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Acetic Acid in Vinegar
Acetic Acid in Vinegar
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This experiment was carried out to determine the molarity of a solution and the
percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide.
Titration is a laboratory technique applied to study the acid-base reaction quantitatively.
Titration is typically used to determine the concentration of a solution. In most titration, a
standardized solution of base, with a known concentration, is added slowly to an acid
solution; whose concentration is to be determined. A known volume of the acid solution is
placed in a flask, then, the standardized solution of base is added slowly to the flask from a
burette.
Acid-base titration is a method of neutralization process which provides information
regarding the properties as well as nature of either acid or base applied during the process.
Likewise, it is useful to determine the molecular mass and pKa values of the substances. The
end-point of such titration can be monitored by using indicators or as what is used in this
experiment, a pH meter with electrodes. A titration curve is a graph of measured pH values
obtained from pH meter readings versus volume of titrant being added in millimetres.
Basically, the most important information that is supposed to be obtained from acid-base
titration is the equivalence point. The equivalence point is theoretically reached when the
number of moles of base being added into the Erlenmeyer flask is equal to the number of
moles of acid. It occurs in the titration curve in the region where there is a large
and noticeable change in pH with a relatively small change in volume of titrant.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
2.1 To determine the molarity of a solution
2.2 To determine the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration with a
standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
3.0 THEORY
C H 3 COOH
The equivalence point: it occurs when all the moles of H+ ions present in the
original volume of acid solution have reacted with an equivalent number of moles
ii-
In calculation involving acid-base titration, regardless of the acid or base that takes part in the
reaction, keep in mind that the total number of moles H + ions that have reacted at the
equivalence point must be equal to the total number of moles of OH - ions that have reacted.
The number of moles of an acid in a certain volume is given by
molarity ,M =
The percent by mass (mass percent, mass %) is the fraction by mass expressed as a
percentage. It can be defined as
massof solute
100
mass of solution
4.0 APPARATUS
5.0
METHODOLOGY
5.1
Standardization of
sodium hydroxide solution
5.1.1
In a beaker, a
of
approximately
sodium hydroxide solution
was prepared from
of solid
.
5.1.2
In another empty
beaker,
a
of
was weighed. Then, 300mL of distilled water was added into the
beaker. The solution was stirred until the
had completely
dissolved.
5.1.3
The
addition of
5.1.5
A graph of
versus
solution in each
The molarities of
5.1.7
beaker
of
to
, was added.
value reached
neutral.
5.2.3
After the
of
was
5.2.4
recorded.
Steps 1 to 3 were repeated twice more.
5.2.5
A graph of
versus
5.2.7
calculated.
The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration was calculated.
5.2.8
The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1, 2 and were
5.2.9
calculated.
The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar was calculated.
6.0 RESULTS
6.1 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution.
Table 6.1.1: Volume of NaOH Solution Added into KHP Solution and pH Values of Solutions
pH
volume of NaOH (mL)
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
0.00
4.68
4.74
4.77
1.00
4.86
4.95
4.99
2.00
5.04
5.16
5.18
3.00
5.23
5.34
5.34
4.00
5.39
5.48
5.53
5.00
5.54
5.62
5.64
6.00
5.68
5.76
5.81
7.00
5.82
5.9
5.92
8.00
5.97
6.06
6.07
9.00
6.18
6.24
6.26
10.00
6.40
6.51
6.5
11.00
6.82
6.92
7.04
12.00
12.01
12.12
12.29
13.00
12.69
12.78
NA
Table 6.1.2: Mass of KHP and Volume of NaOH Solution needed to neutralize KHP Solution
Titration 1
1.5013
Titration 2
1.5072
Titration 3
1.5020
12.0000
12.0000
12.0000
pH
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
0.00
3.32
3.39
3.36
2.00
4.06
3.78
3.75
4.00
4.37
4.23
4.25
6.00
4.58
4.49
4.50
8.00
4.74
4.66
4.68
10.00
4.88
4.80
4.81
12.00
5.06
4.93
4.97
14.00
5.17
5.05
5.09
16.00
5.28
5.16
5.20
18.00
5.38
5.27
5.31
20.00
5.50
5.40
5.43
22.00
5.64
5.55
5.58
24.00
5.73
5.66
5.70
26.00
5.88
5.85
5.83
28.00
6.04
6.00
5.98
30.00
6.28
6.13
6.16
32.00
6.74
6.50
6.56
34.00
11.56
7.28
7.19
36.00
NA
12.71
12.53
Table 6.2.2: Volume of NaOH Solution needed to neutralize Acetic Acid Solution.
Titration 1
Titration 2
Titration 3
34.00
36.00
36.00
Volume of NaOH
solution required to
neutralize vinegar
(mL)
7.0 CALCULATIONS
6
4
2
0
1
10
11
12
13
14
12.00
10.00
8.00
pH
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
For Titration 1;
(i)
No. of moles of
no.of molesof KH C 8 H 4 O 4=
KHC 8 H 4 O4
1.5013g KH C8 H 4 O4
1
204 gmol KH C 8 H 4 O4
KNaC 8 H 4 O4
and 1 mol of
7.35910 molNaOH
molarity=
=7.359 10 mol KH C8 H 4 O4
KHC 8 H 4 O4
(ii)
and NaOH;
H2O
. Then;
1mol NaOH
1molKH C8 H 4 O4
(iii)
For Titration 1;
Graph 7.2 shows that 10.00mL of aliquot vinegar required 27.50mL of
0.698M standardized NaOH solution to reach equivalence point of titration.
Assuming that the density of the vinegar solution is 1.00gmol-1.
(i)
0.698mol NaOH
1 Lsolution
27.50mL solution
1 Lsolution
1000mL solution
)(
0.698mol NaOH
(0.0275Lsolution)
1 Lsolution
(ii)
No. of moles of
C H 3 COOH
C H 3 COO
C H 3 COOH
0.019molC H 3 COOH
1molC H 3 COOH
1mol NaOH
(iii)
molarity=
molarity=
Molarity of
C H 3 COOH
solution;
10.00 mL solution
1L solution
1000 mL solution
0.019molC H 3 COOH
0.01 Lsolution
1.9M C H 3 COOH
(iv)
7.2.2
(i)
(ii)
1g solution
=10 gsolution
1mL solution
mass percent=
massof solute(g)
100
massof solution(g)
(iii)
For titration 1;
massof C H 3 COOH=
1.9molC H 3 COOH
60 gC H 3 COOH
1Lsolution
10.00mL solution
1 Lsolution
1000mL solution 1molC H 3 COOH
)(
)(
1.14 gC H 3 COOH
mass percent of C H 3 COOH=
(iv)
1.14 g
100 =11.4
10.00g
11.8 C H 3 COOH
(11.4+12.0+12.0 )
3
8.0 DISCUSSIONS
The experiment was carried out to; first determine the molarity of a solution and;
second was to find the mass percent of acetic acid (
C H COOH
Molarity ( M )=
Then, second titration was held. This time it was between standardized NaOH
solution and vinegar. Standardized NaOH solution was added slowly into vinegar. From this
titration, the molarity of acetic acid and the amount of acetic acid contained in vinegar can be
calculated. The steps to find the amount of acetic acid in vinegar are;
iii-
iii-
iv-
molarity ( M ) =
C H 3 COOH
C H 3 COOH
solution
v-
mass percent =
C H 3 COOH
in vinegar by;
massof solute(g)
100
massof solution(g)
During the experiment, there was a misunderstood of the procedure of the experiment.
It was supposed to be; the second titration had to be repeated for 3 (three) times to get 3 sets
of titrations. However, it was only done once; 1 (one) set of titration with 3 readings of
volume of NaOH and pH of solution. To solved this, the procedure for the second titration
had been redone; but with a new standard NaOH solution. Therefore, the final result of this
experiment could be doubted. This mistake should be avoided by understanding the
methodology of the experiment before carrying out an experiment.
9.0 CONCLUSION
9.1 The molarity of acetic acid solution is 1.97M
9.2 The mass percent of acetic acid in vinegar is 11.8%
10.0
RECOMENDATION
10.1 To ensure that there is no bubble trapped at the tip of the burette when filling it
with NaOH solution.
10.2 Avoid making parallax error.
11.0
APPENDIX
11.1
KHC 8 H 4 O4
and NaOH;
no.of molesof KH C 8 H 4 O 4=
1.5072g KH C8 H 4 O4
204 gmol1 KH C 8 H 4 O4
produced 1 mole of
KNaC 8 H 4 O4
KHC 8 H 4 O4
and 1 mol of
H2O
7.38810 molNaOH
Molarity of NaOH solution;
molarity=
=7.388 10 mol KH C8 H 4 O4
. Then;
1mol NaOH
1mol KH C8 H 4 O4
KHC 8 H 4 O4
no.of molesof KH C 8 H 4 O 4=
and NaOH;
1.5020g KH C8 H 4 O4
1
204 gmol KH C 8 H 4 O4
KNaC 8 H 4 O4
KHC 8 H 4 O4
and 1 mol of
H2O
. Then;
1mol NaOH
1molKH C8 H 4 O4
7.36310 molNaOH
Molarity of NaOH solution;
molarity=
(i)
0.698mol NaOH
1 Lsolution
28.00mL solution
1 Lsolution
1000mL solution
)(
0.698mol NaOH
(0.028Lsolution)
1 Lsolution
(ii)
No. of moles of
C H 3 COOH
0.020molC H 3 COOH
(iii)
molarity=
molarity=
Molarity of
C H 3 COOH
10.00 mL solution
1L solution
1000 mL solution
solution;
C H 3 COOH
and 1
C H 3 COO
1molC H 3 COOH
1mol NaOH
0.020molC H 3 COOH
0.01 Lsolution
2.0 MC H 3 COOH
11.2.2 Mass percent of
massof C H 3 COOH=
C H 3 COOH
for Titration 2;
2.0molC H 3 COOH
60 gC H 3 COOH
1Lsolution
10.00 mLsolution
1 Lsolution
1000mL solution 1molC H 3 COOH
)(
1.20g
100 =12.0
10.00g
)(
0.698mol NaOH
1 Lsolution
28.50mL solution
1L solution
1000mL solution
)(
0.698mol NaOH
(0.0285Lsolution)
1 Lsolution
(ii)
No. of moles of
C H 3 COOH
C H 3 COOH
and 1
C H 3 COO
1molC H 3 COOH
no.of molesof C H 3 COOneutralizedby NaOH =0.020mol NaOH
1mol NaOH
0.020molC H 3 COOH
(iii)
Molarity of
C H 3 COOH
solution;
molarity=
molarity=
0.020molC H 3 COOH
0.01 Lsolution
2.0 MC H 3 COOH
11.2.4 Mass percent for Titration 3;
massof C H 3 COOH=
2.0molC H 3 COOH
60 gC H 3 COOH
1Lsolution
10.00 mLsolution
1 Lsolution
1000mL solution 1molC H 3 COOH
)(
1.20g
100 =12.0
10.00g
)(