1 2 3 4 oo THEMES Topic 5 Coordinate geometry Distance between two points Gradient between two points Midpoint of two points Equation of a straight fi (a) gradient-intercept (b) point-gradient (c)_ two points Intersection of two lines Parallel, perpendicular Distance of a point to af FORMULA TEST 1 Using the points (x91) and (2,92), write down: (@) distance formula (b) gradiont © midpoint, (@) oquation of a line passing through (x, y:), with gradient m (©) equation between two points ‘Write down conditions for two lines with gradients m,, mg to be: (@) parallel (b) perpendicular Write the equation of a line with gradient m, and y-intercept of b. ‘Write down the formula for the distance from the point (x, y;) to the line ax+by+e=0. ‘The following formulas and results are likely to be used in solving questions in this topic. 1 @) d= ¥laq.- 2)? (y%)-y,)” &) m= Bo 3% © Gre (Ss) @ 2% =m or y-y= mem) =m @ 24-2 em Hom 2 (@) m= m, ©) mymy=-1 or m= = B ys mash geen he byte 4 d= |S oe im Son & UNIT MATHSCOORDINAT NSW HSC 2 Unit Math Question 1 (1989) Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the interval AB, where A= (2,5) and B= 4,4). Question 2 (1993) ‘he line Gx—hy = 4 passes through the Find the value of &. point (8,2). Question 3 (1985) ‘The vortices of the triangle OAB are the points 0(0, 0), A(, 2) and B,-D- (a) Draw a sketch diagram of the triangle. (b) The point on AB is such that OK is nd show the point K on your diagram. (o) Find the area of the triangle OAB. (@) The line through the point B, perpendicular te OA, meets KO produced at 8. Find the coordinates of S. (@) Verify that AS is perpendicular to OB- Question 4 (1986) ‘and (6,—4) respectively. (@) Find the length AB, and the gradient of AB. (by Show that the equation of the Line & draven through C parallel to AB is x-+29+2 = 0- (©) Find the coordinates of D, tho point where £ intersects the x-axis. (a) Find the perpendicular distance of the point A, from the line ¢. (e) Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. Question 5 (1987) ‘The points P and Qhave (4,3) respectively. (a) The line k has equation Verify that P lies on h. (b) The line # through @ has gradient + Show that the equation of € is x-8y+8 = 0- (@ The point of intersection of and £5 - Find the coordinates of R. coordinates (3,-2) and Ag+ 5y-2 = 0. HSC PAST PAPERS BY TOPIC ematics examination ques! perpendicular to AB. Find the coordinates of K, ‘The coordinates of the points A, B, C are (0,2), (4,0) E GEOMETRY Draw a neat sketch on a number plane showing P,Q, R,kand £. (@ Find the perpendicular distance of P from £- ‘Leave your answer as surd. (® Find the area of the triangle PQR. @) Question 6 (1988) Qis the point of intersection of the x-axis and ‘the line ¢ with equation 2x—By = 2. (a) On anumber plane draw the line 2, marking on it the point Q. (b) On your diagram, indicate the point P(4,2) which lies on 2, Draw the line k through P perpendicular to ¢. (©) Find the equation of the line &. (@) Without caleulating its coordinates, indicate a point R on h which is one unit from P. Mark the xight angle RPQ on your diagram. (@) Find the distance PQ. (® Find the area of the triangle QPR. (g Onyour diagram shade the region given by x 2 0, 2x~By 22 Question 7 (1989) Figure not to scale. ‘eguation ‘The line ¢ passes through C(-1,2) and has 6) and y = 2x44, The point B has coordinates ay the line AB is parallel to £ot COORDINATE GEOMETRY _ 44 Copy the diagram into your examination booklet and next to the points B and C write their coordinates. (ii) Find the length of the interval BC. (iii) Write down the slope ofthe line ¢ anduse your calculator to find the angle £ makes with the x-axis. Give your answer to the nearest degree. (iv) Show that AB has equation y = 22-8. (v) IfP is a point which lies on AB and on the line y=2, find the coordinates of P. (vi) Find the length of PC. ) On your diagram, draw the line PC and the perpendicular from B to PC. (viii) Find the area of the triangle PBC. Question 8 (1990) (i) Plot on a number plane the point A(4, 3) Draw the interval AO where O is the origi Gi) Plot the points B(0,~3) and C(4, 0) on your diagram. Gif) Show that the line BC has equation dy = 82-12. (iv) Show that OACB is a parallelogram. Give reasons. (v) Find the area of the parallelogram OACB. (vi) Calculate the length of the diagonal AB. “Question 9 (1991) (a) On anumber plane, mark the origin O and A(6, 0), B(B,4), and C(0, 10). Join A to B, B to C, and C to A. (b) Show that the line AB has equation 3y = 4x-20. 4 (©) Show that the gradient of the line BC is —}. ‘E @ Show that AB and BC are perpendicular. Hl (©) Show that the length of AB is 5 units. ® Show that triangles ACO and ACB are congruent. Give reasons. °(g) Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCO. © th) IED is the point (8, 0), caleulate the perpendicular ( distance of D from the line AB. Question 10 (1992) In the diagram P and Q have coordinates (-1, 0) and (1,6) and Z@PR = ZQRP = 8. Copy the diagram into your examination booklet, (a) Find the coordinates of the midpoint of PQ. (b) Show that PQ has equation y = 3x+3, (©) Show that tané = 3. (@) Show that the gradient of QR is —3. (©) Show that the equation of QR is 3x+ 9-9 = 0. (© Find the coordinates of R. (g) Find the perpendicular distance from P to QR. (h) On your diagram, shade in the region satisfying both the inequalities: yS8x+3 and Brty-920 Question 11 (1993) i) On a number plane, mark the origin O and the points A(2, 1) and B(3,-1). (ii) Find the gradients m, of OA and m, of AB. (iii) Show that OA is perpendicular to AB. (iv) Show that OA = AB. (v) Find the midpoint D of the interval OB. (vi) Find the coordinates of the point C such that Dis the midpoint of AC. (vii) What shape best describes the geometric figure OABC? 2UNITNATHSNOT TO SCALE AC, 0) a tho points A, B, and C have nordinates (9, (0,8), nc 7), a8 shown ia the diagram. The angle ebween the line AC and the x-axis i8 @- Copy this diagram into your Writing Booklet. (q) Find the gradient of the Line AC. (b) Caleulate the size of angle 9 in degrees. (c) Find the equation of the ine AC. (d) Find the coordinates of D, the midpoint of AC. {e) Show that AC is perpendicular to BD. (@) What does part, (e) show about ABC? (g) Find the area of ABC. (h) Write down the coordinates that ABCE is a rhombus. of a'point E such Question 18 (1995) yeaxis at LC, 0) and the ‘shown. Vis a point on the “2, and P is the point (0,8)- ‘Writing Booklet. ‘The tine £ cuts the ypaxis at (0, 3) a8 ine Copy the diagram into your (a) Find the equation of the line & 56 PAST PAPERS BY TOPIC by how that the point (16, 15) lies on the line & (@ By considering the lengths of ML. and MP, show that ALMP is isosceles. (@ Cateulate the gradient of the line PL. (@) Mis the midpoint of the interval LN. coordinates of the point V. (® Show that ZNPL isa right angle. (g) Find the equation of the circlo that passes through the points N, P, and L. Find the Question 14 (1996) ” ‘the line £ is shown in the diagram. It has equation +2y+8 = 0 and cuts the x-axis atA. ‘The line k has equation ¥ = -}2+6, and is not shown on the diagram. Copy or trace the diagram into your Writing Booklet. (a) Find the coordinates of A. (b) Explain why h is parallel to & (e) Draw the graph of f on your diagram, indicating where it cuts the axes. (@) Shade the region x+2y+8 < 0 on your diagram. (@) Write down a pair of inequalities which define the region between & and ¢ (© Show that P(8, 2) lies on h. (@ Find the perpendicular distance fromP to 6 (h) Q(4,~6) lies on & Show that @ is the point on 1 which is closest to P.1 Midpoint (x_, 9.) = (23, 2b) Z2 2 = (2Hc8 5s) = , 2 The point (3,2) satisfies the equation of the line sinee it lies on the line, 6(3)~ (2) = 4 (substitutex=3, y=2) 18-2k = 4 2k= 1d hel 8 @) Since OK LAB, mox = 1 (myny=-1) “+ equation OK through (0,0) and gradient = 1 (point~gradient form) ie, =x COORDINATE GEOMETRY—worked solutions to HSC 2 Unit Mathematics examination questions : [Easton rou pointe | suggcets using the “bwo-point Form. ‘UNIT MATHSPoint of intersestion K is obtained by 50 OK simultaneously. ye nee? and y=* ‘ x42 ax 2 eel yel 2. Kis the point (1, 0. fo aB= ema Ora) ~ {o-38+e-—9* ie ‘equations AB, [using equationy = -2+2 ox - \ezeibat ’ Fey | taroush (0,0) ie. s+ 7-2= 01 [HOMO =2 rae “fal (72 He 2 as ‘Area AOAB = $-AB.OK Ayah? = te = 8 units® (@) The line through B perp jg parallel to the x-axis, < its equation isy ‘The line meets KO produced at S. Solving simultaneously y= 1 and ¥=* eek york =, Shas coordinates (1-0. Now mas *™on = ax(-#)=-1 2. AS is perpendicular to OB. isc PAST PAPERS BY TOPIC 44 __ COORDINATE GEOMETRY rendicular to OA (the y-axis) 1COORDINATE GEOMETRY 45 4 @) AB= y(q-2)+(-9)" se iC(6, 4) = V4-0+0-2" _ = ied ie 20 2NB (b) Using the point~gradient form, 2=2% am (since AB]é, m= y+4=-Ha-6) ytd =-dat8 yeeti=0 2y+x42=0 ie, 2+2y42=0 (©) 2 intersects x-axis at D, thatis, y=0 (@) AP= e2O+2 24250 a2 ‘has coordinates (-2, 0). at A(0,2) 1) +2(2)+2 P42? 442 6 ied 5 ~ 648 _ EE SS units = wn (asing «+2y+2 = 0)46 _ COORDINATE GEOMETRY Cto the r-axis. (@) Let CN be perpendicular from ‘Area (quadrilateral ABCD) = area(SADB)+ area(ABCD) Agpep = 4.BD.04+3-BD.CN = $.BD(0A+CN) = F6@+-4) F0-6 ie. 7 Draw diagram marking |” By=-2 (a) If Plies on the line k, then += 220. satisfies the equation 42+ 5y a. Axe By—2 = 4@)+5C2)-2 12-10-2 0, which is true Plies on the line & 22% em =a +. through Q(1,8), and gradient m = 3 (bp) £/has equation of the form 3(y-8) = 2-1 ay-9=x-1 x-By+8=0 Ris cbtained by solving equations h and £ (©) The intersection simultaneously. ie. Ag+ 5y-2=0 —Oxs —Ox5 122+ Ly P.Q,k,and any new ‘Waltiply both sides by the ‘common denominator 3(x~1 yoo. $31) ‘Draw the line € on your diagrams. |”See erat eel COORDINATE GEOMETRY 47 ‘Substituting in @: -2-8748=0 ~8y+6=0 a y=2 + Rhas coordinates (-2,2) (@) Setting & and ¢ into gradient~intercept form, we have: ky d4aeby-2 = & x-By+8=0 7 By = 442 Bye ee8 ye 2 fork gm fes2d Sketch of P, @, R, k and £ precedes part (a). Teena een, (©) Distance A = [2% bys el fa? B® . [tpgcaes oP Ymca [3+6+8| | Ji+8 | 17, “Tie 1710 10 its © Distoncege = Yam) (92-94) = ¥[1- CaP (a-2)? =e oF = V5F1 = 10 units Areasron = fx QRx perp. ht. UNIT MATHS48 _ COORDINATE GEOMETRY. 6 (a) and(b) ” 2x~By = 2 ‘The intercepts of 2x-3y = 2 with the axes are: aty=0, 2x=2 atx=0, ~8y=2 soho gel y= thatis, at (1,0) and (0,-2) (©) Equation of is 2x~3y = 2 mad Since k is perp. to 4, m= -Bxs6 a Sx+8 (@ See diagram ©) PQ= Yea)" +(¥.-94) = {4-27 2-07 = f3?+2? = 13 units (® — Areagegr = FRP.PQ Heo PAST PAPERS BY TOPIC omen Rig unit from P220 = region to right of y-axis 2x-3y 22 => region below line ¢ ‘The required region is shown by cross-hatching. 7w@ 1, 90/ | fa rc Nya 2x44 B(1,—6) Gi) BC = Ima) HO2- 9)" = (i+ 6-27 = 4464 = V8 = 2V17 units Gil) has my= 2 Let @ be the angle ¢ makes with the x-axis, x m= tan =2 6 = 63-43...° = 63° (to nearest degree) COORDINATE GEOMETRY _4950 _ COORDINATE GEOMETRY Gv) Since 4 is parallel toAB, * me= Map (s) Since P lies on AB and y=2, it satisfies y = 2x-8 i 2=2x-8 2x = 10 ». Phas coordinates (8,2) (wi) PC = 5+|-I] 1 [ } (viii) Let be the foot of the perpendicular from B to PC. i 1 (since BN = j2-(-8)l = Gx6x8 = [246] — ~ = 8 units H i! = 24 units? i 8 G) and Gi) Ki (0,-8)B! (iii) Since equation BC passes through B, C, {tt Two pointe Band C, 0 | then 22% = = use the tro-point form ! zm eH i y-0 _ -3-0 | : = a4 0-4 Hc PAST PAPERS BY TOPIC3 Gv) +: OAs paralllel to BC. to the y-axis (¥) Areagacg = base x perp. height oBxoc = 8x4 = 12 units? WD AB = qa HOr- nF = {4-074 (3-CayP AG, 0) ‘The line through A and Chas equation v=. + OACB is a parallelogram (opposite pairs of sides parallel) ll COORDINATE GEOMETRY 54 4 and is parallel ‘UNIT MATHSgone (b) Equation AB: = (a Equation AB is By = 42-20 y= $x 63 ( Man il manag = 4x3) =s-1 :. AB is perpendicular to BC. (© dys = ea- ai +02- = ee = ore = ¥25 = 5 units (Inthe As OAC, ACB, ZCOA = ZABC (both 90%) OA = AB — (both 5 units) AC is common AOAC = AACB (RHS) (g) Inthe As OAC, ACB are congruent, areayoac = 8T°8acB areaqano = 2X Are0x0Ac = 2x$x OAK OC = 2x$x5x 10 = 50 units? HSC PAST PAPERS BY TOPICr COORDINATE GEOMETRY _ 53 (h) Let 17 be the foot of the perpendicular from D(8, 0) to AB(y = 41-20), AB has equation —4x+3y+20 = 0 dpy ~ [@ztbuate 7 |-4(8) + 8(0) +20] (43? |-82+20| Vi6+9 x12 ” |B = 6 = 24 units 10 + Yea, ++ midpoint of PQ has coordinates (0,8). I —) Equation PQ: 22% = Bo _ Boh nay et UNIT MATHS(©) Since gradient of y = 8248 183, meq = 8. But mpg = tane tan@ = 3 (@)_APQR is isosceles. Let NV be the foot of the perpendicular from Q. Nhas coordinates (1,0). . PN = NR = 2units = Rhas coordinates (8,0) ree men = 2 (e) Equation ren © Rhas coordinates (8, 0), as from part (@) above- (g) Let L be the foot of the perpendicular from P to QR oxy by te qatse 3-D+0-9 a sing 9x4 9-9 = 9) laczts| waxmsar PL = {Sc PAST PAPERS BY TOPIC a PEELE i |rt COORDINATE GEOMETRY 55 ch) “Lyi 3x+y-9 = 0 ‘Tho region y < 9x+3 is on and below the line Ly, (his can be tested by choosing a random point—say (0, 0).] ‘The region 3x+9~9 2 0 is on and above the line L,. (Test with a random point—say (0, 0).] ‘The required region is shown by cross-hatched shading. 1 @ GD) mg = 2B 2 eS 2 GH) mg X map = ee 2) ee +: OA is perpendicular to AB Go) AB=ea-aFeQr-n! —O4= ea-aaGn may = fe-3" G9 = ¥(2-0)?+ (1-0)? E = ore = Vari - tn : =Vid = 6 units = V5units ~ OA= 0B /() Gmdn) = (ES nin) -44) =o «+ D thas coordinates (14,~4) Gui) Since Dis the midpoint of AC, A and C are the end points | (eno) = (2055 2") Peer eee Qa 10) sane ha -Ca ) Saeed ; j Bt a dex 1p-—t ad -$--* — — ete gs2te and -1=1+9e i : See wert yo | 2. © has coordinates (1,~2) jarueabaaee (vit) Since OABC has a pair of equal adjacent sides at right angles to esch other and diagonals which bisect ‘each other, itis a equare. | 12 = 34° (to nearest degree) Ie Hi ° al 8 ale ale ele e : ny | (©) Equation AC: 22% =myo #% 8 p 2 u elo bs sc PAST PAPERS BY TOPICCOORDINATE GEOMETRY 57 ——. ornare corey _ 87 @. (ep, 9p) (©) mgp . BDis perpendicular to AC (Since Dis the midpoint of AC, and BD is perpendicular to AC, BDis the perpendicular bisector of AC and an axis of symmetry of ABC, AABC is isosceles. @ Aca eqn Oi-m BD = era Or—o = (7-1)? + (4-0 = ¥(0~-4)?+(-2)" =F Yea OF = V36+16 Vi6+36 : N52 1 = 2V18 units = 26 units* (h) Since ABCE is a rhombus, BE is a diagonal and D is the midpoint of the diagonal BE, = (ett, nian) - (p90) = (Seb, 20 | O+%, Stn) | s = (S48, 8498) | (42) = (3, 8 | x a= SE and j ‘ aps 8 and 4= 8495 Sa ; ne 2+ E has coordinates (8,-4) ; i ‘2UNT MATHSEquation Y2% = 24 (@) Hquatin # 2oSh = 2D = 2% (snes goede 3 yo tars (b) Apoint lies on a Jine if its coordinates satisfy the equation of the line. 1 ALG, 15, 18 = 206)+8 = 1248 =15 +. (16, 15) lies on the line & (Mb fqn“ = {0--47+@8-07 = {ese = W16e9 = 195 = Sunits MP = 8-8 = 5 units ‘ML = MP 2 ALMPis isosceles (@) mp, = 2e © @ @ toon) = (S55, 238.) 2 (0,8) = (Aaa, aa ) ~4+ay _ ON oo Oo 2 and B= 2 O=-4+xy and 6= 0+yy i ay =4 and yy= 6 2. Nhas coordinates (4,6) py = 222 2 4 ee 2 Now mp, x mpy = 2x(-3) = -1 .. PL is perpendicular to PN ie. 2NPL isa right angle Since ZNPL is a right angle, it is the angle in a semicircle standing on NZ as diameter, with the midpoint M as centre, radius MN. Equation of circle: (x~)*+(y~h)® =r? where (h, #) is centre (0, 3) and radius r is MN'= 5 units OP +-3) = 5% 2349-3)" = 25 . Equation ie. x4+2(0)48 = 0 x4+8=0 © COORDINATE GEOMETRY _59 Suspect that gradients wil be levolved. “| (@) Which point isthe centre? What is the length of the radius? ‘UNIT MATHS50 So0nONATE GEOMETRY (p) Theline £ has equation x+2y+8=0 ; ay = ie oF the line k has gradient m, = -} (from y Since my = My 1. kis parallel to £ (©) Reouts the axes at: Gj) yraxis when x= 0 y=-ZO48 ” Gi) x-axis when y=0 pete y=6 a i.e, at 0,6) 7 ie. at (12,0) See diagram above (a). @ Choose a point at random, say (0,0), and test the inequality x+2y48 $0 2 0+20)+8 <0 . 8 $0, which is false “. the region lies on and below the line #+2y+8 = (e) ‘Tae required region must lie above the line 2, that is #+2y+8 > 0, and below the line & a x46 yer n ay <-atl2 ie x+2y-12<0 “required region is {x+29+8 > 0} 9 {x+2y-12 < 0} (© Apoint lies on a line if its coordinates satisfy the equation of the Tine. ‘he line & has equation P(,2) implies 2 = -3(8)+6 =-446 = 2, which is true «, P(G,2) lies on the line k. a fe+s, sc PASTPAPERS BY TOPICCOORDINATE GEOMETRY 64 by+e| _ [8+2@+8 (®) Distance P to é ee = ee ate oF 9? = 20 Bw _ 20 VE We _ 20V5 “8 = 4V6 units 7 (h) PQ= era +02- oF oY ee = ¥(8-4)*+ (2-6)? = fare = 6+ = ¥80 = 46 units Since P@ is the same length as the perpendicular distance | mmo from P to 2, Q must be the closest point,