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Metodo Di Fraser and Wardle
Metodo Di Fraser and Wardle
1.
Bowles, J. E. (1988). Foundation Analysis and Design, 4th ed., McGraw Hill, 1004p.
Coduto, D. P. (1994). Foundation Design - Principles and Practices, Prentice Hall, 796p.
Das, B. M. (1995). Principles of Foundation Engineering, 3rd ed., PWS Publ. Co., 828p.
Fang, H.-Y. (ed.) (1991). Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, 923p.
Fraser, R. A. and Wardle, L. J. (1976). Numerical Analysis of Rectangular Rafts on Layered
Foundations. Gotechnique, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 613630.
Tomlinson, M. J. (1986). Foundation Design and Construction, 5th ed., Longman, 842p.
Zhang, B. Q. and Small, J. C. (1991). Finite Layer Analysis of Soil-Raft Interaction. Research
Report, University of Sydney, 66p.
INTRODUCTION
As mentioned previously, the design of foundations must include assessment of at least the
following three criteria: (i) bearing capacity; (ii) settlement; and (iii) construction and economic
feasibility.
2.
*
Estimate the preliminary allowable bearing pressure, qall
, from Table 1.1 (Bearing Capacity of
Shallow Foundations Lecture Notes) based on the underlying foundation material, such that:
*
qall
=
2.
qu
FS
(2.1)
Determine the width of a square footing, B, or the diameter of a circular footing, D, dependent
*
, such that:
on qall
B=
where:
P
(square footings), D =
*
qall
4P
(circular footings)
*
qall
(2.2)
3.
Perform a bearing capacity analysis on the smallest of the proposed footings and calculate the
maximum allowable bearing pressure, qall(bearing);
4.
Perform a settlement analysis on the largest of the proposed footings and calculate the
maximum allowable bearing pressure, qall(settlement) , that keeps the settlement within tolerable
limits;
5.
Determine the design allowable bearing pressure, qall , which is the lower of qall(bearing) and
qall(settlement) .
Example 2.1:
A proposed building is to have column loads which vary between 130 and 1000 kN. The underlying
foundation material is a medium-dense sand. If the allowable total settlement is 15 mm, determine
the allowable bearing pressure for 0.5 m deep, square footings. (Assume that c = 0, = 35 and =
18 kN/m3, s = 0.5, Es = 50 MPa).
Solution:
1. From Table 1.1 (Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations Lecture Notes): for medium-dense
sand, qu = 300 kPa. Choosing FS = 3:
*
qall
=
300
= 100 kPa
3
2. B =
P
130
=
1.1 m ;
*
qall
100
B=
P
1,000
=
3.2 m
*
qall
100
3. Determine allowable bearing pressure for 1.1 m square footing. Using Terzaghis equation:
qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4BN = 0 + 18 0.5 41.4 + 0.4 18 1.1 42.4 = 0 + 372.6 + 335.8
qu = 708.4 kPa.
qall ( bearing ) =
708.4
= 236.1 kPa
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4. Determine settlement for 3.2 m square footing. Using Equation (4.1) from Loading Induced
Stresses and Displacements Lecture Notes:
qB
1 2 ) Is . From Loading Induced Stresses and Displacements Lecture Notes: Is = 0.82
(
E
for average settlement of a rigid square footing and Is = 0.95 for average settlement of a flexible
square footing. Taking the average of these 2 values, Is = 0.90.
si =
q=
si E
15 50
=
= 0.347 MPa = 347 kPa
2
B(1 ) Is 3,200 (1 2 ) 0.9
5. Therefore, qall is smallest of qall(bearing) and qall(settlement) , and rounding down to the nearest 25 mm:
3.
The structural design of strip, or continuous, footings is very similar to that of pad footings. The
width of the strip footing is chosen to satisfy bearing capacity and settlement criteria, and the depth
of the footing is determined to satisfy beam shear requirements (Warner et al., 1989). The flexural
steel reinforcement is evaluated assuming that the strip footing undergoes one-way bending, a one
metre length being designed as a double cantilever.
4.
Mat foundations are designed so that bearing capacity failure does not occur and so that settlements,
particularly differential settlements, are maintained within acceptable limits. Tables 4.1 and 4.2
show typical acceptable differential settlements and deflection ratios ( / L), respectively.
Table 4.1
Criterion
Angular distortion (cracking)
Greatest differential settlement:
Clays
Sands
Maximum settlement:
Clays
Sands
Table 4.2
Isolated Footings
1 / 300
Mat Foundations
1 / 300
40
30
40
30
60
50
60 100
50 70
Mat, or raft, foundations rarely fail as the result of bearing capacity failure because of their
relatively large width. However, bearing capacity might be important with cohesive soils, especially
if undrained conditions apply. Bearing capacity is assessed using the techniques detailed in the
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations lecture notes.
The design of a mat foundation built on a soil involves both the behaviour of the supporting soil and
of the mat itself, and so a full soil-structure interaction analysis is necessary. Often, sophisticated
computer packages are used to model the behaviour of the concrete mat on the underlying soil. The
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simplest way to account for the deformation of the soil is to assume that the pressure at any point on
the surface of the soil is proportional to the deformation of the soil at that point. This results in the
Winkler model (1867) which, in effect, treats the soil as a series of springs, as shown in Figure 4.1.
While affording a relatively simple means of obtaining the deformation response of the soil, the
Winkler model neglects the interaction of one spring with another and, therefore, does not treat the
underlying soil as a true continuum. An alternative and improved approach is to treat the soil as an
elastic continuum. Fraser and Wardle (1976) used finite elements to model rectangular rafts of
dimensions l b (such that l > b), supported by a homogeneous isotropic layer of thickness d resting
on a rigid base, as shown in Figure 4.2.
The authors generated a series of graphical solutions, as shown in Figures 4.3 to 4.11. The charts
are based on the following relationships:
Stiffness factor, K:
where:
K=
Er
r
Es
s
t
2
3
4 Er (1 vs ) t
3 Es (1 vr2 ) b 3
(4.1)
= pb
p
I
(1 v ) I
2
s
Es
(4.2)
Note: and I have the following typical subscripts: A, B and C associated with central
settlement (point A, Fig. 4.3), mid-edge settlement (point B, Fig. 4.3) and C corner settlement
(point C, Fig. 4.3), respectively; and AB and AC associated with differential settlement between
the centre and mid-edge, and the centre and corner, respectively.
Figure 4.3 Settlement influence factors, I. (Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
m = plb M
(4.3)
where:
si
where:
msi
(4.4)
(4.5)
Figure 4.4 Bending moment influence factors, M. (Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
Example 4.1
Consider a square raft foundations of dimensions 10 m 10 m and 0.5 m thick, subject to a uniform
load of 100 kPa resting on a soil layer of thickness d = 40 m. The raft properties are as follows: Er =
15,000 MPa, r = 0.2 and the soil properties are: Es = 81.9 MPa, s = 0.3. Determine (a) the central
settlement, (b) the differential settlement between the centre and the mid-edge of the raft, and (c) the
maximum bending moment.
Figure 4.5 Settlement correction factor, S (l/b = 1): (a) s = 0; (b) s = 0.3; (c) s = 0.5.
(Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
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Figure 4.6 Settlement correction factor, S (l/b = 2): (a) s = 0; (b) s = 0.3; (c) s = 0.5.
(Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
8
Figure 4.7 Bending moment correction factor, R (l/b = 1): (a) s = 0; (b) s = 0.3; (c) s = 0.5.
(Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
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Figure 4.8 Bending moment correction factor, R (l/b = 2): (a) s = 0; (b) s = 0.3; (c) s = 0.5.
(Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
10
Figure 4.9 Settlement influence factors, IA (l/b 5): (a) d/b = ; (b) d/b = 1.
(Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
Figure 4.10 Differential settlement influence factors, IAB , IAC , IAD , (3 l/b 5):
(a) d/b = ; (b) d/b = 1. (Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
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Solution:
Firstly, calculate K:
2
3
2
3
4 Er (1 vs ) t
4 15,000(1 0.3 ) 500
From Equation (4.1): K =
=
= 0.0289
3 Es (1 vr2 ) b 3 3 81.9(1 0.2 2 )10,000 3
(a)
(1 v ) I
= pb
2
s
Es
Asi
100 10 (1 0.32 )
81.9 10 3
1.10 = 12.2 mm
From Fig. 4.5(b), with l / b = 1, d / b = 40/10 = 4 (i.e. b / d = 0.25), and s = 0.3, SA = 0.88.
From Equation (4.4): A = SA Asi = 0.88 12.2 = 10.8 mm
(b)
From Fig. 4.3, with K = 0.0289, IAB = 0.26. Therefore ABsi = 2.9 mm
From Fig. 4.5(b), SAB = 1.00. Thus AB = 2.9 mm
(c)
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4.1
The charts given in 4 deal with a raft foundation resting on a single soil layer. As we know, the
majority of situations involve multi-layered soil profiles. Fraser and Wardle (1976) suggested the
following method for dealing with multi-layered soil profiles.
1. The total settlement, , and the maximum bending moment, m, are calculated by means of
Equations (4.1) and (4.2), using equivalent elastic parameters, E s* and , where E * = E (1 2 ) .
2. The equivalent elastic parameters are calculated by using the following relationships:
(1 v ) I ( z)
( z ) = pb
2
where:
(z)
I(z)
(4.6)
Es
is the vertical settlement at depth, z, below the centre of a
uniformly loaded, square, flexible raft; and
is shown plotted in Figure 4.12.
n
1
1 I i
=
*
*
Es
i =1 Ei I total
n
= i
i =1
I i
I total
(4.7)
(4.8)
3. The task of determining E s* is simplified by plotting values of 1 Ei* using a horizontal scale
which is linear with respect to I(z), but for convenience is labelled with values of z/b, as shown
in Figure 4.13. The value of 1 E * is then simply the average value of 1 Ei* weighted according
to the special horizontal scale.
4. The average Poissons ratio, , is calculated in the same way, that is, by plotting n against z/b,
using the special scale.
Figure 4.12 Vertical settlement influence factor, I(z). (Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
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Figure 4.13 Variation of 1 Ei* with depth z/b. (Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
Example 4.2
Using the same situation as in the previous example, except that, in this case, the soil is multilayered, as shown in Figure 4.14, determine (a) the central settlement, (b) the differential settlement
between the centre and the mid-edge of the raft, and (c) the maximum bending moment.
Figure 4.14 Details of Example 4.14. (Source: Fraser and Wardle, 1976.)
14
Solution:
Plot 1 E * to special scale. For example:
Layer 1:
Layer 2:
Area =
1.12 0.14
= 90.0 MPa
0.01088
Geotech3_LS8_Shallow Foundations.doc
2006, M. B. Jaksa
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