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    93 views12 pages

    SPE 28845 Modelo Pozo Horizontal Fracturado Prosper PDF

    Uploaded by

    JakyJohansen

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SPE 28845 Productivity of Multifractured Horizontal Wells T.M. Hegre, Petec A/S, and Leif Larsen, Statoll AS (9PE Members ‘Abstract ‘Accurate methods are presented to determine the productivity of mukifactured horizontal wells with transverse Or longitudinal fractures. Charis combined with a simple expression give the relationship between the effective wellbore radius and facture condoctvty, frectue size, wellboe radius, number of fractures and distance between the fractures as dimensionless parameters "The effectiveness of mulifractured horizontal wells is ithstraed by 2 variety of examples, with well reponse compared to non-factured vertical and horizontal wells and to fractured vertical wells. It was identified that stimulating hocizoaal wells is favourable in thick formations and in reservoirs with low vertical to horizontal permeability ratio. In particular, it is shown that the poteatial. productivity of horizontal welsstimolated by transverse fractures is higher than for wells stimulated hy longitinal fractures, However, 4 ou fracture conductivity has a much more adverse effect on transverse fractures compared longitudinal fractures. The of the number of fractures and especially the distance between the fractures also is demonstrated. Some ‘exiting analytical solutions ae also discussed and comparisons are made with results from this paper. Introduction ‘The production trom relatively tight formations may be ‘substantially improved by stimulation (acid treatments / ‘nydmliclly fracturing) or horizontal driling. The interest and performance of horizontal drilling and completions has increased during the last decade. Horizontal wells are advantageous compared to vertical wells in thin reservoirs, reservoirs with favourable vertical permeability anisotropy and reservoirs With water and gas coning problems. To further improve horizontal well productivity, dhe well may be fractured at several locations along. the horizontal section. Multiple fractaring of horizontal wells has been shown to be both viable and succesful approach to increase productivity. 2 ‘The effect of hydraulic fractures on the transient pressure behaviour has been studied extensively during the last decades. GGringaten et a3 presented type curves and basic equations for vertical well intercepting vertical fracture with infinite conductivity or uniform fx. Infinite conductivity implies 20 pressure drop in the fracturc, and hence applic oily t highly conductive fractures, During the pecudorndal flow period a fractured well hehaves ike an unfractured well with an suugmented effective wellbore radius. For an infinite- ‘conductivity fracture, the effective wellbore radius is shown to be approximately half the fracture half length. ‘Cinco-Ley et al and Cinco-Ley and Samaniego presented ‘general solutions for the transient pressure behaviour for a vertical well intercepted by a finite-conductvity vertical fracture. They showed that for dimensionless fimtue ‘conductivities equal to or greater than 300, the finte- condecivity solutions are forall practical purposes identical to the infinite-conductivity vertical fracture solution. Prats® introduced a correlation between effective wellbore radius and dimensionless fracture conductivity. Schults? evaluaied the effect of limited flow entry in vertical wells with a finte- conductivity fracture. Soliman ef al® presented simular ‘equations fora horizontal well intercepted by a transverse inite- conductivity fracture, Larsen and Hegre? reported gencral solutions for multifectured horizontal wells. Laplace- transformed solutions for the presture transient behaviour of both iransverse and longitudinal finite-conductivty fractures 393 2 PRODUCTIVITY OF MULTIFRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELLS intercepted by « horizontal well were presented. The solutions ‘were semi-analytical and similar to the Cinco-Ley approach for fractured vertical wells. ‘Some authors have presented productivity indices and compared the production performance of vertical and horizoata nonfractired and fractured wells. Giger! reported ‘rodictivities for horizontal wells and fractured vertical wells ‘under steady state conditions. The hydraulic fractures were ‘assumed to have infinite conductivity. Kacher et al! studied production increase from muliple fracturing of a horizontal ‘well. A numerical simulator was used and the fractures were ‘sumed to have infinite conductivity. Mukherjee and Economides!? compared the performance ofa fully completed horizontal well, a stimolated horizonlal well wih tausyers: fractres and adel fractured vertical wel. Both eady state and the Cinco-Ley solutions were used. Guo and Evan: derived analytical pseudosicady state inflow performance ‘equations for » horizontal well intercepting sparsely distributed non-interectng fractures. Each ofthese approaches have some limitations based onthe assumptions used. ‘his study is based on the accurie transient pressure solutions presented by Larsen and Hegre’. Charts of dimensionless effective wellbore radius for single and mult- fractured horizontal wells have been prepared based on the pressure behaviour in the parudoradial flow period. Both transverse and longitudinal fractures ore considered. The computed dimensionless effective wellbore radius is valid under pseudoradial flow, steady siato and psevdosteady state flow provided the reservoir drainage radius is on the order of the stimulated wellbore length or larger © ‘Basic Equations for Finite-Conductivity Fracture Flow For the basic derivations the reservoir is sssumed isotropic and unbounded in all directions. The reservoir Hud is slighily compressible with constant compressibility c, and viscosity j. ‘The porous medium has permeability k, porosity ¢ and inital pressure pj. The horizontal well ia intercepted by fractures of permeability ky width ws, porosity ¢p and total compressibility °F craasvere fates (ctr orientation is perpendicular o ‘wellbore direction) are assumed circular and longitudinal fractures (fracture direction coincides with wellbore direction) ‘re assumed rectangular. For both circular and rectangular fractures, Laplace-ransformed solutions for uniformefiux fractures in unbounded 3D reservoirs are developed. These are resco in un integral sting fom solutions for ow tow point in an unbounded 3D reservoir. The approach taken to generate basic solutions for flow to finiteconductivity fractures intercepted by a horizontal wellbore follows that of Cinco-Ley tal, except that different basic solutions are involved. That i, fractires ere subdivided and flow from the formation to each fracture part is determined numerically such that necessary continuity conditions in pressure and flux are satisfied. The solutions developed in terms of Laplace transforms are numerically inveried to real time with te Siehfest* algorithm. ‘Upper and lower boundaries of the formation, ether no-flow oF ‘SPE 28845 ‘constant pressure, are generated by straightforward image-well techniques. The same approach is used to add fractures along the wellbore, either with the fracture plane in line with of Perpendicular to the wellbore. For circular fractures it is assumed that te wellbore 1s not perforated outside points of fracture interception. A detailed decivation of the solutions is siven in Rot. 9. ‘Transverse Finite-Condictivty Vertical Practare For a single transverse fracture the general solution forthe wellbore flowing pressure pcan be expressed in form? AKAD, — Pag) Bu ‘where pp represents the dimensionless pressure drop and = PaaltyMoFarrorte) ay —, Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture For a single longitudinal fracture the general solution for the wellbore flowing pressure yg? 2xkh(D, - Py) = Peolbey Mo» Bu Peltor where tpn Fepy Mg and hp are given by Eqs. 2, 3,4, and 6 with replaced by x nd x, a ® denotes dimensionless fracture haf-length along the wellbore. SPE 28845 » Horizontal Well intercepted by a Single Fracture ‘A. comprehensive evaluation of the wanslent pressure ‘behaviour of « horizontal well intercepted by a transverse or longitudinal fracture ie given by Lareen and Hogre.!® Based on similar approach, the dimensionless effective wellbore radius is enublished from the transient pressure behaviour in the pteudoradil flow period. ‘Transverse Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture ‘The general behaviour ofa horizontal well intercepted by a circular transverse finite-conductvity fracture is shown in Fig. 1. The log-log graph of both the dimensionless wellbore presture Py (solid line) ond the pressure derivative (dashed line) is shown for dimensionless fracture conductivity Fap ranging from 1 to 1000. The dimensionless radiut rp = 0.001 ‘td the dimensionless height hp = 2. ‘An examination of Fig. 1 shows thatthe transient behaviour includes several flow regimes, Initially the flow is fracture radial, characterised by a constant pressure derivative. After a transition period the system may exhibit a redal-tinear flow period, also characterised by a constant pressure derivative oF @ formation linear flow period charocterised by a halfslope straight line in pressure derivatives. For highly conductive fractures the formation linear flow period will develop. The length ofthe formation linear flow period is proportional to the dimensionless fracture conductivity. For Fp values less than 100 the radiah-linear flow period is evident im the dat In all cases the system eventually reaches the pseudoradial flow period with constam. pressure derivatives equal to 0.5. In the ‘pseudoradial flow period the dimensionless pressure is strongly influenced by the dimensionless fracture conductivity for Fay values ess than 100, More detailed information regarding the ‘pressure transient behaviour is provided in Ref. 18. ing pseudoredial flow the dimensionless pressure ‘homogenous reservoir with a skin factor accounting for the effect of the fracture. The expression for the dimensionless wellbore pressure is Poo =4(ln$g- +0007) shark fo o ‘An effective wellbore radiu is defined to include the skin effect ofthe fracture Tw =e 0) ‘The dimensionless effective wellbore radius two = ve (11) is a function of dimensionless fracture conductivity Fp. ‘dimensionless wellbore radius ry and dimensionless thickness ‘hp, Tous, during the pseudoradial flow period, a fractured well ‘THOR M. HEGRE, LEIF LARSEN 3 rig. 2 vmeniotea eneeve wetbore radtes for & horzoatst we atereeped bya traorersractare wee ane el ih et ao i tea Tr auto a roses given by ! io }{n'x-+0.0307) To v2) Fora stimulated horizontal well where the fracture diameter is ‘qual to the formation thickness, i. fp is 2, the voresponding dimensionless effective wellbore radius is given asa function of Fep and rap in Fig 2 (solid line) ‘Notice that for large values of dimensionless fracture conductivity, the dimensionless wellbore radius is sapproximaily 0.44. A vertical well intercepted by an iniite- conductivity vertical fractare has an effective wellbore radivs of approximately 0.5, For a horizontal fractured wel, the Fap value for which the fracture acts as an infinite-conductvity fracture depends on tho dimensionless wellbore radius. However, for Foo 2 1000 the dimensionless effective wellbore dive Fygp is larger than 0.43 forall ryp values. The difference between the effective wellbore radius for a horizontal and a ‘vertical stimulated well wit infinite fracture conductivity i due to the different fracture areas, For a vertical well a rectangular fracture is assumed while for « horizontal well with a transverse fracture the fracture is assumed tobe circular. 4 PRODUCTIVITY OF MULTIFRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELLS. ‘The effective wellbore radius for a stimulated horizontal well significantly on the dimensionless fracture conductivity due tothe restricted contact between the well and the fracture, It is therefore important to obtain high fracture conductivities. As a rule of thumb the dimensionless fracture ‘conductivity should be above 10. ‘The dimensionlece effective wallbore radius of a horizontal ‘well intercepted by a circular fracture can be approximated by a simple relationship, assuming the pressure drop within the fractare can be represented by the peeudosteady state expression for radial flow __% OST 3) where rlap. denotes the dimensionless effective wellbore radius of an infnite-conductvity circular fracture. The typ values ‘computed by Eg. 13 aro compared t0 fyep valucs basal on the seminhalytcal solutions in Fig. 2. Eq. 13 provides accurate values except for dimensionless fractie conductivities lee than 2.More generally Fy may be approximated by - K ‘where Aris the fracture arc, 7 = 0.57721 is Balers constant and Cari a shape factor for the fracture. Cay depends om fractare shape and the location of the wellbore in the fracture plane tix ‘identical to the normal shape factors! Thus, knowing the dimensionless effective wellbore radius for « horizontal well intercepted by a fnite-conductivty wansverse fracture it straightforward to : compute the corresponding _fnite- ‘Conductivity Fp Value using Eq. 14, Fora rectangular fracture Reap is approximately 05, Longitudinal Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture “The general behaviour of a horizontal well iniercepred by a square longitudinal finite-conductivity fracture! is examined in Fig. 3 with fracture conductivity Fay ranging from 1 10 1000, ‘The pressure behaviour is assumed independent of wellbore radius. These cases exhibit the fundamental features of the transient pressure behaviour, Initially there is a fracture linear flow period characterised by a half-lope straight line in ‘pressure. After a transition period the system may exhibit a bilinear flow period indicated by & one-fourth-slope straight line. As time increases, a formation linear flow period might

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