;
fhz;GfisAk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapd;
gy;ypd>
gy;fyhrhu kw;Wk; gy;rka ,ay;G Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fspd;
chpikfSk; ,dg;ngUf;f chpikfSk; njhlh;ghd tplaq;fis
mZFtjpy; kpFe;j ftdKk; $Uzh;Tk; fhl;lg;glNtz;Lnkd
typAWj;Jfpd;wik njspthAs;s mNjNtisapy;> ngz;fspd;
rkj;Jtj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;jp
mth;fis
td;KiwapypUe;Jk;
ghFghl;bypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fpd;w rl;lq;fSk; nfhs;iffSk;
miktpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gjpy; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkpy;iy.
rkaj;
jiyth;fSlDk;
r%fj;
jiyth;fSlDk;
Nrh;e;J
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,r;#oiktpy;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
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cWjpahdJk; ghFghlw;wJkhd Xh; mZFKiwia ,ayr;
nra;tjw;Ff; fhjp ePjpkd;wq;fs; Nghd;w rka mikg;GfspDs;
$ba ghy;epiyj; Jyq;fiyf; nfhz;l fl;likg;GfSf;Fk;
eilKiwfSf;Fkhd
topJiwfis
Muha;e;J
ghh;g;gjw;Ff;
fye;Jiuahly;fs; Njitnad;gijf; Fwpg;ghf ,t;thuha;r;rp
Kidg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;sJ.
81
Fiwe;j taJ tpthfk; Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

trpf;fpd;w ngz;fspdJk; ngz; gps;isfspdJk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj;jpy; ghuJ}ukhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w xU fhuzpahf
ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,ay;epfo;r;rpapd; %y fhuzq;fshd
tWik> Nkhjyhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ghJfhg;gw;w #o;epiy
kw;Wk;
Nkhjypd;
cstpay;-r%fj;
jhf;fk;
Nghd;wtw;iwg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk; mtw;iw myrp Muha;jYk; Fiw taJj;
jpUkzq;fisj; jPtpukhfj; jilnra;fpd;wdTk; ngz;gps;isfs;
,ad;wtiu FLk;gj;jpDs; itj;jpUf;fg;gLjiy ,ayr; nra;tjw;Ff;
FLk;gq;fSf;F tho;thjhuj;ijAk; NtW tiffspyhd MjuitAk;
toq;Ffpd;wdTkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; nfhs;iffSk; tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gLtjw;F toptFg;gdthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
nra;fpd;w NghJ FLk;gj;jpDs; ghypay; J\;g;gpuNahfj;Jf;Fg;
gps;isfspd;
tLg;gLepiy
njhlh;gpy;
ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl
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FLk;gj;jpDs;
gps;isfSf;nfjpuhd
td;Kiiwiaj; jLg;gjpy; ftdj;ijf; Ftpf;fpd;w nghUj;jkhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; tFf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa
tpthfj;jpd;
rl;lj;
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ghjfkhd
Rfhjhu
tpisTfisAk; gw;wpAs;s jfty;fs; ,se; jk;gjpfSf;Fk; mth;fspd;
FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; njhptpf;fg;gLjYld; ,ize;jjhf tpthfj;Jf;fhd
Fiwe;jgl;r taJ njhlh;ghd rl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
mNj rkak; tpthfj;Jf;Fr; rl;lg;gbahd Fiwe;jgl;l taJg;
gpur;rpid gw;wp K];ypk; rdr%fj;Jld; fye;Jiuahliy
kPsj;njhlq;f Ntz;ba xU NjitAKs;sJ.
,e;j Ma;T
ngUk;ghYk; jpUk;gj;jpUk;g
,lk;ngWfpd;wJk;
tpthfj;jpd;
njhlf;f
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tho;f;ifj;
Jizapd;
td;KiwiaAk;
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td;KiwiaAk;
ifahs;tjw;Fk;
jLg;gjw;Fkhd
mtruj;
NjitiaAk; Kidg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. tho;f;ifj;Jizapd;
td;Kiwf;fhd ghy;epiyrhh;e;j fhuzq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ngz;fSf;Fk; mNjNghd;W Mz;fSf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd cstsj;JizAld; rl;l cjtpAk; csr;r%f
MjuTk; Gfyplq;fSf;fhd Vw;ghL mlq;fyhf Vida NritfSk;
nfhz;l ghpfhu eltbf;if vLf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa MjuTld; tPl;Ltd;Kiwapd; kUj;Jtj;
82
jhw;ghpaq;fspy;> Fwpg;ghff; fUg;gj;jpd; Nghjhd td;Kiwapd;

Rfhjhu tpisTfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tPl;L
td;Kiwf;F Mshf;fg;gl;lth;fs; ghJfhg;Gf; fl;lisfisg;
ngWtjw;Fk; mj;jifa td;Kiw jpUk;gj; jpUk;g epfo;tijj;
jLg;gjw;Fk; ePjpkd;wq;fis mZff;$bajhf tPl;L td;Kiwj;
jLg;Gr; rl;lk; gue;j mstpy; gug;gg;glNtz;Lk;. ,r;rl;lk; rdr%f
kw;Wk; epWtd kl;lq;fspy; gaDWjpAs;sjhf;fg;glf;$bajhfr;
rl;lj;Jiw> rl;lr;nraw;gLj;jy;> kUj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f Nritfisr;
Nrh;e;j Mszpapdh; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis mwpe;jpUf;fr; nra;a
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; mth;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa ghy;epiyf; $Uzh;Ts;s
gapw;rpAk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mNj rkak; ,Ujhuk; njhlh;gpy;
gpur;rpidfs;
vOg;gg;gl;ljdhy;
,Ujhu
tpthfq;fisr;
nra;fpd;w Mz;fSf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLg;gjw;F eltbf;iffs;
vLf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; ngz;fSf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fkhd
jhghpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdit ePjpkd;wq;fs; NkYk; fLq;fz;bg;Gld;
tw;GWj;jpr; nraw;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G KiwikahdJ ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Mz;fs; Mfpa midtUf;Fk; mwpT+l;lg;gl;l njhpTf;fhd tha;g;ig
Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lkhapd; taJte;jth;fSf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fk;
,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; ghypay; Rfhjhuk; njhlh;gpy; nghJf;
fy;tpf;fhd Njit ,d;wpaikahj xU fhuzpahf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhju tplaq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fSf;fhd tha;g;igf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; mbg;gilahd xU gq;if tfpf;fpd;w fyhrhu
epakq;fSk; tof;fq;fSk; fyhrhuf; $Uzh;Ts;s Kiwapy;
ifahsg;glNtz;Lk;. ,dg;ngUf;f chpikfnsd;w fUj;jhlypDs;
jpl;lkplg;gl;ldTk;
KbT
nra;tjpy;
tpUg;gj;
njhptpd;
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kw;Wk; ghypay; Rfhjhuf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; ghlrhiy
kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpYk; rdr%fj;jpDs; cs;s+h;
kl;lj;jpYk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,sk; Ml;fSf;fhd ghy; fy;tp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; nghWg;ghd ghypay; eilKiwfisAk;
jpl;lkpLfpd;wNghJ
tshpsk;
gUtj;jpdhpd;
ghypay;G
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; FiwtaJ tpthfk; kw;Wk;
tpthfj;Jf;F Ke;jpa ghypay; cwTfs; Mfpatw;iw tpistpf;ff;$ba
ghlrhiy ,iltpyfy;fspy; mjpfhpj;j Nghf;F kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gw;w
83
Xh; vjph;fhyk; Nghd;w fhuzpfSk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jftYf;Fk; mwpTf;Fk; ntspg;gilahd jhfnkhd;W ,Ug;gjdhYk;
,sk; Ml;fs; njhlh;ghlYf;F tha;g;ghd xU %ykhf Clfq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLtjdhYk;> r%f Clfq;fspd; Gjpa tbtq;fs; mlq;fyhf
Clfq;fs; %yk; ,sk;tajpdiu ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l nghUj;jkhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisg; gug;g KbAk;.
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; chpikfs; gw;wpa jftYk;
tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpj;jYk; fy;tp Kiwikapd; ,d;wpaikahj xU
gFjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp mikr;R Rfhjhu mikr;Rld; Nrh;e;J
murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfspYs;s rpNu\;l khzth;fSf;F nastdg;
gUtk;/nastd rka (,sk; gUtk;) vd;w mtw;wpd; ntspaPLfis
tpepNahfpg;gjw;Fk; fye;jhuha;tjw;Fk; vjpuhf vOe;Js;s r%ffyhrhuj; jilfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. kpfr;rpwe;j
,t;ntspaPL jhkjkpd;wpg; ghlrhiyfs+lhfg; nghUj;jkhd
khzth; FOf;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfs; xj;jpirtpf;fg;glTk; tYg;gLj;jg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghlrhiyfspy; fhj;jpukhd ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk;
ghypay; Rfhjhuf; fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; ntw;wpngw Ntz;Lkhapd;
Mrphpah;fspdJk; ngw;Nwhh;fspdJk; mNjNghd;W rka kw;Wk;
rdr%fj; jiyth;fspdJk; neUf;fkhd $l;Liog;G> ,Jtiu
jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLjiy
,j;JiwfspypUe;J
vOe;j
gfpuq;f
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jLj;J
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fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghl;ilAk; FLk;gj;jpl;lkpliyAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy; Muha;r;rpapy; gq;Fgw;wpa mNdf ngz;fspd; xU Kf;fpa
ftiyahf ntspg;gl;lJ. vy;yh khtl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf
murhq;f itj;jparhiyfspy; Nghjpa tsq;fSlDk; gapw;wg;gl;l
MszpapdUlDk; eykhdngz; fpspdpf;Ffs; jhgpf;fg;gLjy;
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G Kiwikapd; xU Kd;dPlhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fUj;jil gw;wpa jfty;fs; - mjd; ed;ikfs; mNjNghd;W mjd;
gf;f tpisTfs; - fpspdpf;FfspYk; itj;jparhiyfspYk; ngz;fspd;
mikg;Gfs; Nghd;w Kiwrhur; #oy;fspYk; %d;W Njrpa
nkhopfspYk; gad;gLj;Jgth; Neakhd> mZff;$ba tbtq;fspy;
ngz;fSf;F ,yFtpy; fpilg;gdthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ngz;fs;
84
fUj;jil gw;wp mwpT+l;lg;gl;l njhpTfisr; nra;af;$bajhf

(nghUj;jkhdthW) jkpo; my;yJ rpq;fsk; NgRfpd;w FLk;gr;
Rfhjhug; gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; NtW ngz; kUj;Jt Mszpapdh;
Clhff; fUj;jil gw;wpa MNyhridiag; ngwf;$LkhapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; fUj;jil gw;wpAk; mth;fspd;
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;jpYk; ghYwT tho;f;ifapYk; mjd;
tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; mth;fspd; mr;rq;fisAk; re;Njfq;fisAk;
fye;JiuahLtjw;F
Cf;Ftpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
ngz;fSf;Fk;
Mz;fSf;Fk; fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fSk; NritfSk; jhuhskhfTk;
rhj;jpakhdtplj;J ,ytrkhfTk; fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fUj;jiliag; gad;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G Kw;WKOjhfg; ngz;fs;
kPJ
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mwpT+l;lg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; MZiwfisg; gad;gLj;JjYk; tpijehs
mWit
rpfpr;irfisg;
ngWjYk;
cl;glf;
fUj;jiliag;
gad;gLj;jTk; ghJfhg;ghd ghYwtpy; <LglTk; mth;fs;
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fSf;F kylhf;Fjy; my;yJ Kbr;rpLjYk; Foha;fspd;
vLg;Gk; (LRT) Nghd;w epue;jug; Ngw;Wf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisg;
ngWtjw;F mth;fspd; tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; mDkjpiag;
ngwj; Njitaw;wdthf mtw;Wf;fhd kuGfSk; xOq;FtpjpfSk;
jsh;j;jg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJ xU ftiyahf ntspg;gl;l kw;nwhU
Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. Nkyjpfkhf eilKiwapYs;s kuGfs;
FLk;gr; Rfhjhug; gzpahsuhYk; ngUk;ghYk; fpuhk Nrtfuhd
Xh; cs;s+uhl;rp mYtyuhYk; mjpfhu ,irtspf;fg;gLjiyj;
Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. FLk;gj;jpy; gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaj;
jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhd xU ngz;zpd; my;yJ xU jk;gjpapd; chpikia
vt;thW ,e;eilKiw ghjpf;fpd;wnjd;w mbg;gilapy; mjidf;
fhj;jpukhd KiwapYk; jpwdha;TlDk; kW kjpg;gPL nra;aNtz;Lk;.
mj;jifa xU eilKiwiag; ngWtjw;fhd jPh;khdk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ngz;zplk; mj;Jld;/my;yJ jk;gjpaplk; tplg;glNtz;Lk;.
,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; Vida Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs;
toq;Fjy; njhlh;gpy; eilKiwrhh;e;j ngUkstpyhd ftiyfSk;
,e;j Ma;tpypUe;J ntspg;gl;ld. jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; ngz;fs;
cjtpf;Fk;
FiwjPh;Tf;Fk;
,r;Nritfis
ek;gpf;ifAld;
85
mZff;$bajhff;
Fiwe;jgl;rk;
khtl;l
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ePjpj;Jiw> rl;lr; nraw;gLj;jy;> kUj;Jt kw;Wk; r%f Nrit
Mszpapdhpd;
Njit
mj;jpahtrpakhdjhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
vy;yh Nehahsh;fSf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghff; fh;g;gpzpj; jha;khh; kPjhd
tpNrl
ftdpg;Gld;
,dg;ngUf;f
Rfhjhug;
guhkhpg;ig
ehLfpd;w
ngz;fSf;F
khpahijAld;
rpfpr;iraspg;gjw;F
itj;jparhiyfspYs;s
gzpahsh;fs;
gapw;wg;glTk;
tifg;nghWg;Gilath;fshf;fg;glTk;
Ntz;ba
Njit
njhlh;gpYk; ftiyfs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. Kiwg;ghLfis ,yFthf
,dq;fz;L mtw;wpy; ftdQ;nrYj;jf;$bajhfj; njhlh;r;rpahd
nray;epiwNtw;wf; fhl;bfSk; epak eltbf;if KiwfSk;
miktpf;fg;gl;L mit gf;fr;rhh;gpd;wpr; nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
vy;yh kl;lq;fspYKs;s kUj;Jtg; gzpahsh;fs; midthpdJk;
nray;epiwNtw;wk; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; murhq;f
itj;jparhiyfspYk; fpspdpf;FfspYk; guhkhpg;gpd; juk; gw;wpa
gad;gLj;JNthhpd; Jyq;fy;fs; Nrit toq;fspd; juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;if Kiwfspd; ,d;wpaikahj xU
gFjpahf ,Uf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.
Nkhjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu
Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; njhlh;fpd;w gzpahsh; gw;whf;Fiwfspd;
#oiktpy;> Fwpg;ghf twpa kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l rdr%fq;fspy;>
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfspd; gq;F xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
mth;fspd; jpwd;fspd; jFjp xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;glTk; rhj;jpakhdtplj;J
mth;fspd; gzpf;F Mjutspf;fg;gl;L mJ tYg;gLj;jg;glTk;
Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; ngz;fshAs;s FLk;gr; Rfhjhug;
gzpahsh;fs; tpNrlkhff; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; mth;fspd; flikfspd;
epkpj;jk; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;W ghh;itapLtjw;F neLe;J}uq;fisf;
flf;fNtz;bapUg;gjdhy; mth;fSf;F ce;JUspfs; Nghd;w $ba
nghUj;jkhdJk; tpidj;jpwDs;sJkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
86
2.8 KbG
Vida Kuz;ghl;L epiyikfspy; cs;sthW> ,yq;ifapy;
td;Kiwahd
Kuz;ghl;bdhYk;
Aj;jj;jpdhYk;
Fwpg;ghf
tlf;fpYk;
fpof;fpYk;
mtw;iw
mz;bAs;s
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ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fshf>
mfjpfshf>
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fz;zpntbf;
fhaq;fspypUe;Jk;
jg;gpg;
gpioj;jth;fshf>
jha;khuhfTk;
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kidtpfshfTk;
tpjitfshfTk;>
NghuhspfshfTk; rptpypad;fshfTk; ngz;fs; Kuz;ghl;il
Mz;fspypUe;J NtWgl;l Kiwapy; mDgtpj;Js;sdh;. Aj;jj;jhy;
ngz;fs;
,iuahf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mNjNtisapy;
mth;fs;
ngUk;ghYk;
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epw;fhj
ntWk;
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Kuz;ghl;bdJk;
fhuzkhfg; ngz;fs; mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fSf;F cioj;Jf;
nfhLg;gth;fshfTk; FLk;gj;Jf;fhd nghWg;igj; jdpnahUtuhf
Nkw;nfhs;gth;fshfTk;
nghpJk;
ghjfkhd
#o;epiyfspy;
rdr%fq;fis xd;WNrh;j;J itj;jpUg;gth;fshfTk; mth;fspd;
FLk;gq;fspDs;Sk; rdr%fq;fspDs;Sk; Gjpa jiyikj;Jtg;
gq;Ffis Vw;fj; njhlq;fpAs;sdh;. ,d;W mNdf ngz;fs;
jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;f FLk;gj; jiytpfshAs;sdh;. mNdfh; jkJ
ehshe;j tho;f;ifia elj;Jtjw;F cs;s+uhl;rp mjpfhhpfSlDk;
nghyprhUlDk;
,uhZtj;jpdUlDk;
NghuhspfSlDk;
Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;Jgth;fshf Kd;dh; Mz;fshy; tfpf;fg;gl;l
gq;Ffis Vw;Wg; nghJj; JiwapDs; gpuNtrpj;Js;sdh;.49nghUshjhu
eltbf;ifj;
Jiwapy;
$ba
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cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSlDk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;JtjpYk; ClhLtjpYk;
mUkjpg;ghd mDgtj;ijAk; rpwg;Gj; jpwikiaAk; <l;bAs;sdh;.
vdpDk;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk;
jpl;lkpLjy; njhlh;gpy; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay;
KbntLf;fpd;w
Nghf;ifj;
jPh;khdpf;fpd;w
nray;Kiwfis
48 Womens Concerns and the Peace Process - Findings and Recommendations, International Womens
Mission to the North East of Sri Lanka 12th to 17th October 2002, Colomno : Women and Media Collective.
49 Nkw;$wpa mNj.
87
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; nghJthf vt;tpjj;jpYk; fl;Lg;gLj;j

Kbahjth;fshAs;sdh;. Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; NghJ KbntLg;gjpy;
ngz;fs; vg;NghjhfpYk; <LgLj;jg;gl;bUg;ghh;fshapd; mJ kpf
mhpNj. Aj;j epWj;j cld;gbf;if (CFA) ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lijj;
njhlh;e;j
Mz;Lfspd;
rkhjhdr;
nray;
KiwapypUe;J
ngz;fs; njhlh;e;J tpyf;fg;gl;lik Mo;e;j ftiyf;Fhpa
xU
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tpisthf KLf;fptplg;gl;l Gdh;eph;khzj;Jf;Fk; Gdh;tho;Tf;Fk;
kPs;FbNaw;wj;Jf;Fkhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
ngz;fspd;
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,Uf;ff;$ba cz;ikahd rhj;jpak; ,Ue;jJld; xUNtis mJ
kWgbAk; ngz;fisj; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; tPl;L tho;;f;ifAk;
eltbf;ifAnkd;w fPo;g;gl;l epiyf;F xJf;fptpLfpd;w ghjfkhd
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xU nray;Kiw ,y;yhjjhf;ff;$Lk;.
ngz;fspd; tho;tpYk; tho;f;ifj; jPh;khdq;fspYk; mth;fspd;
RahjPdj;ijAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F mth;fspd;
cly;fisf;
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chpikAk;
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kpfKf;fpakhdit.
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fpilg;gjw;fpy;iy.
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Kuz;ghl;bd;
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ePz;l fhyf; nfhs;if ,ilaPLfSf;F xJf;fplNth KbahJ@
mjid Xh; cldbj; NjitahfTk; mNjNghd;W cldbahf
epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba Xh; chpikahfTk; fUjNtz;Lk;. epiyNgwhd
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;ngd;gJ
jpl;lkply;> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; vy;yh
kl;lq;fspYk; nfhs;if tFg;gjpy; ngz;fspd; mwpT+l;lg;gl;l>
jPtpukhd
gq;Nfw;ig
cs;slf;Ffpd;wnjd;gJjhd;
vkJ
88
ek;gpf;if. ,yq;if ,d;wpaikahjthW Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPh;tpYk;

rkhjhdj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk;
r%f
epiykhw;wj;jpYk;
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ngz;fspd;
tho;f;ifiaAk;
rKjhaq;fisAk; rdr%fq;fisAk; kPsf; fl;bnaOg;g Kidfpd;w
Gjpa ,ilaPLfspy; ngz;fspd; fUj;JfSf;F ,lkspf;fNtz;baJ
NkYk; $ba mtrukhdjhfpd;wJ. rkhjhdr; nray;Kiwf;fhd
ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa Jizf;FO Fwpg;gpl;lthW
nfhs;if
,ilaPLfspd;
xU
Kf;fpa
ftdf;Ftpg;ghf
,dg;ngUf;f chpikfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
rfy
rdr%fq;fisAk;
<LgLj;Jfpd;w
xU
epahakhdJk;
epiyNgWs;sJkhd
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xU
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cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,k;Kd;Kaw;rpfSf;Fg; ngz;fs; cs;s+h;
kl;lj;jpy; jkJ tho;e;j mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk;.
,t;thuha;r;rp Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; RfhjhuKk;
chpikfSk; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; nfhs;if kw;Wk; rl;lr;
rPh;jpUj;jj;jpD}lhff; fhj;jpukhd ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit :
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gf; nfhs;ifahdJ> chpikfspd;

mbg;gilapyhd xU rl;lfj;ijg; gaDWjpAs;s Kiwapy;
xUq;fpizf;fpd;wjhfTk; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;ij
xU tho;f;if tl;l mZFKiwapy; Nehf;Ffpd;wjhfTk;
rh;tNjrhPjpahf xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf cyf
Rfhjhu epWtdj;jhYk; UNFPA mikg;gpdhYk; tiuaiw
nra;ag;gl;l> epakq;fisAk; juq;fisAk; $l;bizf;fpd;wjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rfhjhuj;
jfty;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gk; ngz;fspd; tho;f;if

tl;lj;jpD}lhf mth;fspd; Rfhjhu epiyiaf; fz;fhzpj;jYk;
,e;ehl;bYs;s Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;gpd; ,d;wpaikahj xU
gFjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mapd; Nkhjypd; epkpj;jk; Rfhjhu
Nrit toq;fy; rPh;Fiye;Js;s gpuNjrq;fspy; ,J tpNrlkhfr;
nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
89
,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuf; nfhs;ifahdJ> Rfhjhuf; fhl;bfSf;Fk;

ngz;fspd; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; mth;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk;
ghypay; Rfhjhu chpj;Jf;fSk; chpikfSk; mlq;fyhfg;
ngz;fspd;
chpj;Jf;fSf;fhd
xg;Guthd
tha;g;igAk;
mth;fSf;F kWf;fpd;w fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j> r%f-fyhrhu kw;Wk;
murpay; jilfSf;Fk;> mNjNghd;W KbntLg;gjpy; tpNrlkhfg;
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; gw;wp KbntLg;gjpy;>
ngz;fs;
KOikahfTk;
rkkhfTk;
gq;Fgw;WjYf;Fj;
jlq;fyhAs;s
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,ilapyhd
njhlh;Gfspy;
Neubahff; ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,dg;ngUf;f tplaq;fspy; njhpTfisr; nra;tjw;fhd ngz;fspd;

chpikfisf; fye;JiuahbaNghJ ngz;fs; tpthfj;jpDs;
ghypay; cwTfSf;Ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gpur;rpid xU
Kf;fpa ftiyahf ntspg;gl;lJ. ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJk; mth;fspd; cly;fs; kPJk; mth;fspd; chpikfs;
rl;lG+h;tkhfTk; r%fhPjpahfTk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhd
NjitahdJ> tpthfj;jpDs; td;Gzh;r;rp xU Fw;wptay;
Fw;wnkd;W
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLjiyAk;
mNjNghd;W
fzth;fspd; chpikfSf;Fr; r%f hPjpahfTk; fyhrhu hPjpahfTk;
Kd;Dhpikaspf;fpd;w #oy; khw;wg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtw;Fg;
nghJkf;fspd; tpopg;Gzh;itAk; tw;GWj;jpf; NfhUfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapy; ,dg;ngUf;f chpikfspd; muq;fpy; fUf;fiyg;igf;

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gpur;rpidahfj;
njhlh;fpd;wJ.
ngz;fs;
gw;wpa
Njrpa
nray;jpl;lk;
(1996/2000) td;Gzh;r;rp> Kiwapyhh; Gzh;r;rp my;yJ fU
gpwtpf;$wpNyNa ,ay;Gf;F khwhdjhff; fhzg;gly; Mfpa
re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> fz;bg;ghd xOq;Ftpjpapd; fPo; rl;lg;gbahd
fUf;fiyg;Gf;F ,lkspf;ff;$bajhf ,g;NghJs;s rl;lk; gue;j
Nehf;Filjhf;fg;glNtz;Lnkdf; NfhhpaJ. ,jid nka;ahff;
fhZjy; ,yq;ifapy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; RfhjhuKk; chpikfSk; gw;wpa
ghpe;Jiug;gpd; xU Kf;fpa ftdf;Ftpg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j Ma;tpy; <Lgl;l ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;Gk; Njrpa
kl;lj;jpYk; cs;s+h; kl;lj;jpYKs;s mjd; gq;fhsp mikg;GfSk;
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; midtUk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; RfhjhuKk;
90
chpikfSnkd;w gug;G mlq;fyhf vy;yhg; gug;GfspYk; mth;fspd;

KO kdpj chpikfisAk; gpuNahfpf;f KbAkhapUj;jiy
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ,e;j Ma;tpd; fhz;Gfis Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;tjw;Fk; rl;lq;fspYk; nfhs;iffspYk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspYk;
mNjNghd;W ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu
kdg;ghq;FfspYk;
FWfpafhy
khw;wq;fisAk;
ePz;lfhy
khw;wq;fisAk; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fkhd <Lghl;Lf;flg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;ldthfj; njhlh;e;JKs;sd.
91
92
3.0 khtl;l kl;l Muha;r;rpf;

fhz;Gfs;
93
94
3.1 Gj;jsk; khtl;lk;
2002,y; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; tWikf; Nfhl;bd; fPo; tho;fpd;w

rdj;njhif 22.7% Mf kjpg;gplg;gl;lJld;> tWikf;Nfhl;bd;
fPo; tho;fpd;w Mz;fs; 23.0% MfTk; ngz;fs; 21.5% MfTk;
kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ.50
Gj;jsk; khtl;lk; ehl;by; MfTk; twpatw;wpy; xd;W. 2002,y;
Gj;jsj;jpy; xj;j njhiffshf> tWikf; Nfhl;bd; fPo; tho;fpd;w
rdj;njhifapy; Mz;fs; 31.4% MfTk; ngz;fs; 30.8% MfTk;
,Ue;jdh;.51 FLk;g tUkhdk; kw;Wk; jiyf;fhd Efh;T (MfTk;
twpa Ie;jpnyhd;wpd; gq;F - Njrpa Efh;tpy; 1/5) njhlh;gpy; Gj;jsj;jpy;
MfTk; twpath;fs; kj;jpapy; ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fs; 13.5%
MfTk; Mz;fSf;fhd xj;j njhif 11.5% MfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.52
50 Department of Census and Statistics (2005).Selected Millenium Development Goals (MGD) Indicators,
Colombo.
51 Nkw;$wpa mNj. FLk;gj;jiythpd; ghypd; mbg;gilapy; fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
52 Nkw;$wpa mNj.
95
1990 Ig;grpapy; tl khtl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w vy;yh K];ypk;fSk;

vy;.hp.hp.<.My; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J elg;gpd;gb
cz;ikahf
mth;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; Gj;jsk;
khtl;lj;jpy;
kPsf;
Fbakh;j;jg;gl;ldh;.
mg;gpuNjrj;Jf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd
K];ypk;
Fbrdq;fSld;
cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngah;e;jth;fSk; $l;lhf tho;tjhdJ Vw;nfdNt msT kPwpg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mg;gpuNjr tsq;fs; kPJ fLikahd Rikia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. tlf;ifr; Nrh;e;j K];ypk;fspy; rpyh; njhlh;e;Jk;
eyd;Ghp Kfhk;fspYk; VidNahh; kPs;FbNaw;wf; fpuhkq;fspYk;
tfpf;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; trjpAs;sth;fs; jdpahh; Mjdj;ij
thq;ff; $bath;fsha; ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
Gj;jsk; Ma;T fpuhk mgptpUj;jp kd;wj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. Muha;r;rpahdJ `pjhaj; efh; (360 FLk;gq;fs;)>
ehftpy;Y> Gjpa vUf;fyk;gpl;b (1400 FLk;gq;fs;)> ghyhtp ghPjhghj;
(390 FLk;gq;fs;)> it.vk;.vk;.V.efh; uj;kNyaha (1500 FLk;gq;fs;)>
jpy;iyab my;-m];f;rh <.vg;.Kfhk; (1750 FLk;gq;fs;)> my; kpdh
rjhkpaGuk; (1600 FLk;gq;fs;) kw;Wk; Midg;Gis Cw;W (550
FLk;gq;fs;) Mfpa VO fpuhkq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd fpuhkq;fspy;
fopT ePiu mfw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rhf;filf;fopT ePh;
KiwiknaJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Vwf;Fiwa 35% FLk;gq;fSf;F
kyry$l trjpfspy;iy.
,dk;
khjphp kjpg;gPl;by; nkhj;jk; 84 ngz;fs; Neh;fhzg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs;
midtUk; K];ypk; r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;.
ml;ltiz 1
tajpd;gb ,dk;
,dk;
K];ypk;
96
12 - 18
26
(30.9)
taJ
19 - 40
37
(44.0)
41 - 60
21 (25.0)
nkhj;jk;
84 (100.0)

khtl;lj;Jf;fhd khjphpapy; 46 ngz;fs; (55%) tpthfkhdth;fshfTk;
23(27%) tpthfkhfhjth;fshfTk; 10(12%) tpjitfshfTk; 5(6%)
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jth;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;. ngz;fs; gpujhdkhff;
FLk;gj;Jld; njhlh;Gila eltbf;iffspy; my;yJ trjp tha;e;j
FLk;gq;fspy; tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fshf ehshe;j Ntiy> ehshe;jf;
$ypf;Ff; fkj;njhopy; Ntiy (v.fh.ntq;fhag; gz;izfs;)> ijay;
Ntiy> tPl;bypUe;jgb czT jahhpj;J tpw;gid nra;jy; Nghd;w
Kiwrhuhj; Jiwapy; fpilf;fpd;w Ntiyfspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 2
nkhj;jk;, 0
tpthfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;
5.9%
tpjit
11.9%
tpthfkhfh
jth; 27.3%
tpthfkhdth;,
54.7%
fy;tp kl;lk;
,k;khjphpapy; MfTk; cah;e;j fy;tp kl;lj;ij 12 - 18 taJf;
FOtpdUk; Mff; Fiwe;j fy;tp kl;lj;ij 41 - 60 taJf; FOtpdUk;
va;jpapUe;jdh; 12 -18 taJf; FOtpypUe;J 15 ngz;fs;; (17.8%)> 19 - 40
taJf; FOtpypUe;J 14 ngz;fs; (16.6%)>41 - 60 taJf; FOtpypUe;J
2 ngz;fs; (2.3%) vy;yh taJf; FOf;fspypUe;Jk; $l;L nkhj;jkhf
31 ngz;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp kl;lk; tiu gbj;jpUe;jdh;.
97
ml;ltiz 3
fy;tp kl;lk;
35.7%
27.3%
19.0%
9.5%
3.5%
2.3%
2.3%
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
Above
33 Unmarried
15-8
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
33f;
F Nky;
jpUkzk; NAfpilf;ftpy;iy
Kbf;fhj
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ taJ

nkhj;j khjphpapy; 64% ngz;fs; 9-12 taJf;fpilapYk; 7% ngz;fs;
13-15 taJf;fpilapYk; 29% ngz;fs; 16-19 taJf;fpilapYk;
G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 4
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ
taJ
9 - 12
13 - 15
16 - 19
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
98
taJ
12-18
5
20
0
1
26
19-40
11
25
1
37
41-60
7
9
5
21
nkhj;jk;
23
54
6
1
84
%
27.3
64.2
7.1
1.1
100.0
gUtkiljy; gw;wpa mwpT

khjphpapy; 63% ngz;fs; gUtkiljy; gw;wpj; jhkhfNt mwpe;J
nfhz;bUe;j
mNjNtisapy;
26.1%
ngz;fs;
mijg;gw;wp
rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;J mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ghlrhiy KiwikA+lhf
,j;jftiyg; ngw;wdnud;W vtUk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mNdf
ngz;fs; rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh (PSL) vd;w epWtdj;jpd;
gzpapd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; gw;wp XusT mwpitg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$LkhapUe;jnjdf; $wpdh;.
ml;ltiz 5
gUtkiljy; gw;wpa mwpT
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ
taJ
jha;
ghl;b
rNfhjhp
rpNefpjpfs;
jhkhf
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12-18
taJ
19-40
41-60
nkhj;jk;
3
0
1
7
15
0
26
1
1
0
10
25
0
37
0
1
0
5
13
2
21
4
2
1
22
53
2
84
%
4.7
2.3
1 1.1
26.1
63.0
2.3
100.05
tpthfj;jpd; NghJ taJ

vdJ %j;j kfs; 16 tajpy; tpthfk; nra;jhh;. mthpd; 17 tajpy;
mtUf;nfhU gps;is ,Ue;jNghJ mthpd; fzth; mtiu
tpl;Lr; nrd;whh;. Vw;nfdNt KjyhtJ kidtpnahUth;
,Ue;j Xu; kdpjUf;F mth; kPz;Lk; tpthfk; nra;J
itf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;
mth;
kfpo;r;rpaw;wtuhapUe;jhh;.
vdJ ,uz;lhtJ kfs; tpthfkhfp Xuhz;bDs; mthpd;
fztiu tpl;Ltpl;lhh;. Vnddpy; kfspd; eiffis
tpw;wNjhly;yhky; ehk; mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;j rPjdj;ijAk;
tPzhfr; nryT nra;Jtpl;lhh;. vdJ %d;whtJ kfs;
fhjyDld; Xbg;Nghd gpd;dh; tpthfk; nra;Jnfhz;lhh;.
vdJ vy;yh kfs;khUk; mth;fspd; fzth;khuhYk;
99
mth;fspd; FLk;gq;fshYk;> gpujhdkhfg; Nghjpa rPjdk;

nfhz;Ltuhjjdhy; rpj;jputijg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs;
Nkhrkhfj; jpl;lg;gLtJld; mbf;fb mbj;J cijf;fTk;
gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fspd; fzth;fs; vtUf;Fk; Ntiy ,y;iy.
vdJ kfd;khh; mth;fspd; rNfhjhpfs; VNjDk; Njh;r;rpj;
jpwd;fisj; Njbf;nfhs;tjw;F ,lkspf;ftpy;iyahjyhy;
mth;fs; jd;dpiwtila Kbahjth;fshAs;sdh;.
(48 tajhd ngz;> rk;gt Ma;T> Gj;jsk;).
ml;ltiz 6
35.7%
27.3%
19.0%
9.5%
3.5%
2.3%
2.3%
khjphpapy; vg;NghjhfpYk; tpthfkhdth;fspy; 35.7% ngz;fs; 15 - 18

taJf;fpilapYk; 9.5% ngz;fs; 19 - 22 taJf;fpilapYk; tpthfk;
nra;jpUe;jdh;. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l Vida
khtl;lq;fis tplg; Gj;jsj;jpy; tpthfj;jpd; Nghjhd taJ
ngUksT Fiwe;jnjd;gij ,j;jfty; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; fyhrhuf; fhuzpfshapUf;ff;$Lk;. ,k;khtl;lj;jpy;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nkhj;j khjphpAk;> tpthfj;Jf;Ff; Fiwe;jgl;r
tanjhd;iwr; rl;lg;gb tpjpj;Jiuf;fhj K];ypk; rdr%fj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jth;fs;.
100
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

ehd; 1986 ,y; kd;dhhpy; gpwe;Njd;. vdf;F ehd;F tajhdNghJ
fw;gpl;bf;F ,lk;ngah;e;J mfjp Kfhnkhd;wpy; Ie;jhz;Lfs;
trpj;Njd;. vdJ je;ij xU ijaw;fhuh;. vdJ rNfhjuh;
ehshe;jf; $yp Ntiy nra;fpd;whh;. FLk;gj;jpy; xUth; kl;Lk;
tUkhdk; ciog;gtuhf ,Ue;jNghJ ehk; gy jlitfs;
gl;bdp fple;Njhk;. ,g;NghJk; gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehd;
cah;juf; fiy tFg;gpy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;. vkJ rkaj;jpdJk;
tof;fq;fspdJk; kuGfspdJk; gpufhuk; tpthfk; nra;J
nrhe;jkhf xU FLk;gj;ijj; njhlq;FtJ ey;yJ. $ba
gps;isfisg; ngWfpd;wik rpf;fy;fisAk; f\;lq;fisAk;
Vw;gLj;Jnkd;gjdhy; vy;NyhUk; FLk;gj; jpl;lkpliyg;
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. fztDf;Fk; kidtpf;Fkpilapy; Xh;
MNuhf;fpkhd cwitAk; gu];gu Ghpe;Jzh;itAk; NgZk;
nghUl;L mth;fs; tpthfkhd clNdNa FLk;gnkhd;iwj;
njhlq;Ftjw;F vz;zf;$lhJ. ehd; FLk;gj;jpl;lkply;
gw;wpg; gj;jphpiffs;> thndhyp kw;Wk; ghlrhiyapy;
Rfhjhuf; fy;tp Mfpatw;wpD}lhf XusT mwpitg; ngw;Nwd;.
,t;tplaj;jpy; epahakhd fy;tpiag; ngWtJ Maj;jkhf
,Ug;gjw;F cjTnkd;gjdhy; mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. ,t;tplak; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWtjw;F
itj;jparhiyapYs;s
rdj;njhifr;
Nritfs;
yq;fh
epWtdj;ij ehk; mZf KbAk;. mq;F ,t;tplak; gw;wpa
Rtnuhl;bfSk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fSk; rpwpa Gj;jfq;fSk;
cs;sd. ,ijj;jtpu ehk; kUj;Jtpr;rpfsplKk; Rfhjhu
epiyaq;fspy; jfty; fUkgPlq;fisr; Nrh;e;j VidNahhplKk;
tprhhpf;fyhk;. rpNdfpjpfs; xd;W $Lfpd;wNghJ ehk;
nghUj;jkhd
jfty;fis
xUtNuhnlhUth;
gfph;e;J
nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. (19 taJg; ngz;> rk;gt Ma;T> Gj;jsk;)
101
ml;ltiz 7
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
70.3%
52.4%
42.3%
taJ
12-18
taJ
19-40
taJ
41-60
ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; fUj;jil gw;wpr; rhh;gstpy; cah;kl;l (57.1%)

mwpTs;sij Nkw;gb ml;ltiz Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fUj;jil
gw;wp mth;fs; vt;thW mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;fnsd;w Nfs;tpf;Fg;
gjpyspj;j 34 ngz;fspy; 16 Ngh; (47%) Rfhjhu Nehf;Fila mur
rhh;gw;w epWtdkhd rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fhtpypUe;J
jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhfj; njhptpj;jdh;. VidNahhpy; 29.4%
fUj;jil gw;wpr; rpNdfpjpfsplkpUe;Jk; 11.7% itj;jpaj; njhopy;
Ghpgth;fsplkpUe;Jk; mwpe;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy; 5.8% mth;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; Jizth;fsplkpUe;J fUj;jil gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
KjyhtJ caph;g; gpurtj;jpd; NghJ taJ

khjphpapy; rhh;gstpy; cah;e;j vz;zpf;ifahdth;fs; (63.5%)
mth;fspd; KjyhtJ gps;is gpwe;j Ntisapy; 15 - 22 taJf;f
,ilg;gl;lth;fshapUe;Js;sdh;. 13% ngz;fs; 23 - 25 taJf;F
,ilg;gl;lth;fshfTk; 22% ngz;fs; 26 taJf;Ff; $bath;fshfTk;
,Ue;Js;sdh;. KjyhtJ caph;g; gpurtj;jpd; Nghjhd ,f;Fiwe;j
102
taJf;Fk; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpthfj;jpd;

Fiwe;j taJf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gs;sJ.
Nghjhd
ml;ltiz 8
34.0%
29.5%
20.4%
13.6%
2.2%
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
33f;F Nky;
fpi lf;ftpy ;i y
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
fUf;fiyT gw;wpa jfty; 14 ngz;fspy; 7 NgUf;F (50%) xU
fUf;fiyT 2 ngz;fSf;F 2 fUf;fiyT mDgtKk;> 4 ngz;fSf;F
3 fUf;fiyT mDgtKk; Vw;gl;bUe;jij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
9 ngz;fSf;F mth;fs; fUj;jhpj;jpUe;j Kjy; 3 khjq;fspy;
fUf;fiyT ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. 8 ngz;fs; mth;fSf;F KjyhtJ
fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lNghJ 16 - 19 taJf; FOtpy; ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; jhk; kUj;Jt MNyhridia ehbapUe;jjhfj;
njhptpj;jdh;.
fUf;fiyT
mDgtk;
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
taJ
12-18
3
2
21
26
19-40
4
7
26
37
41-60
7
6
8
21
nkhj;jk;
14
15
55
84
16.6%
17.8%
65.4%
100.0%
103
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;NghJ taJ

vdf;F 40 tajpy; ,Wjp khjtpyf;F Vw;gl;lijj;
njhlh;e;J vdJ fztUld; ghYwT itj;Jf; nfhs;s
ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. ehd; ghYwT itj;Jf;nfhs;sf;
$lhnjd;W
%j;NjhUk;
vdf;Fr;
nrhd;dhh;fs;.
,J vdJ fztUf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. vdNt mth;
,g;NghJ aho;g;ghzj;Jf;Fg; Ngha;tpLtJld; %d;W
khjq;fSf;nfhU jlit kl;Lk; jhd; tPl;Lf;F
tUfpd;whh;. vkJ nryTfisr; rkhspg;gjw;F mth;
2000 &ghapypUe;J 3000 &gha; tiuapy; kl;Lk;jhd;
jUfpd;whh;. (Ms. ART, 48 taJ> Gj;jsk;)
ml;;ltiz 9
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
25 - 30
31 - 35
36 - 40
41 - 45
46 - 50
50 - 55
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
taJ
12-18
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
26
19-40
0
0
0
0
0
0
37
37
41-60
1
1
5
4
1
2
7
21
nkhj;jk;
1
1
5
4
1
2
70
84
41 - 60 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j 14 ngz;fs; ,Wjp khjtpyf;if

vl;bapUe;jjhfj; njhptpj;jdh;. mth;fspy; 13Ngh; ,t;tho;f;if
khw;wk; gw;wp Kd;dNu mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
tPl;L td;Kiw
khjphpapd; 67.8% jhk; td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jjhf
ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. ,t;ntz;zpf;ifapy; 28% ngz;fs; 12 - 18
taJf;fpilapYk; 49% ngz;fs; 19 - 40 taJf;fpilapYk; 22% ngz;fs;
41 - 60 taJf;fpilapYk; td;Kiwia mDgtpj;jpUe;jdh;. $Ljyhd
tPl;Ltd;Kiw Fbntwp> Nghij kUe;Jf;F mbikahjy; kw;Wk;
104
epjpg; gpur;rpidfs; vd;W xU njhlh;thpirahd fhuzq;fSf;fhf

tho;f;ifj;
Jizth;fshy;
Ghpag;gl;bUe;jJ.
jha;khh;jhd;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj fhjy; tptfhuq;fs;> rhjpf;F ntspNa tpthfk;
nra;jy;> kw;wth;fSld; tuk;gpd;wpj; jhuhskhfg; goFjy; Nghd;w
r%f hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhj elj;ijf;Fj; jz;lidahf
td;Kiwia
mLj;J
Mff;$Ljyhfj;
J}z;btpLgth;fshfj;
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. je;ijkhUk; kJghdj;Jf;F mbikahjy; kw;Wk;
epjpg; gpur;rpidfs; Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf tPl;Ltd;Kiwapy;
<LgLgth;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldh;.
jkJ
tho;f;ifj;
Jizth;fshy;
tPl;L
td;Kiwf;F
cs;shf;fg;gl;Nlhnkd ntspg;gLj;jpa tpthfkhd ngz;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; mJ tpthfkhd Kjy; %d;W Mz;Lfspd;
NghJ ,lk;ngw;wjhfj; njhptpj;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 10
tPl;L td;Kiw
75.7%
61.9%
61.5%
taJ
12-18
taJ
19-40
taJ
41-60
105
gps;isiag; gpurtpj;j ,lk;

vdJ Kjy; fUj;jhpg;gpd;NghJ vdf;Ff; fLikahd
typNaw;gl;lJld; ,uj;jf; fl;bnahd;Wk; ntspte;jJ. mjw;F
ehd; rpfpr;ir vJTk; vLf;ftpy;iy. gjpide;J ehl;fspd;
gpd;dh; vdf;Fj; jpUk;gTk; ,uj;jg; Nghf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ehk;
aho;g;ghzj;Jf;Fg; Ngha; nfl;l Mtpfis ke;jpuj;jhy;
trpak; gz;Zfpd;w xUtiur; re;jpj;Njhk;. mth; gpj;jisj;
jfnlhd;wpy; xU jhaj;ijr; nra;J vdJ kzpf;fl;by;
fl;bdhh;. mth; trpak; nra;j rpwpJ ePiuAk; vdJ Kfj;jpy;
njspj;jhh;. mj;NjhL ,uj;jg;Nghf;F epd;Wtpl;lJ. (Ms. ISU, 62
taJ - rk;gt Ma;T> Gj;jsk;)
Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; Neh;fhzg;gl;l ngz;fspd; gps;isg;
gpurtq;fspy; itj;jparhiyapy; ,lk;ngw;w 88.3% gpurtq;fSld;
xg;gpLifapy;
11.6%
gpurtq;fs;
mth;fspd;
tPLfspy;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. nkhj;j khjphpAk; K];ypk; rdr%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j
ngz;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkJ gps;isfspd; gpurtj;Jf;F murhq;fr;
Rfhjhu Nritfis ehbapUe;j mNjNtisapy; ,r;rdr%fq;fs;
kj;jpapy; ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfs; Kf;fpa gq;nfhd;wpid
tfpf;fpd;wdnud;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
106
ml;ltiz 11
gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; xOq;fpd;gb gps;isiag;
gpurtpj;j ,lk;
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
tPL
ve;jg;
12 -18
19 -40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
3
(7%)
26
(57%)
17
(37%)
46
(100%)
,dk;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
itj;jparhiy
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
3
1.9%
3
4
5
1
4
15
9.7%
4
3
5
1
5
18
11.6%
K];ypk;
1
1
0.6
1
27
21
16
8
6
78
50.6
81
14
14
8
11
10
57
37.0
72
42
35
24
19
16
136
88.3
154
100%
K];ypk;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
nkhj;jk;
Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd;NghJ fu;g;gk;

ehd; 1990,y; aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;j ehs; Kjw;nfhz;L
Gj;jsj;jpy; trpj;J te;Js;Nsd;. ehd; 10 tajpy; G+g;nga;jpaijj;
njhlh;e;J ghlrhiyf;Fg; Nghftplhky; vd;idj; jLj;Jtpl;lhh;fs;.
tof;fkhf vdJ jha; flw;fiuapy; rpg;gpfisg; nghWf;Ftjw;F
mNdf fpNyhkPl;lh; Jhuk; Nghfpd;wNtisapy; ehd; vdJ md;hpapd;
gj;Jg; gps;isfisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F cjTtjw;fhf tPl;by;
tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gLNtd;. vdJ jha;f;F Ntiy ,y;yhjNghJ mth;
mg;gk; RLthh;. mtw;iw vdJ rNfhjuh;fs; tpw;WtUthh;fs;. xU
fhjy; tptfhuj;jpd; fhuzkhf ehd; tpthfk; nra;jjdhy; vkJ
ngw;Nwhh; mq;fPfhpf;ftpy;iy. vdJ fztUf;F xOq;fhd xU
107
Ntiy ,y;yhjjdhy; ehk; fLikahd nghUshjhu ,d;dy;fis

mDgtpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. vkf;F VO gps;isfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
ehd; gpurtj;ijj; njhlh;e;J> xU gps;isia %d;W ehl;fspd;
gpd;dUk; kw;nwhU gps;isia MW khjq;fspd; gpd;dUkhf
,uz;L gps;isfis ,oe;Jtpl;Nld;. Mjyhy; vkJ gps;isfis
Kiwahfg; ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gpj;jy; vkf;Ff; fl;Lg;gbahftpy;iy.
mth;fis NkYk; gbg;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
mg;NghJ vdJ ,isa kfd; 8 Me; juj;jpy; ,Ue;jhh;. mthpd;
fy;tpia ehk; epWj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1990 ,y; ehk; ,lk;ngah;e;j
NghJ vdJ fzth; ,uhZtj;jhy; ifJnra;ag;gl;L ntt;NtW
rpiwr;rhiyfspy; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jhh;. ehd; khjnkhU
jlit mtiu vdJ gr;irg; ghyfDlDk; mjd; rNfhjuDlDk;
Ngha;g;ghh;j;Njd;. (Ms.ART, 43 taJ> Gj;jsk;)
ml;ltiz 12
Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd;NghJ fu;g;gq;fs; : gpurtq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk; xOq;Fk;
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
NkhjYf;F Kd;dh;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; NghJ
12 - 18
19 -40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
1
(3%)
24
(59%)
16
(39%)
41
(100%)
4
4
3
1
12
8.5
14
13
8
7
6
48
34.2
18
17
11
8
6
60
42.8
3
3
3
2
2
13
2
2
4
2
4
14
5
5
7
4
6
27
9.2
10.0
19.2
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
108
Aj;j epWj;j
cld;gbf;ifapd;
gpd;dh;
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
nkhj;jk;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
1
-
19
13
8
20
13
8
1
0.7
1
4
4
48
34.2
73
2
2
4
2.8
66
6
6
53
37.8
140 (100%)
,f;Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyspj;j 41 ngz;fspy; jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd;NghJ

fu;g;gpzpfshapUe;j Mff; $ba vz;zpf;ifapyhd ngz;fs;
19 - 40 taJf; FOitr; Nrh;e;jth;fshth;. Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy;
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; gpurtq;fspy; 42.8% Nkhjy; njhlq;Ftjw;F
Kd;dUk; 19.2% jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJk; 37.8% Aj;j
epWj;j cld;gbf;if (CFA) ifnahg;gkplg;gl;ljw;Fg; gpe;jpa
fhyj;jpd;NghJk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
109
3.2 kd;dhh; khtl;lk;
njhif kjpg;Gg; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk; 1981 Kjw;nfhz;L kd;dhh;

khtl;lk; cl;gl tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; tphpthd Fbrdj;njhif
kjpg;gPLfis elj;j KbahjpUe;jjdhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; mz;ikf;
fhyj; jfty;fs; fpilg;gjw;fpy;iy.
,dg;ngUf;fr;
RfhjhuKk;
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
td;KiwAk;
njhlh;gpy; ngz;fspd; czh;Tk; mDgtKk; gw;wpa WMC Muha;r;rp
kjpg;gha;T kd;dhh; ngz;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf; $l;likthy; (MWDF)
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Muha;r;rp jhuhGuk; (rdj;njhif 444)> rhe;jpGuk;
(1400)> kUq;fgpl;b (417)> Ngrhiy (725) kw;Wk; ghpfhhpf;fz;ly;
(165) Mfpa Ie;J fpuhkq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs; fkf; $ypj;njhopy;> czT rikj;J tpw;wy;> kPd;gpb kw;Wk;
mjDld; njhlh;Gila tiyfisr; Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; fUthL
fhaitj;jy; Mfpa eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w Kiw rhuhj;Jiw
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdh;. ,f;fpuhkq;fisr; Nrh;e;j nkhj;jk;
89 ngz;fs; Neh;fhzg;gl;ldh;. mth;fspy; 85% jkpo;r; rdr%fj;ij
(fpwp];jth;fSk; ,e;Jf;fSk;) Nrh;e;jth;fshfTk; 13% K];ypk;
rdr%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;. khjphpapd; 1% rpq;fsr;
rdr%fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
110
,dk;
kd;dhhpd; khjphp khtl;lj;jpypUe;j
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpaJ.
gue;j
,dg;
gfph;itg;
ml;ltiz 1
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dk;
,dk;
K];ypk;
rpq;fsk;
jkpo;
nkhj;jk;
12-18
1
0
7
8
%
13
0
87
100
taJ
%
19-40
7
12
1
2
51
86
59
100
41-60
4
0
18
22
%
18
0
82
100
nkhj;jk;
12
1
76
89
13
1
85
100
fy;tp kl;lk;
fPNoAs;s
ml;ltiz
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW
khjphpapd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU vz;zpf;ifapdh; (41.5%) juk; 8 tiu
kl;Lk; Kiwrhh;e;j fy;tpiag; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. ,g;ngz;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; 19 - 40 kw;Wk; 41 - 60 taJf; njhFjpfisr;
Nrh;e;jth;fshth;. ,J ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,t;taJf; FOf;fspYs;s
ngz;fSf;Fg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;ig ,ilaWj;j
Kuz;ghl;bd; jhf;fj;Jld; njhlh;Gilajhf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.
ml;ltiz 2
fy;tp kl;lk;
40.4%
25.8%
14.6%
12.3%
5.6%
1.1%
vJTkpy;iy
juk; 1 - 5
juk; 6 - 8
juk; 9 - 10
O/L rpj;jp
juk; 11-12
A/L rpj;jp
vJTkpy;
iy juk;
1-5
juk;
6-8
juk;
9-10 O/L
rpj;jp
juk;
11-12 A/L
rpj;jp

Nky;; gbg;G
Nky;
gbg;G
gjpyspf;ftpy;;iy
gjpyspf;ftpy;;iy
111
Mff; $ba fy;tp kl;lk; 19 - 40 taJf; FOtpypUe;jth;fshy;

va;jg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fhzg;gl;l mNjNtisapy; Mff; Fiwe;j fy;tp
kl;lk; (juk; 5 my;yJ mjw;Fk; fPo;) 41 - 60 taJf; FOtpypUe;jth;fs;
kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Neh;fhzg;gl;l nkhj;jk; 89 ngz;fspy; 40% juq;fs; 9-10 tiuAk;>25%
juq;fs; 11 - 12 tiuAk;> 15% juq;fs; 1-5 tiuAk; 12% juq;fs; 6 - 8
tiuAk; gbj;jpUe;jdh;.

ml;ltiz 3
nkhj;jk;, 0
tpjit, 4.4%
tpthfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;, 0.0%
tpthfkhfhjth;,
26.9%
tpthfkhdth;,
68.5%
khjphpapypUe;j ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; (63.5%) tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;.

rhh;gstpy; cah; vz;zpf;ifapyhd tpthfkhfhj ngz;fs; 19 - 40
taJj; njhFjpapypUe;jik ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

Neh;fhzg;gl;l nkhj;jk; 89 ngz;fspy; 73% ngz;fs; 13 - 15
taJfSf;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;. 17% ngz;fs; 9 - 12
taJfl;fpilapYk; 9% ngz;fs; 16 - 19 taJf; fpilapYk;
112
ml;ltiz 4
G+g;nga;Jk;
NghJ taJ
12-18
2
6
0
8
25
75
0
100
9-12
13-15
16-19
nkhj;jk;
taJ
%
19-40
12
40
6
59*
41-60
1
19
2
22
6
86
9
100
20
68
9
100
nkhj;jk;
15
65
8
89
16.8
73.0
8.9
100.0
* ,t;taJf; FOtpYs;s xU ngz;zpd; G+g;nga;jpa taJ gjpTnra;ag;gltpy;iy.
G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wpa mwpT

,f;Nfs;tpf;Fk; gjpyspj;j 65 ngz;fspy; 68% mth;fSf;F KjyhtJ
khjtpyf;F Vw;gl;l tajpy; G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.
11% G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wp mth;fspd; jha;khhplkpUe;Jk; 12% mth;fspd;
rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;Jk; 6% mth;fspd; ghl;bkhhplkpUe;Jk; 3%
mth;fspd; rNfhjhpfsplkpUe;Jk; njhpe;J nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 5
ahhplkpUe;J
jhahh;
ghl;bahh;
rNfhjhp
rpNdfpjpfs;
nrhe;jkhf
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12-18
taJ
19-40
41-60
nkhj;jk;
1
1
0
0
5
1
8
5
3
2
7
27
15
44
1
0
0
1
12
8
14
7
4
2
8
44
24
89
8
4
2
9
49
27
100

Vida khtl;lq;fspypUe;J fpilj;j juTfSld; xg;gpLifapy;
kd;dhh; tpthfj;jpd;NghJ rhh;gstpy; cah;e;j taijf; fhl;baJ.
ml;ltiz 3 ,y; Fwpf;fg;gl;l tpthfkhfhj ngz;fspd;
vz;zpf;if ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
113
ml;ltiz 6
26.9%
21.3%
19.1%
14.6%
11.2%
15 18
19 22
23 25
26 29
3.3%
3.3%
30 33
33f;F Nky;
tpthfkhfhjth;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
Neh;fhzg;gl;l 89 ngz;fspy; 33.8% ngz;fs; 15 - 22

taJfSf;fpilapy; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. 21.3% ngz;fs; 23 - 25
taJfSf;fpilapYk; 3.3% ngz;fs; 30 taJf;F NkYk; tpthfk;
nra;jpUe;jdh;.
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

vdJ ,uz;lhtJ gps;isia ehd; gpurtpj;j gpd;dh; khjhe;j
khjtpyf;F vdf;F Vw;gltpy;iy. gps;is gpwe;j %d;W
khjq;fspd; gpd;dh; ehd; Crp kUe;J Nghl;Lf;nfhz;ljd;
tpisthf vdJ vil mjpfhpj;jJ. fle;j Xuhz;L
fhykhf ehd; Crp kUe;J NghLtij epWj;jpAs;Nsd;.
ehd; fu;g;gkile;jpUf;fpd;Nwd; vd;nwz;zpr; Nrhjpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfr;
rdj;njhifr;
Nritfs;
yq;fhTf;Fg;
NghNdd;. ehd; fu;g;gkpy;iynad;W mth;fs; nrhd;dhh;fs;.
mth;fs; ,uj;jg; ghpNrhjidnahd;W nra;Jnfhs;Sk;gb
vd;idf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lNghjpYk; mjidj; jdpg;glr;
nra;tjw;F vdf;Ff; fl;Lg;gbahfhjjdhy; ehd; nghJ
itj;jparhiyf;Fg; NghNdd;. me;Neuk; itj;jparhiyapy;
me;j trjp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ehd; jpUk;gTk; fle;j khjk;
NghNdd;. Rkhh; gj;J Nehahspfs; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mth;fs;
,uj;jj;ijr; Nrfhpj;Jg; ghpNrhjidf;fhff; nfhOk;Gf;F
mDg;gp itf;fpd;wdh;. ,uj;jg; ghpNrhjidf;F Vg;gpuypy;
114
tUk;gb vd;idf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;. vdJ vil

mjpfhpj;Js;sJld; vdf;F elf;ff; $lf; f\;lkhAs;sJ. (CM,
28 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T> kd;dhh;).
ehd; 16 tajpy; tpthfk; nra;Njd;. vdf;Fg; 17 tajhd NghJ
vdJ Kjy; gps;is gpwe;jJ. fUj;jil Kiwfs; gw;wp mg;NghJ
vdf;Fj; njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. NtW Kiwfs; gw;wp ehd; XusT
mwpe;jpUe;jNghjpYk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vdJ jhahh;
vd;id mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
vdf;F VNjDk; tUj;jk; tuf;$Lnkd;W mth; gag;gl;lhh;.
vdJ khjtpyf;Ffs; xOq;fw;witahjyhy; ,aw;if Kiw
vdf;Fr; rhptutpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthf <uhz;Lfspd;
gpd;dh; vdJ ,uz;lhtJ gps;is gpwe;jJ. mjd;gpd;dh; ehd;
Fspir ghtpf;fj; njhlq;fpNdd;. vdJ jhahh; nrhy;tij ehd;
Nfl;fhky; rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh (PSL) tFg;GfSf;Fg;
NghNdd;. PSL Fspirfis vkJ tPLfSf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J
tpw;gid nra;jJ. vdJ vil mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJld;
vdJ khjtpyf;FfSk; xOq;fw;wpUe;jjdhy; Fspiria
ehd; epWj;jptpl;Lf; fle;j <uhz;Lfshf ,aw;if Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;wp te;Js;Nsd;. ehd; Fspir vLj;jNghJ gpur;rpidfs;
,Ue;jjdhy; PSL itj;jpaUld; fijf;f Kaw;rpj;Njd;. Mdhy;
mth; xU Mzhf ,Ue;jhh;. PSL ngz; itj;jpah;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;baJ
kpfTk;
mj;jpahtrpakhdJ.
ehk; mjpfk; ntspg;gilahff; fijj;jpUf;fyhk;. mth;fs;
vk;kplkpUe;J fl;lznkhd;iw mwtpl;l NghjpYk; mJ
jdpahh; fpspdpf;Ffspy; mwtplg;gLtijtplf; Fiwe;jJ.
mth;fs; tof;fkhf ,ytr Nritnahd;iw Kfhk;fspy;
toq;fp te;jNghjpYk; ,g;NghJ mJ epWj;jg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. (DJJ,
27 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T> kd;dhh;)
fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wthW murhq;f kw;Wk; mur
rhh;gw;w Rfhjhu Nrit toq;fy; nraw;gLfpd;w ,lq;fspy;
FLk;gj;jpl;lkply; Kiwfs; gw;wpg; ngz;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gjw;Ff;
$ba rhj;jpaKz;nld;gJ njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
115
ml;ltiz 7
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
77.3%
64.4%
12.5%
taJ 12-18
taJ 19-40
taJ 41-60
ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs;
(35%)
itj;jpaj;
njhopy;
GhpAk;
xUthplkpUe;J fUj;jil gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ,j;jftiy
mth;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Vida %yq;fshtd: rpNdfpjpfs; (13%)>
rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh (11%)> jhahh; (4%) kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj;
Jizth; (2%).
%d;W
ngz;
gps;isfspd;
gpd;dh;
ehd;fhtJ
gps;isAld; ehd; fu;g;gkhf ,Ue;jNghJ vdJ
fzth; mJTk; ngz; gps;isahf ,Ue;jhy; mjidf;
nfhd;Wtplg; Nghtjhfg; gfpbahfr; nrhd;dhh;. ehd;
%d;W ngz;fs; ,Ug;gijg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gltpy;iy.
%d;whtJ gps;isapd; gpd;dh; NkYk; gps;is ngw
ehk; tpUk;ghjNghjpYk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; vkf;F
Xh; Mz;gps;isahjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gjdhy; ,d;ndhU
gps;isiag; ngwyhnkd Nahrpj;Njhk;. mg;NghJ rPdg;
gj;jphpifapypUe;J nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l xU fl;Liuia
ehd; thrpf;f Neh;e;jJ. mjpy; 38 tajpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyg;gFjpapDs; ghYwT nfhz;lhy; Mz;gps;is
gpwf;Fnkd;W $wg;gl;bUe;jJ. ehd; mjid cz;ikahf
ek;gpajdhy; mjid vdJ fztUf;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;.
mtUk; mjw;F cld;gl;lhh;. %d;whtJ gps;is gpwe;j
gpd;dh; vdJ ghl;bahh; ehd; ghYwT nfhz;l gpd;dh;
,lJ gf;fkhfj; jpUk;gp gLj;Njndd;why; Mz;gps;is
116
gpwf;Fnkd;W nrhd;dhh;. ehd; rPdg; gj;jphpifapy;

nrhy;yg;gl;lJld; Nrh;j;J mjidAk; gpd;gw;wpNdd;.
ehd;fhtJ gps;is Mz; gps;isahfg; gpwe;jNghJ ehk;
ngUk; kfpo;r;rpaile;Njhk; . kd;dhh; itj;jparhiyapy;
ehk; FLk;gj; jpl;lkply; gw;wpf; Nfl;lhy; mth;fs; gjpy;
nrhy;Ythh;fs;. mq;F Mz; itj;jpah;fs; rpq;fsk;
NgRgth;fshjyhy; vkf;Fj; njhlh;Gnfhs;tjpy; xU
gpur;rpid ,Uf;fpd;wJ. (MC, 45 taJ -rk;gt Ma;t>
kd;dhh;)
Nkw;gb
rk;gt
Ma;T
tpsf;fpf;
fhl;Lfpd;wthW
jhk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;w gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk;
gps;isfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilntsp njhlh;gpy; KbTfis
vLg;gjw;fhd ngz;fspd; Mw;wy; kPJ r%ff;fyhrhu tof;fq;fSk;
ek;gpf;iffSk; gykhd jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdntd;gijf;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

khjphpapy; gps;is ngw;Ws;s 62 ngz;fspy; 30% ngz;fs; 23 - 25
taJfSf;fpilapYk;> 37% ngz;fs; 15-22 taJfSf;fpilapYk;>
12% ngz;fs; 30 taJf;F NkYk; jkJ KjyhtJ gps;isiag;
ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 8
30.3%
19.1%
20.2%
14.6%
7.8%
5.6%
2.2%
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
33f;F Nky;
fpi lf;ftpy ;i y
117
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
,k;khjphpapy; Fiwthd ngz;fNs jkJ fUg;gj;jpd; NghJ
fUf;fiyT mDgtk; Vw;gl;ljhfj; njhptpj;jdh;. fUf;fiytpid
mwpf;ifapl;l 7 ngz;fspy; 4 Ngh; 41-60 taJj; njhFjpiar;
Nrh;e;jth;fshth;. ,g;ngz;fspy; 3 Ngh; fu;g;gj;jpd; 4-6 khjq;fspy;
fUf;fiytpid mDgtpj;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy; 41-60 taJj;
njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j 2 ngz;fSf;Fk; mNjfhyj;jpy; jhd; fUf;fiyT
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; xU kUj;Jtpr;rpaplk; my;yJ
itj;jpahplk; itj;jpa MNyhridia ehbapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 9
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
fUf;fiyT
mDgtk;
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
taJ
12-18
0
0
8
8
19-40
4
10
45
59
41-60
3
5
14
22
nkhj;jk;
7
15
67
89
7.8
16.8
75.2
100.0

ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fSf;F 40 tajpd; gpd;dh; ,Wjp khjtpyf;F
Vw;gl;bUe;jJ.
ml;ltiz 9
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
41-45
46-50
50-55
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
118
taJ
12-18
0
0
0
8
8
19-40
0
0
0
59
59
41-60
4
4
1
13
22
nkhj;jk;
4
4
1
80
89
tPl;L td;Kiw
tho;f;ifj; JiztNu tPl;Ltd;Kiwiag; gpujhdkhfg; Ghpgtnud
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. Fbntwp> re;Njfk; kw;Wk; Nghij kUe;Jf;F
mbikahjy; vd;git nghpJk; nghJthd fhuzq;fshf vLj;Jf;
$wg;gl;ld. Neh;fhzg;gl;lthpd; je;ijahUk; tPl;by; td;Kiwf;Fg;
nghWg;ghdtuhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz 10
tPl;L td;Kiw
16.9%
18.2%
0.0%
taJ 12-18
taJ 19-40
taJ 41-60

ngUk;ghyhd gps;isg; gpurtq;fs; itj;jparhiyapy; ,lk;ngw;w
mNjNtisapy; tPl;by; ,lk;ngw;w xU vz;zpf;ifAk; ,Ue;jnjd;w
cz;ikia Muha;r;rp ntspf;nfhz;Lte;jJ. kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpy;
itj;jparhiyapy; gpwe;j 92.7% gps;isfSld; xg;gpLifapy; 7.2%
tPl;by; gpwe;jdthf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs;
mth;fspd; gps;isfis itj;jprhiyapy; gpurtpj;jpUe;jhh;fs;.
119
ml;ltiz 11
gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; xOq;fpd;gb gpurtpj;j ,lk;
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
tPL
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
gpurtq;fspd;
nkhj;j vz;
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
40
21
61
ve;jg; gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
itj;jparhiy
12 - 18
0
0
1
2
1
1
1
6
3.6
2
3
1
6
3.6
3
5
1
2
1
12
7.2
0
0
0
39
28
16
7
2
92
55.7
98
19
17
14
8
3
61
36.9
67
58
45
30
15
5
153
92.7
165
(100.0%)
ve;jg; gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd;NghJ fu;g;gq;fs;

Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khiu rpNrhpad; vd;why;
itj;jparhiyf;F nfhz;LNghtjpYk; vkf;Fg; gpur;rpidfs;
,Ue;jd. ehk; ,uhZtj;Jf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
mth;fspd; cyq;F thD}h;jpr; Nritfs; %yk;jhd; Nehahspfs;
mDuhjGu itj;jparhiyf;F Vw;wpr; nry;yg;gl;ldh;. cwtpdh;
xUth; kl;Lk; NehahspAld; Nghtjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
itj;jparhiyapy;
ngUk;ghyhd
gzpahsh;
rpq;fstuhapUe;jjdhy; nkhopnahU gpur;rpidahapUe;jJ. rpy
rkaq;fspy; mq;F jkpo; my;yJ K];ypk; gzpahsh; ,Ue;jdh;.
(MSP, 42 - rk;gt Ma;T> kd;dhh;).
120
Aj;jk; ele;j fhyj;jpy; kd;dhh; itj;jparhiyapy; xU

itj;jpah; kl;Lk;jhd; ,Ue;jhh;. mth; tpLg;gpy; nrd;Wtpl;lhy;
mq;F NtW itj;jpah; vtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gpurtq;fs;
kUj;Jtpr;rpahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. rpNrhpad; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;bapUe;jhy; Nehahspia kL Clhf tTdpahTf;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ghyk;
ntb itj;Jj; jfh;f;fg;gl;ljdhy; kd;dhh; khtl;l
itj;jparhiyia mZf KbahjpUe;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ
xU ml;nld;ld;jhd; NehahspfSf;F Crp kUe;Njw;WtJ
tof;fk;. mg;NghJ fpspdpf;Ffs; ,Uf;ftpy;iynad;gJld;
kUe;JfSf;Fk; jl;Lg;ghL epytpaJ. (KK, 27 taJ - rk;gt
Ma;T> kd;dhh;)
Aj;jj;jpd; Kd;dh; fUj;jilf;fhd kylhf;Fk; Kiw
fpilf;ff; $bajhapUe;j NghjpYk; Aj;j Mz;Lfspd;NghJ
mt;trjp vkf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,g;NghJ mJ jpUk;gTk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. (MSP, 42 taJ - rk;gt Ma;T>
kd;dhh;)
Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; NghJ fu;g;gkhapUe;j ngz;fs; khtl;lj;jpy;
,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu
Nritfis
mZFtjpy;
mth;fs;
vjph;Nehf;fpa Fwpg;ghd f\;lq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bdh;. mit
Njh;r;rpj; jpwDs;s itj;jpa Mszpapdh; fpilg;gjw;fpy;yhik>
itj;jparhiyfis
mZfKbahik>
fUj;jilr;
rhjdq;fs;
fpilg;gjw;fpy;yhik vd;w xU njhlh;thpiria cs;slf;fpd.
fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wthW> khtl;lj;jpy; Nkhjy;
Mz;Lfspd;NghJ fUg;gkhapUe;j cah; tpfpjhrhug; ngz;fis
kd;dhh; khjphp cs;slf;fpaJ.
121
ml;ltiz 12
gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; xOq;fpd;gb Nkhjy;
Mz;Lfspd; NghJ fu;g;gq;fs;
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
NkhjYf;F Kd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
Nkhjypd; NghJ
cg nkhj;jk;
Nkhjypd; gpd;dh;
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
19 -40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
38
(68%)
18
(32%)
56
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
5
25
23
9
3
1
61
10
3
7
5
2
11
9
6
4
2
32
7
8
5
1
2
23
0
0
0
1
0
(100%)
14
11
6
4
2
37 (25%)
32
31
14
4
3
84 (56%)
10
3
7
6
2
0
0
27
93
1
56
28 (18.7%)
149 (100%)
* 16 gpurtq;fs; gw;wpa jfty; fpilf;ftpy;iy
Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyspj;j 56 ngz;fspy; 56% ,d Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd;

NghJ fu;g;gkhapUe;Js;sdh;. 25% Nkhjy; mth;fspd; gpuNjrj;ijg;
ghjpg;gjw;F
Kd;dUk;
18.7%
Aj;j
epWj;j
cld;gbf;if
ifnahg;gkplg;gl;ljw;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpYk; fu;g;gkhapUe;Js;sdh;.
122
3.3 nghyd;dWit khtl;lk; - vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fs;
nghyd;dWit khtl;lk; Njrpa kl;lj; juTfSld; xg;gpLifapy;

rhh;gstpy;
cah;thd
tWikg;gl;l
rdj;njhifiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fbrdkjpg;G>
Gs;sptptutpay; jpizf;fsj;jpd; gpufhuk; 2002 ,y; Njrpa Efh;tpd;
gpufhuk; kpfTk; twpa ngz;fspd; gq;F ngz;fSf;F 8.8 Mf ,Ue;jJ.
xg;gPlhfj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ,J 6.2 Mf ,Ue;jJ.53
nghyd;dWitapy; 2002 ,y; Ie;J taJf;Ff; Fiwe;j ,wg;G tPjk;
ngz;fSf;F 16.1 MfTk; Mz;fSf;F 17.6 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.54 xg;gPlhf
,t;thz;Lf;fhd Njrpa kl;lj;njhiffs; ngz;fSf;F 12.0 kw;Wk;
Mz;fSf;F 14.9 MFk;. nghyd;dWit khtl;lj;jpy; 2002 Mk;
Mz;Lf;fhd rpR kuz tPjq;fs; ngz;fSf;F 16.1 MfTk; Mz;fSf;Fg;
17.6 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. xg;gPlhff; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;fhd Njrpa
53 Fbrd kjpg;G Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk; (2005). FLk;g kjpg;gha;TfspypUe;J FLk;g tUkhdKk; mjd;
gfph;Tk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. Efh;Tf;fhd jiyf;Fhpa tUkhdj;jpd; $ba epiykhwhj msitia
toq;Fk; nghUl;Lf; FLk;g tUkhdk; FLk;g msTf;Fr; rPuhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MnshUtUf;fhd
tUkhdj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;Ff; FLk;gtUkhdk; FLk;gj;jpYs;s Ml;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahy;
gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J tUkhdj;jpd; %yk; gb epiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mbapYs;s Ie;jhtJ
tUkhdk; $l;L tUkhdj;jpd; rjtPjkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Selected Millenium Development
Goals (MDGs) Indicators, Colombo.
54 Nkw;$wpa mNj. gps;is ,wg;G tPjk; vd;gJ elg;G taJ Fwpj;j ,wg;G tPjq;fSf;F mika>
xU Fwpj;j Mz;by; gpwe;j xU gps;is Ie;J taij miltjw;F Kd;dh; ,wf;fpd;w epfo;jfT
(1000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;fhd xU tPjkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ) vd;w nghUs;tiuaiw
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
123
kl;lj;njhiffs; ngz;fSf;F 10.2 kw;Wk; Mz;fSf;F 12.9 MFk;.55

Njrpa kl;lj; jha; ,wg;G tPjk; 1991 ,y; 42.2 MfTk; 2002 ,y; 27.5
MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; nghyd;dWitf;fhd ,j;njhiffs; gjpT
nra;ag;gltpy;iy.56
nghyd;dWit : gpd;dzp
nghyd;dWit Ma;T nghyd;dWit ngz;fs; khtl;lf; FOitr;
Nrh;e;j ,U Muha;r;rpahsh;fshy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;fpuhkq;fs;
rpq;fsthpdJk; jkpohpdJk; K];ypk;fspdJk; ,df;fyg;nghd;iwf;
nfhz;lit. mtw;wpy; rpy Guhz fk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gioa
jhgpf;fg;gl;l fpuhkq;fshAs;s mNjNtisapy; Vidait kfhtyp
mjpfhu rigahy; gpujhdkhfr; rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wthrpfisf;
nfhz;L jhgpf;fg;gl;l XusT Gjpa fpuhkf; FbNaw;wq;fshFk;.
Nkhjy;
Mz;Lfspd;
NghJ
,g;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
gy;NtW
fpuhkq;fs;
vy;.hp.hp.<.apdJk;
murpdJk;
jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk;
vjph;j;jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; cs;shfpd. Ngh-mj;j Nghd;w fpuhkq;fspy;
vj;jidNah fpuhkg; gLnfhiyf; fshpfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. mj;jifa
jhf;Fjy;fs; ghuk;ghpakhf xUtNuhnlhUth; fyg;Gj; jpUkzk;
nra;J el;GwTld; rkhjhdkhff; $b tho;e;J te;j rpq;fs>
jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; fpuhkthrpfs; kj;jpapy; mtek;gpf;iff;Fk;
gifikf;Fk; toptFj;jd. rpq;fs kw;Wk; K];ypk; fpuhkq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; rpq;fstiuAk; K];ypk;fisAk;
nfhz;l Ch;fhty; gilfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik gpur;rpidia
NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fpaJld; vy;.hp.hp.< jiyikapy; $Ljyhd
jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; vjph;j; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fkhd Jhz;LjiyAk;
toq;fpaJ. Nkhjy; tiyaj;jpy; kpfTk; tWikg;gl;ldTk;
nghpJk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;ldTkhd ,f;fpuhkq;fs; kPJ nfhs;if
tFg;gth;fSk; nfhs;ifiar; nraw;gLj;Jgth;fSk; Nghjpa ftdk;
nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
55 Nkw;$wpa mNj. rpR ,wg;G tPjk; vd;gJ elg;G taJ Fwpj;j ,wg;G tPjq;fSf;F mika> xU
Fwpj;j Mz;by; gpwe;j xU gps;is xU taij miltjw;F Kd;dh; ,wf;fpd;w epfo;jfT
(1000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;fhd xU tPjkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ) vd;W nghUs; tiuaiw
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
56 Nkw;$wpa mNj. jhapd; ,wg;G vd;gJ> fUg;gj;jpd; fhy ePl;rpAk; msTk; vt;thwpUg;gpDk;.
fu;g;gkhAs;s Ntisapy; my;yJ fUg;gk; KbTWj;jg;gl;l 41 ehl;fspDs;> jw;nrayhd my;yJ
,ilNeh; tpisthd fhuzq;fshyd;wp> fu;g;gj;Jld; njhlh;Gila VNjDk; fhuzj;jpdhy;
my;yJ fu;g;gj;jpdhy; my;yJ mjidf; ifahz;l Kiwapdhy; NkYk; Nflhf;fg;gl;l VNjDk;
fhuzj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w xU ngz;zpd; ,wg;G vd;W nghUs; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
124
Muha;r;rp miktplq;fs;
Ngh-mj;j : kfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j vy;iyf;
fpuhkk; rpq;fsth;fisAk; jkpoh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa 250 ,w;Fk;
$ba FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhkthrpfs; gpujhdkhfg;
gaphpLgth;fs;. kpff; Fiwthdth;fs; murhq;f my;yJ jdpahh;
Jiwj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. ngz; jiyikapyhd rpy
FLk;gq;fs; ,q;F ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fSf;F
Mz;fs; jiyik tfpj;jdh;.
,f;fpuhkj;jpy; tpthfj;ijg; ngUk;ghYk; fpuhkj;jpy; trpg;gth;fs;
kj;jpapNyNa xOq;F nra;ag;gLk; tYthd tof;fnkhd;Ws;sJ.
mbf;fb epfOk; tpthfg; gpzf;FfisAk; gphpe;J Nghjy;fisAk;
nfhz;ldthff; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfq;fSk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;ld.
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;gpd; gpujhd %ykhf murhq;fr; Rfhjhu Nritfs;
cs;sd. vdpDk; ghJfhg;ghd Fb ePUf;Fk; fopT ePf;f trjpfSf;Fk;
Nghjpa tha;g;gpy;iynad;W mwpf;iffs; njhptpj;jd. rh;Nthja
Nghd;w vd;.[p.X fs; rpy FLk;gq;fSf;F kyry $l trpjpfis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;Js;sjhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd
FLk;gq;fs; fspkz; G+rpa fk;Gfshyhd tPLfspy; my;yJ
Xiyfshy; Ntag;gl;l tPLfspy; trpf;fpd;wd.
nkhdwjd;d : ,JTk; kfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l
Xh; vy;iyf; fpuhkk;. ,f;fpuhkk; rpq;fstu;fisAk; jkpou;fisAk;
K];ypk;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf> mz;zsthf 300 FLk;gq;fs;
trpf;fpd;wd. nkhj;;jr; rdj;njhif 700 Kjy; 800 tiuapyhd
Ml;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
ngUk;ghyhd
fpuhkthrpfs;
gaph;r;
nra;ifapy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. kpff; Fiwthdth;fs; murhq;f my;yJ
jdpahh;Jiwj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. vdpDk; mth;fspd;
tho;thjhuq;fspypUe;J nghUshjhu kPs; tuT Fiwntd;gjdhy;
NkYk; ey;y njhopiyj; Njbf; fpuhkj;ijtpl;L Ml;fs; Nghfpd;w
ghq;nfhd;Ws;sJ. Ngh-mj;jtpy; cs;sthW xOq;F nra;ag;gLk;
mNjNghd;W fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfg; ghq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,stajpdh; fy;tpiaj; njhlh;tjpy; fhyj;Jf;F
Ke;jpa tpthfg; ghq;F xU jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
125
kq;Fy; nghf;Fz : kfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l

,f;fpuhkk; rpq;fstiuAk; jkpoiuAk; cs;slf;fpajhf mz;zsthf
200 FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; rdj;njhif
Vwf;Fiwa 500. gpujhd tUkhd %yk; new; gaph;r; nra;if
kw;nwhd;W ehshe;jf; $ypf;fhd Njh;r;rpj;jpwdw;w $ypj;njhopy;. kpfr;
rpyh; murhq;fj; Jiwapy; njhopy; NjbAs;sdh;.
,f;fpuhkk; Fwpg;ghf tul;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ghJfhg;ghd Fb ePUf;F
neUf;fbahd gw;whf;Fiwia vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. rdj;njhifapd;
,df;fyg;G rpq;fstUf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fkpilapy; tpthfq;fisf;
fz;Ls;sJ. fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfKk; mjidj;njhlh;e;J
tpiutpy; tpthfk; Kwpe;jNghjpYk; my;yJ jk;gjpfs; gphpe;JNghjYk;
,f;fpuhkj;jpy; xU ghq;fhAs;sJ. ,d Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisthf
,yq;if MAjg; gilfs; ,q;F gpurd;dkhAs;sd. ,J
giltPuh;fSf;Fk;
,dk;ngz;fSf;Fkpilapy;
tpthfq;fSf;F
top tFj;Js;sJld; tpthfj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd fUg;gq;fSk;
mwptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNdfh; jkJ FLk;gq;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhf
ehshe;jf; $yp Ntiyiaj; Njl tpUk;Gtjdhy; ghlrhiy tuT
Fiwthdnjd mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;wJ.
ikj;jphPfk; : ,J khfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fpof;F khtl;lq;fspd;
vy;iyapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l kw;WnkhU fpuhkk;. ,yq;if MAjg;
gilfSf;Fk; vy;.hp.hp.<. ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd jPtpu ,uhZt Nkhjy;
fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,f;fpuhkk; msg;ghpa Nrjj;ijAk; mopitAk;
fz;lJ. Vwf;Fiwa 300 rpq;fsf; FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;l ,jd;
rdj;njhif mz;zsthf 700. ngUk;ghyhd Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;
gaph;r; nra;ifapYk; ehshe;jf; $ypj; njhopypYk; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.
kpfr; rpyh; murhq;fj; Jiwapy; my;yJ jdpahh; njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy;
njhopy; NjbAs;sdh;. jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; $ypj;njhopyhsh;
ehshe;jf;
$ypNtiyiaj;
Njb
,f;fpuhkj;Jf;F
tUtjhf
mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,sk; gps;isfs;
ghlrhiyapypUe;J
,iltpyFfpd;wJk;
,stajpdh; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;ij ehLfpd;wJkhd xU
Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fpuhkj;jpy; Mrphpah;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw
gps;isfs;
ghlrhiyf;F
Xh;
xOq;fhd
mbg;gilapy;
nry;yhjpUg;gjw;Fg;
gq;fspg;gjhf
126
ghJfhg;ghd Fb ePUf;fhd tha;g;gpd;ik jpUk;gj; jpUk;g Vw;gLk;

xU gpur;rpidahAs;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa
tpthfq;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf msT tpiutpy; Kwpe;JtpLfpd;w
my;yJ jk;gjpfs; gphpe;JNghfpd;w ghq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ky;tpy : kfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
vy;iy fpuhkj;jpd; rdj;njhif mz;zsthf 500. ,J rpq;fsth;
ngUe;njhifahAs;s xU fpuhkk;. mNdf K];ypk; fpuhkq;fs; ,jd;
Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpy; cs;sd. gpujhd njhopy; new;gaph;r;nra;if. kpfr; rpyh;
murhq;fj; Jiwapy; my;yJ jdpahh; njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy; Ntiy
nra;fpd;wdh;.
fpuhkj;jpy;
xOq;F
nra;ag;gLk;
tpthfk;
,ay;gpy;
nghJthdjhAs;sJ. fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfKk; mjidj;
njhlh;e;J tpiutpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT tpthfq;fs; Kwpe;J
NghjYk; my;yJ jk;gjpfs; gphpe;JNghjYk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; xU
ghq;fhAs;sJ. mNdf ,sk; ngz;fs; jpUkz tho;f;if gw;wpa
Fiwe;j mwpTld; my;yJ vt;tpj mwpTkpd;wpf; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dh;
jpUkzk; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,yq;if MAjg; gilfSk; nghypRk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; mq;F epiy nfhz;Ls;sd.
,sk; gps;isfs; tUkhdk; <l;Lfpd;w Ntiyia ehLfpd;w
Nghf;Fs;sjdhy;
ghlrhiyapy;
tuT
FiwthAs;snjd
NrdGu : ,e;j vy;iyf; fpuhkKk; kfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if MAjg; gilfSf;Fk; vy.;hp.hp.<. ,w;;Fk;
,ilapyhd jPtpu ,uhZt Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,f;fpuhkk;
ngUksT Nrjj;ijAk; mopitAk; mDgtpj;jJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy;
K];ypk;fisf; nfhz;l 500,w;Fk; $ba FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd.
fpuhkthrpfspd; gpujhd njhopy; tpahghukhAs;sJld; ngz;fSf;F
Nkw;fhrpa ehLfspy; tPl;Lg; gzpg;ngz;fshf Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd
fly; fle;j Gyg;ngah;TKs;sJ. Mjyhy; ngz;fs; mth;fspd;
FLk;gq;fspd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;F xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghJfhg;ghd FbePh; xU gpur;rpaidahAs;sJ.
FLk;gq;fs; ePiuf; fpzWfspypUe;Jk; Foha;f; fpzWfspypUe;Jk;
127
nghJthd XilfspypUe;Jk; ngWfpd;wd. fpilf;fpd;w Rfhjhur;

Nritfs; NghJkhditay;y.
mNdf ,sk; ngz; gps;isfSf;F kpfTk; ,sk; tajpNyNa tpthfk;
nra;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tpthfj; Jizth;fs; fpuhkj;jpDs;
my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; mNj rd r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;Njhh; kj;jpapy;
Njlg;gLfpd;wdh;. ngz;gps;isfs; Kd;$l;bg; ghlrhiyapypUe;J
,iltpyFfpd;w ghq;nfhd;Ws;sJ.
fWtd; tpy : kfhtypf; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,f;fpuhkk;
mz;zsthf 500 K];ypk; FLk;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
rdj;njhif Vwf;Fiwa 1>800. fpuhkthrpfs; gaph;r;nra;if> tpahghuk;
kw;Wk; Njh;r;rpj; jpwdw;w $ypj;njhopy; Mfpatw;wpy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.
ngz;fs; njhopYf;fhff; fly; fle;J Gyk;ngah;fpd;w ghq;nfhd;Wk;
cs;sJ.
,sk; gps;isfs; kj;jpapy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;
FiwthAs;snjdTk;
ngz;
gps;isfs;
rpWtajpNyNa
ghlrhiyapypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;L
tpLfpd;wdnudTk;
tpthfq;fs;
fpuhkj;jpYs;s
my;yJ
Ntwplj;jpYs;s
K];ypk;
rdr%fj;jpDs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
Rfhjhur; Nritfs; Nghjhjdntd;gJld; ghJfhg;ghd FbePUk;
fopT ePf;Fk; NritfSk; gw;whf;FiwahfTKs;sd.
128
,dk;
nghyd;dWit khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fspy; trpf;fpd;w
Fbrdj;jpd; gy;ypdj;jd;ikia Neh; fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dr;
rkepiy gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 1
tajpd;gb Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dk;
,dk;
rpq;fsk;
jkpo;
K];ypk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12-18
taJ
19-40
41-60
nkhj;jk;
10
3
5
1
19
28
5
12
0
45
19
4
7
1
31
57
12
24
2
95
60.0
12.6
25.2
2.1
100.0
fy;tp kl;lk;
1990 ,y; ,uhZtg; gpur;rpidfspd; epkpj;jk; ehd; Xh; mfjpahf
,e;jpahTf;Fg; NghNdd;. Aj;jj;jpdhy; vdJ gbg;ig 6Me;
juj;jpy; ehd; epWj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; taJ
Fiwe;j khzth;fSld; gbf;f ehd; tpUk;ghjjdhy; mq;F
vdJ gbg;ig ehd; njhlutpy;iy. ,g;NghJ vdf;F ,uz;L
rpW gps;isfs; ,Ug;gjdhy; Neuk; ,y;iy. ehd; 1997,y;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpte;Njd;. gpd;dh; kj;jpa fpof;Ff;F
xU tPl;Lg; gzpg; ngz;zhfg; Nghd ehd; Xuhz;bDs;
jpUk;gpte;Njd;. khjnkhd;Wf;F 400 wpahj; vd;W vdf;F
cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l rk;gsk; vdf;Fj; jug;gltpy;iy. vdpDk;
Kfth; vd;idj; jpUg;gp mDg;gptpLthnud;w mr;rj;jpy;
ehd; Kfthplk; Nghftpy;iy. ehd; nghypRf;Fg; Nghdijj;
njhlh;e;J ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gp te;Njd;. (RB-rk;gt Ma;T>
nghyd;dWit)
129
ml;ltiz 2
taJf; FOf;fspd;gb fy;tp kl;lk;
32.6%
28.4%
25.2%
8.4%
4.2%
1.0%
vJTkpy;iy
juk; 1-5
juk;
6-8
Gradejuk;
rh.juk; rpj;j p
juk;
11-12
c.juk;
rpj;j p
cah;fy;tp
gjpyspf;ftpy;;iy
nghyd;dWit
khtl;;l
vy;iyf;
fpuhkq;fspy;
ngz;
gps;isfSf;fhd ghlrhiy ,iltpyfy; tPjk; cah;thapUg;gJ
njspthj; njhpfpd;wJ. khjphpapd; 53% juk; 8 tiu kl;Lk; my;yJ
mjw;Fk; Fiwthd Kiwrhh; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
,g;ngz;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; 19-40 kw;Wk; 41-60 taJj;
njhFjpfisr; Nrh;e;jth;fshth;.
tpthf epiy
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs;
(76.8%)
tpthfkhdth;fs;. tpthfkhfhj ngz;fs; 12-18 taJ kw;Wk; 19-40
taJj; njhFjpfisr; Nrh;e;jth;fnsdg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
tpt hfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;, 1.0%
tpjit, 7.3%
tpthfkhfhjt
h;, 14.7%
tpthfkhdth;,
76.8%
130
,e;j Ma;T khjphpapy; tpthfkhfhj ngz;fSld; xg;gpLifapy;

tpthfkhd kw;Wk; vd;whfpYk; tpthfkhd ngz;fspd; cah;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J khjphpapYs;s 54.3% ngz;fs;
18 taJf;fpilapy; tpthfQ; nra;jpUe;jijf; fhl;Lfpd;w fPNoAs;s
ml;ltizapYs;s juTfis xj;Js;snjd;gijAk; ftdpj;jy;
Kf;fpakhdJ. nkhj;jk; 88.8% ngz;fs; 22 taJf;fpilapy; tpthfk;
nra;jpUe;jdh;.

,k;khjphpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zpf;ifahdth;fs; 9 taJf;Fk;
12 taJf;Fkpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;. nkhj;j khjphpapd; 70%
ngz;fs; 15 taJf;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 4
9-12
13-15
16-19
nkhj;jk;
12-18
7
12
0
19
taJ
19-40
12
27
6
45
41-60
6
22
3
31
nkhj;jk;
25
61
9
95
26.3
64.2
9.4
100.0

ehd; G+g;nga;jpa NghJ vdf;F taJ 13. mijg; gw;wp vdJ
jhahh; Kd;dh; vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypapUe;jjdhy; mJ Vw;gl;lTld;
vdJ jha;f;Fr; nrhd;Ndd;. mth; ntspNa Nghff; $lhJ
kw;Wk; Mz;fisg; ghh;f;ff; $lhJ Nghd;w tplaq;fis
vdf;Fr; nrhd;dhhh;. vkJ ,];yhkpa rka tof;fg;gb
vdJ jhahh; xt;nthU ehSk; vd;idf; Fspg;ghl;baJld;
7 ehl;fspd; gpd;dUk; vd;idf; Fspg;ghl;bdhh;. xU
nfhz;lhl;lj;ij elj;Jtjw;F vkf;Fg; gzkpy;yhjjhy;
rlq;Ffis kl;Lk; nra;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ xU ngz; gps;is
taJf;F te;Jtpl;lhy;> vy;.hp.hp.< gpur;rpidfspd; epkpj;jk;
nfhz;lhl;lk; elj;jg;gLtNjh ntbfs; nfhSj;jg;gLtNjh
,y;iynad;gjhy;> mJ mayth;fSf;Ff; $lj; njhpatuhJ.
131
ehd; taJf;F te;jNghJ gps;isfisg; ngWtJ gw;wp

vdf;F vJTk; nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. (SSSF> 44 - rk;gt Ma;T>
nghyd;dWit)
fPNoAs;s
ml;ltiz
fhl;Lfpd;wthW>
nghyd;dWit
khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fspy; jha;khh; G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wpj; jkJ
kfs;khUf;Fg; Nghjpg;gjpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdnud;gJ
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
ml;ltiz 5
G+g;nga;jy; gw;wpa mwpT
ahhplkpUe;J
jhahh;
ghl;bahh;
rNfhjhp
md;hp
rpNdfpjpfs;
nrhe;jkhf
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
14
1
1
2
0
0
1
19
taJ
19 - 40
28
4
4
3
0
0
6
45
41 -60
17
4
2
3
0
0
5
31
nkhj;jk;
59
9
7
8
0
0
12
95

vdf;Fg; 15 tajhdNghJ ehd; tpthfk; nra;a tpUk;gpapuhj
NghjpYk; vdJ ngw;Nwhh; vdf;F tpthfk; nra;J
nfhLj;Jtpl;ldh;. xU khjj;jpd; gpd;dh; ehd; fu;g;gkile;Njd;.
%d;W khjq;fspy; vdJ fzth; vd;id tpl;Lr; nrd;W tpl;lhh;.
rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; vdf;F typNaw;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J
vdJ jhahh; vd;id itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whhh;.
ehd; ,uz;L khjq;fSk; %d;W ehl;fSk; itj;jparhiyapy;
,Ue;Njd;. gpd;dh; mth;fs; vdf;F ,ul;ilg; gps;isfs;
gpwf;fg;
Nghfpd;wdntd;Wk;
mDuhjGuj;jpy;
my;yJ
tTdpahtpYs;s itj;jparhiyf;F vd;idf; nfhz;LNghf
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; nrhd;dhh;fs;. ehd; tTdpahTf;Ff; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gl;Nld;. ,t;Ntisapy; vdJ jhahUf;F kNyhpahf;
132
fha;r;ry; Vw;gl;ljdhy; mtuhy; vd;idg; ghh;f;f tu

Kbatpy;iy. vdf;Fg; ngz; Foe;ijnahd;W gpwe;jNghjpYk;
vtUk; vd;idg; ghh;f;f tutpy;iy. ehd; Nfhg;gp kl;Lk;
Fbj;Njd;. kw;w Nehahspfs; vdf;F czT je;j NghjpYk;
mij vd;dhy; rhg;gpl Kbatpy;iy. MW ehl;fspd; gpd;dh;
vdJ rNfhjud; vd;idg; ghh;f;f te;jNghJ vd;id
itj;jparhiyapypUe;J Nghf tpl;lhh;fs;. ehk; Gwg;gLk;NghJ
kjpak; 12 kzpf;Fg; gpe;jptpl;lJ. ehk; efuj;Jf;F te;jNghJ
vkJ fpuhkj;Jf;Fj; jpUk;gpg;Nghtjw;F xU g]; tz;bAk;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,uT 6 kzpNghy; xU g]; te;jJ. ehk; g];]
py; ,Ue;jNghJ ,uz;L Mz;fs; te;J vdJ Foe;ijiaj;
jk;kplk; jUk;gb Nfl;ldh;. vdf;Fg; ngUk; mr;rkhapUe;jJ.
ehd; nfg;gpl;bf;nfhy;yht itj;jparhiyapy; ,uitf; fopf;ff;
$bajhf vd;idf; nfg;gpl;bf;nfhy;yht itj;jparhiy g];
jhpg;gpy; ,wf;fptpLk;gb vdJ rNfhjudplk; nrhd;Ndd;.
vdJ Foe;ijiaf; Nfl;l Mz; ,uT G+uhTk; vdJ
rNfhjuDld; ,Ue;jhd;. tpba 5 kzpastpy; vdJ rNfhjud;
vd;idf; $g;gpl te;jNghJ me;j Mis vOg;ghky; ehk;
,UtUk; tPl;Lf;Fg; NghNdhk;. VO ehl;fspd; gpd;dh;jhd;
ehd; Kiwahf xU rhg;ghL rhg;gpl;Nld;. ehd; 1 - 1
Mz;Lfisg; ngUe; Jf;fj;Jld; fopj;Njd;. (SSSF> 44 - rk;gt
Ma;T> nghyd;dWit)
nghyd;dWit khtl;lj; juTfs; cah; tPjf; Fiw taJ
tpthfq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,t;tWikg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy;
,JnthU tof;fk; Nghy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
133
ml;ltiz 6
46.3%
29.5%
14.7%
6.3%
2.1%
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
1.1%
30-33
33f;F Nky;
tpthfkhfhjth; fpilf;ftpy;iy
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

ngz;fs;
fUj;jil
gw;wpa
mwpitr;
rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;Jk;
itj;jpah;fsplkpUe;Jk; rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh vd;w
epWtdj;jpypUe;Jk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 7
91.1%
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
64.5%
42.1%
taJ
12-18
taJ
19-40
taJ
41-60
KjyhtJ gpurtj;jpd; NghJ taJ

ml;ltiz 6 ,y; fhzg;gLfpd;wthW fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfg;
ghq;ifg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wjhf KjyhtJ caph;g; gpurtj;jpd; NghJk;
taJ FiwthapUe;jJ. ,g;ngz;fspd; 34.7% jkJ KjyhtJ
gps;isia 15 Kjy; 19 taJfSf;fpilapy; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. ,th;fspy;
67% ngz;fs; 19-40 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fshth;.
134
ml;ltiz 8
KjyhtJ caph;g;gpurtj;jpd; NghJ taJ
34.7%
29.4%
14.7%
16.8%
1.0%
15-19
20-24
23-25
26-29
2.1%
30-33
1.0%
33f;F Nky;
fpi lf;ftpy ;i y
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
khjphpapy; 14.7% Fiwe;jJ xU gpurtj;ijahjy; mDgtpj;jpUe;jdh;.
,th;fspy; 8 NgUf;Ff; fu;g;gj;jpd; Kjy; 3 khjq;fspYk; 6 NgUf;F
fu;g;gj;jpd; 4-6 khjq;fSf;fpilg;gl;l fhyj;jpYk; ,J ele;Js;sJ.
vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; jhk; itj;jparhiyapy; my;yJ fpspdpf;fpy;
itj;jpa rpfpr;iria ehbapUe;jjhfj; njhptpj;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 9
Fiwg; gpurt mDgtk;
Fiwg; gpurt
mDgtk;
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
1
2
16
19
7
8
30
45
6
12
13
31
14
22
59
95
%
14.7
23.1
62.1
100.0
135

jhk; 50 taJfspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Wjp khj tpyf;if
mDgtpj;jpUe;jjhf 41-60 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs;
njhptpj;jdh;.
ml;;ltiz 10
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
taJ 25 - 30
31 - 35
36 - 40
41 - 45
46 - 50
51 - 55
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
taJ
12 -18
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
45
0
0
1
0
0
15
15
31
0
0
1
0
0
15
79
95
tPl;L td;Kiw
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth; tPl;L td;Kiwf;F Mshf;fg;gl;lhuh vd;w
Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyhf 29 ngz;fs; (30.5%) Mnkd;W gjpyspj;jdh;.
,th;fspy; 82.7% ngz;fs; 19-60 taJfSf;F ,ilg;gl;lth;fs;.
mth;fs; kPJ td;Kiwiag; Ghpe;jth;fs; mth;fspd; ,stajpy;
fPo;g;gbahikf;fhf mth;fspd; jha;khUk; gpd;dh; Fbntwpapd;
tpisthf mth;fspd; tho;f;ifj; Jizth;fSkhth;.
ml;ltiz 10
tPl;L td;Kiw
tPl;L td;Kiw
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
136
12 - 18
5
8
6
19
taJ
19 - 40
11
23
11
45
41 - 60
13
15
3
31
nkhj;jk;
29
46
20
95
%
30.5
48.4
21.0
100.0
Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gk;

vdf;F tpthfkhfp Kjy; gps;isia vjph;ghh;j;jpUe;jNghJ
vkf;F tof;fkhff; Fz;Lr; rg;jq;fs; Nfl;gJ epidtpUf;fpd;wJ.
mg;NghJ ehk; tPl;bYs;s tpsf;Ffis mizj;Jtpl;Lf;
fhl;Lf;Fs; Xb tpLNthk;. Jg;ghf;fpr; R+Lfs; Xa;e;j gpd;dh;
,uhZtk; ,dpg; gakpy;iy vd;W vkf;Fr; nrhd;dhy; ehk;
tPl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gptUNthk;. ehd; fu;g;gkhapUe;j NghJ xU
re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf ehd; xU kuj;jpy; VwpapUe;jJ
vdf;F epidtpUf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; vk;kpy; vtUf;Fk; jPq;F
Vw;gltpy;iynad;gJld; gps;isAk; Rfkhfg; gpwe;jJ. vkJ
FLk;gj;jpy; vtUf;Fk; vy;.hp.hp.<. ,dhy; jPq;F Vw;gltpy;iy.
NrdGutpy; xU fpspdpf; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,g;NghJ $lr;
Rfhjhu cj;jpNahfj;jh; vtUk; fpuhkj;Jf;F tUtjpy;iy.
vkf;F xU kUj;Jtpr;rp jd;Dk; ,y;iy. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
fu;g;gpzpg; ngz;fis itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nghtjw;F
thfdnkJTk;
,Uf;ftpy;iy.
coT
,ae;jpuj;jpy;jhd;
mth;fisf; nfhz;LNghf Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,g;NghJ Kr;rf;fu
tz;bfs; ,Ug;gjdhy; itj;jparhiyf;F vk;khy; tpiuthfg;
NghfKbAk;. (SK - rk;gt Ma;T> nghyd;dWit)
137
ml;ltiz 11
Nkhjy;; fhyj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gk; : gpurtq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk; xOq;Fk;
taJf; FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
ve;jg;
gps;is
NkhjYf;F Kd;dh; 1
2
3
4
5
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; NghJ
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
CFA ,d; gpd;dh;
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
nkhj;jk;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
12 - 18
3
19 - 40
32
41 - 60
20
nkhj;jk;
55
1
1
0.5
11
8
4
1
24
14.2
23
13
8
3
2
49
29.1
35
21
12
4
2
74
44.0
47.2
28.3
16.2
5.4
2.7
100.0
16
13
8
4
5
46
27.3
3
4
6
4
5
22
13.0
19
17
14
8
10
68
40.4
27.4
25.0
20.5
11.7
14.7
100.0
2
2
11
5
3
3
2
24
50.0
19.2
11.5
11.5
7.6
100.0
94
13
5
3
3
2
26
15.4
168
71
100.0
40.4% gpurtq;fs; jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.

44.0% Nkhjy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dUk; 15.4% Aj;j epWj;j
cld;gbf;if (CFA) ifnahg;gkpl;ljd; gpd;dUk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
138

ngz;fspd; gjpy;fspypUe;J 63.8% jkJ gps;isfis itj;jparhiyapy;
ngw;wpUe;jdnud;Wk; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zpf;ifapduhd 35.5%
jkJ gps;isfis tPl;by; gpurtpj;jdnud;gJk; njspthfpd;wJ.
tPl;Lg; gpurtk; K];ypk; rdr%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; kj;jpapy;
kpf cah;thapUe;jJ. fyhrhu tof;fk; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhapUf;ff;
$Lnkdf; $wg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if ,uhZtj;Jf;Fk; vy;.hp.hp.< ,w;Fk;
,ilapyhd ,uhZt Nkhjnyhd;wpd; NghJ xU ngz;iz
itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L NghFk; topapy; mth; thfdj;jpy; jkJ
gps;isiag; gpurtpj;jpUe;jhh;.
ml;ltiz 12
gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; xOq;fpd;gb gps;is gpwe;j ,lk;
taJf; FO
tPL
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
itj;jparhiy
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
NtW
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
8
5
1
5
3
22
11
9
7
6
4
37
58
64
88
55
57
100
18
14
8
11
7
58
35.5
3
3
-
29
18
14
3
3
67
-
15
9
8
2
34
-
32
33
36
40
-
47
27
22
5
3
104
63.8
0
3
1
1
90
0
72
1
0
163
* ehd;F ngz;fs; ,f;Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyspf;ftpy;iy.
139
3.4 kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpw;fhd Ma;T R+hpah ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp

epiyaj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lg; gpd;dzp

fle;j 20 Mz;Lfshff; Fbrd kjpg;gPLfis elj;j KbahjthW
,d Kuz;ghL fl;Lg;gLj;jpa gpuNjrq;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
Muha;r;rpapy; kl;Lg;gLj;jpa Njrpa kl;lj; juTfisf; nfhz;l
ehd;F khtl;lq;fspy; xd;Wjhd; kl;lf;fsg;G. vdpDk; Fbrd
kjpg;G> Gs;sptptuj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; $ba mz;ikf;fhyj; juTf@
lhfr; rpy jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd mtw;Wf;fpzq;f 2002 ,y; 5
taJf;Ff; Fiwe;jth;fspd; ,wg;G tPjk; ngz;fSf;F 17.5 MfTk;
Mz;fSf;F 23.6 MfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. xg;gPlhd Njrpa kl;lj;
njhiffs; gpd;tUkhW : ngz;fSf;F 12.0 kw;Wk; Mz;fSf;F 14.9.57
rpR kuz tPjk; ngz;fSf;F 14.4 MfTk; Mz;fSf;F 17.4 MfTk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mNjNtisapy; xj;j Njrpa tPjk; ngz;fSf;F
10.2 kw;Wk; Mz;fSf;F 12.9 MFk;.58 kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F ,f; Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyg;gFjpf;fhd jha; ,wg;G tPjk; 32.9 MfTk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; mJ
57 Fbrd kjpg;G Gs;sptptuj; jpizf;fsk; (2005). ,jpy; Fwpg;gpl;ljpy;
58 Nkw;$wpa mNj. gps;is ,wg;G tPjk; vd;gJ elg;G taJ Fwpj;j ,wg;G tPjq;fSf;F mika>
xU Fwpj;j Mz;by; gpwe;j xU gps;is Ie;j taij miltjw;F Kd;dh; ,wf;fpd;w epfo;jfT
(1000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;fhd xU tPjkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ) vd;w nghUs;tiuaiw
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
140
27.5 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.59 Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gf;fhd tha;g;Gj; njhlh;gpy;

ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSld; xg;gpLifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk;
ghjfkhd
epiyapYs;sij
,g;Gs;sptptuq;fs;
njspthff;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.
kl;lf;fsg;G 1983 ,w;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; ePz;l>
fhyq;fle;j Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kuz;ghl;bd; jPtpuk;
mjpfhpj;jijj; njhlh;e;J kl;lf;fsg;G mbf;fb Rw;wptisf;fg;gl;Lj;
Njlg;gLk; eltbf;iffisAk; ifJfisAk; jLj;J itj;jy;fisAk;
mDgtpf;f Nehpl;lJ. ,sk; Ml;fs;> ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fs; jLj;J
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ rpj;jputijf;Fk; nfhLikg;gLj;jYf;Fk;
cs;shf;fg;gl;l rk;gtq;fs; mjpfhpj;jJld; ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzhkw;Nghjy; fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.
1990 ,y; ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gil (IPKF) kPsg; ngwg;gl;lijj;
njhlh;e;J <og; Nghh; II ntbj;jjd; %yk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf; fLikahfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1991,y; Ml;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhf
mur MAjg; gilfSf;Fk; vy;.hp.hp.<.,w;Fk; ,ilapy; rz;il
jPtpukile;jNghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; FbapUe;jth;fspy; xU ngUk;
tpfpjj;jpdh; ,lk;ngah;e;J njw;fpy;> Fwpg;ghff; nfhOk;gpy; milf;fyk;
Njbdh;. mth;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fSf;fhd
Kfhk;fspy; trpj;jdh;. 1993Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,k;Kfhk;fs; murpdhy;
tpjpKiwapd;wp %lg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J ,k;kf;fspy; rpyh; jkJ
nrhe;j tPLfSf;Fk; VidNahh; kPs; FbNaw;wq;fSf;Fk; my;yJ
eyd;Ghp epiyaq;fSf;Fk; jpUk;gpdh;. 1990fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
kl;lf;fsg;G xU njhluhd gLnfhiyf; fshpfisAk; my;yJ
ghhpa mstpy; fhzhkw; Nghjy;fisAk; fz;lJ. mtw;wpy; kpfTk;
Nkhrkhdnjhd;Wjhd;
1990fspd;
njhlf;fj;jpy;
VwhT+hpYk;
fhj;jhd;FbapYk;
,lk;ngw;w
gs;spthry;
gLnfhiyfisj;
njhlh;e;J
te;jhW%iyapYs;s
fpof;Fg;
gy;fiyf;fof
tstpYk; fhj;jhd;Fb> VwhT+h; kw;Wk; Xl;lkhtb Mfpatw;wpd;
K];ypk; vy;iyg; gFjpfspYk; Gfyplk; NjbapUe;j 150,w;Fk;
$ba ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs; fhzhkw;Nghdik. ,f;fhyg;gFjp
K];ypk;fSf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fkpilapy; ,dhPjpahd gjw;wj;ijAk;
fz;lJ. fle;j jrhg;jj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpypUe;J>
59 Nkw;$wpa mNj. jhapd; ,wg;G vd;gJ> fu;g;gj;jpd; fhy ePl;rpAk; msTk; vt;thwpUg;gpDk;.
fu;g;gkhAs;s Ntisapy; my;yJ fu;g;gk; KbTWj;jg;gl;l 41 ehl;fspDs;> jw;nrayhd my;yJ
,ilNeh; tpisthd fhuzq;fshyd;wp> fu;g;gj;Jld; njhlh;Gila VNjDk; fhuzj;jpdhy;
my;yJ fu;g;gj;jpdhy; my;yJ mjidf; ifahz;l Kiwapdhy; NkYk; Nflhf;fg;gl;l VNjDk;
fhuzj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w xU ngz;zpd; ,wg;G vd;W nghUs; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
141
Fwpg;ghf Xl;lkhtbapypUe;J Nkw;fhrpahtpy; njhopy;

nry;fpd;w ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.
Njbr;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l Muha;r;rp miktplq;fs;

Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;T kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpYs;s gy;NtW
gphpTfspy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf Neh;fhzg;gl;l nkhj;jk; 78
ngz;fspy; 76 NghplkpUe;J KOikahd Neh;fhzy;fs; fpilj;jd.
khtl;lj;jpYs;s gpd;tUk; gphpTfspy; Ma;T elj;jg;gl;lJ.
fp.Nr.gphpT thior;Nrid : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 7>227 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 28>460 Ngnud mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ngz;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 13>967 kw;Wk; Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;if 14>493.
rdj;njhifapd; ,dg; gfph;T gpd;tUkhW: K];ypk;fs; 27>569 > jkpoh;
796 kw;Wk; rpq;fsth; 46. gpujhd njhopy; th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tpahghuk;.
fp.Nr.gphpT Xl;lkhtb : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 6>953 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 27>043 Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif
14>639 Mf ,Ue;j mNjNtisapy; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 14>404
MFk;. ,dg;gfph;T gpd;tUkhW K];ypk;fs; 26>841 > jkpoh; 186 kw;Wk;
rpq;fsth; 16. gpujhd njhopy; kPd;gpb> th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tpahghuk;.
fp.Nr. gphpT [ae;jpaha : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 7>227 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 28>460 Ngh;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 13>097
MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 14>493 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ngz;
jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 2>426. ,dg; gfph;T
gpd;tUkhW: K];ypk;fs; 27>569> jkpoh; 796 kw;Wk; rpq;fsth; 46.
gpujhd njhopy; tptrhak;.
,.Nr. gphpT VwhT+h; : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 326 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 1>270 Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 654
MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 616 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,dg;gfph;T
gpd;tUkhW : K];ypk;fs; 1>270. gpujhd njhopy;fs; tptrhak;> gha;
gpd;Djy;> kl;fyq;fs; cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Ke;jphpg; gUg;G th;j;jfk;.
142
fp.Nr. gphpT ghyKid : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 12>083 FLk;gq;fis

cs;slf;fpa 30>204 Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif
15>302 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 14>809 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
,dg;gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : K];ypk;fs; 30>204. gpujhd njhopy;fs;
kPd;gpb kw;Wk; gha; gpd;Djy;.
fp.Nr.gphpT fhj;jhd;Fb : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 10>773 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 40>421 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 20>036
MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 20>085 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,dg;gfph;T
gpd;tUkhW : K];ypk;fs; 40>421. gpujhd njhopy;fs; th;j;jfk;>
tpahghuk; kw;Wk; gha; gpd;Djy;.
gpuNjr nrayfk; kz;Kid tlf;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif
19>334 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 78>963 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd;
rdj;njhif 40>722 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 38>241 MfTk;
,Ue;jJ. ,dg;gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : jkpoh; 91.8% K];ypk;fs; 5.1%
rpq;fsth; 0.2% kw;Wk; gwq;fpah; 2.8%.
fp.Nr. gphpT fy;yb NtYhh; : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 648 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 2>265 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 1>117
Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1>148. ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 92. ,dg; gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : jkpoh; 2>259 kw;Wk;
rpq;fsth; 6. fpuhkj;jpy; nrhe;j MjdKs;s my;yJ Mjdj;Jf;fhd
tha;g;Gs;s ngz;fs; tpthfj;jpd; gpd;dUk; fpuhkj;jpy; njhlh;e;Jk;
,Uf;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; VidNahh; tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd;
fpuhkj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W tpLfpd;wdh;.
fp.Nr. gphpT jpUr;nre;Jhh; : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 790 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 2>758 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 1>374 MfTk;
Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 1>384 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ngz; jiyikapyhd
FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 54. ,dg;; gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : jkpoh;
2>476> rpq;fsth; 2 kw;Wk; gwq;fpah; 10.
fp.Nr. gphpT jpuhkL : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 358 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 1>456 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 748 MfTk;
Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 708 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ngz; jiyikapyhd
143
FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 31. ,dg;gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : jkpoh; 1>447

rpq;fsth; 6 kw;Wk; gwq;fpah; 1.
fp.Nr.gphpT nghpa cg;Nghil : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 890 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 4>609 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 2>214 MfTk;
Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 2>395 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ng;z jiyikapyhd
FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 131. ,dg;gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : jkpoh;
4>512> rpq;fsth; 2 kw;Wk; gwq;fpah; 95.
gpuNjrr; nrayfk; kz;Kid njw;F kw;Wk; vUtpy;gw;W : nkhj;jr;
rdj;njhif 14>787 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 56>823 MFk;. ,jpy;
ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 29>082 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif
27>741 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,dg; gfph;T gpd;tUkhW : jkpoh; 99.9%
K];ypk;fs; 2> rpq;fsth; 51 kw;Wk; VidNahh 14.
fp.Nr. gphpT fSthQ;rpf;Fb tlf;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif
308 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 1>099 vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 599 Mf ,Ue;j mNjNtisapy; Mz;fspd;
rdj;njhif 500 Mf ,Ue;jJ. ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 108.
fp.Nr. gphpT fSthQ;rpf;Fb njw;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 575
FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 1.067 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 984
MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
87.
fp.Nr. gphpT fSthQ;rpf;Fb tlf;F 1 : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 366
FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 1>527 vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 826 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 701
MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
66.
gpuNjrr; nrayfk; NghujPTg; gw;W : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 1>030
FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 3>621 vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 1>881 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 1>470
MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,dg;gfph;T 100% jkpoh;.
144
fp.Nr. gphpT kz;^h; 3 : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 292 FLk;gq;fis

cs;slf;fpa 1>086 vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ngz;fspd;
rdj;njhif 552 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 534 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
ngz;jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 174.
fp.Nr. gphpT kz;^h; Nfhl;lKid : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 273
FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 937 vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 490 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 447
MfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
fp.Nr. gphpT kz;^h; 1 kw;Wk; 2 : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 225 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 771 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 414 kw;Wk;
Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 357. ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 40.
fp.Nr. gphpT kz;^h; njw;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 240 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 826 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 425 MfTk;
FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 60.
gpuNjr nrayfk; kz;Kid njd;Nkw;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif
1>041 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 4>304 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd;
rdj;njhif 2>266 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 2>038 MfTk;
,Ue;jJ. ,dg;gfph;T 100% jkpoh;.
fp.Nr. gphpT Kidf;fhL fpof;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 206
FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 874 MFk;. ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 445
Mf ,Ue;j mNjNtisapy; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 429 Mf ,Ue;jJ.
ngz; jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 53.
fp.Nr. gphpT Kidf;fhL Nkw;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 282
FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 1>172 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif
657 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif 515 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ngz;
jiyikapyhd FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 69.
145
fp.Nr. gphpT Kidf;fhL njw;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 308

fp.Nr. gphpT Kidf;fhL tlf;F : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 267
gpuNjrr; nrayfk; kz;Kidg;gw;W (Miuak;gjp) : nkhj;jr;
rdj;njhif 7>963 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 29>448 MFk;. ,jpy;
ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 15>127 MfTk; Mz;fspd; rdj;njhif
14>321 MfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ,dg;gfph;T gpd;tUkhW :
jkpoh; 75.7%> K];ypk;fs; 24.3%.
fp.Nr. gphpT jhsq;Flh : nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 322 FLk;gq;fis
cs;slf;fpa 1>142 MFk;. ,jpy; ngz;fspd; rdj;njhif 596 MfTk;
FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 77. tptrhak;> kPd;gpb> clYiog;G
vd;git gpujhd tUkhd %yq;fshapUe;jd. kpfr; rpyh; murhq;fj;
Jiwapy; njhopy; Ghpfpd;wdh;.
Kidf;fhL> kz;^h; : gpujhd tUkhd %yk; tptrhakhfTk;
,uz;lhtjhf murhq;fj; Jiwapy; njhopyhfTk; cs;sJ. rpwpa
msT kuf;fwpr; nra;if> tPl;Lj; Njhl;lk;> tpyq;F Ntshz;ik
(fhy;eil).
146
Muha;r;rpf; fhz;Gfs;
,dk;
kl;lf;fsg;G khjphp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,dr;
rdj;njhiffisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpaJ.
ml;ltiz 1
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; tajpd;gb ,dk;
,dk;
K];ypk;
jkpo;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
10
4
0
14
taJ
19 - 40
21
20
0
41
41 - 60
14
7
0
21
nkhj;jk;
45
31
0
76
59.2
40.7
0
100.0
fy;tp kl;lk;
fy;tpapy; Mff;$ba gq;Fgw;wYk; xg;gPlhd fy;tpr; rhjidAk; 1940 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lijf;
fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J NkhjYf;F Ke;jpa
Mz;LfspYk; Nkhjypd; mopghLfshy; ,k;khtl;lk; Fiwthfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nkhjypd; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpYk; fy;tpapd;
cah;kl;lj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;LtjhAs;sJ.
ml;ltiz 2
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; taJf; FOtpd;gb fy;tp kl;lk;
35.5%
19.7%
15.7%
11.8%
9.2%
6.5%
1.3%
vJTkpy;iy
juk; 1-5
juk; 6-8
juk; 9-10
rh.juk; rpj;jp
juk; 11-12
c.juk; rpj;jp
cah;fy;tp
gjpyspf;f
tpy;iy
147
tpthf epiy
khjphpapd;
60.5%
tpthfkhdth;fshapUe;j
mNjNtisapy;
tpthfkhfhj 24 ngz;fspy; 14 (58%) Ngh; 19-40 taJf; FOitr;
Nrh;e;jth;fnsd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
ml;ltiz 3
tajpd;gb tpthfepiy
tpthfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;,
1.3%
tpjit, 6.5%
tpthfkhfhj
th;, 31.5%
tpthfkhdt
h;, 60.5%

ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; 13-15 taJfSf;fpilapy; G+g;gilj;jpUe;j
NghjpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; cah;thd 40.5% ngz;fs; 9 Kjy;
12 taJf;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jijf; fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Njrpar; ruhrhpiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wjhf 53.1% ngz;fs;
15 taJf;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 4
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; taJf; FOtpd;gb G+g;nga;Jk;NghJ taJ
9 - 12 taJ
13 - 15
16 - 19
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
148
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
7
7
0
0
14
13
25
1
2
39
10
11
0
2
21
30
43
1
2
76
40.5
58.1
1.3
2.6
100.0

ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fSf;F mth;fspd; KjyhtJ khjtpyf;F
Vw;gl;l
Ntisapy;
G+g;nga;Jjy;
gw;wpa
Ke;jpa
mwpT
,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iynad;gijf;
fPNoAs;s
ml;ltiz
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Vida rpy khtl;lq;fspd; juTfSld;
xg;gpLifapy;
jha;khh;
,jpy;
tfpj;j
gq;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Fiwe;jjhAs;sJ.
ml;ltiz 5
G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wpa mwpT (rjtPjk;)
ahhplkpUe;J
rpNefpjpfs;
ghl;bahh;
jhahh;
jhNd mwpe;J nfhz;lJ
rNfhjhp
nrhe;jr; rpNefpjpfs; kw;Wk; gpwh;
fpilf;ftpy;iy
%
9
1.3
4
70
2.6
2.6

ehd; juk; 4 ,y; ,Ue;jNghJ taJf;F te;jijj; njhlh;e;J
vdJ jhahh; vd;idg; ghlrhiyapypUe;J epWj;jptpl;lhh;.
ehd; kpf ,sk; tajpy; (16 tajpy;) tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jjdhy;
FLk;gk; njhlh;ghd vy;yh KbTfisAk; fzth;jhd;
vLj;jhh;. vdpDk; xt;Nthuhz;Lk; ehd; gps;isngw
tpUk;ghjjdhYk;
mj;Jld;
gps;isfis
tsh;j;jYk;
f\;lkhapUf;Fnkd;gjdhYk;
gps;isfSf;fpilapyhd
,ilntsp gw;wp ehDk; fztUk; xd;whf KbT nra;Njhk;.
ehd; vt;tpj gapw;rpAk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJld;
Njh;r;rpj;jpwd; vjidAk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sTkpy;iy. ,g;NghJ
ehd;F gps;isfSld; ehndhU tpjitahapUf;fpd;Nwd;.
ehd; gha;fs; gpd;dp xU ghia 50 &ghTf;F xU th;j;jfUf;F
tpw;fpNwd;. (Ms.T. 38 - rk;gt Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
149
ml;ltiz 6
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; taJf;FOtpd;gb tpthfj;jpd; NghJ taJ
31.5%
21.0%
18.4%
17.1%
6.5%
3.9%
1.3%
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
33f;F Nky;
tpthfkhfhjth;
fpilf;f
tpy;iy
Nkw;gb ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wthW ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; 1925 taJfSf;fpilapy; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;j NghjpYk; fhyj;Jf;F
Ke;jpa tpthfj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rjtPjj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wjhf
khjphpapd; 30% ngz;fs; 15 taJf;Fk; 18 taJf;Fkpilapy; tpthfk;
nra;jpUe;jdh;.
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

vdf;F ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; gw;wpr; rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;Jk;
fpuhk kUj;Jtpr;rpfsplkpUe;Jk; njhpAk;. ehd; cq;fs;
itj;jpaiuf; NfSq;fs; epfo;r;rpiaf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk;
mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nld;. gpurtg; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp
itj;jparhiyapYs;s itj;jpah;fsplkpUe;J ehd; MNyhrid
ngw;wpUf;fpNwd;. ngUk;ghyhd itj;jpah;fs; Mz;fshjyhy;
FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL gw;wp ehd; mth;fsplk; fijf;ftpy;iy.
me;j MNyhrid kUj;Jtpr;rpaplkpUe;J vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.
ehd; Fspiria> Crp kUe;ijg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpNwd;.
vdJ fzth; MZiwiag; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ehd; FLk;gf;
fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisj; njhpTnra;tjpy; kUj;Jtpr;rpAk;
vdJ fztUk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jdh;. (Ms.T.38 - rk;gt Ma;T>
kl;lf;fsg;G)
150
ehd; Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; vJTkw;w xU gpd;jq;fpa

fpuhkj;jpy; trpf;fpd;Nwd;. vdJ jhahh; vd;Dld; trpg;gJld;
gps;isfisAk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whh;. vdf;F %d;W
rNfhjhpfSk;
,uz;L
rNfhjuh;fSk;
,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
mth;fs;
vy;NyhUk;
Kd;$l;bNa
ghlrhiyapypUe;J
,iltpyfptpl;ldh;. vdf;Fg; 19 tajpypUe;J 4 khjf; Foe;ij
tiuapyhd MW kfs;khh; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. %j;j ngz; gps;isfs;
vy;NyhUk; gbf;fpd;wdh;. vdf;Ff; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa
,uz;L gpurtq;fSk; Ie;J khjq;fspy; xU Fiwg;gpurtKk;
Vw;gl;ljdhy;
KjyhtJ
gps;isf;Fk;
,uz;lhtJ
gps;isf;Fkpilapy; Ie;jhz;L tpj;jpahrKs;sJ. maypYs;s
fpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Xh; MAh;Ntj itj;jpahplkpUe;J ehd;
rpfpr;ir ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljd; gpd;dh; 1991 ,y; vdJ mLj;j
gps;is gpwe;jJ. ehd; FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Crp kUe;Jfs;
vLj;jNtisapy; typ> fLikahd ,uj;jg; Nghf;F kw;Wk; xU
khjj;jpy; %d;W jlitfs; khjtpyf;Fg; Nghd;w ghjfkhd
tpisTfs; Vw;gl;ld. vdNt ehd; Crp kUe;ij epWj;jpaijj;
njhlh;e;J jpUk;gTk; fUj;jhpj;Njd;. %d;whtJ gps;isapd;
gpd;dh;
ehd;
kylhf;FjYf;fhd
rj;jpu
rpfpr;iriaf;
Nfl;lNghJ itj;jpah; ehd; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjdhy; mjw;F
kWj;Jtpl;L Y}g; gad;gLj;Jk;gb vdf;Fr; nrhd;dhh;.
ehd; Y}g; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iynadj; jPh;khdpj;J mLj;j
gps;isg; NgWfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; Fspir ghtpf;fj;
njhlq;fpNdd;. Fspirapdhy; vdf;F ePz;l> xOq;fw;w
khjtpyf;Ffs; Vw;gl;ld. filrpahf MwhtJ gps;isapd;
gpd;dh; ehd; kylhf;Fk; rj;jpu rpfpr;iriar; nra;J
nfhz;Nld;. vdJ fzth; rj;jpurpfpr;iria vjph;j;jNghjpYk;
ehd; neUf;Fjy; nfhLj;jjdhy; mjw;F xj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
(JM.39 - rk;gt Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
151
ml;ltiz 7
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
26.8%
19.0%
0.0%
taJ 12-18
taJ 19-40
taJ 41-60
Nkw;gb rk;gt Ma;T Neh;fhzy;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wthW ngUk;ghyhd

ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT fhzg;gltpy;iy.
fUj;jilr;
rhjdq;fspd;
gf;f
tpisTfs;
gw;wp
XusT
mtek;gpf;ifAKs;sJ. nkhj;jg; ngz;fspy; 15 Ngh; kl;Lk;jhd;
jkf;Ff; fUj;jil gw;wpa mwptpUe;jjhf ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.

,f;Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyspj;j 42 ngz;fspy; 40% mth;fspd; KjyhtJ
gps;isia 20 Kjy; 24 taJfSf;fpilapy; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;ijj; njhlh;e;J ngUk;ghYk; cldbahff;
fu;g;gkilfpd;wdnud;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wjhf 26.1% ngz;fs; 15
taJf;Fk; 19 taJf;Fkpilapy; fu;g;gpzpfshapUe;jdh;. ,J
ngz;fSf;Ff; fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpntJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy my;yJ
mjidg; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;G mth;fSf;F ,Ue;jpUf;ftpy;iynad;w
rhd;Wf;F MjhukhAs;sJ. fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;jpYk;
Kd;$l;bg; gps;is ngWtjpYk; fyhrhuf; fhuzpfs; xU gq;if
tfpj;jpUf;ff;$ba
rhj;jpaKs;s
mNjNtisapy;
NkhjYld;
njhlh;Gila fhuzq;fSk; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa tpthfj;jpYk; mjd;
jtph;f;fKbahj gpd;tpisthd Kd;$l;ba jha;ikg; NgwpYk;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUf;ff;$Lk;.
152
ml;ltiz 8
KjyhtJ caph;g; gpurtj;jpd;NghJ taJ
40.4%
21.4%
19.0%
9.5%
4.7%
4.7%
0.0%
15-18
16-19
20-24
25-28
29-32
33f;F Nky;
fpilf;f
tpy;iy

,f;Nfs;tp
Nfl;fg;gl;l 40-55 taJj;
njhFjpiar;
Nrh;e;j
ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; gjpnyhd;iwf; nfhLf;ftpy;iynadj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wik
mth;fs;
,Wjp
khjtpyf;Fg;
gw;wp
mwpe;jpuhjpUf;ff;$Lnkd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. NtW khtl;lq;fspy;mjhtJ aho;g;ghzj;jpy; - ,Nj taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j
ngz;fs; ,Wjp khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wpg; ngUksT $ba mwpitf;
nfhz;bUe;jjhfj; Njhd;Wtjdhy; ,g;gjpyspf;fhik gw;wp NkYk;
Ma;T nra;tJ gaDs;sJ.
ml;ltiz 9
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
36 - 40
40 - 45
46 - 50
50 - 55
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
0
0
0
0
14
14
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
0
0
0
0
41
41
0
2
4
0
15
21
nkhj;jk;
0
2
4
0
70
76
153
fUf;fiyT
ehd; 43 tajhd Xh; Mrphpia. ehd; tpthfkhdijj; njhlh;e;J
Kjypy; cldbahff; fUj;jhpj;jNghjpYk; %d;W khjq;fspd;
gpd;dh; fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ fu;g;gj;ijAk; ehd;
,oe;J Nghdjhy; itj;jpa MNyhridia ehlhjjw;fhf
vd; kPJ gopRj;jpdhh;fs;. ehd; jdpg;gl;l xU itj;jpaiuf;
fye;jhNyhrpj;j NghJ mth; vdJ fUg;igiaf; fOtptpl;L
(b md;l; rp) xU gpur;rpidAkpy;iy vd;W cWjpaspj;jhh;.
mth; vdf;Fr; rpy Fspirfs; je;jhh;. ehd; %d;whtJ jlit
fUj;jhpj;jNghJ fu;g;gk; njhlh;gpy; kpfTk; ftdkhapUe;jJld;
fpuhk kUj;Jtpr;rpaplKk; MNyhrid Nfl;Nld;. Mdhy;
ehd;F khjq;fspd; gpd;dh; fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lJ. ek;gpf;if
vy;yhk; Ngha;tpl;l epiyapy; ehDk; vdJ fztUk; murhq;f
itj;jparhiyapYs;s xU itj;jpaiuf; fye;jhNyhrpf;fj;
jPh;khdpj;Njhk;. mth; vdJ fUg;igiaj; jpUk;gTk; fOtptpl;L
vdf;Fr; rpy Fspirfs; je;jhh;. mtw;iw ehd; vLj;jNghJ
vdJ
khjtpyf;F
epw;fhky;
Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;jjdhy;
Fspirfis epWj;jptpl;Lj; jpUk;gTk; itj;jpahplk; NghNdd;.
vd;id itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpj;J ehd; gytPdkhf
,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yp vdf;F Nriyd; Vw;wpdhh;fs;. gpd;dh;
ehk; xU tpsk;guj;ijg; ghh;j;jijj; njhlh;e;J kw;nwhU
ngz;Nehapay; itj;jpiuf; fye;jhNyhrpj;Njhk;. mth; xU
yhg;nwh];nfhgpAk; xU il nl];Lk; nra;J vdJ fUg;igapy;
jpR tsh;e;jpUg;gijf; fz;lhh;. rj;jpurpfpr;ir %yk; mJ
mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
ehk;
fye;jhNyhridfSf;F
xt;nthU
khjKk; Nghf Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjw;fhd nryit vk;khy;
jhq;f Kbahjjdhy; ,Wjpahf ehk; 2001 ,y; xU kfisj;
jj;njLj;Njhk;. (PR.43 - rk;gt Ma;T kl;;lf;fsg;G).
ml;ltiz 10
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
fUf;fiyT
mDgtk;
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
154
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
0
1
13
14
3
13
25
41
2
3
16
21
nkhj;jk;
5
17
54
76
ngz;fs;
Fiwe;jgl;rk;
Xu;
fUf;fiyT
Vw;gl;bUe;jjhfj;
njhptpj;jdh;. ngUk;ghyhd fUf;fiyT 19 taJf;Ff; $ba
ngz;fSf;Ff; fu;g;gj;jpd; Kjy; 3 khjq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mth;fs;
fUf;fiyitj; njhlh;e;J itj;jpa MNyhridia ehbAs;sdh;.
tPl;L td;Kiw
ehd; tPl;L td;Kiwf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. mth;
(fzth;) vdf;Fg; 17 tajhfTk; vdJ Kjy; gps;is %d;W khjf;
Foe;ijahfTk; ,Ue;jNghJ vdf;F mbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
mth; xOq;fhf Ntiyf;Fg; Nghfhky; ez;gh;fSld;
fljhrp tpisahbf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; my;yJ gzk;
flndLg;gjdhy; ehd; mtiuj; jpl;bf;nfhz;bUg;gjdhy;
mth; jhk; rhFk; tiu vd;id mbj;J cijj;jhh;. (Ms.T. 38 rk;gt Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
tPl;L td;KiwahdJ mNdf ngz;fs; tpNrlkhf tpthfj;jpd;
gpd;dh; vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;w xU gpur;rpid. fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz
fhl;Lfpd;wthW tho;f;ifj; Jizth;fshy; Ghpag;gLk; tPl;L
td;Kiwapd; mLf;F epfo;T xU ngz;zpd; gps;is ngWfpd;w
tajpy; Mff;$bajhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
ml;ltiz 11
tPl;L td;Kiw
34.1%
28.6%
14.3%
taJ
12-18
taJ
19-40
taJ
41-60
155
ngUk;ghyhd tPl;L td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fs; tho;f;ifj; Jiztuhy;

J}z;btplg;gl;ldthf
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;ld. mtw;Wf;fhd
fhuzq;fs; Fbntwp> ghypay; NritfSf;fhd Nfhhpf;if>
rPjdj;Jf;fhd Nfhhpf;if> kyl;Lj;jd;ik> gps;isapd; ,og;G
(Fiwg;gpurtk; cl;gl)> ngw;Nwhiug;Ngha;g; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
Nfl;lik my;yJ ngz; jdpahf g];]py; gazk; nra;jik
vd;W xU njhlh; thpiriaf; nfhz;bUe;jd. Fbntwp my;yJ
epjpg;gpur;rpid Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhfj; je;ijkhuhy; XusT
td;Kiw Ghpag;gl;ljhfTk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. jha;khh; kfs;
,sk; ngz;gps;isahf ,Ue;jNghJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj fhjy;
tptfhuk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf td;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpajhfj;
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

vdJ fpuhkk; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ehk;
,uhZtj;jpd; kPjhd mr;rj;Jld; tho;e;Njhk;. rpy rkaq;fspy;
ehk; fhl;bDs; xspe;jpUe;Njhk;. NtW rkaq;fspy; kw;w
Ml;fspd; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;WtpLNthk;. jg;gpg; gpioj;Js;s
vdJ ,uz;lhtJ gps;is> ehk; xU kUj;Jtpr;rpapd;
cjtpiag; ngWtjw;Fk; Kd;dh; fhl;by; gpwe;jJ. mtSf;F
,g;NghJ gjpdhd;F tajhd NghjpYk;> xUNtis mtspd;
gpwg;gpd; NghJ rhpahd ftdk; vLf;fhjjdhy; NghYk;>
mt;tsT RWRWg;ghapy;iy. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ehk; mbf;fb
,lk;ngah;e;jJld; Rfhjhur; NritfSk; ,ilaWf;fg;gl;ld.
vdf;F murhq;ff; fpspdpf;FfSf;Fg; Nghf Kbatpy;iy.
,g;NghJ rkhjhd fhyj;jpy; ehd; murhq;ff; fpspdpf;FfSf;Fg;
Nghfpd;Nwd;. vdJ filrpg; gps;is ehd;F khjq;fSf;F
Kd;dh; murhq;f itj;jparhiynahd;wpy; gpwe;jJ. (JM, 39 rk;gt Ma;T> kl;lf;fsg;G)
,e;j
Muha;r;rpapy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;l
khtl;lq;fspy;
jPtpu
Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd;NghJ ngz;fs; fLikahd f\;lq;fis
mDgtpj;jdnud;gij NkNyAs;sijg; Nghd;w Neh;fhzy;fs;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
156
ml;ltiz 12
22
5
4
4
2
1
16
17
8.4 11
6.7 11
6.7 9
3.3 5
1.6 3
27.1 39
11
9
6
4
2
32
25.5
20.9
13.9
9.3
4.6
7
5
2
2
3
19
67
25.0
17.8
7.1
7.1
1
0
1
1
1
3.5
0
0
0
0
3.5
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
NkhjYf;F Kd;dh; 1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; NghJ
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jj;jpd; %
CFA ,d; gpd;dh;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jj;jpd; %
nkhj;jk;
19 - 40
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
ve;jg;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
gps;is
vz;zpf;if
12 - 18
Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gk; : gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk;

xOq;F
18.6
18.6
15.2
8.4
5.0
66.1
40
17
16
14
8
4
59
28.8
27.1
23.7
13.5
6.7
100.0
15
12
8
5
3
43
34.8
27.9
18.6
11.6
6.9
100.0
9
7
4
4
3.5 4
28
44.6 130
32.1
25.0
14.2
14.2
4
3
2
1
1
11
9.3
6.9
4.6
2.3
2.3
1
2
2
2
10.7 1
8
51.5 58
3.5
7.1
7.1
7.1
14.2
100.0
100.0

kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ngUk;ghyhd
gpurtq;fs; itj;jparhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. ,th;fspy; 8%
kl;Lk; tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fis mwpf;ifapl;ldh;. ngUk;ghyhd tPl;Lg;
gpurtq;fs; jhahh; kUj;Jt epiyaq;fspypUe;J ntF Jhuj;jpy;
trpj;jNghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; Fiwthf my;yJ ,y;yhky;
,Ue;jjdhy; my;yJ itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd
157
cilfSf;Fk; NtW NjitfSf;Fkhd nryitj; jhahuhy; jhq;f

Kbahjjdhy; ,lk;ngw;wdntd;W ikaf;FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fSk;
rk;gt Ma;TfSk; ntspg;gLj;jpd.
ml;ltiz 13
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
tPL
cgnkhj;jk;
itj;jparhiy
cg nkhj;jk;
NtW
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
158
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
12 - 18
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
22
17
40
2
1
-
3
2
2
-
5
3
2
1
1
10
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
1
-
21
14
11
9
3
14
15
13
9
5
36
29
24
18
8
58
56
115
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
0
61
0
63
0
125
7.8
92.1
100.0
3.5
aho;g;ghz khtl;lk;
gpd;dzp
1981 Kjw;nfhz;L tlf;fpypUe;Jk; fpof;fpypUe;Jk; tphpthd Fbrd
kjpg;Gj; juTfs; ,y;yhikapdhy; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;Jf;Fj;
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; fpilg;gjw;Fs;s jfty;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lit.
2003,y;
elj;jg;gl;l
Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspy; Njitfspd; kjpg;gPL tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk;
Rfhjhu cl;fl;likg;Gf; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;snjdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.60 tuyhw;W hPjpahf tpjptpyf;fhd Kiwapy; rpwe;j
Rfhjhur; Nrit toq;fy; fl;likg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j
tlf;fpy;
Nkhjy;
Mz;Lfspd;
NghJ
mf;fl;likg;Gfs;
fLikahf CWgLj;jg;gl;ld. Nrjg;gLj;jg;gl;ld my;yJ
mopf;fg;gl;ld. mNdf Rfhjhu epWtdq;fs; - itj;jparhiyfs;>
fpspdpf;Ffs; mj;Jld; ePh; toq;fy; kw;Wk; foptfw;wy; Kiwikfs;
vd;git Fwpg;ghfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. gue;j mstpy; Rfhjhu
MszpapdUf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw cl;fl;likg;Gf;fhd ,r;Nrjj;Jld;
,ize;J mjid NkYk; rPuopj;jJ. ehl;by; kpfr; rpwe;jtw;wpy;
xd;whf tpsq;fpa ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs;
epiyFiye;J Nghdjd; tpisthf ngUk;ghyhd Fbrdj;Jf;F
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;ig toq;Ftjw;F mtrukhd kfg; Ngw;Wg;
guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; FLk;gj; jpl;lkplw; Nritfs;> kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk;
njhopw;gLfpd;w Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G epWtdq;fs; vd;git
fpilg;gjw;fpy;yhjitahfpd. Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;igg; gaDWjpAld;
60 UN (2003).Sri Lanka Assessment of Needs in the Conflict Affected Areas : Districts of Jaffna, Kilinochchi,
Mullaitivu, Mannar, Vavuniya, Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara, prepared with the support of the Asian
Development Bank, UN and World Bank, Colombo.
159
toq;Ftjpy; ,Ue;j kw;WnkhU ghuJhukhd jlq;fy;jhd; 1980fspd;

gpw;gFjpapypUe;J aho;g;ghzf; Flh ehl;Lf;F mNdf mj;jpahtrpag;
nghUl;fisAk;
kUe;JfisAk;
itj;jpa
rhjdq;fisAk;
nfhz;L nry;tjd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilf;fl;lisfs;. jil
nra;ag;gl;l tyaq;fs;> flw;fiu cl;glg; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fs;
kw;Wk; elg;gpYs;s cah; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fs; vd;W vy;iy
tiuaWg;gjd; %yk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyKk; mbf;fbAk; rptpypad;fs;
kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l vy;iyf; fl;Lg;ghLfSk; Rfhjhur; Nritfspd;
toq;fypy; fLikahd ,ilA+Wfis Vw;gLj;jpd. murpdhYk;
,uhZtj;jhYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,t;tyaq;fs;> Nrhjidr;
rhtbfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW gh];; eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;wpdhy;
kf;fspd; elkhl;lj;jpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfshy;
,e;epiyik NkYk; Nkhrkile;jJ. ,ay;ghf ,k;khtl;lj;jpy;
1980fspd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J 2002 ngg;uthpapy;; Aj;j epWj;j
cld;gbf;ifiaj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l XusT mikjp tiu vy;.
hp.hp.<. ,w;Fk; mur MAjg;gilfSf;Fk; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk;
gilf;Fk; Vida Nghuhspf; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w
Vwf;Fiwa ,iltplhj ,uhZt eltbf;ifahy; ,f;fl;Lg;ghLfs;
NkYk; jPtpukile;jd.
ngz;fs; njhlu;G Clff; $l;likg;gpd;(WMC) Ma;Tg;

gpuNjrk;
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; WMC,d; Ma;T aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bDs; ehd;F
gpuNjrq;fspNy aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s ngz;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd
epiyaj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
gUj;jpj;Jiw : gUj;jpj;Jiwapy; gpuNjrr; nrayfj; juTfs;

12>195 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa 41>200 Ngiuf;nfhz;l xU
rdj;njhifiag; gjpT nra;fpd;wd. ,th;fspy; 21>496 Ngh; ngz;fSk;
19>604 Ngh; Mz;fSkhth;. ngz;fspd; jiyikapy; mz;zsthf
1>426 FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. rdj;njhifapy; ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; kPd;
gpbapy; <Lgl;Ls;s mNjNtisapy; ngz;fSk; rhj;jpakhd NghJ
ehshe;jf; $ypf;Fr; rhPu Ntiyiaj; NjLfpd;wdh;. ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
Mz;fs; kj;jpapy; 17-18 taJf;fpilapy; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dh; tpthfk;
nra;Ak; ghq;nfhd;Wk; fhzg;gl;lJ. murhq;f itj;jparhiyfs;
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;ig toq;Fk; gpujhd %ykhapUe;jd.
160
ehthe;Jiw : aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfj;jpd; fPo; tUk;

ehthe;Jiw fpuhk Nrtfh; gphptpd; nkhj;jr; rdj;njhif 46>077.
,jpy; 23>860 ngz;fSk; 22>217 Mz;fSk; mlq;Fth;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
trpf;fpd;w 12>981 FLk;gq;fspy; 1>941 ngz;fs; jiyikapyhdit.
ngUk;ghd;ikahfj; jkpoiuf; nfhz;l gpuNjrkhd ehthe;Jiw
xU
rpW
vz;zpf;ifahd
K];ypk;fspd;
gpuNtrj;ijf;
fz;Ls;sJ. ,g;NghJ mq;F Rkhh; 180 K];ypk; FLk;gq;fSs;sd.
,f;Fbrdj;Jf;Fr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;igg; gpujhdkhf toq;FtJ
aho;g;ghzg; nghJ itj;jparhiyjhd;. K];ypk; ngz; gps;isfs;
G+g;nga;jpaTld; ghlrhiyapypUe;J ,iltpyFfpd;w xU ghq;F
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nfhg;gha; : ,g;gpuNjrr; nrayfk; 18>170 FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpa
63>439 Ngiuf; nfhz;l xU rdj;njhifiag; gjpT nra;fpd;wJ.
,th;fspy; 32>432 Ngh; ngz;fSk; 31>007 Ngh; Mz;fSkhth;.
ngz;fspd; jiyikapy; mz;zsthf 487 FLk;gq;fSs;sd.
,d Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisthf mNdfh; ,lk;ngah;e;Js;sdh;. rhPu
Ntiyjhd; gpujhd tUkhd %ykhAs;sJ. ,f;Fbrdj;Jf;Fr;
Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;igg; gpujhdkhf khtl;l itj;jparhiy
toq;Ffpd;wJ.
rhtw;fhL
: rz;bypg;gha; gpuNjrr; nrayfj;jpd; fPo; tUfpd;w
rhtw;fhL fpuhk Nrtfh; gphptpd; rdj;njhif 41>000. ,jpy; 21>496 Ngh;

ngz;fSk; 19>604 Ngh; Mz;fSkhth;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; trpf;fpd;w
12>195 FLk;gq;fspy; 2>426 FLk;gq;fs; ngz; jiyikapyhdit.
,g;gpuNjrk; flYf;fUfpy; mike;jpuhj NghjpYk; ngUk;ghyhd
Mz;fs; kPd;gpbapYk; NtW ifj;njhopy;fspYk; <LgLfpd;wdh;.
ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs;
gPb
Rw;Wtjpy;
<LgLfpd;wdh;.
,r;rdj;njhifapd; mbg;gilr; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gj; Njitfis
aho;g;ghzg; nghJ itj;jprhiy epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ.
161
,dk;
aho;g;ghz khtl;l khjphp Fbrdj;jpd; gue;j ,dg;gfph;itg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 1
Neh; fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dk;
,dk;
12-18
jkpoh;
K];ypk;
nkhj;jk;
18
2
20
19.2
taJ
19-40 %
48
6
54
51.9
41-60
28
2
30
nkhj;jk;
28.8
94
10
104
90.3
9.6
100.0
fy;tp kl;lk;
khjphpapy; MfTk; taJ $ba FOitr; Nrh;e;j ,U ngz;fs;
kl;Lk; Kiwrhh;e;j fy;tp vJTkpy;iynad;W gjpT nra;jtifapy;
khjphpapd; xl;L nkhj;jf; fy;tp kl;lk; rhh;gstpy; cah;thapUe;jJ.
taJj; njhFjpfs; %d;iwAk; Nrh;e;j 21% ngz;fs; 6-8 Mk;
juq;fSf;fpilapyhd fy;tpiag; ngw;wpUe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Mff; $ba fy;tp kl;lj;ij 19-40 taJf; FOitr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;
va;jpapUe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpy; 31.7% ngz;fs; 6-12 Mk;
juq;fSf;fpilapyhd fy;tpiag; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. Mff; Fiwe;j fy;tp
kl;lk; (juk; 5 my;yJ mjw;Fk; Fiwthf) 41-60 taJf; FOtpdh;
kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
162
ml;ltiz 2
fy;tp kl;lk;
28.8%
21.1%
15.3%
14.4%
5.7%
6.7%
5.7%
1.9%
vJTkpy ;i y
juk; 1-5
juk; 6-8
juk; 9-10
rh.juk; rpj;jp juk; 11-12
c.juk;
rpj;jp
cah;fy;t p
gjpy spf;f
tpy ;i y
ml;ltiz 3
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; tpthfepiy
fpi lf;ftpy ;i y,
1.0%
tpt hfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;, 3.8%
tpjit 3.8%
tpt hfkhfhjth;,
26.9%
tpt hfkhdth;
64.4%
khjphpapy; 72% tpthfkhdth;fshf my;yJ tpthfkhfpapUe;jth;fshff;

fhzg;gl;l mNjNtisapy; 26.9% tpthfkhfhjth;fshapUe;jdh;.
tpthfkhfhjth;fspd; rhh;gstpy; cah; rjtPjj;ij ,sk; taJf;
FOtpy; tpthfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mz;fs; Nghjpa mstpy;
,y;yhikAld; Neubahfj; njhlh;GgLj;jyhk;. Flhehl;by;
Mz;fspd; Fiwe;j rjtPjj;Jf;F mth;fs; ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fSf;Fj;
jpushff; Fbngah;e;jik> $ba vz;zpf;ifapyhd Mz;fs;
Nghuhsp ,af;fq;fspy; Nrh;e;jikAk; rz;ilapy; mth;fs; xU
163
Ntis ,we;JNghdikAk;> ngUe;njhifahd ,sk; Mz;fs;

jLj;J itf;fg;gl;lik> ifJ nra;ag;gl;lik my;yJ fhzhkw;
Nghdik vd;git fhuzq;fshff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nkhjyhy;
J}z;lg;gl;l kw;nwhU ,ay; epfo;r;rpjhd; Mz;fs; kPjhd cah;
kjpg;Gk; mth;fshy; Nfhug;gLk; ngUQ; rPjdq;fSk;. vdNt
ngz;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fl;lhakhff; Nfhug;gLk;
rPjdq;fisf; nfhLg;gjw;F Njitahd tsq;fisj; jpul;Ltjpy;
ePz;l fhyj;ijr; nrytpl Ntz;bAs;sJ. fhyk; gpe;jpa tpthfq;fspd;
ghy; epiyrhh;e;j gpd; tpisTfshd fhyk; gpe;jpa fu;g;gq;fs;> kyl;Lj;
jd;ikf;fhd tha;g;G> $ba Mgj;jhd gpurtq;fs; kw;Wk; Kjpa tajpy;
ngw;Nwhuhjy; vd;git vy;yhk; ePz;l fhyk; ePbj;j Kuz;ghl;lhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l rdr%fq;fSf;Fg; ghypay; $Uzh;Tila Rfhjhuf;
nfhs;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLtjpYk; nghUj;jkhd Rfhjhur; Nritfis
toq;FtjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;.

G+g;nga;Jk; Nghjhd taJ ,t;tha;tpd; xU gFjpahf kjpg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;l Vida Ie;J khtl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l ruhrhpj;
njhiffisg; gpujpgypj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; aho;g;ghzk; 9-12 taJj;
njhFjp njhlh;gpy; Mff; Fiwe;j ruhrhpiag; gjpT nra;jJ.
Neh;fhzg;gl;l ngz;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; 72% ngz;fs;
13-15 taJfSf;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;. 8.6% ngz;fs; 9-12
taJfSf;fpilapYk; 14.4% ngz;fs; 16-19 taJfSf;fpilapYk;
ml;ltiz 4
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ
taJ
9 - 12 taJ
13 - 15
16 - 19
G+uzkw;w jfty;
nkhj;jk;
164
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
1
16
0
3
20
6
38
8
2
54
2
21
7
0
30
9
75
15
5
104
%
8.6
72.1
14.4
4.8
100.0

ngz;fspy; 54.8% mth;fspd; KjyhtJ khj tpyf;F Vw;gl;l
tajpy; G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. 28.8% mth;fspd;
rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;J G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. 10.5%
,jidj; jkJ jha;khhplkpUe;J njhpe;J nfhz;ldh;. khjphpapy;
ghjpf;Fk; $bath;fs; jkJ nrhe;j topJiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j
mwpitg; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. vdNt ,d;W $lf; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs;
kj;jpapy; my;yJ fy;tp KiwikapDs; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhuj;Jld; njhlh;Gila cly; hPjpahd khw;wq;fs; gw;wp
mjpfsT fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iynad;gij ,J
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd ,sk; Ml;fs; nghUj;jkhd
jfty;fis mth;fspd; nrhe;j cghaq;fspd; %yk; Njbf;nfhs;Sk;gb
tpl;Ltplg;gLtjhfj; Njhd;WtJld;> ,J Mz; gps;isfSf;Fk;
ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; fy;tp Kiwik> rdr%f ,staJf; FOf;fs;>
Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;gk; Nghd;w mth;fs; mZff;$ba topf@
lhfj; jpUj;jkhdJk; gaDs;sJk; nghUj;jkhdJkhd jfty;fs;
fpilf;fr; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 5
ahhplkpUe;J
jha;
md;hp
rNfhjhp
rpNefpjpfs;
jhNd nrhe;jkhf
gjpyspf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
3
0
0
7
10
0
20
4
1
3
17
27
2
54
4
0
0
6
20
0
30
11
1
3
30
57
2
104
%
10.5
0.9
2.8
28.8
54.8
1.9
100.0

,g;NghJ 41-60 taJj; njhFjpapYs;s ngz;fSld; xg;gpLifapy;
,g;NghJ 19-40 taJj; njhFjpapYs;s ngz;fs; $ba ,sk; tajpy;
(15-18 taJfSf;fpilapy;) tpthfk; nra;fpd;w xU epiykhw;wk;
fhzg;gLtjhfj;
Njhd;Wtij
,k;khjphp
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
165
,J aho;g;ghzr; rKjhaj;jpy; xg;gPl;lstpy; Xh; mz;ikf;fhy

,ay; epfo;r;rpahfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy;
Neh;fhzg;gl;l
46.1%
ngz;fs;
15-22
taJfSf;fpilapy; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. 10.5% ngz;fs; 23-25
taJfSf;fpilapYk; 5.7% ngz;fs; 30 tajpd; gpd;dUk; tpthfk;
nra;jpUe;jdh;. 27.8% ngz;fs; tpthfk; nra;ahjth;fshapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 6
29.8%
27.8%
16.3%
10.5%
9.6%
1.9%
15-18
19-22
23-25
26-29
30-33
3.8%
0.0%
33f;F Nky;
tpt hfkhfhjth;
fpi lf;f
tpy ;i y
Fiwg;gpurt mDgtk;
ehd; mr;RNtypapypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;J gpd;dh; td;dpapy;
trpj;Njd;. ehd; 1995,y; ghlrhiyapypUe;J tpyfp vy.;hp.hp.<.,y;
Nrh;e;Njd;. tpLtpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpiag; ngw;w gpd;dh; ehd;
vy;.hp.hp.<.,ypUe;J tpyfp 2000,y; tpthfk; nra;Njd;. vdJ
ngw;Nwhh; ehd; Ie;J khjf; fu;g;gpzpahf vdJ kfisr; Rke;J
nfhz;bUe;jNghJjhd; vd;id Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. fle;j
Mz;L ehd; jpUk;gTk; fu;g;gkhapUe;j NghjpYk; fu;g;gj;jpd;
NghJ fLk; gpuaj;jdkhd Ntiyiar; nra;af;$lhnjd;W
vdf;Fj; njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. fu;g;gj;jpd;NghJ ehd; Gjpa
tPnlhd;Wf;F ,lk;khwpr; nry;y Kaw;rp nra;Njd;. Mdhy;
mjpy; Vw;nfdNt Ntwhl;fs; FbapUe;jjdhy; ehd; jpUk;gptu
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ehd; tPl;Lf;F te;jNghJ vdf;Fr; rpwpJ
frpT Vw;gl;bUe;jijf; fz;Nld;. ehd; g]; tz;bapy; vdJ
166
fzthpd;
Ntiyj;jyj;Jf;Fg;
Ngha;tpl;Lj;
jpUk;gTk;
g]; tz;bapy; tPl;Lf;F tUfpd;w NghJ ,uj;jg; Nghf;F
mjpfhpg;gijf; fz;Nld;. ehd; gw;iwf@lhf tPl;Lf;F
ele;J tUfpd;w NghJ kaq;fp tpOe;Jtpl;ljdhy; vd;id
itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whh;fs;. Mdhy; nfhb
ntspNa tuhjjdhy; vd;id mq;fpUe;J (td;dpapypUe;J)
aho;g;ghz itj;jparhiyf;F mDg;gpdh;. aho;g;ghz
itj;jparhiyapy; fUf;fiyg;Gg; gw;wpg; nghyprhh; vd;id
tprhhpj;jdh;.
ehd;
fUf;fiyg;Gr;
nra;atpy;iynad;W
nrhd;Ndd;. itj;jpah; vd;id vf;];Nu glk; vLj;J tpl;Lg;
gpd;dh; NghFk;gb nrhd;dhh;. fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;a Kaw;rpj;j
mNdf ngz;fis ehd; itj;jparhiyapy; fz;Nld;. (RK, 22 rk;gt Ma;T> aho;g;ghzk;)
ml;ltiz 7
Fiwg;gpurt mDgtk;
Fiwg;gpurt
mDgtk;
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
0
5
15
20
13
14
27
54
11
3
16
30
nkhj;jk;
24
22
58
104
23.0
22.1
55.7
100.0
ngz;fSf;F vj;jid Fiwg;gpurtq;fs; Vw;gl;bUe;jdntd;w

Nfs;tpf;F 41-60 taJj;njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j 9 ngz;fSld;
xg;gpLifapy; 19-40 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j 10 ngz;fs; xU
Fiwg; gpurtk; Vw;gl;bUe;jnjdg; gjpyspj;jdh;. ,g;ngz;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdth;fs; Fiwg;gpurtj;;jpd; NghJ 23 taJf;Ff;
$bath;fshapUe;Js;sdh;.
,e;j
,uz;L
taJf;
FOf;fs;
xt;nthd;wpypUe;Jk; xU ngz;Zf;F KjyhtJ Fiwg;gpurtk;
16-19 taJfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. ,t;taJj; njhFjpfs;
xt;nthd;wpypUe;Jk; ,uz;L ngz;fs; 3 Fiwg; gpurtq;fis
mDgtpj;jpUe;jdh;. ngUk;ghyhd Fiwg;gpurtq;fs; fu;g;gj;jpd;
Kjy; 3 khjq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. Nkw;gb ,uz;L taJj;
njhFjpfisAk; Nrh;e;j 11 (45.8%) ngz;fs; murhq;f my;yJ jdpahh;
itj;jprhiyfspy; itj;jpa cjtpia ehbapUe;jdh;. %d;W (12.5%)
ngz;fs; mth;fspd; jha;khhplkpUe;J cjtpia ehbapUe;jdh;.
167

,Wjp khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wpa njhpepiy 41-60 taJf; FOitr; Nrh;e;j
ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; kl;Le;jhd; fhzg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs; ,Wjp khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wp mth;fspd; rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;J>
jha;khh;fsplkpUe;J
my;yJ
ghl;bkhh;fsplkpUe;J
Nfl;lwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 8
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
36 - 40
40 - 45
46 - 50
50 - 55
gjpyspf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
54
0
4
5
7
2
12
30
4
5
7
2
86
104
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; fUj;jil gw;wp itj;jparhiyfspYk;
fpspdpf;FfspYk; itj;jpah;fsplkpUe;J mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. rpy ngz;fs;
fUj;jil gw;wpr; rdj;njhifr; Nritfs; yq;fh epWtdj;jplkpUe;J
mwpe;jpUe;jjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ngUksTf;Fg; nghJthfg;
gad;gLj;jpa fUj;jil tif Crpahy; Vw;wg;gLgitnad
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz 9
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
fUj;jil gw;wpa
mwpT
cz;L
,y;iy
gjpyspf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
168
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
1
3
16
20
42
1
11
54
23
2
5
30
nkhj;jk;
66
6
32
104
%
63.4
5.7
30.7
100.0

nkhj;j khjphpapd; 52.7% mth;fspd; KjyhtJ gps;isia 28
taJf;fpilapy; ngw;wpUe;j mNjNtisapy; 11.5% ngz;fs; mth;fspd;
KjyhtJ gps;isia 16-19 taJfSf;fpilapy; ngw;wpUe;jik
khtl;lj;jpy; mf;fiwf;Fhpa xU Kf;fpa tplakhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 10
38.4%
27.8%
13.4%
11.5%
5.7%
16-19
20-24
25-28
29-32
2.8%
32f;F Nky;
fpilf;f
tpy;iy
tPl;L td;Kiw
mtd; (kUkfd;) vdJ kfis kpfTk; Jd;GWj;jpdhd;
mtd; vdJ kfSf;Ff; fuhj;Nj cijfs; nfhLg;gJld;
rq;fpypfshYk; mbg;ghd;. mtdpd; ml;^opaq;fis epWj;j
vtUk; eltbf;if vLf;ftpy;iy. mtd; ,utpy; te;J vdJ
kfisr; rq;fpypahy; mbg;ghd;. mts; vdf;Ff; Nfl;ff;
$lhnjd;gjdhy; fj;Jtjpy;iy. mts; may; tPnlhd;Wf;Fr;
nrd;W mq;F gLj;Jwq;fpdhs;. fhiyapy; mts; jpUk;gp te;J
gps;isAld; gLj;jhs;. mtd; rPf;fpukhfj; jpUk;gp te;J mts;
gLj;jpUg;gijf; fz;lhd;. mtd; kz;nzz;iz tpsf;if
mts; kPJ tPrp vwpe;jjdhy; mts; jPg;gw;wp vhpaj;njhlq;fpdhs;.
mtd; fjitg; G+l;btpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhd;. mts; fjitj;
js;spj; jpwe;J ,uz;L gps;isfisAk; fhg;ghw;wpa NghjpYk;
mts; Nkhrkhf vhpe;J Nghdhs;.. vtUk; mtisf; fhg;ghw;w
Kaw;rp nra;atpy;iy. mtspd; ,uz;L gps;isfisAk; ehd;
guhkhpf;fpd;Nwd;. (MN> 52- rk;gt Ma;T> aho;g;ghzk;)
169
ml;ltiz 11
tPl;L td;Kiw gw;wpa mDgtk;
26.7%
20.4%
10.0%
taJ 12-18
taJ 19-40
taJ 41-60
tPl;by; ngUksT td;Kiw tho;f;ifj; Jiztuhy; mtUf;F

kJghdk; thq;Ftjw;Fg; gzk; nfhLf;fhik> re;Njfk; kw;Wk;
rPjdg; gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhfg; Ghpag;gl;ljhf
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ngz; fu;g;gkhfhjjd; epkpj;jk; khkpahuhy;
(fzthpd;
jhahh;)
Ghpag;gl;l
td;Kiwr;
rk;gtq;fSk;
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;ld. jha;khUk; rNrhjhpfSk; fhjy; tptfhuq;fs;
njhlh;gpy; my;yJ tpthfj;Jf;Fj; njhpT nra;j Jiztiu
tpthfk; nra;a cld;glhjjw;fhf td;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpajhf
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fSf;F mth;fspd; 20fspy;
tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; KjyhtJ td;Kiw mDgtk; fpilj;jpUe;jJ.
tpthfk; rhh;e;j td;Gzh;r;rpiaf; fphpkpdy; Fw;wkhf;Ffpd;w rl;lk;
,y;yhjtplj;J NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lijg; Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs;>
td;Kiwiag; Ghpe;jth;fSf;Fj; jz;lidnaJTk; nfhLf;fg;glhky;
njhlh;e;J ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
vdJ %j;j kfs; gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ fhjy;
tag;gl;Lf; fhjyDld; Xbg; Nghdhh;... mthpd; fzthpd;
jhahh; tPl;Lf;F te;J rPjdk; Nghjhnjd;W nrhy;yp mthpd;
fztiuf; $l;bf;nfhz;L Ngha;tpl;lhh;. vdJ kfs; mtiuj;
Njbg; Nghdijj; njhlh;e;J mth; jpUk;gpte;jhh;. vdJ
kfs; fUj;jhpj;j gpd;dh; mth; Ngha;tpl;lhh;. ehk; mjd;
gpd;dh; kl;LtpYf;F ,lk;ngah;e;Njhk;. mth; kpURtpypy;
NtnwhU ngz; gps;isiaj; jpUkzk; nra;Jtpl;ljhf
ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;Nld;. mth; jpUkzk; nra;jtnud;W
170
vdf;Fr; nrhd;d MSf;F ehd; nrhd;dijj; njhlh;e;J

mth; jpUk;gpte;jhh;. ,t;thW mth; MW jlitfs; jpUkzk;
Kbj;jhh;. (MN,52 - rk;gt Ma;T aho;g;ghzk;)
Nkw;gb rk;gt Ma;T tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wthW tpthfj;jpd; Nghpy;
rPjdk; Nghd;w r%ff;fyhrhu tof;fq;fs; Mokhf Cd;wg;gl;Ls;s
epiyikfspy;
ngz;fs;
cly;>
csj;
J\;g;gpuNahfj;ij
vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;. ngUk;ghYk; mj;jifa epiyikfs; MAjg;
gilfspd; ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd; epkpj;jk; FLk;gq;fs;
,lk;ngah;tjd; tpisthfr; rKjhaj;jpy; r%f epakq;fs; rPh;Fiye;J
Nghtjd; %yk; rpf;fyhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vdf;Fj; jpUkzkhfp Ie;J gps;isfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
mth;fspy; ,Uth; itj;jparhiyapYk; kw;wth;fs; tPl;bYk;
gpwe;jth;fs;. ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gil ,Ue;j ehl;fspy;
vdJ KjyhtJ gps;isapd; gpurtj;;Jf;F vd;dhy;
itj;jparhiyf;Fg; Nghf Kbatpy;iy. vdJ jhahh;jhd;
gpurtk; ghh;j;jhh;. mth; tPl;bypUe;j rtuf; fj;jp kw;Wk;
fj;jhpf;Nfhy; Nghd;w fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;. gpd;dh;
1993,y; vdf;Fg; gpurt typ fz;Ltpl;ljhf vdJ jhahh;
vz;zp vd;id itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nghdhh;.
itj;jpah;fs; vdf;F NkYk; 22 ehl;fs; ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yp
vd;id tPl;Lf;F mDg;gptpl;ldh;. ehd; kWehs; fhiy
tPl;by; gps;isiag; gpurtpj;Njd;. gps;isia tPl;by;
gpurtpg;gij tpl itj;jparhiyapy; gpurtpg;gJ ey;ynjd;W
vdJ mDgtk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. itj;jparhiyapy; kpjkpQ;rpa
,uj;jg;Nghf;if epWj;Jtjw;Fk; rpf;fyhd NfhshWfisf;
ftdpg;gjw;Fk; trjpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. tPl;by; gps;isiag;
gpurtpj;j gpd;dh; vdf;Fr; rhpahd tUj;jkhapUe;jJ. (PM> 39
- rk;gt Ma;T> aho;g;ghzk;)
aho;g;ghz Ma;T mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; Kuz;ghl;bd; ntt;NtW
fhyg;gFjpfSf;Fk; gps;isg; gpwg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f
njhlh;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. 56% gpurtq;fs; jPtpuNkhjy;
fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
171
ml;ltiz 12
41 - 60
NkhjYf;F Kd;dh; ve;jg;

gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; NghJ
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; gpd;dh;
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
19 -40
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gpurtj;jpd;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
xOq;F
vz;zpf;if
12 - 18
Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gk; : gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk;

xOq;fpd; gb
nkhj;jk;
22
17
40
3
1
0
0
0
4
20
18
12
6
5
61
23
19
12
6
5
65
26
24
14
11
6
81
6
6
6
5
5
28
32
30
20
16
11
109
29.3
27.5
18.3
14.6
10.9
100.0
56.1
0
0
9
2
2
3
1
17
102
2
1
3
92
9
2
4
3
2
20
194
45.0
10.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
100.0
100.0
35.3
29.2
18.4
9.2
7.6
100.0
35.5
,g;NghJ
41-60
taJf;
FOtpYs;s
ngz;fs;jhd;
jPtpu
Nkhjy; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dUk; mf;fhyj;jpd; NghJk; Mff;$ba
vz;zpf;ifahd
gps;isfisg;
gpurtpj;jpUe;jdnud;gij
aho;g;ghzj; juTfs; njl;lj; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;epiyik
172
Vw;gl;ljw;Ff; fhuzk; mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhur;

Nritfs; fpilf;fhikapd; my;yJ mtw;iw mZf Kbahikapd;
tpisth my;yJ mjw;Fr; r%ff; fyhrhuf; fhuzpfs; gq;fspj;jdth
vd;gij NkYk; Muha;e;J ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gpuNjrj;jpy;
jPtpu ,uhZt eltbf;iff; fhyg;gFjpapd; gpd;dh; 19-40 taJj;
njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; gps;isg; NgWfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;Js;snjd;gJ njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.

ngUk;ghyhd
ngz;fs;
jkJ
gps;isfisg;
ngWtjw;F
itj;jparhiyfspy; guhkhpg;ig ehbapUe;jdnud;W ,t;thuha;r;rp
fz;l mNjNtisapy; murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;
Rfhjhu NritfSf;fhd ngz;fspd; tha;g;ig Nkhjy; fhyk;
fLikahfj; jfh;j;J tpl;lnjd;W fhl;Ltjw;Fk; cWjpahd
rhd;Ws;sJ.
ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfshy; tfpf;fg;gLk; gq;F> Fwpg;ghfg;
ngUk;Nghf;F
trjpfisAk;
guhkhpg;igAk;
mZfKbahj
Ntisapy; ghJfhg;ghd gpurtj;Jf;fhd ngz;fspd; tha;g;ig
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahfj; njhlh;e;JKs;snjd;gJ
njspthfj; njhpfpd;wJ.
173
ml;ltiz 13
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
itj;jparhiy
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
NtW
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
174
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
41 - 60
tPL
gpurtj;jpd;
xOq;F
19 -40
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
12 - 18

nkhj;jk;
22
17
40
2
3
1
6
1
2
2
3
8
3
5
3
0
3
14
7.1
21.4
35.7
21.4
0
21.4
100.0
36
24
15
14
7
25
22
18
11
9
61
46
33
25
16
33.7
25.4
18.2
13.8
8.8
58
85
181
92.8
0
0
0
102
0
93
100.0
0
195
0
100.0
3.6 mk;ghiu khtl;lk;
mk;ghiu khtl;l Muha;r;rp Ma;T gpd;tUk; 12 gpuNjrq;fspy;

elj;jg;gl;lJ: rpd;d Kfj;Jthuk;> rhuf;Nfzp> mf;fiug;gw;W 7>
ehtw;Flh> Gspak;gj;ij> xYtpy;> ghyKid> gidf;fhL> nghpaFsk;>
Nfhshtpy;> rpd;df;Fsk;> kw;Wk; yr;Rf;Flh. ,t;thuha;r;rp
mf;fiug;gw;iwj; jskhff; nfhz;l ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fSf;fhd
muq;fpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,k;khtl;lj;jpd; ngUk;
gFjpfis Mopg;Nguiy #iwahbajd; tpisthf ,e;epWtdj;jhy;
Muha;r;rpapd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;ijj; njhlu Kbatpy;iy. vdNt>
fPNoAs;s juTfs; Muha;r;rpapd; KjyhtJ fl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l
fl;likf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpf; nfhj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;ldthFk;.
,dk;
mk;ghiu khjphpapd; ,dg; gfph;T khtl;lj;jpd; gue;j ,dg; gfph;itg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
175
ml;ltiz 1
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; ,dk;
,dk;
K];ypk;fs;
rpq;fsth;
jkpoh;
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
9
1
12
22 (19.6)
26
2
27
55 (49.1)
15
2
18
35 (31.2)
nkhj;jk;
50
5
57
112
44.6
4.4
50.8
100.0
fy;tp kl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tp kl;lk; 19-40 taJf; FOtpYs;sth;fshy;
va;jg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. khjphpapd; 35.7% ngz;fs;
Kiwrhh;e;j ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia juk; 5 tiu my;yJ mjw;Fk;
Fiwe;j tiu kl;Lk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 2
fy;tp kl;lk;
35.7%
19.6%
15.1%
14.2%
8.0%
vJTkpy ;i y
juk; 1-5
juk; 6-8
Gradejuk;
rh.juk; rpj;jp
2.6%
1.7%
1.7%
0.8%
juk; 11-12
c.juk; rpj;jp
cah;fy;t p
gjpy spf;f
tpy ;i y
tpthf epiy
,g;ngz;fspy; 19-40 kw;Wk; 41-60 taJj; njhFjpfisr; Nrh;e;j
ngUk;ghd;ikahdth;fs; (91.9%) tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. 12-18 taJj;
njhFjpapy; 59% ngz;fs; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy; 27.2%
ngz;fs; tpthfkhfhjth;fshapUe;jdh;.
176
ml;ltiz 3
tpjit, 0.0%
tpthfkhfhjth;,
5.3%
tpthfuj;Jr;
nra;jth;> 0.0%
fpilf;ftpy;iy,
2.6%
tpthfkhdth;,
91.9%

Neh;fhzg;gl;l nkhj;jg; ngz;fspy; 60.7% ngz;fs; 13-15
taJfSf;fpilapy; G+g;nga;jpapUe;jdh;. 24.1% ngz;fs; 9-12
taJfSf;fpilapYk; 7.1% ngz;fs; 16-19 taJfSf;fpilapYk;
ml;ltiz 4
G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ
taJ
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
9 - 12
13 - 15
16 - 19
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
8
12
0
2
22
13
33
6
1
55
6
23
2
4
35
27
68
8
7
112
24.1
60.7
7.1
6.2
100.2
177

ngz;fspy; 44.6% mth;fspd; KjyhtJ khjtpyf;Ff; fhyj;jpy;
jhNk nrhe;jkhf my;yJ rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;J khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wp
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. 17% G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wp mth;fspd; jha;khhplkpUe;J
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ,sk; tajpdh; kj;jpapy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;
njhlh;ghd rpwe;j jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nray;Kiwfs;
Njitnad;gij ,g;ghq;F kPz;Lk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 5
ahhplkpUe;J
jhahh;
ghl;bahh;
rNfhjhp
rpNefpjpfs;
nrhe;jkhf
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
3
2
1
3
10
3
22
9
0
1
8
17
19
55
8
1
1
1
11
13
35
20
3
3
12
38
35
112
17.8
2.6
2.6
10.7
33.9
31.2
100.0

Neh;fhzg;gl;l ngz;fspy; cah;thd 50.8% ngz;fs; 15-18
taJfSf;fpilapy; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jdh;. ml;ltiz 4,y;
jug;gl;Ls;s juTfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ,J G+g;nga;Jk; taJf;Fk;
tpthfj;Jf;Fkpilapy; xU neUq;fpa njhlh;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. 19-22
taJfSf;fpilapy; 25.8% ngz;fs; tpthfk; nra;Js;sijAk; 76.6%
ngz;fs; mth;fspd; 22 taJf;fpilapy; tpthfk; nra;jpUe;jijAk;
,k;khjphp fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
178
ml;ltiz 6
50.9%
25.9%
7.1%
15-18
19-22
23-25
4.5%
26-29
5.4%
1.8%
0.9%
30-33
33f;F Nky;
3.6%
tpt hfkhfhjth;
fpi lf;f
tpy ;i y
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

khjphpapd; 56.2% ngz;fSf;Ff; fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT ,Ue;jjhf
mwpf;ifaplg;gl;l mNjNtisapy; 11.6% ngz;fs; mijg;gw;wp
mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iynadj; njhptpj;jdh;. 15% ngz;fs; fUj;jil gw;wp
itj;jpaj;njhopy; Ghpgth;fsplkpUe;J mwpe;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy;
7% ngz;fs; rpNefpjpfsplkpUe;J mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 7
fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT
fUj;jil gw;wpa
mwpT
cz;L
,y;iy
gjpyspf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
taJ
12 - 18
19 - 40
41 - 60
7
1
14
22
35
9
11
55
21
3
11
35
nkhj;jk;
63
13
36
112
56.2
11.6
32.1
100.0
KjyhtJ caph;g;gpurtj;jpd; NghJ taJ

G+g;nga;Jjypd; Nghjhd taijAk; tpthfj;jpd; Nghjhd taijAk;
gw;wpa jfty;fisj; njhlh;fpd;wjhf khjphpapd; 33% ngz;fs;
mth;fspd; KjyhtJ gps;isiag; 18 taJf;fpilapy; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
179
ml;ltiz 8
33.0%
25.8%
21.4%
8.9%
15-18
19-22
23-25
4.4%
3.5%
2.6%
26-29
30-33
33f;F Nky;
fpilf;f
tpy;iy
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspy;
25%
ngz;fs;
Fiwe;jJ
xU
fUf;fiyitahtJ mDgtpj;jpUe;jjhfj; njhptpj;jdh;. ,th;fspy;
15.1% ngz;fs; Xu; fUf;fiyitAk; 9.8% ngz;fs; 2 my;yJ
3
fUf;fiyitahtJ
mDgtpj;jpUe;jdh;.
fUf;fiytpid
mDgtpj;jth;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdh;
gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
itj;jparhiyapy; my;yJ fpspdpf;fpy; itj;jpa rpfpr;iria
ehbapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 9
fUf;fiyT mDgtk;
fUf;fiyT
mDgtk;
cz;L
,y;iy
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
180
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
2
2
18
22
13
13
29
55
13
2
20
35
nkhj;jk;
28
17
67
112
25.0
15.1
55.8
100.0

,Wjp khjtpyf;F 46-60 taJj; njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;j ngz;fshy;
kl;Lk; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. mth;fspy; ,Uth; kl;Lk; mij
mDgtpg;gjw;F Kd;dh; ,Wjp khjtpyf;Fg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
,Wjp khjtpyf;if vl;bapUe;jth;fspy; 11 (9.8%) ngz;fs; itj;jpaj;
njhopy; Ghpgth;fsplkpUe;J MNyhridia ehbapUe;jdh;.
ml;ltiz 10
,Wjp khjtpyf;fpd;
NghJ taJ
31 - 35
36 - 40
41 - 45
46 - 50
51 - 55
fpilf;ftpy;iy
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJ
19 - 40
41 - 60
nkhj;jk;
0
0
0
0
0
22
22
0
0
0
0
0
55
55
1
3
6
6
2
17
35
1
3
6
6
2
94
112
%
0.8
2.6
5.3
5.3
1.7
83.9
100.0
tPl;L td;Kiw
kjpg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;l khjphpapd; 49.1% ngz;fs; tPl;L td;Kiwia
mDgtpj;jpUe;jdh;. ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; 19-40 taJj; njhFjpiar;
Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; tPl;L td;Kiwia mDgtpf;Fk; $ba rhj;jpaj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;. jkJ tho;f;ifj; Jizth;jhd; td;Kiwiag;
Ghpe;jtnud 43.7% ngz;fs; njhptpj;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
tho;f;ifj; Jiztuhy; td;Kiwf;Fg; nghpJk; nghJthd
fhuzq;fs; Fbntwp> ghypay; NritfSf;fhd Nfhhpf;if> ngz;
fUj;jhpg;gjpy; jhkjk; my;yJ fUj;jhpf;f Kbahik> mthpd; epjpg;
gpur;rpidfs;> mthpd; tpthfj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd njhlh;Gfs;> ngz;
tPl;ilj; Jg;guT nra;ahik my;yJ mthpd; czit Neuj;Jf;Ff;
nfhLf;fhik kw;Wk; fhuzk; vJTkpd;wp.
181
ml;ltiz 11
tPl;L td;Kiw
58.2%
48.6%
27.3%
taJ 12-18
taJ 19-40
taJ 41-60
Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; NghJ fh;g;gk;

nkhj;j khjphpf;Fk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l 227 gps;isg; gpwg;Gfspy;
125 (55%) ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;jpnyd;gijAk;>
25.9% Nkhjy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dnud;gijAk;> 18.9% Aj;j
epWj;j cld;gbf;if ifnahg;gkplg;gl;ljd; gpd;dnud;gijAk;
kjpg;gha;T ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. jPtpu Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd;NghJ Mff;
$ba vz;zpf;ifapyhd gps;isfs; 19-40 taJj; njhFjpiar;
Nrh;e;j ngz;fSf;Fg; gpwe;jpUe;jdh;.
182
ml;ltiz 12
NkhjYf;F
Kd;dh;
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; NghJ
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
Nkhjypd; gpd;dh;
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
nkhj;jk;
41 - 60
gpurtj;jpd;
xOq;F
19 - 40
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
12 - 18
Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ fu;g;gk; : gps;isg; gpwg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if

nkhj;jk;
35
15
50
44.6
1
2
3
4
5
4
4
4
1
1
14
12
12
9
7
5
45
27.1
27.1
22.0
13.5
10.1
100.0
1
2
3
4
5
34
27
15
5
2
83
8
8
10
8
8
42
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
7
8
7
9
6
5
35
0
1
1
132
88
16
16
13
8
6
59
25.9%
42
35
25
13
10
125
55.0%
14
8
9
6
6
43
18.9%
227
33.6
28.0
20.0
10.4
8.0
100.0
32.5
18.6
20.9
13.9
13.9
100.0
100.0
* 65 gps;isg; gpwg;Gfs; gw;wpa jfty; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkJ gps;isfspd; gpwg;Gf;F itj;jparhiyg;
guhkhpg;ig ehbapUe;j mNjNtisapy; Vida Ie;J khtl;lq;fspd;
juTfSld; xg;gpLifapy; mk;ghiuj; juTfs; tPl;Lg; gpurtq;fs;
njhlh;gpy; rhh;gstpy; cah; epfo;jfitf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,J 4160 taJj; njhFjpapdh; kj;jpapy; mbf;fb fhzg;gl;lnjd;w
183
tifapy; Nkhjy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ Rfhjhur; Nritfspd; toq;fy;

NkhrkhapUe;jijf; fhl;Ltjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
ml;ltiz 13
gps;isg; gpurtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; xOq;fpd;gb gpurtpj;j
,lk;
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
NtW
cg nkhj;jk;
nkhj;jk;
184
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
41 - 60
cgnkhj;jk;
nkhj;jj;jpd; %
itj;jparhiy
ve;jg;
gps;is
1
2
3
4
5
19 - 40
tPL
nkhj;jk;
12 - 18
taJf;FO
taJf;FO kw;Wk;
gjpyspj;jth;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
4
7
5
3
2
21
10
10
10
5
6
41
14
17
15
8
8
62
21.2
22.5
27.4
24.1
12.9
12.9
100.0
6
1
7
45
33
27
10
7
122
22
21
20
20
18
101
73
55
47
30
25
230
78.7
31.7
23.9
20.4
13.0
10.8
100.0
0
7
0
143
0
142
0
292
0
100.0
gpd;dpizg;G 1
Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J :
1Mk; fl;lk;
1. mwpKfk;
Ma;Tf;fhd mbg;gil
Fwpj;j khtl;lq;fspd; KbT : nkhduhfy> mf;fiug;gw;W>
kl;lf;fsg;G> nghyd;dWit> aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhh;.
khjphpj; njhpT : taJ 12 - 18> taJ 19 - 40> taJ 41 - 60
G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba Neh;fhzy;fspd;/Nfs;tpf; nfhj;Jf;fspd;
vz;zpf;if : khtl;lnkhd;Wf;F 100
A. nrhe;jj; jfty;
- ngah;
- taJ
- ,dk;
- rkak;
- fy;tp kl;lk;
- tpthf epiy
- gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if
- gps;isfspd; taJ kw;Wk; ghy;
- gpujhd tUkhdk; ciof;Fk; eltbf;if
- tpthfj;jpd;NghJ taJ
- G+g;nga;Jjypd; NghJ taJ
- KjyhtJ gps;isg; gpwg;gpd; NghJ taJ
- ,Wjpg; gps;isg; gpwg;gpd; NghJ taJ
- ,g;NghJs;s ,lj;jpy; vt;tsT fhykhf trpf;fpd;wPh;fs;?
- ,e;j ,lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F vg;NghJ te;jPh;fs;?
- cq;fs; nrhe;jf; FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs;
,f;fpuhkj;jpy;/,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; trpf;fpd;whh;fsh?
- cq;fs; tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd;/je;ijapd;/jhapd; FLk;g
cWg;gpdh;fs; cq;fs; tPl;by;/,f;fpuhkj;jpy;/,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
trpf;fpd;whh;fsh?
185
-
-
-
-
-
cq;fs; tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; taJ vd;d?

tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; fy;tp kl;lk;
tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; ,dk;
tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; rkak;
tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; gpujhd tUkhdk; ciof;Fk;
eltbf;if
- cq;fSf;Fr; rKh;j;jp fpilf;fpd;wjh?
- Gdh;tho;Tf;fhd murhq;f cjtp cq;fSf;F fpilf;fpd;wjh?
Mnkdpy; jaTnra;J tptukhff; $wTk;.
- fpuhkj;ij/rdr%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l VNjDk;
epWtdj;jpy; (c-k; : ngz;fspd; epWtdk;> Nrkpg;Gj; jpl;lk;
Mfpa) ePq;fs; cWg;gpduh?
B. Rfhjhu ftiyfs;
2. cq;fspd; gpujhd Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;/ftiyfs; vd;d?
C. Rfhjhu Nritfs;
- ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpAs;s Rfhjhu Nritfs;/trjpfs; vit?
- cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; vd;ndd;d Rfhjhu Nritfs;/trjpfs;
fpilf;fpd;wd (fpuhkj;jpy;> khtl;lj;jpy;/khefurig>
$l;LwT Mfpa)?
- ,e;j trjpfis vd;ndd;d fhuzq;fSf;fhf ePq;fs;
gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwPh;fs;?
- mjd; tpisthf cq;fSf;fpUe;j tUj;jk; Fzkhfpajh?
- vd;d tifahd trjpfs;/Nritfs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
,y;iynad;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPh;fs;?
-
D. ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;
- ePq;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhz;Ls;sthwhd ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu
tplaq;fs; vit? (G+g;nga;Jjy;> khjtpyf;F> fu;g;gk;>
gps;isg; gpwg;G> ,Wjp khjtpyf;F> khh;gfk;> R+yfk;
kw;Wk; fUg;ig njhlh;ghd Rfhjhu tplaq;fs;> ghYwT>
ghypay; hPjpahff; flj;jg;gLk; njhw;W Neha;fs;> fUj;jil
Nghd;w tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjw;F Muha;r;rp
cjtpahshpd; topfhl;ly; mtrpak;).
186
- cq;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs;/ftiyfs;

vit?
- mj;jifa xU gpur;rpid ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ePq;fs; vd;d
nra;tPh;fs; (gpur;rpidiag; nghWj;J tptukhff; $wTk;)?
- ePq;fs; ahiu mZfpdPh;fs;?
- vd;d tifahd rpfpr;iria vLf;Fk;gb cq;fSf;Ff;
$wg;gl;lJ (vd;d tUj;jj;Jf;nfd;W tptukhff; $wTk;).
- ,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhu tof;fq;fisAk; KiwfisAk; gw;wp
cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh (c-k; : nrhe;jr; Rj;jk;> khjtpyf;fpy;
xOq;fhd jd;ik> cq;fs; clypy; khw;wq;fs;> fUj;jhpj;jy;>
fUj;jil Kiwfs; Mfpa)?
- Mnkd;why; ,tw;iwg; gw;wp ePq;fs; vg;gb
mwpe;Jnfhz;Bh;fs;?
E. epWtd hPjpahd Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G trjpfs;
- ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhug;
gpur;rpidfSf;F itj;jpa MNyhridia my;yJ
rpfpr;iria ehbapUf;fpwPh;fsh?
- Mnkd;why; vq;F> vg;NghJ?
- NkhjYf;F Kd;dh; (tlf;Ff;F 1983 ,w;F Kd;> fpof;fpw;F
1990,w;F Kd;> njw;Ff;F 1989f;F Kd;)
- Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; NghJ
- Aj;j epWj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh;
- gpur;rpid gw;wp ePq;fs; ahhplk; $wpdPh;fs; (Mz;/ngz;
itj;jpa Mszpapdh;)
- cq;fs; ftiy gw;wp cq;fshy; kde;jpwe;J
Ngrf;$LkhapUe;jjh?
- me;j MsplkpUe;J/Ml;fsplkpUe;J cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j
gjpy; gw;wp ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPh;fs;?
- mj;jifa tplaq;fs; gw;wp Mz;/ngz; itj;jpag;
gzpahsUld; NgRtjpy; tpj;jpahrk; ,Ue;jjhf ePq;fs;
epidf;fpd;wPh;fsh?
- Mnkd;why;> tptukhff; $wTk;.
187
F. epWtdk; rhuhj Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs; (guhk;ghpa

MjuT/ghpfhuq;fs;)
- cq;fspd; rdr%fj;jpy;/Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpy; ,dg;ngUf;f
Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gth; ahh;?
- me;j Ml;fs; vd;ndd;d tplaq;fspy; epGzh;fshf
,Uf;fpd;wdh;?
- me;j Ml;fsplk; ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ MNyhrid
Nfl;bUf;fpwPh;fsh?
- Mnkd;why;> vd;d fhuzq;fSf;fhf ePq;fs; mjidr;
nra;jPh;fs;?
- ,y;iynad;why;> vd;d fhuzq;fSf;fhf ePq;fs; mjidr;
nra;ahJ tpl;Bh;fs;?
- Mnkd;why;> mJ vg;NghJ?
- NkhjYf;F Kd;dh; (tlf;Ff;F 1983 ,w;F Kd;dh;> fpof;fpw;F
1990 ,w;F Kd;> njw;fpw;F 1989f;F Kd;)
- Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; NghJ
- Aj;j epWj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh;
G. G+g;nga;JjYk; njhlh;Gila jfty;fSk;
- G+g;nga;Jjy; gw;wp ePq;fs; vg;gb mwpe;J nfhz;Bh;fs;?
(ahuhtJ cq;fSf;F mijg; gw;wpr; nrhd;dhh;fshMnkd;why; ahh;> cq;fSld; mijg;gw;wp xUtUk;
fijf;ftpy;iyah Mfpa)
- ePq;fs; vg;NghJ G+g;nga;jpdPh;fs;
- ePq;fs; mijg;gw;wp vtUf;fhtJ nrhd;dPh;fsh/vtuhtJ
mijg;gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;fsh? ahh; me;j Ms;?
- mjw;F vd;d nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W cq;fSf;F MNyhrid
$wg;gl;lJ?
- cz;ikapy; vd;d nra;ag;gl;lJ> mjidr; nra;jth; ahh;?
- gps;isg; gpwg;Gg; gw;wp cq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;ljh?
- ahh; cq;fSf;Fr; nrhd;dJ?
- ePq;fs; mijg;gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhz;lNghJ cq;fSf;F vj;jid
taJ?
188
H. fu;g;gk;
- cq;fSf;Fg; gps;isfspUe;jhy;> ePq;fs; Kjy; jlit
fu;g;gkhdNghJ cq;fSf;F vj;jid taJ?
- ePq;fs; xU gps;isia Kjy; Kiwahfg; gpurtpj;jNghJ
cq;fspd; taJ vd;d?
- mt;Ntisapy; cq;fSf;F czh;T hPjpahf/epjp hPjpahfg;
gpujhdkhf Mjutspj;;jth; ahh;?
- ePq;fs; gps;isia vq;Nf gpurtpj;jPh;fs;? (xU itj;jpa
rhiyapy;/cq;fspd; nrhe;j tPl;by;/NtnwhUthpd; tPl;by;
Mfpa)
- gps;isf;Fg; gpurtk; ghh;j;jth; ahh; - jifikngw;w
itj;jpah;> jifik ngw;w kUj;Jtpr;rp/ghuk;ghpa
kUj;Jtpr;rp/Ntwhs;?
- mJ toikahd gpurtkh my;yJ rpNrhpad; %yk; gpwe;jjh?
- cq;fs; fu;g;gq;fs; Nkhjy; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;duh> mjd;Nghjh
my;yJ mjd; gpd;duh?
- Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspd; Nghjhd gpurtq;fs; vit?
- Nkhjy; Mz;Lfspy; fu;g;gq;fspd; NghJ cq;fSf;Ff;
Fwpg;ghd gpur;rpidfs; ,Ue;jdth?
- Mnkd;why; mit vd;d?
- mtw;iw ePq;fs; vg;gbr; rkhspj;jPh;fs;?
I. Fiwthd fUtsk;/kyl;Lj;jd;ik
- fu;g;gkiltjpy; cq;fSf;Ff; f\;lq;fs; ,Ue;jdth?
- mjw;F vd;d fhuznkd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPh;fs;?
- me;epiyik njhlh;gpy; cq;fspd; tho;f;ifj; Jizth;/
nrhe;jf; FLk;gj;jpdh;/tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; FLk;gj;jpdh;
vt;thW nraw;gl;lhh;/nraw;gl;ldh;?
- fu;g;gkiltjpYs;s f\;lk; gw;wp ePq;fs; MNyhrid
Nfl;bUf;fpwPh;fsh?
- ahhplk;> vq;Nf?
- cq;fsf;F nrhy;yg;gl;l MNyhrid vd;d?
- mjd;gpd;dh; ePq;fs; fu;g;gkilaf;$Lkhf ,Ue;jjh?
189
J. fUj;jil
- cq;fSf;Ff; fUj;jil gw;wpa mwptpUf;fpwjh?
- ePq;fs; mjid vg;gb mwpe;Jnfhz;Bh;fs;?
- ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ fUj;jiliag;
gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwPh;fsh?
- vd;ndd;d fUj;jilr; Nritfs; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jd/
fpilf;fpd;wd?
- ve;j topapy; ,r; Nritfs; fpilj;jd (fpspdpf;Ffs;>
itj;jparhiyfs;> xOq;fhd clw; Nrhjidfs; Clhf)
- vd;d tifahd fUj;jilia ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpdPh;fs;/
gad;gLj;JfpwPh;fs;?
- cq;fs; tho;f;ifj; Jizth; fUj;jilia vg;NghjhtJ
gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhuh?
- ePq;fs; ghuk;ghpa fUj;jil Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwPh;fsh?
- fUj;jilia ePq;fs; njhpTnra;J
gad;gLj;jf;$LkhapUe;jjh?
- cq;fspd; njhpTf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ vJ?
K. Fiwg;gpurtk;
- cq;fSf;F VNjDk; Fiwg;gpurtk; Vw;gl;bUe;jjh?
- Mnkd;why;> vj;jid?
- mJ Kjypy; Vw;gl;lNghJ cq;fSf;F vd;d taJ?
- fu;g;gj;jpd; vj;jidahtJ khjj;jpy; cq;fSf;Ff;
Fiwg;gpurtk; Vw;gl;lJ?
- me;j Neuj;jpy; ePq;fs; vd;d nra;jPH;fs;?
- mg;NghJ ePq;fs; itj;jpa/FLk;g/ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpapd;
cjtpia ehbdPh;fsh?
- jpUk;gTk; fu;g;gkila Kaw;rpj;jPh;fsh?
- mJ cq;fSf;F ntw;wpaspj;jjh?
- ,y;iynad;why; mJ gw;wp ePq;fs; MNyhrid Nfl;Bh;fsh
(itj;jpag; gzpahsh;> ghuk;ghpa kUj;Jtpr;rpfs;> FLk;g
cWg;gpdh;fs;-tptukhff; $wTk;)?
- vd;d tifahd MNyhrid/rpfpr;ir cq;fSf;Fj;
jug;gl;lJ? (tptukhff; $wTk;)
190
L. fUf;fiyg;G
- cq;fSf;F vg;NghjhtJ fUf;fiyg;Gr; nra;a
Ntz;bapUe;jjh?
- mjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
- vt;thW/vq;Nf/ahuhy; mJ nra;ag;gl;lJ
- fUf;fiyg;igj; njhlh;e;J cq;fSf;F cly; eyf;NfhshW
VJk; Vw;gl;ljh?
- Mnkd;why;> mjw;F ePq;fs; vd;d nra;jPH;fs;?
M. ,Wjp khjtpyf;F
- vd;d tajpy; cq;fSf;F khjtpyf;F epd;W NghdJ?
- mg;gb elf;Fnkd;W cq;fSf;F Kd;dNu njhpe;jpUe;jjh?
- Mnkd;why;> mjidg; gw;wp ahhplkpUe;J ePq;fs;
mwpe;jpUe;jPh;fsh?
- mJ epd;W NghdTld; ePq;fs; vd;d nra;jPh;fs;?
- ,e;epiyik njhlh;gpy; cq;fs; tho;f;ifj;Jizth; vg;gbr;
nraw;gl;lhh;?
N. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw
- cq;fs; tPl;bDs;/rdr%fj;jpDs; ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ
td;Kiwf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwPh;fsh?
- Mnkd;why;> ahuhy; (je;ij/rNfhjud;/jha;/rNfhjhp/tho;f;ifj;
Jizth;/NtW Ms;)?
- vd;d fhuzq;fSf;fhf?
- mJ Kjypy; ele;jNghJ cq;fSf;F vd;d taJ?
tPl;L td;Kiwf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
- tpthfkhfp vt;tsT fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; ePq;fs; cq;fs;
tho;f;ifj; Jiztuhy; Kjy; Kiwahf td;Kiwf;F
cs;shf;fg;gl;Bh;fs;?
- me;j Neuj;jpy; cq;fSf;Fg; gps;isfs; ahUk; ,Ue;jhh;fsh Mnkd;why; vj;jid Ngh;> mth;fspd; tanjd;d?
- ,t;tifahd td;Kiw cq;fs; kPJ jpUk;gTk;
Ghpag;gl;Ls;sjh?
- mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vd;dntd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;wPh;fs;?
tphpthff; $wTk; (rPjdg; gpur;rpidfs;>kidtpahf
191
,Ug;gtspd; flikfnsd;d r%f vjph;ghh;g;Gfs;>

tho;f;ifj; Jizthpd; FLk;gj;jpdhpd; jiyaPLfs;>
fUj;jhpf;f Kbahik> Fiwg;gpurtk;/gpurtq;fs;> Mz;/
ngz; gps;isfisg; ngw Kbahik> mthpd;/mtspd; (vz;zg;ghLk;) Kiwikaw;w cwT> NtW)
192
gpd;dpizg;G 2
Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J :
2Mk; fl;lk;
taJ 12-18> 19-40 kw;Wk; 41-60
,e;Neh;fhzy; KjyhtJ fl;lj;jpd; NghJ Neh;fhzg;gl;l
XuhSldhd njhlh;r;rpnad;why; Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; xj;j
,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
1. nrhe;jj; jfty;
- ngah;
- taJ
- ,dk;
- tpthfepiy
- fy;tp kl;lk;
- nrhe;j tUkhdj;jpd; gpujhd %yk;
- FLk;g tUkhdj;jpd; gpujhd %yk;
- ePq;fs; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy;/,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;jtuh?
- ePq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; vg;NghjpypUe;J trpj;J tUfpwPh;fs;?
2. fy;tp
- ePq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; gbj;jPh;fsh?
- ePq;fs; vq;Nf ghlrhiyapy; gbj;jPh;fs;?
- ePq;fs; Vd; ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gij epWj;jpdPh;fs;?
- ePq;fs; ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyfpa gpd;dh; VNjDk; jpwd;
mgptpUj;jpapy;/gapw;rpapy; gq;Fgw;wpapUf;fpwPh;fsh?
3. tpthfk;
- ePq;fs; tpthfkhdtuh?
- cq;fs; fzth; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy;/,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;jtuh?
- tpthfkhdtuhapd;> cq;fspd; tpthfk; vt;thW xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;lJ?
193
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
mJ cq;fspd;/ngw;Nwhhpd;/cwtpdhpd; tpUg;gg;gbah
ele;jJ?
cq;fSf;F cld; gpwe;jth;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fsh?
mth;fs; vd;d nra;fpd;wdh; - njhopy;?
mth;fs; vq;Nf trpf;fpd;wdh;?
mth;fs; tpthfkhdth;fsh?
Mnkd;why;> mth;fspd; tpthfq;fs; vt;thW xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;ld?
mth;fSf;Fg; gps;isfs; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fsh?
mth;fspd; gps;isfis mth;fs; vq;Nf gpurtpj;jhh;fs;?
4. tpthfkhfhjtuhapd;
- ePq;fs; tpthfk; nra;aj; jpl;;lkpl;bUf;fpd;wPh;fsh?
- Mnkd;why;> tpthfj;Jizth; vt;thW
Njbf;fhzg;gl;lhh;?
- cq;fs; fzth; vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;w ePq;fs;
vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wPh;fs;?
- tpthfj;jpd; gpd;dh; ePq;fs; vq;Nf trpg;gPh;fs;?
- tpthfj;jpd; gpd;dh; cldbahfg; gps;isfisg;
ngWtjw;F ePq;fs; vz;zpapUf;fpwPh;fsh?
- Mnkd;why; Vd;?
- ,y;iynad;why; Vd;?
- fUj;jil Kiwfs; gw;wp cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?
- Mnkd;why; VNjDk; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j ePq;fs;
vz;zpapUf;fpwPh;fsh - ve;j Kiwfis?
- ,y;iynad;why;> fUj;jil Kiwfs; gw;wp ePq;fs;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s tpUk;GfpwPh;fsh?
- mtw;iwg; gw;wp cq;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yf;$bath; ahnud;W
epidf;fpwPh;fs;?
5. tpthfkhdtuhapd;
-
cq;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; Kf;fpa KbTfs; vt;thW
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd c-k;: czTg; nghUl;fs; thq;Fjy;>
thlif> kUe;Jfs;> gps;isfspd; ghlrhiyr; nryTfs;>
ngUehl;fs; vd;git njhlh;gpy;? (mj;jifa
epfo;r;rpfSf;F kidtpah my;yJ fztuh my;yJ NtW
194
-
-
-
-
-
vtUkh nrytopg;gnjd;W jaT nra;J Nfl;lwpe;J

nfhs;sTk;)
Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; gw;wp ePq;fSk; cq;fs; fztUk;
xUtNuhnlhUth; fye;jhNyhrpf;fpd;wPh;fsh - cjhuzq;fs;
juTk;?
cq;fSf;Fk; cq;fs; fztUf;Fkpilapy; fUj;J
NtWghLfspUe;j tplaq;fs; cs;sdth?
me;j tplaq;fs; vit (FLk;gr; nryTfs;> nrhe;jr;
nryTfs;> nrhe;j cwtpdh;fisg; Ngha;g; ghh;j;jy;>
fUj;jilr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ
gad;gLj;jhJtpLjy;> fUj;jhpf;f Kbahik> Kiwaw;w
njhlh;G Mfpait)
,f; fUj;J NtWghLfspd; tpisthf cq;fSf;F/
fztUf;F vjpuhf cly; hPjpahd td;Kiw epfo;fpd;wjh?
ve;jsTf;F mbf;fb mj;jifa gpzf;Ffs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd?
mj;jifa gpzf;Ffs; vt;thW jPh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd?
6. ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk;
- ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhunkd;gJ vd;dntd;W ePq;fs;
epidf;fpwPh;fs;? (mth; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;ij
vt;thW tpsf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;shnud;gij
ntspf;nfhzh;tjw;F tphpthd xU fye;Jiuahliy
Cf;Ftpf;fTk;).
- ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhu tplaq;fs; gw;wpf;
$Ljyhd mwpTilath; ahnud;W cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?
- ,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuk; njhlh;ghd VNjDk; gpur;rpid
cq;fSf;fpUe;jhy; ePq;fs; itj;jpa cjtpf;fhfg;
Nghtjw;F mUfpy; xU fpspdpf; my;yJ itj;jparhiy
,Uf;fpd;wjhntd;W cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?
- mj;jifa xU ,lj;Jf;F ePq;fs; NghapUe;jhy; NtW
ahUldhtJ Nrh;e;J NghdPh;fsh? Mnkd;why;> ahUld;?
7. taJ $ba ngz;fSf;F
- cq;fSf;F khjtpyf;F xOq;fhf Vw;gLfpd;wjh?
- ,y;iynad;why; xOq;fw;w khjtpyf;Ffs; gw;wp
195
196
my;yJ cq;fSf;F khjtpyf;F epd;Wtpl;lijg; gw;wp

ahUldhtJ ePq;fs; fijj;jpUf;fpwPh;fsh?
mj;jifa xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; itj;jpa MNyhrid
my;yJ rpfpr;ir ngw;wpUf;fpwPh;fsh? Mnkd;why;>
ahhplk;. NkYk; me;j MSld; NgRtjw;F ePq;fs; Vd;
KbTnra;jPh;fs;?
cq;fs; khjtpyf;Ffs; Vd; khwptpl;ldntd;W
cq;fshy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $LkhapUe;jnjd;W ePq;fs;
epidf;fpwPh;fsh?
ePq;fs; mth;fisf; fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;dh; cq;fs;
khjtpyf;Ffs; gw;wpa gpur;rpid jPh;e;Jtpl;lnjd;W ePq;fs;
epidf;fpd;wPh;fsh?

மோதலின்போது கண்டுகொள்ளப்படாத இனப்பெருக்க உரிமைகள்

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மோதலின்போது கண்டுகொள்ளப்படாத இனப்பெருக்க உரிமைகள்

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njhz;Z}Wfspy; eilngw;w rh;tNjr khehLfs; chpikfspd;

,d milahsk;> th;f;fk; my;yJ rkar; rpWghd;ik vd;w gphpTfspd;

cWjpahd ngz;zpathj murpaYk; ngz;fspd; kdpj chpikfs;

kl;Lkd;wpr; r%f hPjpahf tpyf;fg;gl;lth;fshfTk; czT> ePh;>

,yq;ifapy; Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

me;j];JlDk; milahsq;fSlDk; rpf;fWf;f Kbahj tifapy;

,e;j tpyf;fy;? vd;w gue;j> $ba fl;likg;G hPjpahd Nfs;tpiaAk;

,e;j Ma;T ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,yq;ifapy; MAj

,ilaPLfSf;Fk; ngz;fspd; Fuy;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjd; %yk;

ghJfhg;G Kiwiknahd;Wf;fhd chpikia cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

,g;NghJ njspthf xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thuha;;r;rpapy;

1.1 ,dg;ngUf;f chpikr; rl;lfnkhd;iw Muha;jy;

elj;ij rhh;e;j r%f epakq;fSk; ghy;epiy cwTfspYs;s

nfhs;ifia tFj;jikj;jJld; ICPD ,y; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l nray;

1.2 Rfhjhur; Nritfspd; kPJ Kuz;ghl;bd; jhf;fj;ijf;

tpisthfg; ghuJ}ukhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJld;

hp.hp.< gpd;thq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh; SGI ,U jlitfs; Kiwg;gb

,lh;g;gl;Ls;sJ. FLk;gj;jpl;lkplw; NritfSk; Rfhjhuf; fy;tpr;

11. Nkw;$wpa mNj.

1.3 Njrpa Rfhjhuf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;

gw;wpa fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Clfg; gpur;rhuq;fisAk;

rpR ,wg;G tPjk; xt;nthU 1>000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;Fk;

jha; ,wg;G tPjk; xt;nthU 100>000 caph;g;gpwg;GfSf;Fk; 27.5

J}uj;jpypUe;J ghh;f;Fk; NghJk; tpNrlkhf mjd; njd;dhrpa

tpNuhjkhAs;s fUf;fiyg;G jhapd; ,wg;Gf;F Kjd;ikahd

NkYk;> ,yq;ifapy; ghy;epiy rhh;e;j td;KiwAk; ghypay;

1.4 Nkhjy; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngah;Tg; gpd;dzpfspy;

Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;Gr; Nritfs; njhlh;gpy; Kuz;ghl;lhy;

%yk; : SIHRN 2003. Njitfs; kjpg;gPl;L kjpg;gha;T.

tPjq;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.24 rpR ,wg;Gf;fhd Njrpar; ruhrhp MZf;F

2.0 ngz;fs; Clff; $l;likg;gpd;

kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epiyak;> aho;g;ghzk;.

tphpthd juTfisg; ngWtjpy; fhzg;gl;l rpukq;fspd; epkpj;jk;

2.1.1 gjpyspj;jth;fspd; ,dg; gfph;T

2.1.2 Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; taJg; gfph;T

ngz;fspd; tho;tpy; r%f hPjpahfTk; cly; hPjpahfTk; ngUk;ghyhd

2.1.3 Neh;fhzg;gl;lth;fspd; fy;tp kl;lk;

fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gj; njhlh;gpy; ,t;ntt;NtW khtl;lq;fspYKs;s

2.1.4 ngz;fspd; tpthf epiy

tpsf;fpf;fhl;baJ. khjphpapd; 21.25% tpthfkhfhj ngz;fshapUe;j

xl;L nkhj;jj;jpy; tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf

,dg;ngUf;fr; Rfhjhuj;Jf;Fk; chpikfSf;Fk;

2.2.1 G+g;nga;Jk; NghJ taJ

2.2.2 tpthfj;jpd; NghJ taJ

mk;ghiuapypUe;Jk; Gj;jsj;jpypUe;Jk; gjpyspj;jth;fs; Kw;W

27 ,d Kuz;ghl;bd; NghJ murhq;fk; rptpypad; Mz;fisf; nfhz;l gilg;gphpnthd;iw 'Ch;fhtw;

,f;fUj;Jf;Fr; rhd;Wfhl;b cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.28

khtl;lj;jpd; vy;iyf; fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s Mz;fs; Ch;f; fhtw;

2.2.3 KjyhtJ capiug; gpurtpf;Fk; NghJ taJ

taJf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lth;fshf ,Ue;jNghJ ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhf

Nkw;gb ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wthW> me;je;j khtl;lq;fspy; tpthfk;

2.2.4 fUj;jil gw;wpa mwpT

kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; gjpyspj;jth;fspy; 19.7% kl;Lk;

2.2.5 fUf;fiyT mDgtk;

,Ue;jJky;yhky; fpuhk kUj;Jtr;rpapd; MNyhridiaf; $l

kpfTk; cah;thdnjd;gJld; mjid Nkhrkhd ,dg;ngUf;fr;

2.2.6 KjyhtJ fUf;fiytpd; NghJ taJ

ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkf;Ff; fUf;fiyT Vw;gl;lNghJ