“Lawl wl au Rk patie hate aot ite n eile sipB lsGerrans mecaruR UR RENIN) WoRnpcennees, BREE qnpeEceiarsie Hpanace es Nae eaceccceseica rtirciitn FRDTL MUile ms iilew dimer evens wh poll VO ccc c eee e eet eenenteeeeeens Cigll tlie! = | Nh) aincienennenis Pabst cee. lesuYl G ob Wa sae tineneseeynaerer SLisi ll quali snl WNe deuaueuteeiaa yalireneinc marge: Lad! Mii cammicsuss iWcaunGeRInetets Salis Shall Ll WN canticareaan Wiituearawescunetens &y wd} Glee) lic MIN re aistaveaarath dinspiniate mince HaPat gerbil GLAM tel Tihs “dp eereaiccs secaheuosustessiicen Guaveisiseent sere & at! ob! Whiccs vitamins ceiniewisioreuicis Hie Hal oll ope 4s A Serer rere ace meron erent sue men ameter nt es lad! obey poe BE Bie a Bo RI ce ere nnrarerumeence sean qa ea Gres Hee LEE Sat fol ly all blag VI Ls tAces pat ate ( GrtyAl byelly) Sole Yl GLa Y) jlo oe DRG COMES AMER Deo wt ie Gls!wale datty pigll GLeSeu| by ty ul OE secs Sue nies PORT evarsue eos Mineeteroess al jlcxly a sll A freed) OLY. ¥ SALE ereree Tn nerren aerate re cere rere erece ener eate da Lua 2 er oped lA hee! WS ye csee aerejersems era eueue hg siearauaieeeiston pl Gee WIN cain Evieeciisis ora Ue dled! CLL & i ae asi VO aa Scuainics seta W aura igs ania bree isis Sle! VV. Gu Waves arealiettiie mntieta ait Koel p Lyil FAN Ds ccieenee hime yoricaye enters aoe ava ereemreeeral dy pl oll! 1 AN scrictos suenraiiae wyitem aogier ddas pA)! olga algbe altel WA ois sovrmurcnieie erase queomecnese ones wee dail! tol al). Ha. cerns aus shee os Uyaal) aol sill abe ara WAGs pemjeqeuis eeceesieunns Enlai NNW OTER a5 xl! sol al. ME @ WNP cseaten Nekcenisisceibisse isis esecoistis Shalem! el gill NAG Tecate emilee mii nWlaae i pees dtd! Al ill NAN: ine wanienenn sels eooate arom Oh AS plSSl rela UME ieee aicieceae wviare wiles 45 pth) dol yal) aijle aul RGN Fie Seacerne Ureimlatatinelavesele Gunrsberene iansy oak NEE Soest wien wanlaatele «soa anewuainys Th oli IV PEK Sonica cima oemeaie ene Fe ALU ¢ Iyil NEN cGy wan a: cOrreoeler¥ia Wary LW) ola depany O15 WQS tonctecees rea erie erties toeancees awl ole poe \¥Byte) olteel SAU) lL FOO: cry ecsieet ereneaueeqemstince eeletezaranenss (4 as) aol) VO cece eee eet eee nee eens ae! ti NY Saas evar wetiiee o- AAU lL be alee! AYE aiaresarcisstas aiavorsiaieie nace Cea aetnlen ECerees oll J5e he Bye cpeul ancl lage! doy phy pel NMA) iarerivieretsicta uieateroodmen antares dole! LLY NAG) Sia sworca se YE navareKe oo BULLE Lat lly ‘OS Minciahen a dawaag pNNNNeSae oes dads WAR Ei cele Neca viavnlt mieiere eee: itil daftyd | sluY del! quill VQ0 cece ee teeeuevaevevsees KS i lSH1 dati ysl NTWiksreracal wiecarsirreebatalare qeraleewisvsreve lal Led) old Jatt bh VAAN cece cence teen eee es OGL old Jatt hl VA cece eee eee eee eee e tees Aas) Ltt WOR ives cathe weire gels mene BAS dash he & cll doyras NAM Ghee Seva iee alee pa MLO ee ee dat | Ol gl Mei nisoaaing gaweainenune BLN tte Gl fod ai WON: omnis BOay Naewulas stiilermeecinice ssaterne bya! TAM iss aniece viestniereuiaes dite ranagl BLS Lett ti rel PAGE cc iesestecavnis atamteistwcotaee la Hoa jeer) HL hyd) Losi d | A ee SBM aha, det Lt Lely bttLl ps RYE: cemnien omecmenmenmmenan nines Li bh boli WYN cence nen e eee ees BLL) bt Dyle dat ~ FON eee eee eee aya SRE eta PER mS elldae ae iy bw ch cae wpe a wll” bows a Pe ee a ee ee ie S00 Cece eecece lat ed la oe ETA eG 1 Ph hae wap eam) tel le Bele Cipla bee th ae oa phage mee pea Lniatel bate prmesell lad ~ Edy lO) dat tt 1 . aby fl bit). Hag Al Longlll datl tl Le! Repl ig! die dal - » Ey SL a. 5 Bred) Sale! dal el saa iowa S21 ol) peese-cbee nites ial Sgctaal doeal! Ci stl) ou Regaghl Stel ogGA vn +n VIF aatls ty F Gah we ie — = ell us 1 al te nancy ee pratt! Ee! al ee BE | oo sc {i tb ke ‘ tj imagem | rm pl! pelle Ot! me r: i aT _- de mie yh ads le shi a S =f : ¥. ney, rat aol! Gb Ves abi ae ce r ail A. a ey eet) s a poo a = \ oR ti ich eile as ses Ue ee s ; al oe le! be ey ee - al : pyres) [alee Fe gee, a salt all ck pe eel ae ue- Ge de pee pee a palstl epee bar Be! oe Sicidtasa tpeectaca haste aeiits peyltl bes sjual ale eh Ey LLY! Las by ol alle: tel S59) gli vl ee eed) al eee : Sire $ ilar ‘ deci pop) aw el) Ue gla) je jade pee Ree HOR hase eer Se : nt lee be apalall ae ais Joho all rs Dieeeniesd pet pened ty es Ste gl qc agra tected filsasl ope! atlas gd pcan ada Sl sold BP) StL eee ele agola ie deg NS) LY peas) lela kay ae A! lees ol all ‘3 ; : rr nal! oo ’ deus! tbl) hs cog ysl a Noss “4 pu r Is La ater eetet tiene topes Liga Ua Piksu » elphl eae oly | WL Ae sh | ale Serre eee 46 a ilele wi ply! a \ i 46 2h) lle lal ule le ual le weal V4si “appl fe fgmeenael! — ay pe — aedab) CLLY oY Shallow Foundations 2 halite » Exch tie pat iS) Geplly Lad) Go bai tile ya LY ee VY eee ol Sf tel ek Ley Sel fe ce Uptie lilly, Sedl ak, . det LY chal taal slo ttt Sle ole ye Shear Failure ad 2 jl| 6 a2) Ul) dal 45 41 lw Lal) chil cotta) desler of, Lew ie al 0 sky] AUS ge aay be SEL pat pes ace aljel pay of LU bee Ca Le lll = tl decal sl Sle Sy Glee Ld Sis pul of Ce ad LLY, bet af sf SY aT chsh lal gf 2) Sle M Jee Lill Ub all 298) byt Wee daglall Oy. Leal pltnoaly 65 Les el dele 4 al ole] Cw VY & Leds Jaf oe Oe Gall Gb dejge Jail tl oll Of ls al Gy cat EA Slab) ge el JA pels ( outet gs of Gott al) ips cee Lh at Of Ug Guise! Goya ape UY dso u8) ples oe 8 Oy wi LM, bes GJ) Jels line 4% 4! Shallow Foundation pred ol Sh CaS SLL oop ll UU Gall) GSS gil) Led) Shel 4A dk CL Ue ai of BY deel 2) Clad iz |e Goley . Deep Foundation jew wll 2s es bala ae cals Oy Lal) Tay cee Gey 9) ab ot (LY) dee se ole Uf hat Jb obi Qo)9l ple ef Ul} at . Bridge Piers ¢¢ lsu! wlales Lali Lal Cogs LE gh Kamat) oils dlibey OF oye eb dhs chem ct LE Bole Gents sin om blel af Y a,c) does J Cyt ade bt b> Floating Foundation $US) ot. cts featsll US NT eV platy Cr abel oy pala fill gall lg eet ON pelt Lat. LE all eS plthne! cage, Gila Ge OE OSV gees (Laat date Ghat) oll p 6 oe OK . (Oljpdes aes 3!) eu dal deka Slat fee SAY! gigif Gaba OLY 2 ats dale SUEY Lat apres (Ste de dlely oly) ab! Ulel ge demally UY denies cb Slats Ss jMi cilpbly U5 3 lel fen Sey et jg pe es LS. gydeedly che pale The ly Sithiowy shed Lats ch bal Sylilt CAS Slely pV bat ta asa al Structural JUS! pled! ye de) wtih SleY GLY 4 i GOLLY bas ear «ASUS RlL) Tle Yl 6 oF Cod System CUS hye et dl bo cod GU] Dole ath iy bes, Clee! ae . Soil Swelling i) slain] desi yt oll eo SApled) ol shee} ol pay. Slo SY gad doled) lula! jee ince pf dla (Les fen) Wey [otras Ele ast ok cot kl le ple] Lars gf Lat) gi all Wypkaas) Gendt Gola) Eau aalamced las 15g. aula SLY GL doy Il coal (3) Lal panda lel SLY Sy i fe Vie tas Goby Wl ode ber Wy. a) LY oe ll) OF Seo GI esl S) es O55 BI er all lead) Lb aS deblas gf lta) OU aes oped glee} Lok! bel BIL LY! Gab oss yf. Lat plc opty gf pad Got tw 6G fp LEY dey dal SLL dy CF Lesll dale pad (aS Y BF! pal J) aS dlel ope - pd ley Stl SL Uyall Stale wks Lule Us Wpraglie O55 tom end dass! of Sell deel I] U peg! ale Way) dee eM cela GF UU ye ts el Gok Sci ye alll G diel Ue oad Lay Confined ell Slabliy clip ae delgs OY! 4 fe) 1 (Andel! (Goh clolesy Fi] pla op SG es Ue BS Luke lel sels de d-¥ lee) ale Dyed) ABV CLS dy lal Voy oe (Mall Sl Sy dice yu le det te Bile Mode! lol sll Oy GOW! GY lb ie a4Spl Sha SE pil algal la (4) Sgt dams . Le -(VAVA) Asal! (OY) danas ee sleet J ipH bled! 64) Syam GHECKLIST OF FACTORS AFPECTING FOUNDATION SELECTION {AFTER ALDRICH, 1988), Sirucrura! requiremans Sensitivity of structure ¢o differential scttiement Useful life of structure Fourdation and Noor olavstions Miscollaneoms — drying, efc, ae freezing, Magnitude of dead and design live lowd Negative akin friction (deop foundations) Load compen tion by encavation Distefbution of boada (differential pithemernt) Type of loads (sorentric and unbalanced lateral foods, wled loads, wlhratory Inada, wehatraic Jormels') Soft and ground-water osnlintons Transfer of load through roucture and undetving oof Strength and compremibility of soil end rock layers Variability of mbrurface conditions Swalling soll Existing fills (sotlament, corrosion, deverincation of organic mumterial, gic.) Groend-wster level and effect of changes (iriinage, waterproofing, entiteoeat, deterhers Gon of ontraated ert ee, #tc.) Cocroules and chemical effects Fales resiatance (piler driven throws deaue layers and onderlying soft solla) Nogative akin friction Underground defects (solution cavities, abandoned Mine and pipe Teed, rteap rock murfacea) te ond enetrowmennel conditions Topography (stability of natural doves, Mil requirements) Flood berets and alte drainage (mrede requ ‘ementi, erosion, scour} Prominity of adjacent structures and Preperiy tings (underpinning, affects of Gawntering and vibrathons during construction, serking room) | Frost action and thermal effects Earthquakes aod wetewie effort Comefruction ‘Toor avaliable for eesstruction Space avaiisbhe for : Foundation Depth, D, gel Gor eae stl al SL all oe uel, D, oll Gee oUt te ae I mul) Gee hast d peat . ale GLY unig cle apee AUS bp Sone (Seay old pening Seal pos Gul Seat Adel dsl oaks clash ob Last) (aU! Gotu) tooull be A ghh G Sleds Geis Spe ary be vit! Ce Lal Dla! Deck pall old SUL Le peeill pe (lo erates fear Col piel (Jab ly GUE Je dyed Glidally Fill poh Jos Gams Utld pkey (ganna Laasls Wecle pelell sie Ugab Giyb y+ pall Abe he gly OLIN yf Mamas nb dpedall gf Sead! Gl) (de Gb Aake cpt el deel Sl dete fe PSA! Sty . SL de SA Cem golally Uo @ sl apt fev dee Sale ele} pd cog 5 Ua] Lae AML le Lendl bel pty Ybleail ab 4 Sm gen ph ayde High Volume Change LL =50 —70% I, = 25 — 41% SL = 7 — 12% Very High Volume Change [LL > 70% I, > 35% SL = 11% Sigel SMH ye HL RLS ll Ree Uo SH ty dehy | oll peda) dtc fa5l ogc feel ell, enay |S Lglif LUIS y degli Sladall Jif ol Ll yd Godda aI) dala O57 So Bae soe) das Gob Sly bbl dacretd oLcall Semel cal wall (aly vySi gel Geb ela doley el ee el a ol Oe . Foy Lays JST O48 Sl Ad GU ple) let) ds ca iLiad] a lly Y Gaye aaj opal iy je jl dik oi ee elie UI ee Ri De pel IT Gee sll eed Uy gle LY) Cay elle! edd ye rely. WA due all LLY Leb) GbuLI ne Bue Wile ple Gd tid Ole de ewlll doe Sly . Gaal! GUL [LS cae ce aly je pe be ee Ue he We ll dane » Art ela) Sab) 254! Se Ly bl Gd cles Of ayy elo GUI fabpell ope AEN pal gf tt slew fags ot pele) Gua! oP glad! bye dulya dey Sty . Uy pd) Oli af GUY) ge alll Ca pe dell GIS Amty be fans bel all AUG july pale oll fee ( dada BS Glacl Sl Spey! end Vy. aglary sone Cals 13] Yay Clty . Rirell gay SLL oye Gil g gl J) fa bang ¢ La lnc GB yell CSIs 15] aight Nhe Gg y tll lal]y LEY) ge J) Gey Ge pe geld pd Use ye qty deer dail bl DA lL i fet Bd Yala! plac tab] OLY a) et 53 Cut , Slaslsll G AMS, ai inn cole od Regbly OU Lott! roma bd AU dele Uslt> Goa sll Ed hy eg ey shal plimenl 2 sl) bot gyth Olem tole] al gay telpill gle! bios yee DS lll Gad 2) et aah he iy, itelill VYiyi GBI Yl tet ee GL SUB LY oe DY pte oll le Ghd JOU bee Cpe Rall at aya oy Gill Leasly bass of Hey Ul jee ita . Gross and Net Bearing Capacities jallbly. dleot Of 2 Se gill Total Load sii dat! » ya be Copel se 4 ol tall cheostl fad OuS len (es y) sue wll bela Je age (Sev) out OLE alee leas of de Se gil tab Overburden pl! yee GU] Gel al ge dll ayy barat pled fe cs Jia bee OYole Of leedhy . Pressure Net alld) Jaesas} oye Lill bye Cut [ay Gross Pressure ja ijleel je coe Ue al] fat ae CIS lad aley , Pressure Ob Vig Plame! Gd cen OS Kall! Saal of bydl Glad Ke Gy ASN ayaall pli i) bot ay old 4 wall 4 wall lave gl alee hb aby qu = K.. N,. Cc + Kp Na ay D; + Kg. N,. Sa. B/2 ADR Pane (12), Where: qu = ultimate bearing pressure on top of the soil layer, #, = unit weight of soil above foundation level, 8, = unit weight below the level of study for q,, B/ 2 = half the base width, No, Ng Ny = bearing capacity factors, table (10), their yalues depend on @, and K., Kp, Ky = Shape factors, their values depend on the shape of the footing, table (11).CA pall oleel dl) Bp fet Bad cele (10) dye stele ol d 139] ma} 246] 30.3 fon | 1] 2 Baela)! [St ales (1) Syd a a we eoae fo | B= width of teundation Lo= length of foundainn Gan = (B+ Uy. Hh) + 5 (4 =P) otasrsnivrercvinesnc scat sanias\(13) alte = 7 (4 BD Tati hea . (14) rine Moods (VY) ISA oe ph aS le SYN oSey VEsl hs uals ple Oy ded! SO Yoldl ded ce ble YS) Le fale GLY Gre! st Guts est oy Laly sles ye ble BUI Ke LN jose le Led! ay st bs Lavy lil og ily heel tee y lays sell ool SLs cl Gy oll Leal! OSS He elyall GNSS oe ap Lease old ide of Us, a Bb Lot altel Ly Lea LISI CUI Gaye Le 15) a |__| = B ts MD = Be + ay hy where 1 = factor of safety of allowable net pressure. Ti... : Loads Jay) we tnese Cell fe as gli Lay Gels) Sle lel Ce PS Clady Cell O5y) Coll edt de ey ol peel al a cts» Abed oleel tl don Lee A atl ey ch pal et ISL Gala oles d el choth tole hj dene poatal OySay loll peawal ane de py Laat OY Aad ce 1 SL ebaell OS fet fees gm pes GI Gulla ga Se (AN bem Gall adh pea Glad ne af sly CAS pall Vocobateadly ajlills Rebel] el de cg Vo abel ida of coe Vda. Golgball aed Suds AI fod) Lad odd Le 55 OjLelly vA Sle deci Jo ped UV y cll ee QUE of Qa SLAY ge UT wy. Cell pl) ey Cel det ll ale a Gets gl het by deh Ol OS GI od) ob le! ile Bye Se jeg. ol p Ubiy alata ull Je eas |e pail dulyo)y ASL dol ye lM Slat) Ube) deal LIL os ef Cele dbz Sharm! tad tidy co i Gee Y UV y elt of Ue U5 sey Dd cLN Gpai Gs sly Spall Slope VW diy dey Glad! all pled pponaid De Gh Whales plimcnl yar ary Shel os Ultimate Strength Design : gs bool bul Be Ld viii ieaiiiieatrnnnieans Choe @) = 0,75 [14D + 1.7L + 1.7 (Wor BY) ccc (15 - b) =0,9D + 1.3 (Wor) 20... Vehiariouanine: puvasiles MO = OF JE t= ACI and AASHTO 45 «Y) olivel sll Ww Wy pbs UL) ee ett oP fal tl det L pty cull fat! D J pit ll Jad oF diodes Jit Je EB ty call fe W el OLY gf sal De shee Way (15-c) daball v7Site Investigation ee gl VbLESn = | rely tis abel aLtSiol oe git] eLe pened elles PFE UA oe Sled Chall, dal) oile YI uae ow 4 ll pe de ll LSet GF foal pee acey dale Glocl, cil wale ob seta sey ¥ clly ig De dey ge ye py tll Ely AW EAT Je fawll ane taser Lal ig eth age oe all ess OE tley del ul oe Fy phall tylie 45 fe dey ALE led ty.) Visual Examination rt ent be wat, ai fall vaca Auger fy Glix oy s} Open trenches Hythe Gols ye eg gyre ge de Lae hl ital diich! ltl! De Gully borings dell ee i SY I ey gle peel) Go yt volt! 4.224 1u\j9 as Deep borings tse oli ete cool] ales ttl Ch Hels deel) OLE HLsy Date Apenr cal slic, ‘Deep Excavation jeastl ib! ley Lisl Data Required % glial) cls glal} ay «ali| 91 lI ft de eS te Sl are GLASSY pole \ebe be nb gh fem OF at (Deep jane si Shallow palm) ole ¢ yi ge Olea | fod Bydb SUE oye SAN Ke yelige GRE wily oT «tle SI dy 3 4 sll byl pte IS clyle ft dm sl) Sled ppencaly lly at! dS iad obylu 0 . Dewatering oll! -3 G yes Sheeting led ts Pye te Aazedl ISLA ye Slagle 1 _Eyglerll Enviromental dlac pb) Problems AA) LAM Se Go dyy pe GST Laape GL) claylall, thes) dS) OSG Ce Compact Site ott doles le loti ySS Sleglall ode Gams CIS Gly Saaz ll GLU) be dade lHLlt Leyes ciljUlbly Gli fe Extended sazel! olin Lat doy AL) AUG by WSLaL) Lcalty aially GY) beglasy og sleckly obi Lal! + OySu5 Extended Site Exploration jase eal LaLtSnal Ugh Colyas Rock Line 3 pmall do yla> nel i 4 oll eel at Borrow pits LLY lgalabcel all all alley taal & pl Methods of Exploration GLisiwY! 3 » _@ Compact Sites daytoul pil bh GLisc.Y Lyles cB ylall pst vtgf Uabaey & sll be cle ey ty be fo tem Sibel ha) alba Shy go AS 3s Le jlorly Lypvareil (lilies ee An yo LASS 1S OST Shy) AUS bl hy Steak! nilgll WiLeseuy MY cole) feveill cyte ghy epal Dyeey he ops tl olay HS ae ie Stl pel OS 2S) OlLaally tell ley peel oly tole xs Test pits dab) 2tt, ib aad Ub Sy at Sot! peal d ey aad) lad Aral Maa Kieadl Sel) ye AIS Cleese g Geophysical Methods i455,1) 3 bi) Lal ply Spall sd Cuetbaall oye atl ch diy, Jal pais. Gall Lise a pall cltacal ary . Resistivity Saplall deylilly Seismic ij! aN Add lilly 4 peal) Clebll Gye it le de pay! GoUL gay Eb OLS oye Up dene Stal OS ai, ie hdd 355 eller 525 Sheol GIS Ley uarniy pall Lol ans » gol iss sas pull peal wo rege Fy Oly ijl fot aad pe TS at ileglee Load test [oocll jbl) co pal bans (\) S gute us AAS) dail oj 5 cols eal Gls dase chy Mb ind EU blll oe Ul py lows Hy bass GLAS ye Gat all SI Upayld Glas Ct Ae Peel! dalal) n2 oll oly Homogeneous Soil iitell ode Ob Leilete bol ot uey Yule digs Olleel ele ole OSS EIST) ANISH ale, Lads SLE Sd fF LL ge hs VvByun ye dyed Malad oo lial pda Y Ge Ups ee Gay pall ge “SY shy Hetrogenous Soil t+) Qc ayyi> bySd ANSE okey SUIS HEE AI ted GLI yo pS sue LN oe oe ee atl npell ol Lendl GI ales ile cy lalweil fst OS) WIS Olyla hy Dil ole cline} daleddl Gall ish cy) GRA Ghesy .dalall pe ola ay all SLES bbl atl (1) J yd Summary of soil-exploration inethods Mathod Depths Applicability No samples taken Geophysical Usually less than 35 im Locating firmer material umterlying- sofier selamic material, Certain equipment ix adapiod resistivity to determination of density and soil moisture Vane shear Limited by torque stresses on Tn situ shear strength of sensitive cohesive rod nongravelly soils Sounding Limited by encountering; rock Locating soft material and tock by and driving equipment probing, using solid rods us opposed to O split spoon Dutch cone Same as “sounding” Prossurcmeter Usually less than 35 m In alti BL. a My Glbal cell Same os pressure meter In nitu Ky Fracture apparatus Same os pressure meter In-situ Ko Auger boring Rotary drilling Wash boring Percussion drilling Test pits and open cuts Disturbed samples taken Depends on equipment und time available, practical depths being up to about 35m Depends on cquiproent, most equipment can drill to depths of 70 m or more All soil where hole will maintain wall without casing All soils Some difficulty may be encountered in gravelly soil. Rovk requires. special hits, and wash boring is not apphcable. Penerration testing a used in conjunction with these methods, andl disturbed samples are recovered im the split spoon, Pene= tration count are usunily mken al f to 2-m increments of depth As required, usually lest than All soils 6m, use power equipnent \AUndisturbed samples taken Rotary drilling. per- Depends on equipment, as for = Thin-walled tube samplers and various cussion drilling, disturbed-sample recovery piston samplers are used to recover — wash boring samples from holes advanced by these methods. Commanly, §- to [0-om- diam sample. can be recovered Test pita Same aa for disturbed samples Hand-trimmed samples: Careful trim: ming of sample should yield the Ieast sample disturbance of any method ‘ al 7 . i t PG cae ie - oT a MKS qr. onl shite ' v f 1 is) re he Were ceet Slee cei == _-. “os rete De een Sit 6 SSeS is ‘ oe ’ ae . =. * ght Ee x ‘ = —_ i * eet es wine Sand. SAL ZDG me ware ee) ik Sand and Heese = a= a ay - fos - . 2, : Gravel pe YT . i q a- Single Layer b- Uniform C- Erratic (Homogeneous) (Hetrogeneous) Hall oly g lyil (4) JR Planning the Exploration Program JLtsx.'J| ee ip peat Uyeteg (Soty clddall yt ge GLAS gealiy ge bul Un Lette speaillyy Lema lad! Als ole allis, (Lis petty lay (LU) pailily JRA) pal) Gerla Lom op Weel : duis lesen) pve See waists abel ge Sell Gbylll IS ane - 1 sel Ale gly Basement py) go Geplly Lechl pltdecly ledly gubSll fe ded) Led) Gy .ailelneuly peel) Lele Lasbaly beled Lats oll ipmie Gbidiy youll gar tule ae lll polled Mea iejall otellly byl Gal Gags 4Ly UUs, , Reconnaissance of the area dalel| iliscu) ~ ¥ SLE he tals Lats cytl pall ple yf ALO! adh GL) Sega Ql yoy Silane) Ablegs pled) tb! dutjoy Aabell dla! Rede oll Tle dye y cb gS DUIS cgylertly oll! AUT st Lt gles GL St polity old) Eljay (des O]) pals care Wyle Soll & I Cl delay dealt sb) alps Guljoy Gh . Borrow pits ce As guy . Preliminary Investigation | J\4c| wits! plall slZ YI ted Test Pits lol jam sf Slt! ye fold ate Jobe BN hes yell fuming byl oll! pela pete tony colaglell lib ayey dle Gh As deel Sal ole JI peal Gl ssi de Upatl Det) i dots bla ULG sf de tke cell pes Eig ie Gey det legal oe GIS! jail pene lglesty LAS dd De ls Ge Lat AY cle, sad horn (eave Je sib hy abl ate they SDE gy eal) gil Ali 3 wipilll eye pal e;) o| Dewatering System old! cy all boyd! Gloy bia 2c Gelyty ail) dll Qua del! rym fia Hee Gy fe alese Yh dy ll CAMA SE pil _Penetration Tests Gl z=Yi Gylé [be glie Olé gl py i i> li LUG Jo , Detailed Investigation Lad wiliSan| . £ lpbathey abyhl pearly LM Ld & gla) olalall aoe otal Ol ey caylee) GLAD de atl ot ge psa GUIS s Lt! ide MN gps Still cilaghall oye AUlSy Geadly Syl doa SLL O45 cays) (Syed! dSle Glie le rar SLA ode Se say is)Lgrerh ye lm of ll olidal) dies dltlen nb O55 OF coll ple ba SLA nilye hel G ise CTD eM JR Kacy. (Apel held te Lal abl Gel er ai Il dial! 4 cll cil Liss Le Sparel) tne foe oe Lol! ill amy payll oSLEy » duc Seta las Laie de foe ty Lee Lalas alae ne ole Ob Geer ld piel Las ae QU Nlasy dill ee Le lls Kee Mel yt PEL Bg RU Sy gle Lee fae Colles gy jl ht dof joi » peal (dat Soil Borings 141 Gell BU ay IL ASol ol abl) § fe Gall OL Plans Lat dens) Ll igs begs Je Gyll Ke Call Ue Aad yal ay ab ell AU ales 2 lke de Jp Se isle shoul be glans ie aky Lis Sekt esl bali ind-| cfoas Le doles. ide get clan daly yl liad, Le] dec! yas 3 Sty Borings by Hand Tools 4 54) colt! J seed Gyad Chine Hebe Lo) (1) YRS lee Aeel pe Jae Gib ge lee Ue Upabl my scilse ol soul Behorgll aay all cyt pa) day le in Liss dy wall Gall pail oy or eat WIS oly pe ol| oils ile nb okie de J paol! Oy Lectiey AMA pte oe tye el de Spal Gylall Lal Ml pldienl ofp Uilie ne Ole fo Spat! Clky Y laa Os Disturbed Samples ils ole Je J |eacul! Hund-anger Glee! Je pat! Sey dll Slo) ist oyall Gall gut vAhos Ci Om cal Gow She byes Lah slut pte a baat aad] ly Sl jUally Gk dlc HS gH kul 4 | Ag)! Slt! (Y) |S Borings by Mounted Power Drills issisdi ols} yams EpS glee! ld Clam le Sparel) ileal! day tall Jing plio=a! ss Undisturbed Samples ililas ne whe a od alll oe pl deren! ie hahaa y oll AS Lb [n mex (1) js: cd Prt spelt sayy lye . Wash Boring Method eLl! gee Me 4 yh) Gor Casing tawls do Gob ge 2) Gg Cal be fay, a lS dbase! gs 4 oll in 4) pl! fs el aU 5 Ol in cae vYAy Ue bens OA oll ado CUS ay. fell oll) ks Syl J thie oll pats Ey pl gb be ald cut peli old! danus fae ohets pee Olje AU] T they sue dypulll Gol ge oy db StF OST I cll met guy elatl alll bees pil Gl oll ot Shey Gell BLY alll hey ay , Wash Tub oighl ida g My aS) AUG paady idml gs) Tho fe tree dhe digbh ilps Hard Soil Strata HLal) & a eal & sl elel apt Ugery dup ddl)! gil sf peall gt AS, + Casing drive shoa Wash Borings sl) abs clue (1) JSt ch) ar 5c) og pl te bb Rotary drilling jl50i jil| da, ,b, day so pamdy demaclly Ol ssl spol pall placer) aig deal GUS Laat Oe dle puall G doe planed Gl cols gol sll) sel ¥Ul plsl G lad deel dab oy Badly Fissured c2is Jill ly Cnbal ope wale Glee U) Ugekce! a el UU Cy oA YI Oe VY Sa OySLh i ily Set ke W de all Gol ell Uji cra ghee pltcce! he dy tll Gil 1) Casings puslge Sha cla) ASL aL) pda, hy de Gael tT dey) oll Ur ob Gall Gd pee dlal| ag yi plate a Gd! Lid ul ah Ll, ce ie esl cs 4cyJi J33 ibs Continuous-Flight Auger SS Oly SN est peek clea ay Gyall p aely Seed Cas tel of Je) Sth peered Pailin! dene G15 okt 5) posh | aL. JI 4 ll Le Casing djle pulys placa! @ aS) oles Y, se coe lewl> baled! Sele luk Soil Sampling Gli) i+] Lgerlyy pail Upeasbin ge & all Lotte shy il pal ghl pal Aewednd| weld! AUG it Se be tales sla Yolpey bivai Ol le tye Walia nb lee be Uyuadl go le 13) ited! & cl gd peg!) Selly fren at ptm: Ulla ne clas be J pat ey Ode Sle ye Ualis ne be dey togde Gals Ol ole wae cee Sl ele) Gee ob leds Gal 441 Uf dala) Lal lens Lal lial rl el lat Ost wo Sd oye ell dala) Le Goll Gb eel al deal) heel Lest Sli ciel - 1 vodecl) né Expansion SUSY) pau oy he tad BA es tye del d) Sal psy ab Glee -1 Tttall Sle bey GI ed Sled! Gig aalely a, ot Sb el deel elu etl sell G nil jae Que + Ante ne ile ol Sete! he CUISy 52) ol UT Gy vl BUM ay yell UME Sheol Preity te deal ot pete pe Shall Clee! oe - £ Jes he cles SS Go baal Lie Oluad of (OM Hs on) & lg sll Ce bl) wilel 5 Sher SL eal UL Je tery hh Gal os fatty Dylll 0 eo] BUBy CELA Gy Ul ole Gop LEY dunk| Js| d cnbaLasl walls daywaiil| ne elas Yi, ay jell = - Lphaiy ce fa Ge Sy dty Gt def all Stl dey Wt Ly HELA Jela oll) tek at Btll day lly SU cg goal (Saad evel! <5 34 si) Cohesionless issal aU Loudl ul he Je path Sell oa OS Oly dil we ole fe pall ce ke cl anY oad! Gi, it plmrcwls Mla SLAs cold Why Je Gd Jelly ASI fat Me a etil daell fag len! ts Lyre atl os dle 2 ole de Spat! op Ce CE) JSS Suey te UA LN pel atl ye Al 4y oil tmwad (2s Disturbed Samples Gila. che cl peed dele Agha SSI HLL Yl, Sieve Analysis GUL SK blac! lads To| ez sen ea Figure 4 Special sampling (vols, (a) Sand+pump sampler which utilizes Plumping action to recover a sample; (6) spiral-slot sampler that id filled iy rotwilon of device; (c) alot sampler is filled by rotation device, Alda ile el ual lad (£) St oe Hy pl) Malis nb lie cle at I) Gudl of tony cfebnw calene paly Reat MES gt OLS SY Sty Lt pw Alec oll el patel Oy oh GIj sl Btey le Old paill Leglie gf USL) cB tall ely Gale] Auall pe -2 al) all Clee tay lye 3 Bp LA iF OF MUS) ed AS) SLL gt ell slg ea let! Cy Cementation this! i ais, ike (hale) faleay SSH sly) K Gis, © ane dh ale, Lolo} Gees (SIRE by ot olally SLOY Sle Gob ge Jit Ue ded 2045 .D dandy WU) ote Quy eld! GU on De oe B detmcoll abil (Vc o) URS dy. batt GLY Oyl# ge K qed se bo plea a Hats, ilalall 2 idl oy lye gl atl Hl plel pllmrl Woy Olio betas sf ot tlie] goa ool taal) cult Sled! NF ae ole asl aad ld IL! tas, ¥4— | Aaa fi Cell te atl! val Sly ya iS > pltbeel pb de plaal| | Sigel co tall cagyh pak tole By ald pues lll samy . Watery Samples ,j\al| to be de sty 2 cals 3] deol, He Hl ll lil i Basket shan, rhe os steel Wl Hexible 'ngers open to odmit the fa) son then clise when the tube ip wither, Driving ‘vente with minimum diameter of 4 in, hoe fi ain, Te hs et FEN ee (i Soring sompla refoiner (5) Sond £ & 5-10 2, Clay L = 10°15 a, . 3 ae HH Tre ole ore ii ratoiner wind fo ate os coy oa (e) tay Figure 5 Sail-sampling tools, (a) Standard Split-spoon sampler; (6) dimensions of the standard. ‘plit-sampler assembly; (c) thin-wall (Shelby tube) sampler; (d) split-spoon sampler inserts, ] endl cl pace! ala (0) [st Sil ae Jia ale ie bo sated Ail da of ye ab dby Ia OS fy deal Lina CHa! phi db fey tS diay Y pf tel Gk See ols of Lal, OL sly of abl a af aba! Maal MS dll Of Y) Ba But dla CW, HIN ayey OF Oe Vvts 16 ps Aadoetok! al pl Y wn SN de poeceah! Ryall ne dy Git pres ple dhl dolin J) Eeall plate dole Lat Area Ratio Ar dL Dy — D? Arce - x 100 PORE GTT TEE MELT ESET TERTR MLTR RULE MT TRIED Where: D, = outside diameter of tube D,; = inside diameter of cutting edge ce dT Gl 4 eel 15) eemall be Ulla) poaly gl Cohesive Soil iXuladl 420 Wale) dpa! al hiss 74 Recovery Ration L, ¢ le 5)! 4.3» Rock-Cove Sample al) Wire rope or Hight chain ae maats ieee a -Pinton- Pushing (al Foil chambers Molding. ring Steal forte Shon and oe eulting edge Sompling iy en (er) YADrill rod fall chech f vole ahs E— Top pisten F oe E- — Woter under | H = Pressure E prasiyre eyvlinder — Hollow olson tod E-Fed pilan es Thin-wo led Beginning sompling tube operction Top piston is fully advanced and somple te) tube can be recovered Figure 6 Typical piston samplers (q) Stationary-piston sampler for recovery of “undistarrte sumples of cohesive soils, Piston remains stationary on sil and tube is pushed into the sui, piston | then clamped and sumple is recovered: (b) Sweclish foil sampler: tc) Oaterberg piston sumpl [dfonesten (19ee. | alalall 4b lal! glee! (1) J L, = actual length of recovered sample eceatnn el 7 theoretical length of recovered sample belat ys gli d dol ol (srt Rtas salad Flee! daisy Comal oly le ae ple eel ded) ily le MISE ale slya gt jlewol ope) pel pee) Ltt til ay SSS all Of gt SPT he sf Gl bd! oe ot of ile Ae hye de PU Syke cll petty ayy OF CE Shall flew Gy abel oleestl easly ualall po a) Leal ali Glee atl Field behavior @Jat iMarine Sampling 4 a) Glee) obe Les) Bb Galy eel ptt to Ge Ol ya Slee del Coll pace dined UL (lity. ddl de sll Glasto le del 5 oF lalgr| leo lead Gli ast as GH ole GLY DL CY > GAT SS] Gil pltmcul of dais. Bearing Stress DS} pews pponatll Gb Jy . Piles are Driven to refusal (ordi aly cdl EU ow ole le Digi pps als Aolyard) oles Prony rtet! baal) IG alas detice Gob Olly (dey Ste Ube we She JY Ul) Ooi Abad) UibY ue ciel ly Upp Mey foo om divall oll! G clatl 23 pi) Gb Ash) glare] oh oy ell oe COLI cll 2b oe Ub) ikea) el Fate] bad BN ay pall St Uy od onl pF oy cole dyes bey Jus LIS Gib oe le cole Sy old Sample Tube Joly fe oy elo dle del J) abs pla Up colli def tbs Ct Eph hy all US dy lye NG igll ples dang) Ast ad cp stay De Mee Zl pew ld dy b al |§ Penetration Test al se] plas] 25) Uyal ge he lal! Jel debi OS of bot Op! yo ale va> Gold] dali) 3 dal Hey ge |S dlatt LIS Spb tt po RL dell Gd apt Carel of de J sell t2L5 of com EU Slat Lye Yet melas! pedicle SSi aS pl Leaaly Sy Cote O59 apes) hI Gd at ge eu Shy She EU splat pela) Uae es Le LS ghey elya¥l ie pot! all dope JeOySip Aes! a glad! Gleel cial daLal) Joutl) say | «AUN lee Reaall cl ete] hy Bethany tll dail ab) desi Gilt | call Nhe aby dee Bd fe ol GaN ge yas ence spay . pal ame] dey eal DANE tS bee aes On a . . SSI Ble! oa Ce Aysne cle el ate] hall oo af be SLAY judy a de yall Sailing jab) Jamal) doe fas tees Le ULI iy ll ikl) AE ae foleslt tee St! dled) S14) Od af Y] Cal | 5 RagaDNy opel Plat dasa (ai onde Lge lal (fal poe he Al dage dA pel Ll le yen! Ss = ASTM (1971) 2— Focht and Kraft (1977) Standard Penetration Test (SPT) geletll G pel she] da ‘a9 pal oiler oy SPT antl LEV) ob] ca | FSty eel east paay daa! La oli dole J] dy ll fasiha Aptos) | whem Bb odd Atoll & sll ye Cligles Jo Upranal) (alasil Gta | JEEP Ma Sing. Solel Salt GUSy Golalh HSA aylj tag | 1 be oe | douéyl! Standard Split- barrel dL) Gl ze'Vi tales Go — | | gb be lh els (Ley VA) mekt+ tle (5a) [Sey 5 Real ae lil sue ei. ON Sled SU s ( Woydala! GA (lbs VE+) RST. 0 wyllin Oy pdieiy = 1 (aay Fe) Vs Ble oy li Co God glam, diy Refirsal Leben (N = 100) Gls ote hay (cley t) fowl ake jy ail ge le Vee © Oe a Yau : Ye ge SGI one Goby . Gail de tio e+ sf Bo Ve CU! ote Ol O54 sl) Coring Operation als fre L4) Jlsy 1. bebo| Bb peeete d sole Bee YW glee] sole] Of be pad el at the al oo pels AB (VAY) Solan ys apiole SFY) dacall oye oe pom lal So Ue Gg doll a) Se N pat dolel of Lclutjo Jeo loll CUS cys gl by. Overburden Pressure selgll Leowtl bas cbelgall AST Ga dehy fenmnsll dads Lealis'y dy sll gp gh OP coll ll JN pda ole il N deni) Show Meat ui (140) Gibbs and Holtz yay jr Bazaraa U0 =] Shasta dad ot dolehl hemi dee ny > WIS A UGL dey a Le JsV baadt ols Se (V4tyy For Po = 1.5 Ksf For PO > 1.5 Ksf 4N er (3-b) “3.25 + 0.5 Py Where Po = effective overburden pressure. pees thay Cele cel tll ob fel ol pet el my- + GEIS Vo se cols LIN N= 15 +>(N = 15) sectaneesuamncrernucsanan ttle itteas ete (4) UL) pi Go baell ijt cal N! =U.6N (5) Where N > 15 BU, D Jota A tld dy a Gi (yy dye hw bogs dell ols iy NY EON ed be ty Dr tl tla ney ole] eagles Dr oD od (1) dye Table 2 Empirical values for 4, D,, and unit weight of granular soils based om the standard penetration number with corrections for depth and for fine saturated sands. eerie Netieoss PrIrs: ei 0.15 Ons | 1M Relative danaliy 9," ( 65 Standard ponetra- | | ion no. 16 15 bt) 0 aif Approx, angle of internal | friction ¢°t M0" 1a" 3-35" ia" 47" Approx, range of meaimt unit weight); pef 70-100 WEIS 110-130 10-140 1-1) (kN) (11-16) (14-18) (17-20) (17-22) (23) = * Depends on p, ranging from 70 to 500 kPa, Low value of V corresponds to lesser p,, a 1 After Meyerhof (1956), » = 25 + 25D, with more than $ percent fines and @ = 30 4+ 25D, with less than 4 percent fines. Use larger values for granular material with 5 percent or less fine sand and silt. See alka Eq, (4-10) for estimate of i,’ 5 il should be noted that excuvated material or material dumped from a truck will weigh 70 10-90 pat Material must be quite dense and hard to weigh much over 130 pef, Values of 105 to ILS pef for nonsaturated soils are common, YAN Shel ats Ab SPT abil Gl gel sks] of sp ob say ne Clee de Jpet! yee) YLs, Cohesionless Soils . issli iy SoLecl) &nU Ghat day of YEW clas cy bel Dale ISN OU stey ppl ne baal! dejlae Gu 4 le ey mr[a Syl AUS bbs plaice Gd) Ce Sy UF) Ue dale Small po tN ay dant) Slecl) Lal! SPT Lin wild dis pa . Excess Pore Pressure apa old! loki y oil! SPT jlh=l ce dn db det i (Y) Syde Table Empirical values for ¢,* and consistency of cohesive soils based on the standard penetration number, Very Hard a 0.5 Lo 20 4.0 80 (kPa) (25) (50) (100) (200) (400) ! N, standard penetration | | | | resistance & 16 J Yanis Bel 100-120 110-130 120-149 fikN/m*) (16-19) (17-201 (19-22) * These values should be used us a guide only, Local ex suive samples should be tested, and the relationship setween MV and the unconfined compressive strength q, establisacd as g, = KN. Feels GY GLY oble| Gb (Vv) JRs Ghay Lyi glee CAE ope ode part apr Qi, dalailly yyy G ott! IS pat et JSA bel padyey SPT hill Ghat! slas'y | Core Sampling 4 at] oll! domly tayd OV GY it!) led els! plane of 4401 N Gli) sue af Carll oe AN dey te Ul dy | ~ Refusal ¢ Waal hey samy Ut le fle O98 Ls dale SPT Let] se Luss Osh Core Sampling ya Sle ea eV) vib J rt eea FS rm Va (=20 mm | Neen S As MA M4 AS E WA Ret te ‘Lean lel (el lel mI OL? Sin = Step = “128i iam { 5 10.cen! = ' lo-80 | é ; ™ (30"usual) geil Sem o 4 # 32-60 sh re) iA le’) gure 7 Penetration and sounding seil-caploratior devices; With the exception of ig) the devices ullliee static methods, ju) Danish penetration device. Penetration is recorded for 25, $0, 75, and jnthe. the device ls rotated, and the penetration is muted for each 25 halfeturns, [Afivr Ga \ (vi | UA Swedish penewrometer Same essential method of operation. wa the Danish penetro (Dublewry (/474)] te) Tereaghi wash-point penetrometer. The cane is jacked 10 in into the soll, and lhe penetration resistance is measured. Water is then pumped through the ayutem und circuluted to ihe surface, where the soil is collected, The sleove iv then pushed down to the top of the cone, and the prdtia la repeated. [After Huoralen (/94%),) (d) Swiss penetrometer, [Crettaz and Zeindler (V4) | i¢| Barly Dutch-cone penetrometer. [ Harentsen (1936),) |) Waterways Experiment Station pe cir lor shallow soundings, The device is pushed into tle soil by one person, and the forces 10 penetrate 2 in is observed. The device has a load -ing which iv used to obtain the pene reajtunve, () Modified split spoon, The conical point is for use in grunulur soil 50 thar lurge pieces slate are NOt trapped, Uhus causing an increase in the bliw count. [After Palmer and Start (1957) oPW DeY oblel de (yy J Taajlee'Y IS She lS a tt ada OP ye UST be Ske LLY! Ue ds aes Brey Pool De Li Lal, . tle pal ab bee De of Lil bol ole (ai S54 Sound Rock a ulscll dual! gpenall De Gf. Llane gle jpat pb bis Cyld abel Se toe Ailes Yh Lgl See] Sect Upmled aLST patel Ce al Bl sl sa iS del (ll ae Wile Bye dpe Gcreuly ele) dew! diye Bigll JONG iS tg. Blac AUS tes pps Seal! lj lt de le] Bb ae Se bj glee OSL! G lea! ye one cls peel! oy Abbe) fels ey lly claetd) O55 cp giai le Unconfined tests jpamd) ne baal Olé is Ay WSs peal) Oh) leh) coed Sound pieces Ghilcli sali AUIS s ppraoll pe berall lt ots a) bemwls lrrall deslin Lo) Semele geile sevall sys nal Je Triaxial Tests 25! fal! Effective Strength 25 $l Ugeaslie dial (oleiRiy fly oe out Bel oy DY CUE gl si cee dada i penal le Ges oi cy fe KIA! peel) Uy lea gals Slag Excellent ajl.l! |} Very Poor JSS ually soolyily dpa Drill Bits val) bil pe| plat dole pbb (A) JSS bay slly Core Barrels Ulsan) ta de goill ball os eae, ot qtaall lye peal abi aay Ae YL pets dy lbyb cule Gyms MI seal gab a has CF Sil ey Delt! ALAN fala acd) oll Gb ae ob, pel "1ee Se Ceara et i " | a eat Pra ies + | a i ror ; fit i iS EEL TUES En 8 Ssancard double~ tube dowbla- tute core borrel core borral Diomond coring bits (a} (é) Figure & (a) Core barrels to which (b) coring bits are attached to obtain rock cores (The Acker Drill Company.) ppb call glace Leth! abel (A) Je Recovery-ratio ple =| i af Gla Seal! Ule ne uy Pock Quality Designation (ROD) -s.all ia,» 5.06 Laat ly SD CaLal Spe UL pe Vee ge pdb pe gil lal olay ad el! ¥ lengths of intact pieces of core > 100 m m ROD = Length of Core advance ade Se Laity pull dle Liey (X¢ ROD is pladacaley flea Cabrel gy gull WS ye Ey Anebll Gd Siy Mi ul dad vvah pat Ey/Etay Xen dey Jat (a (18) Spd dams « Eiap thelas pasa peal UL Lizy lis, ROD Ein Sela Ep pod (£) dade ROD Rock description F/ht. «0.25 Very poor O15 25-050 Poor 0.20 UMTS Fuir 0.25 OTs = Geod O3+07 > (0 Excellent O.7-LO0 * Approximately for field/laboratory compres fon strengths alae, Water Table Location 431 old) wpe Ade J Sued US] Lely SibI oll Giger pad A [le Vim st Of (LLY Led be) als Ga gly) Gell er Bas ye Wee copecell (Ba taelgs Le BELT. Lg ee GS By Gye Vie Oy Of pke Bo UT tie, oad OY idly Jarl ol lll cela ty Gd pel Gat oll pare ots Bypole Jols ¢ULYL che) cL dubs tu} i A aiy . oe gale dane pl! anal) eke Opp . Ragtl ola hed pall Ul ot Legh dylell colally deel Sle sis QSkedl dawg 4s dele ve Abad yf oadt Qo) Spl De Gg US Cle te 0,55 Ls isles sh pl sae GU] set ob dj bd Uf clad debi dl Ul. lh gy Hvorslev (144) Gilingd tb Els] yhad adey gall mare [piay A glacia da} Calcd SM Ey pel fetta alll ¢ lat] dad CN GS) Sel ID ye slat Ghetto FA eee wahi* h2? h3? Hea = ——_, ; = : 3 = hl — h2 hl — h2 h2 — h3 Gb parser deel Ged GXe Uiytl oll Spee Gad! Goby i Read dj old de ao Ghd ol Gps dedky Le Ce Bust Spell ge Asis Rad old pee Go ol Casing —————_ Figure 9 Method of computation of location of the stabilized groundwater level by memsuring ris of water in the borehole for equal time intervals of Ar. [Aster Hooralev (7949).J | Abgl shel pais lem (4) JO > 4 dee ‘ ee V8 5 pus ¥,\ ddkell eu! Sell d elah| 64 oss esl vo pa NY > el e (V5) fe eiZz SotuTion Hy = we A - =i I Lohing (Loy? *a1-19 (IP ~ = j44 2 19-17 p Ground water | Referring to the figure, on which the H values just com- puted have been placed, the depth io the water table is as lewal -35.0 # follows: | & ; First day: DL +221 =35f == I), p,-u9n | 1 | | fm Second day: D+ 1b1+ 214+ 19 55h Lats D,.=129f 4 | pate ey Thitd day: Dot 44+ 17419 + 11= 35 fi DL = 149 hi Averaging results, we obtain a depth to the water table of D,= 13.68 TB yee LY pate paket (4) ite (+) JS 1 ihe] obey jor D Agegay GLI ode Glee) ee Gu) wt ble se the alas) old) oss Lbell & ol, coll pill Ue Gd - | LL ity. Ae Yor Gl] + JS Preliminary Borings AS Asta) Lt oe le dilel | fuaall LA 9 aS Re Ve IS lA ty SUL OSs. eK bes pede SLES bridy fold sh Spt jlee Yl Go gST dois De d-' cle xl pte] Oo fee SL de IS dole OL oli GIS OS Miles ne te OW Uyllen Oy Gply bpd Glo Oy Late -£ £1 aWe Reyne OS alae ne ole Cle PY de tel, del SW) lib wa liso) le J} Bleu A dala. pe le foe Shye dele She Giggs OS as UL GLI ¢ dowel yl alah! ack Lid thimes| rules Qos oles (0) Syre dos Ida ileal Set! aes siy ate (0) J yim REQUIREMENT FOR OORING Layout (AFTER NAVDOCKS OM.7, 1963) 1, On forge tien where mebourfaee conditions are relaiively init nmi, preliminary berings at JEM) to 100 A rpecing many ha atedin te as it decrresed! in deuiled eaploraiion by Ube rremdinds borings ai ne Qalbed te define variations in, gubse corel dicime, ' 2, Where feria. @iled, wah boring cho aa 101,” 3, Where deiaiied axtiiemeyi, tabliity or Profide, Fina) macing af 25 fh, saually sulTicen fisr even ateaike ch au cariine in imerione at frautures apd Joint rongr in bedrock are beeing Invest imple TROOFER, oF stalling and probing: are spaced. an Seepage analysed art renter, Inehada o mtnimuen of cee hee bee bo obtain undisturbed samples pf critical vtrais, Provide talTicient praiiminsy dey sample bearings ta ermine mest reapresenialiee location far urd iat iat bead + Enclined bovinga wre requlied im borlingn. apectal casa shin tataes oho Biever? use of werthon! holes on tahnirfoom dereguteritien muh an buried chatenely, cavitien Gr Vaull dinatare in be Inveatign ied, Inreniigction for: Boring farcud Mew slia of wide extant Rpace prefiminary borings so ited area hetween any four bor. ene of alie om deft com Freie ctiats, Large rtructiane wiih SParaie cinerdy peced footings Low lsad warehouse ‘hallding of Large area, Ismlaied vigit Touedathon, 7500 po LOH 9). 1, jm mre, ee | Foundathon, bees thom 2,500 99, Ie arma, Major ssterfreni mirueiered, wach as dry och, Long bulichead or -whast wait Slope stability, deep owas, high cm- bainkonvemia. Duis bed ates retention structures Highways and wisfieddas ——_—_—_—<$——___.__ ings doctuder appinsimately HOS of intel ates, fa veined eaptomtion, add hatings lie eviablish Eeohogheel sections at the most waetul orientations. Space boris id te I00 Fal Poulble bulldieg Joon tines, Add inlemedinie baring when ‘balding alter ate de. ermine, Spoor boring eppioximately 40 01. in bos directions, inctyg- bog borings af poslbhe exteriny forndation wall, 01 mus ehinery or elevator piis end ip exableeh feologle actines of Whe neon! useful orjent 4 Mindhturn of four birings wf Cotnmre plus intermediate borings a! intefiog Foundailins mfftcient io defiae fubeend) profs, Minima of three hotinge around Perimeter, Add interinr ‘hewbige depending aa initial neeulis Miche of owes dry fomple beringd af oppose oprnees, Add mor for ettatic comdiilons, Af definite ptm it entabll abet, ipace borings generally mat Car ther then 100 f. siding Lncermediaeg ‘borings af coliieal ee wach af dep Pumpwell, tale seal, iunnel nv Clidverdg Freliminasy borings om live of wail at 400) TL mpmcing Adal lnberrmestints baring ty dincrease mpacing to 100 ft. at 40 ft, Hace certain. intermediaie: borings thtsnard ard outboard at wall Uns tm deterenisie materials in scisie come ol ina anil in seltve weden befiiew! arall Provide these to Tee borimpr nn fine in the ciiicad direction be eeiabiith geokimical section for analysis. Humber ol ge fogleal sections dependt an axinni of piMilip problem, For an serie dite, plece-al imma nna boule upslope al allding ata, Space pretiminary boring appromimalely 20 fi, ever Foe ‘dalion maa, we spacing 4 cratering ip 100 f. hp iotermediate borings. Inchade borings at Foration ef eu toat and crilloal spoia in abutment, Gee tiM-§ end DM-2) fag Geeta] coquiramante of highways sad airfields. For unpe slabidliy, deep cuis and high em hankrventi oes lryoat foceimeiended shee €\: Aaghael Ge gil LW bias) segs SL! Gad Gel JU Ld) Hla thy pals Awl ne olde got dewde| (Bl sol meth fea! fee QL olebally Syutall olidally ible oan Bll «eel gf Lass) lide! SY Spey tl ge tH! - Lekzal Pm Goal bla abla) lide Sh a Lut! sliced Os coke GUS f) Dyaell lage Yl filar ysl gf ne slide Ce Oth Lobes LS gf Ele lie ayry ate «wheel sys 6 tll lage VL pais GI el and Heel peel) Sha Ul Une yl! ae Sound AowvLiose OLS 13| penal dglad tyes dv, oe . Weathered Rock. peal pull dle J pat,es aloe =) » dal! Ube OL! Gee clllete (91) Ute lens heh! Gee (1) date TAGLE & AEQUIREMENTS FON BORING DEPTHS [ARTER MAVhOCKS OMF, aR), 1, Extends!) borkaga Wietugl umeatiahte foumiation atrath, mich mm unconsolldetnd Fill pant, hehly He paris materlots, poll Mee pimleed sey ond Ipote copie axained aolts i eeach frend ar EAM pace maleriaty of wrlighle bearing capaeliy, 2. Borlngs in potentially enqrpremilite fine greene stewie ef great thickwens should enead 14 « depth wher alneee freed auperpeaed teed li so omall (hel conmponding commolldation wall oot tigmifinaniby lin- aevoe ninfacn sertenencs, (2, Wher atl or compact soils are encountered ot dhalbow de pihe, eelend ene or pote boring ihrough tds matorial toe depen were Lhe qeestnce of on incdertying weaker atrate cannot effect cimbilley ae peltlement, 4. Wi beirock sinface (to be determined tut character and general tooelion of poke ore kane, ewer Boring 3, inte send, aewenthened rock, Where character of pock la nat keown or where boulders ap feregularty weathered material overlie bedrock, core 10M, into owed jock ant inshude 20 (6.0f ensing in cee ov (ato wtlectedt berlings, In cavita teed limestone, exten baeings Crdtigh tteie mspecied of snmtdlning polutlan chines, £YTS Investlgatlon far Dorling extend to ferret SSP Large wiractore with wepareie closely: thowhere incrense by rerikeat scress foo combined leno. spaced footings. m an ie lena than LG of affective overleurden stress fens atally afl borings should matend mo jem (hen JO [L below fewer! part of foundation wnlere rock ta encountered at shallower depih. Asecla jest rigid Ceournita bins Depile where vertical steer: decreas bo 10% of bearing prew fore, Cernmeaily all beortnece sheoulel ax iemel incr leet than 10, betnw bnwent perl of foundation wnbea pock in enenunteeed i” sie depth, Loog belkherd or Shale Depth below dredge fine berween Yy amd |) tenes anal: aneed Night af ‘wall, Where ettwlifiration nd icatia deep tabllity problem, seller tnd ter |eyga ahold peach top ed rs Haid whpa tiem, Slope ttebility Ar tlevation hele wether or patented faltare perme re , ned iar piel arth for whoch failure in untiierdy bee of poammetry of crosarction. Deep rate Daph hetween Yi and ne tinmee bee widthon! neriow uta, Where cet i aheve weles ip stable materials, depths fatto ft. below base may suffice, Where best reve ‘walter, eid awiant af sans gsete helo ‘High embankenen ts ba berreen Yoound 1/6 timer borkonal tengdy of ade Hope im relativey bamogennow Foundation. seni =e nil me Sale ars ansauntersd, beoebagy shin Dam and Swied peiention atpunrured ois vt; oa tau with yon of eagih dame of. | to 1"), thmes r je dems in eelsiively homogeneous ca Bates termilnaie after penetration of 1040 2 ft. in bard ond ‘ictis atraicm if ceneinutry ef this smo is keawn from orem Miggrewys and alt fieide Auger holes te extend € fl, below top ef preemend in ou en ft below exiting ised in allo i For Por high pas bankmenia or deep cuis, follow criienia given above. Alcfiuiate Auger borings to extend 10 fi, Lee me erent ineutay VOT. Webow etsting ground is shallow Mls, ar bo a deplt al which COR for propoeed fondling la 1. whichever le ervalar. Boring Log gl wai iol Lily Silage Je fate pl type pI alld pul ihioniay ela pomm G US all fet Edd liming gpejll bel yl ulidey Leth! Slegball Lat pall (dle pty eel lll cts « bytl old! Coping Lee JS clay Ugdwos Lgeetl tom a bey Clie) le eo et ele Uile tye de le ny fee endl AU thea Gyles! atts Lal, yell Stall LL, PL gy ff agtmy We SU gytealls G, Leg! GUST) UE aljsH SSS reese SPT pibeall Gey! piles , C wail! & pil Layliay Jl BL4YL 2 2) ppes . Boring Log, i 5 ad) eat (1-1) US gyre iy py tel il bts fo ad ty Olid! gy ol 17dm| Ji falas syst asi d cbalgor WT aks Menard Borehole Pressuere Meter baal) sjb wlis eile Kabel Dalally . Elastic Constants 4 -U GA) cyiyl LVN Js Pr, (1 + #) Malte fil ina Load a Son i Cure lolPresquremeter schematic han In borehole Suttng doa ip) Gambhometer (el Franch device Figure (2. Presgurerneter testing (6) and (c) above are “self-boring” or capable of advancing the distance 48 of ia) 40 that in situ lateral stress ia not lost, aid cilalye yl ol (11) JRE Jong Romgll fee olnonne plabeareles (1) dale cute tole gM poll tire de fans Kendl OYGy) pluacuhs (17) £4B= 2(1 +4) voor (7) Where AP = Pressure increament Producing the Corresponding Change in volume AV Vo = Volume of measuring cell at Po, this is obtained from a pressure- volume curve as Figure (13), LA” Fiostic $ [twos Aegan Flaws. 13 Pressure-volume curve for a B | annneene emeter test, fell Pressure Bi hal pdt - bein goes (11) JS fea)! beady (Vi pre psu gol! danall) Po daglas blr ed Ol» oS¢ Effective Vertical Pressune P/o 3 4 esl Ko oll daall Jo i vA Se ate aidll G ttl she Vl Luss Aptos) Lal ty. kleay Bye oly! Ulace Al ols] ay (lite MB, ak sey HM Osgelyy dal Ged 8d Ey ded (VY) Gales pltieuly Linear range welll call a sbe co ol thas +B CE, calsemll Gb belay ase tv( gai sil doy all ) sreilin'Y Jl Fl jam] Dutch-Cone Penetration Test (CPT) daall degli Siglo] feed ye doly RT Gls Y) ole] ize, Ul Jl by All py LEY gts . ll d Ge GI ply tert coer yey 2 LAR UD et aya oli tee le de Sf ta atts Gawd Ghd aA cals oly «yw 4 al orld St Lal) by sll ob ve NSS SY) aglde ol Sty Beilyt Le ttc) LW by by Soll fel Sete ty pls Gil ye Sse] daglie (V£) [se es. die) CLL 9 tal) See Vy 55) dahl] Gly Se Vy Say Yl degli ete Uy) Cat ney . Strain-gage bridge Jledi) las Gib ge iP) tyler phd OY (SISSY Aaglie y qe by pall dayliny gy SIV! dayls Lily “SO* cone with 3.6-cm bose diam Jacke !—* Tapered sleeve fo aliminate cone friction Gnd keap soil oul of gap formed when cone is pushed Pushing iocket eeporately meosures wkin frieteen developed or jachet (n)Dulgn cone modified 1 meqnure both paint rewimtonca ¢_ ond shin friction PEELE RRR pera de PAS i LLood tell 5. Strom gages 2. Protective montle ;Conmection with rode ray rin aad bushing » Inclinometer : e (biElectric strain gage penetrometer (De Aulter, 871) Dutch cones. eel pe elas (VE) fABypellly boy pall abo slrwtel ot Val lat by Fall pial Uej0Ul agill MaSWhy By gelly Joy dell GL ne Y GS Spall Ge Gpally daylall olazi | | he by sll Gs de doy Sali Aa ylie 8) pee Jd OSs ake y| i iZUI beglally = tu> Fy Sissy dasend § _ friction Tesistance 4 — qe Cone resistance 4 By yw 3 ails AUIS y by pall Gl se} ele (10) Jee wee qatell olay . Lis <5} teens atlell eclay . jaall eo 51554) das Fx = qed (9) Tip présauré g, in kPa i Depin belom ground surfoce, m labPusitlons of the sounding (bi Typical output haucily apparatua during o presaure elerironically made) record Sequence of operations in Dutch-cone test and typical plot as obtained using electrical recurding equipment. Sas by All sls] gts (0) JS £4pity Bearing Capacity & pil bot id pe Gb Ugeluecu| 3 Se Je pid OS quell Gs yo Last, . relsall Settlements bd! (V) yt gauy . Lee Static Pile Capacity were! ay | J +9 je} iil ste) N «Es yr JS poh leis Ue aoe (SPT nL all Ne Ey, cae BHe (¥) dye Approximate relationships between coz: point resistance g, (kPa) and SPT value of NV and static stress-strain modulus EF, (kPa) Soil lype a. /N* E,, kPa Silts, fine sands, slightly cohesive soils 150-300 1.5-29, Fine to medium sands, slightly slliy fine to medium sands HHH 24g, Coarse sands 450-700 Ly, Sandy gravel, gravelly sands 7100-20001 Suff clay, sandy clay 5-14, * After Trofimenkov (1974) and others and usually converied by author to kPa from kg/cm! or other units. Values should be verified on a local basis father than making arbitrary use of, say, the roudvelus, + May giwe much too large \ in gravel: so 1500 to 2000 may be best estimate. Seismic Exploration os “rarel blend & perall Talal JS te Gb Ugcle dacmey dey pew dojett 5 bl prals te lily hal Gat oleh) Ll dat) Clade of deel Laine Godt Ble Je Whiely al G ajlpal ley dll d Hot pod fe Le] ts 4 jl pa Yl Sleylly Geophone Osbye daly Aly © yA) cla fe ete tes oy) fo Blas bli) 4! tpi ctl de betel y deel jute Cy AL eed heal Ol pe See se: Nga olmeghl lesa ethe ary s. Widen aah jllael cae pollclibll Baty Lb) cli G gas obey! ae ob ical Bee Ree elt rey Le feted Dod Lal! Cl] opaniy SLi » Qa otek a duke wt Re wade > gs SSB eens Op Le patann et Jo ileal) pan de vette M} Bynes) pi CIS) ney ps tape alps dn Le shall dls Ue dy. yal) TL Cy gle pes = OF Naty eS St ie lly BLL ou Gall Ob is GSS) doe dl Club Ue oh i oleyll aw beagle pay! Lhe Maa) J he pall goed oe Sy aL fea uy dawyie del Jay | Lil Medal GF de dl owl GLAS Ja wdmly gee cp uu lama oe ate Gi peml! ole JI placa sy LSS Yl a (11 IRs) EC a PGMS WU) UH, Goll QF She Se lead! EC — Vi ze "Ease 2+V1 acme yh! ptves IN) Oded oye GLA wr EC Gls ll LL al Gib DE i Spal ASM! Gail die UNS AU pal ail call (nd ya 4% MON lege let) (A) Oster gamy, MN jbl Ll + Aland) collide Jules let hel iy lb OH Ge (14) Jes Hy = ane (10) o\Hp OH) Gl aS) de Yt (14 es) OA (V,) * 2 Cos x ars) eccadenprnmunhvebiney drenvercrecerersiiiariehrarunariincs (11) AB (V; a, SBD 2 cos B TableS Range of velocities of seis- mic waves in soil near the surface or ican eeee Bee katy og, Material Velocity, m/sec re Sand 200-2000 Locus 3O6- 600 . = Alluvium 500-2000 sine = Vi/V2 Loins BO- 1800 Clay 1000-280) sin 8 = V/V; Mur) 1800-3800 Sandarone 1400-4300 Limestone 1700-400 * ie . Slute and shale 2300—4600 V2 < Vi Oy SS lanee y Granite 4000-5700 a. ep eects sa ep Quarizite 6100 iam U555 i jewel Ay pall Gl © After Leet (1950) pacl| Uys lodie AUIs'y. owas we BLA Cry fell) celal 9S Gt of Layee cel Uf dab yp w Upele dace pail cllne! Op foniy dept day al) pldien) Of glanre > ¥ die ; Aagles O53 StI Staple! OU (14) Js3 ao Vi = 2000 fps, V2 = 14000 fps MN (EC) = 300 ft St hem Cipllall, OE, OA and H, oYOF = tiene of travel of wove in fe strotum divorce ANY lor £C"] GE =tme of travel of MOM Time of wove arrival, msec Qisterce of gules fram geophsce Aporoximotaly : i + % OF Precisely: Ay = eae ia = « = angie of refraction Pom 5 My : Sen OE ~ ~ ee | Time-tistunce gruph plotied with respect 10 the physical tocation of strata, impulse, und sonny device, ; La je olade) pee wile Gb (11) [Rs SOLUTION OE is readily found from the velocity equation d= but t= OE 300 = 2000r therefore (= yy s The time OA is found to be 300 3 04 = Th 000" 140 Approximately, H, can be found by eunsidering the following paths for the same time interval: ‘ar Md N 2By MN og Mi Ka mh A, CL a 3000 * Ta 000” 20 A, =128.5f approx. aw At Brecisely, Figare E3-6 MN [W—¥, 300 fia 000 — 2000 Mm Gah 2 Vise zoo” 8 orDeep Foundations 433021} Clik). ¥ Of Leal) caalia, gala pele shh criell ph cpt pny Les ct bel psy! Le Ley Linge ye Adren! lL yall sl cll Sp Uyak) SAY) dab ge gl Qed! cle bll Spy a Ale Jobe] et ble GS) pose By. dtl! is bs gayll dan oe SAY) Busy Bl tbs Lake pe pelt! lull plncel J Sill dels peleedl lel shea l ZatG] pal at Easy om Bs OSS OS Hw ERIK Clie lb toy te Guscd s) dake dyate nb Slat sotg QIU Utes). etd GUS daylie Ola 5! bina! Jat feey Eek Ctl te Bde ney 2S Aayle zis phe eed Bly FSI! ALI lel Last (aS) GL cll cLISYl GLb Lath. Ugeaglih Gene GLl Sy] cht Saket! selyall of eS apee J] cee gil seed! bol (eM! doles) GU GG J Ark CLL Get Yds! ‘egal Ses Ass SS) Ls Ll ye deal! LLY Lot ay OyScty tySldoy Jor: Ally aie dé Slab le Bearing 65,¥I (1) Oy OF Le] Shao Sl Us . deal! dock lib Joe tae . Piers clsles gf Piles Bile J MAb! lta gl oilt| rel te Friction diss (=) Se] Upogll Se te le tke Clab dels VY bee Alay Gl est lye ole DULL GG Gg dedez Slims! Oso . Lee . Friction Piles dis Bleu tho dU! GL aa SISSY Slt Colali byt! ip des dole] 450 CUS ncuy ttle SUES ULI je) Compacting Gs Sl Me de lolaely . diel) Cll) Le sui ots PF oF GS RALL GaSe ye AST pyar OF pdraenl! lel Je) Lew les . Load - Carving Capacity j..0l! pS! clis, SNS spe Utes Lat Driven Piles 33 Ri ob . Skin Friction SisssYiy End- Bearing 15) is Sry - Adyar] all | glyil or dal Shas Oi dey . lasi ba de Yad Bytes pl pel olely ld Leseders (SE GEN eleY Ob cote cai coll bla dtl ab Jb > neles Tl layer Lene . Driven Piles @3al) jlo) 2 . Drilled Piers and Caissons SU,—al; Gblewl _ y Mile tly Std) GiB) lead 22S a bye Dsl jie Pre Cast Call daly Cast - in - place adsl A Spwall dtl Bepbell 4A8 I) Cal) B iltls H- Piles Glall f jib) GUIs, Piles Veer 4554 jjlebly . Steel Shells Filled With Concrete She ob oty Mall CELI NW ae as A) et (She GS) Glaaes ye Ges pail G Beall Gill Gey ete Surface 2591 rea ¢ Ss) of le 1 83S deg ple dell iad ths [be GU) Sbbes eli ijl pally 4 2 BS ws Heare gems Y GL Gast! oe OES. Mayol) lubed) ye ¢ Uaall 2d gle GS gl ol Gust Yep gl lida) see jy Bored Hole G@ «|e Ged! CLL) Les Last Sey ecgas pakl Geasll GLAU pg Je dane Mike filo ES ae Piers Dtew!y Drilled Piles 2 yi Glee GLY Cl pip ely}! pol AUS a uke) eigil sey. Caissons SU yailly Drilled or 4 all ob, 2Ily Cast - in - place Piles asl Gd Lpalt _ Drilled Piers & Al! olleali | +f) Drilled and Belled Caissons A ye. Sl pe tke I atl diol Sila places plas pls) Gee Vy Shilpa SHE Yo a ab il Li oljeall OF |S . Ball Gold) Las CH led Bis ele pe oe Ys 2 ale y 1550) Silbl ap eS one BG gold dtel yl Ube aya spill je [el doe GL = ley ot) tl She chide! deg oe Ge Le wl Ghe bl ad Lely . pile dled ey Las fo Gall YLT ee GI ilacy Gat! ole UI labll § ab) Les [olin oA) poby WSS alad gl Dpicsll Gerd Le Gale Geoall led pages oll J} gts Lado Lal otay Gooall ol Cant & gl shee \toeel Gaal de bY dos gl dell! Gksd ils spk) bolas! lel al dl ya Ce BS) JAY 45 ais, flpil dual pty pleall jaoall LAY Go Obey 1s JET Le cet) il, ANSI, Technical Considerations 42: lib! So> fs fades CS Malad UA Gyligy Gal jul tls desi fe ely, Lall des . stl gg obey ois tel : Pile Foundations 43.9310) lola Yl 21 Slinder Structural Members ding A5Lti! eluacl Pil oP ll g Ua Of BLL opaally - gal “ chido wild al L1, gh agelall Je Lis Geilybl pyiiy Syl Dye, OWL Lae os lytA Ughe S55 oh Yin I) dell ola) Lad SNA) lel J db Wiss Ss Gd Gilybl dleo| da by SNA! eel lat Gait) ULbT Lass Gel G diy ll, olebl Geaall lS eel gf gl GYULI plank Luke Geae ululs |= Friction or Floating Piles Siss>1 gash Sf go sh enti Ql SI Slay dae Us gutlly . End - Bearing Piles 3153, SHS Le lf gd UY Eby Gee 3 clad) lt! SIK>YL GU! ena deadly SNSY Gailyey . AS God sat dal! olibll A SITE oly te NS YL Syall See) Ole) I) le bas byl pltail Laat of diy esas EY SIS Gah ce fail dee Se tee Clib daly te IY Giles pty. Coll J) SST fee py G51 O8 byes . es ake Ge Cul OFF SIS YW GY ey SeYL Ge tea Sul Oe AME NSO! ES yo Of The Slide, ogitly de I ol | + SAI Lis Red IH gS ye 519 $1PA Sel EU Gul tl pty NeW) Gus ela Sell lab GU} Gla, old oy jot athe 9h “Raced g JIA! ya (S Overturning GAY) cs 955 Uplift oll abo doyle byrne) oar le Atle gi GadI old! pb Ese LE chp byes gh Qi) Sle) dems chal sh aS Sle ce tidy Loose Cohesionless Soil (sl) 43) Aheas Go » GA Caball jie, ay! Gb debt CLL Caley of 5S Gil opal g Soul Ge} Was SESW SLLY deball SbleeY G Seat jljpal poly ae GSU! Sl pel Gels Gel te Ups Syd «ppl SS) Sllesy GoLS) GST OLY OLY) flee toby pope teas Cs le aeley elude Ads 4 Jl S) dad) ole dole Shed a 3,55 Cue Partially Embedded Piles je Usa Silo JRE ees . cl sloth ably ily SLAY is wilt! SllaseY dey jae (£7) “4 =~ ¥\£A Examples of the use of piles. ig) ih Bolo! bls tel cea) JRSalt! gly lal gh GLA BI gh td om Sit Uae cad Il ol gl prow Lape AH OS Leteey BIBL Gilt areal Ab they ge AL OS See SLEW Sel) OLLI GUL gs IS gala! SW ayaally Jyball ogat gtd! Sy A OY Lbs) . Lag LEY) tab SeilgLl lids . ipavall gf E551) Dee asst lapde OyS aol tbe Nay Leos Stptbls dpb ts Sagtt oldl WE oe dle dU) aed dale ile dt Sj) Bh ane! SL 3! piecnty . Gall bs atlas Cast - In- Place 2S 4 Synall; Pre - Cast R.C. Piles all ges Gleb! oe SM p Uadll ale Bd! Gilt! bts . B.C. Piles iN ee Net Sa Al ally OSU Ugeaglaay AIL) Up tt . Pre Stressed Concrete Piles ole Yl Ltt oth Aika Slphl ptbedy . dill Slee 3 Atle SI Goltl feed al A3i) Sle SU (H - Beams or Pipes) Chall olelbs - 5 dual dlall Cobia) GI sel fo Lely gion Yai yguy Sef Cam Sil \S . Repeal! Glebe! J) byeey Se Com pll Ubpb tol) Sitaly fobs of Je tet gll Gy gh tle Ll pat of gS ah Gejlabl elgl (AV) JSS hay . soldece! GonS ate be tall Jey TEAL g1y SU okas QSoll paall: nell Goally aaloall (N40) Carson Ge lS asi LS Grile IS neil Gye * Timber Piles dnd | eh! adlasy x Pil whit: AW Sy 8 reat cle pe Apt Bibl pel OSs Sw Seb) Gu ~ Preservative dlaal> asle aul age pom) Hay SLintI 3UG)Y dws ys Tipend sacl soll Gh \e4tol Cystisbell ‘Pipe pie: ged pai Syilly pal Ltt (ev) Se Bo Loads in ton Wocd pile Castin-place zine ty——U=”= Whee Ad gles! gi EU) ae cl ah le. Reel lata al SCY! abe ye Butt End ,SVi bil o4% Cow cba el Go eS Gad) elat GAS) Se yaad EM Esl OL Ue Islezel a Lil dis St feoA Solin oye) GMS Y G4! Fe sob b) BLY - hawt all Lia! sla Gl SU decd) UU Gall Glisl dl dass ASCE iS, p81 Gall Gud) dole clas! ahy © G95! Oe sade! clisl dl cel tl ged be Yo ce ae SLASU plderegs 2 «Am» p Una . Ub gbll Gaile ¢Uaall Ide prec 16 yaa) pe Ps oe Bult se Butt id) ples fe Vy dewgll Sledd : «By ¢ Ul _ peal a ee low! thu ell GS dats Lines Syporkl Glee 2 O> ¢ Ua . eo ie je » ply p Uae dees se Tip je) eb as fe VI Je leet cals ot byte aby ete GaSe Elled (8A) JS ghars Le pe 1887 las oy ork Lee pl git! Dy VY) Get be an |S. (LS pl!) spall Gy! ge oleled! cae \S . GMI SE 4 caiclly pet! cys Si glall ol Si ale bly Ma lab set eT coal 5. dled (gtt~ aS jad! bbl) ogy SUI oll eit) cee, SAN elgsl dues . sleet sl yee de Use sally cary Gye! Gylelt Lda dak ob Ga jEI oe Le soper Gall aa yo,bee [ley OB Log ne Ide IS Sly Gath! Gost! hee aeee Vs Gy | if b>!» pl doe opt Wes (£4) \s ty ‘beds dol cal - Variable butt diameter lgenerally 121m, minimum) 6 ee J This line must stay on pile — = sap ae teeta" TE = = — din. (rmimteenyen | cs a a eaaetene [a hat ye Bend To overt eee, splitting during hard driving = 7 ' Linn i i L crit ee Cae sWavtel Jit srg cred pele 7 stheaylel bre ee a> etal band: Tara TF AEE rk haere le) ta) Alignment criteria for tire piles; (ie) dewey: Les protect pile ring living operations Batt! [Ray ttl St! Sle (EA) Joe pea Getell «it hb ssl Coe yi! pled ok, - 1 SHH) bs ies po glll Uybil Old Kool) GLAU etl dete orl Gy EI fe es atl ese! Glia! play cis! ede ta) Splice Plates ales zlsll pal jee -¥ e+ gt! glad) SUS a AY cli! Lhd Bolts cls! woe uly bleh! asi da 5 de Gees pat jee hell dus be | shyt Leb ct p Uaill doglie oe tt GE ew Cty \oy. etl jis G ht! joe 3 yk wl G Dy Trim aile for tight —f fitin sheave. Drive —Trm burt savere dor spikesthraugh it Both ends sowed boring ond foce pile sleeve to hold square for qed an foyn tices af joint inploce if bagring ——-..--—— 40 strios bear on wend necessary ; i than belt thy Splices in timber piles, (a) Using a metal sleeve with ends carefully trimmed for ivan bering. () using splice plites, ttl hg jth! Stes (£4) = * Steel Piles bal! Be)! hl CAS Oly WFIB iy wll Cl aS) placed Sey. (Mee ple) sales Web Thickness _2all Jet of é Gee uke A lela) eiyetl olelee (4) Jot> ews . Flange Thick 442J) Ned BIN Ely NGS Ey Bell OLY, Gace HP Clg pAdeied Ads : Lf, al ol sil Jab je Lal cll ale ie anes Sydelll Ue Mee gh a Gale BT Nod Spell ype Setiiy Bee H JSS Geilybl phn y Awols [Slay pladern! ppd spied! Gilg! Ue Gui. bile Gell cad plameel gl ad spk lS ple! Me Silpell AG cost \orBS ope Jol UE GUT. opel peal) 6 UW Ce oe gpreall GUS pela tie Gy iMPI ele} Aste] duljo 9 Sas Gul 2 pal ¥ H Je Slt! (1) dyae Pe a H-pile dimensions and section properties; its in dark type; metric units in light type r Area Bepeh a of of Flange ‘Thick. Sectliat prepare aection, sectian, = width aes, Web, i, s.. f. ar on? ; in in in in in* in? in* in? mx d-* mm mm mm mm matt * mex? maig* meet ud itt 14.9 Od ous = (220 (72 4 4 Re Andi a4 as mas 478 PRI? 1H 4 ws 0 141 14.78 0.705 705A 150 a0 sta 14 ASS aa ear ino) 47 ate SH 2 uyae TAL ray 14.70 tins ald Co) mt 26 ay 169 Vis waa 162 pnd was har (ant ‘Ob ad Ee] 14.59 0.405 oss PS J vor ml 4 iu M57 rid ay eNa SUR 1753 ae osey Mo 177 I2AT eM oy My ib 14a wt Dd cen A240 Vine Dor 14.62 Wat 2a aha ba? oo 12.44 12.61 O.820 o.820 B12 129 215 4.6 le ‘at Tate D042 ‘ee 78.0 11H 145 Ota: 22 12.5 124 uno | To 12 724 wt La wT wu KY raw TARA [Kas ua | iii a 1h 122 aid Ab orl 560 oa tae Mit iat Mit 03 S40 7 2368 a7 4 Ny iia 114 Tuts ois OS18 472 9A 153 ta (iy S053 16.0 + 2GK 13.08 165 1.296 G17 Oars ss ‘rH 12.08 wails asa 668 in a iho Me.2 abt Thos 11.08 lea ous $29 Oe ites 995 10,22 505 Ons aK m 47 yom a7 ay? tay [444 124 On a2) agy 4 a) WO.tht 4 ANS THO 434 m7 14,2 Als MA DSadb tuk? hisa 4 wk 24 aon ih aa Rik ueas SV OH 40.3 ot tad 203! 2075 via yi hia 445 rey ih naa? Algoma Steel Co, (Canadian): all odtiers available io both (nae States ail Candas, ALI! sec ros Te b pty Chall Gilt! Jers Riveting plb Jk GsSEI Joy OS Oly cle) dlauly sole alld OSs cai fe Dag cise] ted). Goe Bolting wlll 4! \ogOSs ot Gt ahegll Ob dl 4 ey -ahesll aie Gey Sel lal ae OS Ol dead, Vey oS progll Ga jlel apae pete SEN Sf hogy gel agit files Ge cee sane dhe gl! aaatl plgl (ony JSS gaazy . Us ebstl Sal) plore] cide) Aes oul Pip Piles spatedl Gilgbly HP Gjlsbl Jeg! detdeudl orbeg) the No de> byte Bile) Welding pb) pr. bles » petlank! gh pl Sh piel Use sulficieet! Golly a rivets to develo i * required stresses ~——$4. ge ee Fee pe ee t Ce ——— bent Walded splice Welded silite leotented! Le) Splices fur H and oipe pile (a) Welded pile splices: th) bolted or tiveted: splices in pipe piles. Make £ adequate for stabitity. chal Ge bl pe Shell (Oo) I \oo“Pile Goleg!! fotl> ge VOr ce We Gal Gill sued Te Gy US FNS] aT de lS OS GyHI Al Jyzll LL ob Cap oe Sle eis Olas 3 OLY! dak) ast 1d) sh ee Vee Ge olde del Gg balk Chall pltbeel eed Sy Slghl Uf soley! cl) ogalall del yS Gr ilydly dolugll Loc ciyY AWG el ce ay SU) BLY Aa glie pati sea hl bl) ts G5) BI sy Syl) feed all ge byt OSI dy cles Gy ts al SUS, doy till Ue Libis deslir dad dogall wuld ol ls. coal tet Le O9SSy Epyeelll ola & cll nak fad Segall old slay ype) eta cle NAY L Ghee deylis fay oll taal (Sl-c) \xo deus. coewall hind! dal JIKSI (01) jee ees Skin G5) AGW oo 85) pL a See Le steal 21M » Sela! dnbI) 2a Us, Resistance co Section #2 Secnon A-4 “Flat plata OF adequate “s Plete on end ul pipe le) (a) r i) Driving Points 5.5)eeU 2) Li (04) Ja : Concrete Piles 4gbe 34 5) bt Pre Cast jegrs) Mil Gaile SL As SL Geil peas jorCASING CASING BEING BEING REMOVED EMOVED war See oq / * “tal bl © iy = on oo m4 VOID DUE TO ARCHING La” SOFT SOIL ~ CONCRETE . fd -. > cARING BEARING STRATUM STRATUM TOO MUCH. CONCRETE TOO LITTLE CONCRETE IN CASING ‘N CASING gs. . CONCRETE °~ sere iN 4 CASING EING REMOVED WATER FLOWS UP Lh i CONCRETE CA SEGREGATION WATER: FILLED VOD rl e Ed BEARING STRATUM VOID IN WATER BEARING STRATUM PRIOR TO -LACING CASING Potential problems leading to inadequate shaft concrete due ta removal of temporary casing. SS Renal Solel La etal) ote (or) \eaSygulll els dolell plot g Gl tl oe od Gall Gob ays wt tele uty . deh) eld) Coes eT Syed BL DI thy Gage Laglas 13 Gy jE Ue U part Udy (ot) [Sts sy all (SLi Sealy Strausse peal pd hy tl BAL oy etl ole ay tle ted eS) Fly (O%) JS2 Jews . Benet 3-5 cm VOY Y FLV OR Conerete Concrete - Thin Steel Shell Formed Pile C.1L. Shoe a- Vibro Piles b- Raymond Piles PEP PRT Concrete c- Strausse Piles gad S dyad! GS) Gols! Las (or) Jee a, \o4cil clalge| desta Unb pagel dL GLY Giilgtl clas JH 55 be doles . Leh oye Lgl] Ayal Ctolge VI Missy A ylills Jal Slenderness Ratio (/d) @lal Ls jy. Das pla! Geel) Aaa’ Bg 5A) ( dawgthl ball) ale Spb he dy sj) pb BF cam | 5 MMS: Agnin Aes ideas tem hea = LS As (ASO) = eres savas . .. (16 - a) = 1.50% Ay (30 40) 5.0.0... eeeeeeeseceeoeneenanneaeee (16° €) Bg stl ell Uy> pllasl dL) ub ¢ 553 Se Spey MEM) is glall od Nl Ob GLY) Gall late! daylal Ste ae ls Gyles Sis pei Sit! ee Sle 2 ci ~~ oO s9im> 3 dant) | Osu Ca ge | 3 J) a Oe ‘La a Aes VO ce Bil oe SU atl g CUI ga fa Vs ~oe (mr 1 -£) pw O ate G Bla ele d+ iss . ail ame oH JSS dears. GHAI od ah git dat oll SG pe Lud! olny Les sp eV le Ue! cole Vee ey Gi el (08) ae oO Sei) 1) LS TTT TT | dt Hae] Chr 2° | stip Ag 2nt5~ 2% Ae Leng, section pire| Gale Goilyhl mls (ot) Ins Cress-Sethion ‘eae aesly Melly Uslll clalge| deplal dole Jt) cess SY! (00) [Ks aus 2 (V1) tales stall Call ne ey Jl as jell de (a) [so ew stan Ngee beeing “aa Aiglncs Slag Lorgelios) 0936 gaat cere Olle Qube pe Jad doles We Bj TL ay (b) Ist gli, aol Ble das lay See el deal Jes UL UG gb dl clay! eo) Sad ral pp glen Cle bezel Asllio fall Me § Gs 50 f Mad SL detrcul| Sls Vly Bally WAV fash GB SI Oy Co das OS il Sn SNS Guilt OSG Com La gd deel cle ll Ket DL pel ddl Sltly GU aT oe Lie cll ey . paell | roy } t r — 0 shee ————— § | = Ya) if $+ ole of — AT ces (ati ee Valls Jelly ab Al clalye| (ony cs ywaus gLall| ae eke Le aL CYL pel Slake! jks be eel gl Dh Wis, Gol S50) SL pW abel LS tesdell Slater) aa! Ly. SAMI i Ug Leas elt 5 ht SA eee SF HEV GU bbe] Gee Git! fo 2 cpt gl pt ee i ee 3 sts pee Gold aE [hy Fuller's Joo gre a lS) oo GS OS OT OH Gy jHEl dle, cy "e | emi Yor sc |e Ytice ptocl Cae S| dai . Curve mtr ee sl pole GEM yp pdrtnd! Coen Vly al) GL IAAI | Sgaad dapling oe [eat csord Cae oldl dad abel» tla) oj, fat ele oa VY ile OS sl Forms ype ailydh LG IK Lara SHUI Ugslye OSs Oly de jUbll dace oe MAY GL GLa Dl petleiy dil D1 Aho) jl pe pide als mall fst oe by YA LE lado of Ge ae VI de abl Sem ee Oe oe fe VY Le Coplay A ples Sy SLA! anes OyS) ispbell ad aes Lal, . GUL gil LI te Jy pe 5 to)! a9} |S . Concrete Pile Cap ajlu 3) talus bL; Gb wiles. LEY Stole] oe Gy itb! dat Chall os & es Osriy . hedvall polar} dole lit ety ale oe jbl bo se Driving 45tae Glagty Timber Dollies & A+ abi: cltoek) 2UG Wet dade! leat ab UiKel (ety US aeys . Caps pel a GD Gl : Pile Driving je jlo! Go ules sry» . Hammering GybIl daoly Giltl Go ae esl Drop Hammer 4b3LJ\ @ bl ys J,4! ¢ ol edhe ob) \“YPrete Priv») -s\xb) 9 : a ale a A ON Pe SB) o OF DN), ot rE \ ris oS : aa abs = abst ti 2 blis . Steam Hammer ay jlJ! 43 Jol! Ju ys bey Wb CF beg Sb ae GL bye gl Lt _Aalteetel 259m fal Spills Lael Spy) ets tbl Doily Gall lel Sale dt Gealel! dle ony Jee ass et bey ati Com sl ba, yl Gylall jo » Gollehl ae pe GW bas byacall eld! pees . GS! a5 Gyleey Single Acting Sst) Gyles J) Gold! Gylkl) ey (OV) Ih cel bss! pj) > Double Acting. : Sequance of Driving GUI C3 5 Sait MAY, Gael i Galt! Step Gull eu Ce Jy Wags Sopp wenathl Uy) 2 Vs Stl ge ead! of ce ede Shermly Hel Gil aU Gul Cas le Ciel! te & oll ype) cae ening DF aN) CASS OF LS pl jeadl ) ehped Gibghl cae gla) DE ie el Gal ees Gall G95 TF «hed gaat! GU) Ugo tote] erry Ue fail Uo pi gl yarCylinder - Outlet Velve ; ; -abefon Deuble aching ' Feston f steam Valves Cylinder Inlet Steam 7 4 valve ' W W (a) Single acting hammer (b) Double acting hammer i lad! GyUall (ov) se Ol deal Sb gl ole gh lis G5lel oko! alle Gy te lies GUS das Gull abey lal oll dpe oe Ty of Ce Gull ore GM CF OS Le 13] dal all lyre Catal Gal Lad AWS GU cole nai 4 OWS ty lil cal Sus Casall Gull, b S5L dtl ley Condy atuall Gall nS) GA Gy MAU eG al Sey pe ILE Wd 5 aml db ae obi SUS OF de gordl adi GC Y Glee Mase! UG SS ll glk duljay Gall GyjULI slew Le ow » Gal ell ge dle ola Bie GUL sa Gaile Lek) tiga) dele elbyorle Als Gal Ghee clel Lately b play) Ce VePRM) legal!) bed Ce be aa nc , Sattt Gal askel) GLU Gis, C8 (1) . Prop or Stroke 23 ti) bya () Gil LL byl pds GU Gy (=) eee eae de yb! ype) O55 al bal O5y C2) Mele barge! ose) ¢leb hy (+) -CAbs phe oY Refuse plel (5) spl dead GL 3) pee (5) _ Depth of Pile Tip ay hl ale oe (Zz) Ga yeh oy ules de Ce LE! ey eel au bye De G2. GIA) ae Sat) 13] Gul sale Loew sary de Lb Ue ayyle Gul Ge nt ei Suu pil Go é, Negative Skine Friction redLe siscely ; dahl Al oe Gls be ols gl LE Aut, GS Gules ons ot ce HAI ge eal OL eee ake Gall ight el SSN Wy GM sel Gat 98 Gy ge Silla tl e hes ho ale ole al eli Gl asy) ie he pale Ul dy - —ayllall LAL Sy 3B) Go tole] ot Ub Jt oul de gook! Sl AST G] Ges SLel of Gall let Cowl les] \19el etl pe pe LIS 5% Geral GE le Sell eel Sa 5lEl ce : > pall 39,2) be 5 yuhd Load Carrying Capacity of a Single Pile: Manly cl UG) Obl ae Gy ade Gill fot! ous claslis & got elie Use Static Analysis Sa flow Asc 50 ;Yl deylaey Skin Friction 5; Ut Ahilll, Sissy) AA!) Slt Css End - Bearing Capacity Gs jb. fal 3 pball Dynamic _SwalidSl Sa) oVoles Of pe . Gall Gol Lai pots Gilet Udy Gy tl Ld 1a | ehds dass Pile - Driving Formulas as Pile - Load - Tests Gy jl el bool uw l4 OL Lol . aall etl poy SAU of bra yes GyjlbI ols el Gy! fo ARG lol Slt Mie foc Gls Lye Glisl dll obi " Static Analysis Priliny| Sree! - GgseN Ge Vhs DY) gests ¢ pet ge GE! Je law fo thiledlly MISieY! Gibaglil and ya SKY dylan te HI ob pha) oe Lmel| de ylis ge Bey! deylany . GG GQ 4 pl daglis duegles IY ee er) Glo Ly poe Sy jbl Cty lal Gaal soe ISG Yi daglae GUS s _aall Sy 5lbl deat bs BN alas Ob Se GU ead etl Glee 3X Sa pll IK dy Of Le & al YA0... = Be recerietenaseccik siiromihid edo mentee macegnere ye det ee (17) Where: QO, = point (end - bearing) resistance, and Q, = shaft resistance oF ipa) Aplte te ey OQ, (IY) GLY isp A, ye DG) ddl hee ah Od Se Eb LL all Spel otal WG gd gale Gem jG Y Gor be ( [eX clolge| ayaljs «cr Cloladlh ale jl Yl aba we pail) deglie CLS ys 4 i ojs G fall dbl Yl bas Wiss «M» & ol fell Sis BP» SY pee Ge oe LE {ISG YI aS yo Slt Ob el oe utd) nts oi sds dais us 2,5 sill Failure Patterns she Yl jsa 3 aad ae Ose Ge gl obbell JISSI (oA) JK shay S559 plas JIE ge Way eel i] Syke rikty, Uidtet! 0, gk ciley Op nd ee BLY! E56 jell Ny teal! Sl Jot : gus OC. 2A (ON, 4°08 BY 2) NS PM eh cictsn. tearoom (18) Where: A, = area of the tip. ¢ = cohesion of soil beneath the tip, 4% = density of soil beneath the tip, B = width (or diameter) of the tip, p = XZ, effective pressure at tip level, and N., Nui, N, = bearing capacity factors for deep foundations. VAyv© pl GES y le oe SG (1A) dabal! ce GH att bas GIL LA] So bee dod dl Me das. IY) Spe Lad, Ja As SAL On Res ee nS i Os CIs Syd) gyre > ati Sayad) ay yuedl th abled fal ih) Prandtl Le lees Reotner dany Caqwat Meyerfat Auman ‘Tere ¢ Wi Hetenentece arnt Brafry) Hill eral Yurnshieien ho Ween STIL), Wuskin, atid Chives Ayumed failure patterns under decp foundutions (afer Veic, 1967) Maal! Chal day ill shel! UiRAl (eA) ae VIAOn =A, (ON, + PNY) (¢- Soil nar nal] Go) Gobi Gly Gad) YEU: Sat Vala! Jae Q, = Ap ft MUA BY) 5) for square or cylindrical foundations, N= 7.35. (D/ b> 3) for continuous foundations, v810.000 - | | / I, oe x LA ‘ , = Bereaus tary. Le ie Lay Beer, Venie F = Jaks aff oor Moverhol ‘ a fe Es ay s ea - = = rg a 2 4 = 5 - a" 10 Skeiplon, | Via; P feahay | Tereaght <2 ape" 1 iQ aa J dd ao as at Angle of iittermlil frethen vlaperers deel) cL Tb dene foles (24) 1 Cc] = 3 Nel for spear or u ferlinds etal | wuncatiee 2 | ¢ geo ish J 7 (Nee) for ooninunee = founda lion 4 a (vey es Fred) Sills AL Leal poles Ratio of depen ta foundation width (O/6 oF OF)gee cy friction Bike Yi claglie Uae WY aS ety Adhesion jo! cleylin U] SLeYy dali 4 sll, wilt! ca Sl HEF eSNG ESY Sli tad ray ee Ny Syl ane Wy : Shas Sise>"I\ se 5 jets Unit Shalt Resistance qa dag PAN Mell a OL sis yh iS das ass Cylindtical Piles S=- fo t227 tip) Seca eee (22° By Square Piles, Q, = 4 Ff", b.f dl Where: L = embedded length of shaft, (297) or (4b) = perimeter of shaft. and f= unit shaft resistance: ; Al) Saget Bota ye FS slat legacy betes GB CAM eee ete see eile lividseeen inne £ (23), BHA) Cy Clabes te el a kl ye U8) J fe eel diyelly dy MN gee Gy SAY GW adly aed a all a baal) Got! pbs fe gaped! baal 6 pe os Uslly Bab) gue iy SHV! oles tan 6 Bey (dL pial » aged) GUC hikes) oe Ges Cy ed (VV) IRE eas dala) 3G yal pe fle de C,/C aud) as ay fs Method of Placement (555) Jk+s| 4% 5 Disturbanee Soft Normally Consolidated Clay a.) asl! a 2! po Ny el VA joes Vane) bd te SLE plies det Ol Ye Ce Gull \W\A iy cemmall dell ye Ae C,/C dei Ob abe Gall ge yy dod fe ley. Bay! ye tll Chesil WE apeell totyll ge baler! de le jtd ples Aaa) dees Ciall pe Oy le Ul) C pe C, oa pls em bles) SUE (AN) JE Ces. Copll po Leslie Go & UC dod) ylia Cy do yleel Sty C dag dolby C,/C jaws . Med. and Stiff qully dawgdl & 0 ied) Gley Soft Driven Pile G,34ll Gyj21 oo sl (Xu Bored Pile Fill ba jbl wlebl Cols 13) odbel shall UG 6 C, ns ABE cpr ales ell its i SF Papert timber piles SG ane Ter pen i‘ O Parr iat incre pales | © Fire) bebe oe moe pales Ta 7 Somer pereergem, 1 |yeue) Ge tel ft* Relationship between the skm triction on the shaft of piles driven into clay soils ang the shear strength of the clays (after Tomlinson, 1969), Bpdll ile Sele Gori is a Se PM lS) deal yo QS 6 Coperll bral! Uudy poll cp de nha) QR GD! Ce * 6, = effective vertical stress K, = ceefficient of horizontal earth pressure at soil - shaft interface, \v¥ESS! lake AUT yA ol el oe aR Gy danva!! ular oy 3 detS We hey . Gl ce peal Densification Ky pelea gd (Vy pte Gus At Rest OSI de 9 dil pes! lie Goble ul Soles! de Stl bial Ky doll (Vy) dyte Hasis of Reference Relationship relationship Brinch Hansen and (a) By = 00s? GO, = 0,430, if @ = 30° (a) theory Lundgren (1960) (b) , = 0.8¢, (b) pile test Henry (1956) Gy @Xp* oy = 3G, theary ireland (1957) a, © K+ by = (1.75 to 3) oy pulling tests Meyerhof (1941) Gy = 0.50); boos sand analyeia of op, = 1.05,; dense sand field data Mansur and a, = XaG,; K = 0.3 (compression) analysis of: Kaufman (1958) K = 0.6 (tention) field data a ee ——— E bes GBI pele Spee fe tan d MSc>'Y) bales dod dorriy 8 MSY duyls) ed (A) dade Gaus . GyittL deal & pl ayby O teal & Wo el dell asl ye 4 3 dah! & aU Sell SHY Sly S} D> Yl Syl) 45 (A) yt gb Values of 6 fp fo Foundation Saturated materia] Surface finish Lite sind sand Steel gmooth (polished) $4 Coe iJ rough (rusted) 4 0.60 Wood parallel 1o grain 0.76 as Tight angles to grain 58 a4 Cancrete smooth imade in metal formwork) 1). 76 0,80 grained made in timber formwork) (88 84 rough teast-an ground) 96 +90 Pe ee Oe ee \vY: Pile- Driving Formulas GAU 25k! GUY aoe Bybd yh) BES pte Bilt GU AS obit “GUTS oil dae fe ol GE teed | EKakoW By jt Tas Y Jess. dalcoell Ley pay dogiall S83) @lLaVb Gly Gb a <.> Danish Formula 45 lal Dsl &, al) Glb ole) Gus EW Use) Vs wa g AY * = : & Enetgy lost in s elastic compression v wD iE =% Blily* Se é; Displacement at tep of pile Gill oleh Gy! Aol leet (It) IRS bi gail x aS doll jy = de} alll W,,. H = Holt! LEY x Sy Bl deglte = ders) GLb Qiy. S = 521 G SL) Gib = aogaall walbil | 3 Quy. Bi: = \vébagathls edoetnd! colsles| ie a do | a3 Udas| Si ay 2 ao bes Qisy = CW HY / (SF Se) veserreenersnererennenr renters tees eanena (25). Where: S. = Wy- L/ AE, and L = pile length pee) See ES CYL! danas! yo AS pail] Dalal aly ct gh Soe pe dhs. Bld Ge oe Oye GURU Ul 15! Gb . Agerschou (1962) Sxl sual |s clyt e sl libel fSl le Dat depo) Ub Lest Ecol ob AI oy islall acs ally iss»! Engineering News Formula 4.41 eh colt Gucwl Js bagaall GM! Gubll v6 pall ad! ot YI 4S yas Quy = (ZW H)/ (SC) creeereecsrersneseensrenteonnnesennaae (26) Where: C = 1.0 inch, for drop hammers 0.1 inch, for steam hammers Il as Baw dwogd| ites byt pall Cliny porns ey th agldee GLA oles er qt sed dle Be gpk y ae Floate ols (VAI) Spe! daly cot gl oll ole ce cals Sal) UG | OLY poles of op gbl ue (1998) teen im Boston Building Code Formula hwy olely aac oly W,, a Quy = (1. TWy Hl) f (Sb OL a) vec cecteesteestectee ‘ Wi, \VoWhere: S = the average penetration in inches per below for the final 15 cm. W, = the weight of the pile W,, = the weight of the hammer, and W,. H in foot - |b. ASU Gall SU%e gla Gated! 5 Cela) of de Mais ludZ Gall ltt Buel GG salydll yak dyeuore SW CF Sylny Gul clef Goi! Bylo ge ree tagdall § ercl GN alt ly ES Se) Ola yll Ob os Climy tie ye peli key al dye -F Sly 95 Wave - Propogation Phenomena gh Bde Bhiny 35 AK OU Ob GUS oe ae thy Shs es Sails 1] dele Gl Slee G Sully She LLY che, UWS . Load Tests [ell Uyle ee a Spell Obst! cts & Jl doplal OlebY! Odell ew ple Cobell Gl SNF Ser LW OE of be BLY Ud, . HS) Y! te Jets pda (TY! aj) Gall 5. ja Glas Vy be 31,9) MSY Gail YY g baal ; Pile Load Tests bod! Olé GD Mgehabcel Se gly {Kati AER GU ped jh VvSF BI fool iE SE pew OF Se af hey pana SBI sols Grey Was Gllly Att UL) ch4 om Gul Soot sels Ge. al GLA ge Ala SLY we dae WE She yerll UF Byle Bye lel O55 lene . oa bh Su sp Gye Te WS taaly Lae ae foe meaty foal ola Direct Dead Loads sls Oljsb Lt bere! pas . ele Bile pghat Lb Seite, pte Set play Alar AS ps Sbul) duly gl ye ye eI ja ats ose lS . Reaction Piles claal JI bd oy de O39 the bea pe Se Lever and Anchor as3\ J pli feomecl! ob (1) je ‘ange oowhac lew jaa! 3) Aa glen bys , Abt pa ala _jaall 2) Bile alan) 55 bomwl pl eas ake YY) ale i591 eden Gill pled! cele, “Y [ae 4 pile Plo cuit Ayoub pall eral ees deal Gale USNs tbl pity jt oS AUS Mloating Piles SiH Y! jhe ce Fp Ne nhs Lt pee type Jot! toll dae Hoag de Hatin lbs G Gene, Hl eM eal, ate Gh ASbe) JAY old aiblet5U aaah tl pla pliccul jaa s ibd Eyed! Gls IL yi athe dled sib ats ode oe cp hay pe ye JY tle de Jail 2) Gil Ge ay . gill le FRY dilad) pjlh wb Jehan Y ge ole Yl dy Gye ge SAY fas dle jpiad pje Gib dleld lel oe vvet Lally by Paes Sisbesl ys faill a) Gist ll sey ed Sh ee VY ge Sally ES ud) ably JT dade Selo dlawly by bl dod lity lie. lel le nai 9 Leakage ddalace seg] desl Ge dttey Ol eel Ul dey cle dn | il tb ys p0 og all O gia b> Olpe Le JI d Plena 9 : by jal day! dowge del Godly a OU the I OF yy) ep WSs etl Gaile dh WG oh de Ge fall pe Bales lel J tall g gp ttt edt ples NSW Gy lke] ghey 2 ele ye Gale Tee JS Gil de ple Gt Hall GUI GLY Gy pera! fe ciraly 36 yl > Gul, orally Lats lis Kal b| Gh ote oa whan ASrwl ly ct SIVL oth hed be Le gi bi ad okey guluably dalal) GENS OSS & pel Slylety . Obb! apne gl Sle Je ap rome! JL- 3 Rigid Platform tle das ole! Gy ile ae _) aly from! OI 13, Adee hp) ye play ol SLL Cdl ay) Eel Gil HOLE opty a Old) ole Gs olds Uo Gy! [ae _ daa gell it joy lel d ay ae iy IT acl le fe ew dnb shee § tall O55 del deedey tle eel de , Joi! hae od. gla yte ety Ode lel § dH dols YE de _Y Sythe td! booth oe lel J ty Sue ands \VAHer gen tol } feowine, Front (6) (c) AY Gal bF ob ty Jos DEY be SL Upesle lrorel ple ge ohn pet) 5 55 -t heel es hi clel al dep debs IS RL dase be fodl ee Jal) Lee Jed] dpegll ae -8 JRF HY Gy Ht shal by dl OLA dsle self ie gy ds gpa SFY) Ob pw or HO Sy oles) Gls qld) Gilly oe day Viaptle Grewal pl tapoye dl byl olf 13) et ow Vy fot dns G5! GON Law d] BLEYL oleae Le du. G51) GON ble dS) BLeYh ol sols LILS pe up o GAN god) bla) LS Ay. small pl op ell oe © aS) gat eee one deed. dete cena Where: 8 = elastic displacement in the pile. QO = test Load (1.5 — 2.0 design Load) lL. = pile length A = cross sectional area E = modulus of elasticity Bl sly fos OB ob sles! ayel eld lee YI Les [515 BIEL foe bythe ete LE By 5M renal! bm att Cad Naf Wel ( Coles! LST yt jell fod ae Leeedl brgbl wills Go) dbeall _ Shlel Soul gs as fy WE Le) sed GUI Je! aes Asti ade Svat! casi dey bl = fot! gow (18) dm ews BU we fetl abajl Goer Juec byt! loi! a8 Lo dhy . 4 pull teem) Sad ill ae byl goee (10) JS day heed VAsSettlement (atm) 4S ul-jush 2 54+ Solas. Sceitlemen f { “aa ) A fall - F olay s < &+ Szlos, = = ed CIs S99) fet biped [edt _ bydl er (14) Be Time ( Hours) 0 @H AR 72 @6 120 jam 168 192 216) =6ZHO ob ppp jot go! apt yg Spt Bot Ad, il - ul { we time 2% CM Sate) eet Ered cope begdl goer (0) Jot dle Go 2S poll ye ol) ils byl 2 att coe Gye Le Boley doghl hot! gone oye ode penal Le da pu Ob eV VA)pst (S+q2 0) dod) bu bot! leo Neds 4S da ye GUS premwadl de et pb. tele & pct lat Coll & pel) bo gl pe gl desl de a i J ; Si! S95 jel SS> Yi Ss jb Ultimate Pile Load (233! S451) Je tary yl OSS CUS5 facet & yt ce gill byubl — badl goes eo Ie (dead!) Aol ol deb Ce hy A degle ge es V 4S OE Je AY ots WARY EY nS ga dl] ch & We gl 5295 ge alse poe bed Goal depe BS MOI Bile cbt stow day bydly tl oe Gare ey . ddl G Myo! = fod! ge (VN) JRA hus. eyerdl dhe Gull all shally Ie cj caebell abla ge On as sity . byl OM SAW fos! plascels be Gell hot Hagler Ultimate Value of the ce spac!) Aeglall Stes dod ce Gercll cl fot CLA fy Ab AUS te pudeicy . Skin Friction, f, cenibie DLT folas plc 4c pomnbl GyiIE! be cmt . Gy sbell gb \ pA 09S Hy Jal! lly GySLI om yaa of Je. (I++) le dad Ol ce Girly de pere byl Ld pe Ct ce ily yee byt Udy deyerbl Go Le pol dest oa bS se! Ge Vy plans sole (tie Sot! dole y dbl 2 -U GIN! Cipll o daglae O53 Us . GUL ddl dalall Jb Phy ALod! (geaylic ble Raat Aaglall ye Spee ed Gil \AYleat senlemenl SS Gayl Ue yerel fad - boyd) gots (V1) [So iy phl deb IL sll Gul UEHY quell GAs SE le uals 34 Gas de Ge Spall of Y Sik Gail Je ev VI cis YAU)! hohe Oli ol ail Lily . eile 9b OlpY!) Giese lew + Shy CS 3) J3S1 he Gail Ob lagdte OS 13] gle Joly Aba)! Lama! Ge jhye let 'Y 45ty Ab! ail Jj dab pteaty ASS Gillet oY al eh USS : Pile - Group Capacity a! = 4g ee he 3 yb dehey . lopiin oy bl Spler oe dept G Guilt! Spl ike Bape eile Gly tay Me of Ct Gil tl yo Ly Lula J] Spog!l JS Guild! depemd bel Oat F hele Gy ,b co AS pee bet ee dstous ales . opal S351 nal ett \AYipl at J) GLAYL Gaal) LY! BUS wood LY Os Gull . dAll 3550 bh aya fs di Mary Gale) oyall Oy jb} Be tal op a Bey Sl depeed Shel Gus Ns de olin bes 45 poral Bana Le| gla '| fF te BAS gall all do glite (WV) JR pegs ge |S dep bine! cole! de SIs! Pile Cap TLAN VIEW PPHEREEED Fp newt Bearing Eesishance | Ril! ge de pe je Syl (NV) NS ‘ gys Le pl oN Ie pomcl| bee 6 ye Regge ct Mm, Be 8. AL) steecercaeenestecdecueevonnay: (29) Where: Q, = ultimate bearing capacity of a pile group, A, = plan area of pile group at tips of the piles, m, = perimeter of the pile group, q, = ultimate bearing capacity at depth D,, S = unit shearing resistance of soil surrounding the pile group, andAZ = thickness of each soil layer through which the piles are driven. Sub - ify cle pet dyno GQ depend ols of blol tue, leslie fp sat fat dents (oy Gilt] op Wl § Cds groups (VA) jo sais My blo 6S Ss pool do glans oy Bl as | ale pod! . 15 le pt OS) ita fa ty Gohehl ojletl ce oe gl Al lesen! Gre aby Sub - groups da Cap +e | see tas FP V3/24+er Sm= 6/+27Fr ty 4-."Frle Group O= qu A + {2 m) 2S. AZ Bilge 4d! Cle gerd! (A) [ee icgorll fat 21d colad gm Gilt deperd bel arowaills dls ee SUS ppeny . Bde Bilt ee ely gee Aj epee Oy Gized WSs de perdi G Leniys Golet! bed Bill g pat gh deyemdl er ge GT fe CH Ube! Ca dani) Ne ais)! olilarsy QLol) Ol bee woe ls boley . toybe Sills Geb) (ee) eb JET Ves oy cole be tole) Oy Goat CT a ee anal ite \AeJlel get ye by L UE tepall Jou Ue af de, BSS feweecth dL | les MSY! 4S plan) Alay do pell Gy lb BV SSS deperdl hye! penal! rt Vy. NS Y Spee ate asbUlasl 5s jlyel ce yline 2S oe Cp De eget [be toute SVE SL Sa A et EAs dad OSS ee (Nel Gaile ) Ab pe MSY! 2S yo at Le ike Lecll linul : Golstl de got bye LoS Ji lls GAM SU das yo GU Lt ly. gait doaall Cli! ye SU dike daly Ueyernel whl dike os eel LN Lad GS we al jels OScl! Pressure Bulb bel al st pill Crt She ot Oye lel bye Leljad GUS les 8A Gale eels GSS de perce! Qo Aetcll SUS ae diy ly ell LSU by) City Sb Gear HL ge et aos dab of Vf deb! SLY) WE Weed . thet Bb OLS pe Andy LL gy tbe dl che 4 fash tb dc pomdl fm of al sil sks MSY Gly bybl Luly Pl ce aj Abe oe pe dl ay SIS Gye Be fll (V9) IM Sl (S GAL deal lab Je dis YL Sm Seal! ee SS Gaile fm bas! ah SEN ad Sage Of eid HWS Jey Gall ae Cuil Lb om eels of qnay Gab! yb ye feu CUS) se LIS alles 65 OS ah VA‘Load Assumed load in pile Depth Reanng nen Siresses asummned to be transmitted to soil at pile tips a “End-bearing pile” with some load Wansfer through shin fnetion Ee i EE Las¢ . Assumed load 3 in pile Typical load transfer in fnetion pile Siresses assumed to be transmitted to soil af 2/3 point (b) Finetion pile groups & NS! Galghl Je Slt (4) J gle All oye Gee sleek sazell Gall 4 a by Al ty im ae Ciwatia ie fot] BES pts Ge 5l A! ine ee anal tpl els Shia Labs lags plazcul Land aes JI cll fe Gl Gly. (LY Ghey Olielys aii pee ble) place Cagty . crlinkall ol tie! vary 10 cola Hb olblal ote Job eb |S jel bays PP Coe a baad! le Laylatls ceil pil) thet Gina se Dalal! ne oll on Gis hey pS Haudy Sd ley nt by bl pdt OF Ade J! dll Ue Gs etal y . dy aa jt chem wyle cy gill bbl lew Vb S34, BySILI fod shar deparll Jole yt Ja oS ot de @ \AYSyd) pk Ualtaced 3S gi) OBI (vs) JS deus. ll DEY) Gj bye agles Gilpt yond Load Ubtimate load 0 a2 ta 0.6 0.8 1.0 Settlement (in) Average settlement of pile group (in,) 6 HH 30 6c SCO F Le Width of group, F(t.) (a) (bi 16 "I ta} © Pile groups (driven piles) ee @ Spread foundations = 12 2 2 1D Tentative curve for ep at sag a= pile growers Koriven tT aS cd =| & i, a ea =| fi ga 6 a6 of a3 a s Width of foundation, & (ft) (¢) Settlement of pile groups in sand. (a) Load settlement curves for piles driven in and (b) Approximate relationship between the sctilerment of pile groups and the factor of safety of a single pile. (¢) Design curve for settlement of foundations in sand. Mey A Rig yet bye pli (v1) JRO * Negative Skin Friction ce 5! reo re J} Caissons Sb pmilly Gilt! Sy O50 Galli ShyoS! G del S) heel oe 98 wetyll de Uy . dell & aU Lt - pF bb A) ae KE Geol GL W I ab i$ diel S] toes of gsc bl Ob tole iy b ody Ky a \AAByAb e Sle LY de ULSI te Sil Gee Gil Sl SS MSH G ah] Ce LEN AWG ity Geel old eri § Gey! jot! As Sle! Gs, Negative Skin Friction” ae > Ode GSW deta! 2 tall! UW bt GY Ast, Slab Syd dejye lel of tate Gleb ge peti CLel -1 abla All 4 2 lgreglae Salarn'Y Soft Soil a 4 2) alii os etl lel -¥ » Gl sa fons gl UL Sie YI 5 salad SUL4 (V1) JRE Shey SES SSW od OF JS glen s . heel Ub Geil! Coe Ue dod Lb Ox Downdrag Forces tliw mw 6 td de jaw gl MS pol W SEI clad! de Woyll Glad oy Syl Gpat 3b feat lee. Gilt! Ct Cs Surcharge ¢ bye le apy Sh 3 BAY Gy Syperall & al Oj) Ayler Spread dod Loe) Foy Je yey Op EU a pl dad oe Ge a : Gb fot ayaa Uyle delk, Surcharge IR Additional point load produced by drag = 2p ee Adhesion Bearing iiratum End beanng pile cluster Surcharge Effective unih wh. Bearing. ctratum Qn Bearing piles Surcharge ay Settlement due to drag force ' ke Fnetion piles T Condition Sensitive Clay Maximum drag force Gn > 2nhr Oy Gn = twReg Dy Insensitive Clay Maximum drag force: Qp = InRe, Dy Sensitive Clay End-bearing piles: Maximum drag force per pile 9 Ca = ah, D¢ bul drag cannot exceed the smaller of the following two forces. Up = lake, Dy or 2ina + mb Weely einai of piles Cp = Friction piles: When pile relies on side (nction for support and the direction of side friction is changed to drag by consolidation, then drag force which €an develop it limited by point-bearing resistance of pile bul could equa) the maximum diag for end-beanng piles if this value is bess than Point resistance. Insensitive Clay End-bearing and inction piles: Drag force ap- proaches a6 an upper limit the values for piles in sensitive clay. Because only 3 limited volume of remolded soil is consolidating, drag is mall compared ta Point-bearing capac: ity of pile. With surcharge Analytis of negative akin friction on piles in clay (after Navdocks DM-7, 1962). Bae hell comell issd (VN) JR : Jcli, eayls jeu le pel iJ) clolge ly 0.28, f, = 1400 kg/cm’, 6 = 0.87 \4:tlh) fot sad die ded Or yee ellie Land Jame jared Gl Glee Gy pee - | pide. cS oar aby pV .0r wb Gystl . Lb Ga de a A LL) lag YI f.= 40 kg/em?, n = 15 {Aak, Surcharge IR Additional point load produced by drag = 2p ee Adhesion Bearing iiratum End beanng pile cluster Surcharge Effective unih wh. Bearing. ctratum Qn Bearing piles Surcharge ay Settlement due to drag force ' ke Fnetion piles T Condition Sensitive Clay Maximum drag force Gn > 2nhr Oy Gn = twReg Dy Insensitive Clay Maximum drag force: Qp = InRe, Dy Sensitive Clay End-bearing piles: Maximum drag force per pile 9 Ca = ah, D¢ bul drag cannot exceed the smaller of the following two forces. Up = lake, Dy or 2ina + mb Weely einai of piles Cp = Friction piles: When pile relies on side (nction for support and the direction of side friction is changed to drag by consolidation, then drag force which €an develop it limited by point-bearing resistance of pile bul could equa) the maximum diag for end-beanng piles if this value is bess than Point resistance. Insensitive Clay End-bearing and inction piles: Drag force ap- proaches a6 an upper limit the values for piles in sensitive clay. Because only 3 limited volume of remolded soil is consolidating, drag is mall compared ta Point-bearing capac: ity of pile. With surcharge Analytis of negative akin friction on piles in clay (after Navdocks DM-7, 1962). Bae hell comell issd (VN) JR : Jcli, eayls jeu le pel iJ) clolge ly 0.28, f, = 1400 kg/cm’, 6 = 0.87 \4:SSW fled! daly fast gf ued GLI Sy jG Mscml daly J US fey oe OSG MSY dab Gils 13 = i them daw yee ine Yall Slab S26 G ney VT Le ldde Je lo » Cb! cp ab Yas "ef ob Y,o* QL ols fa ore Te eh Vee esldde SE Old ey ilel bast oll &3h5 13 ell etki ed cy dab ety he £04 Clans Leyte Shey Sef be 8A ley oye bols Sse MENS (dag) SLI! oll Cley tS Te fev yAe deeylt antall Tel ch vy te EU dell “e/ ch sv v¥ Ebi) Gla! Te fh + 8e tags HL pearl Sag openness er cela ee Abgt| oll) pene cfand Ol doles Gar. domly Re el gle Cpe Sys) Bale Syd ws gleeYl OS (1) Ale aUaadl ogres! Mele Geilytl Go bel Aadierenl! ball CISs ee 1 FY) eel! SA Ll Yala pada! . doy VA Ugbyins ob Wy ++ leis dobe ( cap Cliogey EQ wy ES 5h) SU Ell New | ce Ves dod Col) . dyPI bot 2b Olt (GLa Bl dye fell ditzy puts Gad Peneto py G5 et Fi Grol La VY Rew Well fall ope Meee dink Gat s fy tL fels Sah doliy “oe / gh AV, Ve Seth Obl Sey la, \4\teloadl Lb) daw sll Cab) oe €5) OL SM (llscss “yo Te] gb Matt Sly Te / ob VAs det Gell suey gts Me Vie s SIs fe hoe Ase, Uy Getbll Ghu, Qual) Re Nets GM ee CM ee Gheel de oli b tines fo Ves Gee de Eid) oll pe . (IS Solel Ted co Vy 08 dagns Oljgl Gey lb bre LL, SY 54% oyldde Glal foles peel “YO ele SlssH! Gol js PHS) ae ot St ck QI Shela) isl _o ce Just after Loading Gla! 2 Cast - in - place Pile edo! 3 yas ay jl! Settlement 24H" Later (mim) Cle by ENipe Ye ayby - $0 2 ed, pina delat doe se VE, YO CilSs Lemel ei ce pl) daw lw bys! U3 LEN ws eka bedly I ae SE pelt F pieced SET OW By eal Jaw Ce let day jl tye AigKa deyet bye 3, igole ge ety Aes , We gereel) OLY polar odes pe \, YO bind ols ile ghel oF Uele get Sel jl OO oe BS dee 4 1 Royer) Ast) ctl ole Ais SHA LS oad ted pact) + [an] fee] x apa my serve fw [anh ef 2a] af wel maf we VAY= ¥igit * oui bell a Ceol! be A J een | Float- slb wiles te ; 4S eile os | gem AE poe SUT wT \2.2) \r i 4 Ss ing Piles EE nh dei SS GS Lines Wail © Bt pn? Stra g gig bh al elle a 22ND SuTY CLAY TPS Sah ih S mel. JRL Y= 0 BSt) m zysubly Cpnaill Sepanll SeeEC Ee U3. jew ¥,0+ Obl bald |, Peat beta Yoon SOIL. PROF 8 Nt OF Megara 7 Bly Fly pe MO oy iL Sl ,r ee G day pas belie LL Ss PICe GQP ee il AN ILI. LS Vo die (vt) [su ; | te VA, +4 doling gu Se jbpEl dat. 8 cele gp eV tole Gat » stl Sl ol ce ees joel Wale ly 4 pe BS epee CA bell ae yl ee FO Sei Stell Galatta ll led spoke p Uae wlss Boyall Geils! bot Epa Lgline de gerrel Lat a yld dans iy all G Uae paid Gps Nae VW, 0 oslo Ugh ld Gable Yelagl damp GAAS Qley Gab apes elitwl (VY) JR mnsyll ot tees “Yo Gall Sixt asljy “ef ge Vie e dagall jal V,oe Goluyll yee (A, es SL Vite) pete 3 Ril CW) Gye SH Gy Gilt 52)! le » (taal) ‘ar = ¥. -A