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GlSs Canal ea y yal gall alts OST os pa Cty dag ye Gle cis Cillbally ha» ct ANN A ecagll Ligs ea fis Ppl gm any Lene la 5 yet B yin an spun VO shh apa) Cy peal 4 byte ball :(0-1) Joe sma aAyal cleat) (1-1) de Raagl oli gle bilasy pill Cal ge Gh pully sNjia Y Sylar tile us ly Diag ob dave gil ila ae Lyle THY Gye play Clans (ye Bale sSipy Ao site vlad) stad pad go lpatees J Aaag gy ll shal Lg algS pd Cay pus © phely gual yall Go dlees (il plastiny alls ced pind Gio Cty gah oll Ueda eee ya lle: aaa (gly (V1) US sie y «Still Leigh gay I eg ll alan pad gals eats pall gS dl edz pi Any + gl placed y Cabal as gle y Abst yp ca VI chau gb Gayl che cobain y ge ANS ny A gh ally Sy gall gd og sl Bye ee A Oe Aincay apa Leste y vaanll Calg apes A JU gd ya gil itl al) daddy Opi pus © LE eal yall Cay BAG) pip AMS y Sg Many aS Aa A gh pall Ge cab in NS gpl gel eengs le af gd pin any Leste + pial gE} Sol poled Lgijy HS coat Laval pint pF I) bit a os Cah pac ASL 4, sil cele M5 pia play planed Ugh) HE cand Leal: pial EF coll gle i 6 piel ele ELS gH Abe phew ie alia Saha 4) fl gl cla gd pSay cemuny Cally oy te pll Jad \v SSNS SS eeeala patty tne Gly alichs ao gs ties Lisette andy oll ley yds ew Vy oil Bypatall JES yaa Slt ay yy ASll Mj pins peated fi yin Ji Lente y hil EAP ELS te Loa ys aed Cus Ql le bik aS fy lel I aad y VGM) plastul oad @ 18 ll el je! ala eball Gye ApeS Se oy As gol olgall Gs gute God he Ald y a si al gate el gl aay LIS 5 La pygle ay ate NOG! Land gate ened Cay LS gull dull +4 ll cls 485 Gleel Ghay Leal Ge @ 83 3h 4) pl Abode Gy esl eb bial ata giy GLEN a ate Fe IS Ay fl ye lille Gils Says ules Laie fie IS Allie yb bypade Glo S555 LS + denall Yea si Quad HD, cial S8) Raab J paV0 LE list cl pial lee alastiul Mules 1 pial cole Lop Sey dilate Maud yA sal gb Gilat! Ssh Miele} Sell Guy saul’ vo lhe Cte Gem pbs Se Rbab I jheall tgs oS pel a ypu le GS f Lin je Alia plead Dikll eats ibs y die Mie) jody pal gall Gye li'y oo JY! lau (I Viggpets seh el elt gue “Hagpenele eal ely ro cali [pau | othe a4 J —ay¥ Su iw Gall Ut Ruta ae Hy gSill Cilegl) og cabal) el Aid y sath ol gil 3(¥—1) Jet Agbyall CI LSS cla} ad) Cilighll yas aie, dahon Glee! ley duall Aad oll +(A-\) JSb SPT (jackal) a! ss! Leal ly 1Aot coal) (S1GRY) LG8) 2(A-1) Jae Ray ipeciny Lgiliplay Agata Ay fll ye Sade pli yt yd Jay All ihe aay Peas LS Sleills HI Ta pall alpall Qs guste MS y cilia! oda duly, ALES gil pny LS ip Gee y Lane piyy eta Glib Lye US le + SPT cull GS! 185) he dant ya Cle a yg cts Ay gall lan baal ad pall yf cele Y Lage 2 ASS yall GLa — 9 eR Se ytd eI ASS Slee past alld hl J pyaee | Ay prado Blin Ay By gyal ph ae dle de yuu 4s A abl gf Gly yay ads iol Ci jgpeet Le Gales BMY ada) le Gob ld otese gf Fi Sbe paddy duel) yin! aR Li V0 DS 5 Ms sil bh ay ye) pi tla sf olpall gia dccos fis Bacline Ag (VV) ASE ogy (4-1) ISS Rie Lys a LIE ay eal Ae lye el patel y dal Lal pacing ye ASS ila yo Cilall cl yStal Willis ya Gila) cl piel b rst Ol I aL, Sill 255: Distribution and Number of Boring GLsl Bas -u teas Al al os a pally dames Littell gy 5 ile Sig Lncae y Wise jist y Chall a3 spat ale Bell ae Vy sila GSUl ies As) yb yell 4Js oll ight gh po Ral yd dell oly! o Ugh Aasiseeall a gall g dysuitspal) cilueall 2(4-1) JS 8 hy etal ginal UY oa a lus CG Gt el GY! Gans tnd hy sad gall pS pally GES OU Glee ued ol VI Gees ea LS 9s ful pL ake GIS Gti chad FL gg Wa bpp tnall Lac! pnal HIS Sal y dem (955 ay + sil an hye) Locka NS) aa ae thal Pact cult Of Ging LS Upbily Lay oly yeSll we Ee DLN coe lNigm Eas La i) Liisi, Clad Geel od Le yee y cosits VAN cM AcolSD GY LSM (pans og Jeet aby 41ST LaLa) a (8) Apts peal ge le Calan oy 5s (1941) os poe 24D rons + (yfiaam Ce dal yl abgall gd hull ase iy Yl ; Y- . xcorr TITTEIILLL IEA EEE SUIT TIII LETITIA Ia AeA fil cell od steel! AY Yphady eoctplll glans! ote clttely | Ayhaall Liban! haw yall Types! gl Slag! (ts) Uy wf ety wy ceil ples ebpll cL ited yssilsyal) Cag N gl pata cigs) 2(1+—1) DS “Lia! o Yr)AMG al) gil pally Ghul ase yaad cilia (1-1) gta petny yh ag tary Lepteee oil Gell of sad dba asl ce Byer LHL 8 oles ee be Ve cy UL SLM iy LAS ed ZV + te ol Ly! Ul Fs dele LEU le pan Ladd sae aly LL naisll ele OLN pccigy Kg dell Jl old sf et GL Ld we bee Whee Gl pe Fee Pee ge et Last olecdl SUT ane ae Ve I Me oe hdl dy UL 2 LE ade Stl ay? gy SL ate Le Leary WS gd te Ye GING gp tang ot ag apy Sha hablo | hacked plas ole Sd) ope Ua ptt Se cms cgal ZY REST) Fag! Ail al pSlytl APPLY OLA gy) ae Lal gobs clice wal sel pee | ili dd LI So Cony tell oY ofl ee Db ol Vee SSI ae ot OL ate Jar Vey Lal pes th Ve MOVs oe ante oF Cate BLN 3 So emp LL shat ay arts heb ite Ld ony LI lity OLY ghlie J jz Searels tte OLE pits ee he Se pats Le a ge lel, DS one cot JET pee pe ae Fee IT Le Jae St ae rropt Say Ly gly ot yl SS) Gey Ce Shall aul ye aah Gt past cay seh phy Chase SS 55 I cae AS «By Leigh 4s Anale Ge AUN 25 oe php gi ha gs (99-9) BE cans Lee ave aol Anal ay al vid . e ne + LRA gill pa cpl cleepll ayjgi (19-1) Se rr(itil ape le lel Glued Gleel asas: Boring Depth cl upl_glsel —s Jy ped cuaesy + Leatlatily Lgaty GLa pal pe le ALS y ae 525 ord all Deghcee yell pay) Cli She Geli date ya) cilbll be gles! Glial SAS ugly Jy ja Gans AILS ASSaall Le gD gh 595 gh Aycan al yall ctl Tyee Glael gle Cita ohm Casal 6 1 pedal a gt sf Mabel) qylall lige Lata pe ill gel Wass paey call Glee YL Shunt Glee! asi Legacy cy el NY pa pS aed y Lead Lyale Lage gf bleed og) Gist Y (gil de ll ine pe Mey AE A ye Sal ol gay Lead cS) call lial: Glee ode wieaied slice (ae Ge Ginty AND Gf sei LL ial alga yl gash al ys Gey ota #(SY=1) JS lal Uae oe alt Jed chalga) (11-1) Jee Ch Ande Magy wllahy coer ay ye ae lal Gye G8 Gila! el ye! ates Katy gp Hake xt gate (Sa cemmeyy * uptall guage Chala og ney OS decal Uae eda ad ALS A jie VO UT gy Gene pb wlbaly De sol gj yall CD nad ll gill Ya Genhy Malia Ay yc Sabi JEN gle Lana Ly ji oy of Gaps Aalg) coLtsall ah ned gl antly Meng eee saey pA lel ulin y oI fie Tees iol 160% oe Uyat cage heey yal glue hae gle hy Ung ZV > Lah Gla fs Mel fh ilatga! Saad LRA Sila Lael cs pull aS aay) 9 (11) SSH (cise sl) Gale *(9-) dose ud rthath (jae (ares) gs Vf Ve gg) lene uae Gea ly fal) Cpeumtinny Ay GS LALA dlls iy jaal y ene Jy) Gap Gees le 65S pal ad sileall Coty ID cages did + Sah pl) gS iad | jue T+ - Vs Ge col) BY (le : Soil Sampling 4,30 cilie : la, vg ple gk Uyilighyy 46 Ge cikie gle puna Gaal dee Gil los Vigil (yay ke Ca pally 2 fl) Hod yoy agar gi ile (pt padtind 2 fill oiie pn gs gy Allin Cine Le) G95 Gland Ge He pha A fl Giles vlenailnads wLasal gassed LgaS iy Lene da il ye Ce gh Millie ye cil J pia gh lel Gee @ pha dill Clie! : Disturbed Samples Ube cle -| ola ce Call g BES, USA on JSS Gh a ie Bay ye sf GSA! Ray ys G5 Shiga oka g pking JS aie | _ASYN gle 15s 8+ US DS cen cet) GAY) GUS gb Leal) Aaa Gye y ae coal sal ye ail Ce RMN CL ge el pad Say LSS + pall 4 5a Salus (68 (La) intl Shem Hy fl Gen siy cape halal) Giles gf Alla Cilia paint, + 4y yal Lana i yt Cras cg pth LS + all CLIBY| y Le pil daly 4a sally AU gpa sae Gud uty shy fly Ay plea ol yall og sine did pea pasts Ulli 44!) Glial : Undisturbed Samples GG. pe Slike -a col) ABLsay Ly pall 4a le chat Leet y calacll Sin Aagalall cof Ay fll StS pal pS) YoChsal gleti ayiad cblbie :(1-1) yd co Balad! atte zope 6) aad dl Sea? com Shetl Gel suns | oth lola! Kyl apae alae ZV > oe ST Laat oe cll cdg yey] Zt LY Ube iY] pee gm ed See die VT ge LOU Lape » tll cnplpated gases Lorde lec! ple pred p40 shee) bi ol olf oa lutls gel ary OL Glad et big VE comes geeclell alee] LF ge ZV ge tl eb LD scald ple 15] YY ale sept STI coe te - pe LH gle! Ga Lede poll biel bse ted enka Gleel we phe Mpdal! ode ole Us sPolpad oyey ge Ll ae ee ee staan ge ipouall Be ge A UM ape IL MO gp cad Feel pte ple tg stoliy day Lae, bl) ol eT gape go ema pt LE peg pall at AI Semel gpl deel Ta + Mel all EY aU lh! abel pula cyte ont DST ut co! ALLL gel, Jap go ay cel Skee I Uegll aF ala coli! MI pap! samy ace wlaase yhgil cape gy Y apiell Atl ee Le ol (1 at D pee LG Ui en Ties abel yepato oo shold pV OWT be Mi! Whe ods cysill sl ae Tt HN te LH Gheh dl Ste seme OUT BBL Te hy JUV he Bt pte dpe! Fe sgl gps LET sel te got Ul itt ps oo Gal) Saat cobalt pS potas Be col] Ahad oe hag Copy LHL Glued agal ay ARAN yg De ooky - Rectlapsll colplall i poll plat IYI phall clighll I dpe! oo api thd) geal dela! dpdel BU see hd gl lat! Geel pel! are Latte Up A DLA ay. tl pl iad Il 8 Mgt Milne Lal) RAs gl LI GLb! ay LED YT Sass ee Glen ly colielalY ode cr yateel 151 jor Vl rl HLeillolLyl ine Vly Ho phat asl 1 Up oizliebe ald ollgiy apa!(Las ode 3) AUST, LLM, Salt is yin ope pt ade Glin! os Lila AN, do yenall OE 3 Aker pa Lal Ailes oe Glue le quan Ales y Degree of 41id) 45 qGucsdy Lili Ge ot la Lie le ee 2 Ag! afd) ye Sluell Disturbance D; -D? Ay( %)=— + x 100 a AR = area ratio Sal Ft Do = Outside diameter of sampling tube lie) a3) 4,2) = 16) bil Dj = Inside diameter of sampling tube 9 Glial! Gal 4,04 JJal sbi vA Mile yet Le Lied Sap ipa Gt gt 2+ Ay glue Rall dud 955 Laden PUA im ee pees fl iy Lilie yt La shiel ySay il bisa cl pata Guill Leta gs pte AU pA Sila ane CaS gy 93 yA A fies Cus CL, Bie 35) og jy petal) Gat Abe Cla ay ola gh yal ol jal GI Lily pencil bln ol fe Y SS UY) (gle Aide ye gly Le Slip ch yal aie ie Yh gd AYN aay 242 5M Spgs ae lanl Gaally Ay fl ine syed yo gh pial) lee pring — Akg olga cr peale pled oe line gl pail aie pial (gS ol yall pats Y - Aaya clad Qigua lied ye Sle gl pital ate yan Silay gl olay pial igle cans - H Ags AD iad sap m pally ASS I Lied fl lye ple Atlas es - vig di 8 AAS) El pRiad ate apd + anal al pall ye Ulli ye) lal Jib ake po pall Guay Hola adi Y pie LLG Cia je ante Bsa Mas plas jgeceall etl Ugialed Cina! Sainy ged Gydine pf Lgl GAN AGS aay Siliged oy Gay LS Upnetlies Ge isl Df Ua eh icy + emeall BA pay Fe _poas Lgl Sapa y + 5 fay Sally Geall Ge lay WD ops My gle aad ltl UGS hay ge Caen oh SS a AE) a) Clie ied Sy Ga et Y te Led pga getty db ah ae gle ye | gow Aaa ae y Mecpll ob yy edipall aad gh Agel Gilly GS Le dale call TYa Example 1-1 : What is the area ratio of 5.08 cm thin wall sample tube, inside diameter is 4.763 cm. Solution : Aql 8 =. x 100 _(5.08)? ~(4.763)' (4.763 )° : Sampling Methods : Glial ,te (J poall 9 yb —» +SiLigall Sa) Lieb. (4-1) JSut guy: Split-Spoon Sampler Gtjad 3s) dit. —' EU ol) Seb (jis A Ca al gal 55 age Saeed Cpe Cline SAY puna pay coil y PR tah gle aS A yeld AG play Ugale Gall Aa gp dp sill gf jy Aneel SARL Aalgs cod S56 es Haba (LU E+ gl paS 1.0 cel) Gigs TV Leis Mekal lad, BAY puts dilice Spd) ody (gin beta ol gti Mi plead gi fy aul 0 slate pm EL eke GS Le PM Si sae pets deed I pall heal Sie Ab Miele ye 4iLoyl, +» Standard Penetration Number, (N) G45! 4:9) 4s sling 4cLis} esd gb pied Mile ye Cle Uglilo ya Sb yh diel! gi y any Ald N lia ase ytd Ay jal Casini y wley Lede lize Gl tal Agee ya 4d Sie TS 4 GS Lakes Ss ..f Zina Spring core catcher Viel (jsta Mid dail CoS § ySa 433 wh Standard pull @) SY) G8! Gas LS5 Gland dsl pd Ty LI ota, +(1e-1) + penetration test x 100= 13.75% Tomm =3in. 460 nm = Bin. 150 mm =a in, +Gd_i Gas Zee 2(14-1) Joe TAport f 457.2 mm 76.2 mm (8 in.) (Sin) =| : 7 = Ce c | 50.8 mm 35 c | . a = Drilling Ball Split Threads Driving rod valve barrel shoe Coupling ina) Madly ciliye Adade :(16-1) Joe add eens bts dey ce ble 4 fll GG de: Scraper Bucket bss} ai -* cpt dal aay oh pec SM ALLA 3 Abela Daal yg Cilio gle onl macy pM, Alilie Citye (gle J pumall JS gab plas) he AIlad 930 catty 1 SG! gal aby Sled gl ial Sieg 14th Gein dhe gs (Say LAS GI_fal Qu 4) Last o(VEN) SSh og alo Gb pall 4 sll Mead ab 4 fill cele ale Gay Gh pel Say Ach : Thin Wall Tube oi yan} aa 4!) -r pba, A Ho pb Gl es gaint Lays! 2a, Shelby Tubes pad) Cat Getaly Jaa gi of Lays ogl Seay ale Uli Lely AVN ea HE cage J pihy AB Ah A i pe Mille ge ye le nnn cod cal cull con pe ass May Jala Lyall asd A gb Ghany Gb Ay sall day tid 6 (YV=N) SSE + Daal Sar iy A ye Ugg Lap Aa is i rc Driving poim = tS -5 eb) ghall :(10—1) S&S raDrill rod Thin wall tube Mab colts aul (1-1) Jee Water (in) Water Sample + gall) Cilia Bf :(1A-1) ee oS) ES NS Tile all Lined 85 Lege : Piston Samper QulSl ctyall Sai -4 cod Nae 5S A GSD Citi SST cold AAS y oa all ade yee Ss Yd MAT Ge cody yea Lady Loyal oe QS Cilisal Salo sSiny 0(1A-1) USS +All oe AagdWl gb Mss y 3 yin gb Fla 38) jing Sally Allee Ay gl gS Ayla SD gel pA DLS esi) A fay Qa Sal) Abaal yy LS an yl op Lage Apnea pis oil China Ay sll Ge Clipe Sal dy aie Ayal oly le Able all w cgils atts Upale S pee is el bial iyo cll ALB Cal 4 gall 03g, r-Adel gy Lele Uy eall Say pda Glye : Rock Sampling pAvall lige -° gla cele seh td phy! ebay (14-1) dS Core Barrels 4ip5) Obl ou! He pines OLE pil 525 y0 4p peel) Glas OUI glut y +e pie i sbly psoas Ailids cay SU okay yell Gla pany Cage oc SD gf Often Gl Oulall Ge J Sy Guus ally Gly galhy pial Go she Ge Cla Saf ppg ala cpl! lind wey jn gh Le Ugly ke gh Le Lge ecall Cull gla double-tube core barrel Diamond coring bits + pana) Chie Sli glad 2(14-1) doe Ligay oiadly pale ynenll Sey tS) Oly : Chunk Sampling 45S) ol_ial 1 YY Gig ghd ohn GY ay pd) cye Led litle yt AES gle Jena Ser il Uf Aes ecg baa (1-1) SEE ceetngey 94 fll A and All ty Gayl I Gane pass ipl ai) sie La UD cls! See Gin y Ulin yall AGSI Olin gle) pool AGlSal pre Laseny CoSly Lyne. yy Ugh pgene Lip gh oka jriaay Clanall tplity Uplain.s ig gid Gla! (gi May yh ode plaktal (Sy Cus tay Glacl Yo lye le Jpaall eV jie Vs gust sony Jai rlAt Chal (1-1) Jee : Field Tests (pipet cd Wihy) : Ladd oa eh gb al pte a NL GSN ok Agia ol SSI Ba CO Lage Fa ll oe pa yA Sigal, hs dyes Lats glo La coke Lack yl Cd LSS Lb AIS AGL 8 ile Ly y Magee Less plans Y pil VWdG CAMS FLO ge shill (ety pitta Gl, Jaa rr ait a@ S-! jus! ; Standard Penetration Test (SPT) uli jf gayi pcs! —| ESN Vn yo 5 (ySpalizall 3) OU al yay Auld I Lak pal ya ls Na Aly + oemalll QS fia) Co yeciall aie ole dual gle (cle dates Slacl ple ity VA) pusf1 43d Split-Spoon Sampler ijl) Glad dal daaks 59 ay Las! GAM glee 8 preity + (LER Qo gucie) Lag pia pL ate Ay ll od (Ley oak ym UG) pe bid (Ly 18+ gl pas W,0) Qogs ATV yi} di phe CAG ane Casey «LRN ol yal TAS Gay (1A-1) Say (Ley) navn Ay gt Chip SS) daebe 0 8 AVN (aay VY) paste © Allene (3) sia) a Le jSU (Guide ss jul) Gace gle Glide wat ys Qilunll yy + Nasal) Ida (cle (allay BASY Qa GUM are S50 be isl palo ob Mila Sy + puto US rod) aha tN yp Sy Ais Oe Ge 524) 5 OLE Gas Vy AUD gt Oy A put + Oe ya pS allad a0) oy08 pa AS pbb Upon Ahad ol fal AAG Ge cy sSti Maula) Middl, hall y AV Ugly (aS) pial Luly patoY ge bu e 5al yh! Vi ad, Ce Mad as Gf ipl pa ALY GM) ishall hill bol, Say «petO yo Mileall laal As yay oreny (5 yall Clad (pe pia Qadl 955 CJ Giay pe 1,0 dle plas lal Syma gh Legh scplelay N Aad iby 9 (16-1) IS dated aie Upllatul (Say cya Np hb lay © RYT Co gee pled Ay ll jy pw Legally Lebel ol pall Gi pie ABO Gn jel Lingly Cals 13) meet N Gla pohly abt Lad ale iy AgY) Asludly Noorrected = 15 + ; (N= 15) necseceeees we(1-1) 45 jd A aN cones Atal 4 lly «LSI i alia Ga bale GEN Sys shen) ae GLEE YI Ge Sali N Ady (Gy pall algal) USS) aye Gd Zh Dy pas es eee Noorrected = CwNe.--- Seceacati vecsbiGsdbaaguadcevetanrcevsdssesier® sue 1-2) Where : Cy = correction factor = N-value obtained from the field rrNsleds eosvetll ales Jucil (Liao and Whitman, 1986) ole Gly 5 lad pay sag¥1 1 = Ln AME asp ne nseknecceransenethescouserasecnesshesetan smesssencoesceensen! 1-3 C,, =9.78 Sania (1-3) Vertical effective stress, o; (kN/m?) Cy oes 3(¥1-1) dee fagia Cala ghee cgheny Ad AREY! Ne Gye ile yt Glue ke Gpenll Lays AAD sae digh u Iyuense pil Iaicall La ling cyl pl clita! (Say Cys dy il ge #(4-1)YT=1) Aslan cet case gt LEN vdaptal Asulcal dy) pl gly N die :(1-1) yan Consistency of saturated cohesive soilst Consistency N Remarks Very soft O2 Squishes between fingers when squeezed Soft 3-5 Very easily deformed by squeezing Medium oo Sut 10-16 Hard to deform by hand squeezing Very stilt 17-30 Very hurd to deform by hand Hard >30 Nearly impossible to deform by hand rt+ Gus call gh shy N cay Abba (4-1) dst Consistency of Cisys and Approximate Conelation to the Standard Penetration Number, N Unconfined Standard ‘compression penetration strength, ¢, number, N Consistency (KN/m?) 02 Very soft 0-25 os Soft 25-50 10 Medium stiff 50-100 * 10-20 Suff 100-200 , 2-0 Very aclif 200400 » >30 Hard >400 o «N dle : (@-1) uyse Empirical values for ¢, D,, and wnit weight of granular soils based on the SPT at about 6 m depth and normally consolidated Description: Very loose Loose Medium Dense Very deme Relative density D, 0 O15 0.35 0.65 oas SPT N : fine 1-2 3-6 F158 16-30 ? medium 2-3 47 8-20 21-40 >40 coarse 6 +9 10-25 2645 >45 @: fine 26-18 28-30 3-M 33-38 medium 27-28 30-32 32-%6 3-42 <5 course 28-30 0-4 33-40 40-50 Yours Pot 70-100t 11S 110-130 110-140 130-150 (kN/m?) (I-16) (1418) (17-20) (17-22) (20-23) + Excavated soil or material dumped from a truck will weigh 11 to 14 kN/m? and must be quite dense lo weigh much over 21 N/m”. No existing soil has a D, = 0.00 nor a value of 1.00—common ranges are from 0.3 to 0.7. Dr «p «N dle : (V-1) dyn Ajguaill ABS y No dibic 3(1-1) pte i i RELATIVE DENSITY rangle of Friction Sends’ OF SAND—STANDAAD Density, and Angle of Friction in Sands PENETRATION TEST (After Terzaghi and Peck’""’) Approximate Approximate ‘Standard relative angle of friction pencurstion density, D, of soll, @ Relative number, N (%) (deg) Blows Density SS a os os 26-30" 4 Very loose +10 -w 28-35 5-10 Loose 10-30 30-60 35-42 11-20 al 30-50 60-95 346 aan Werth 31-30 Dense Slt Very dense To: Other Penetration Test .3) #30 .¢ yal clas! —G Oe Yay by pda pas ally Glas Guia eal Gok (TY-1) USE ou BS py Las Set dey kdl SIRT slats aye I JR oh Gay «Lala BI RSYT Shams ppttoe de ghey oy pg SIS AE ple Meal ys Glucad Gags gd Cote Ly jk Vag 6 © V6 Ln shin ly Lah jp call yun IS ay poe cal y cya cy yp Spatial oA 8 A ple Ue) dag a hi 5S oe a I Uae I hia OS SB Glall Spl ge le Gall any Taut,0 cle 0 dales Ley shall pLady pa £,V 9,1 10,7 Wespy AB plow plasaady AES cy yp aahall gh As Te aesay day pill Upp Lactiall 5) fd! ghee ALR jg) pS 86 aes pial § jg pa Yo cdiskal) GS) GRY a jee? ans) + ae i py A SD ob pa Ve dy aa Hh ay a DU CA ste gs peso pal + Seti GI SR YL CaS ba Alpla ois jie day phe patio Cys + cgay pall ay paaly yaaa 5) bial any LS Aa) gabe pda phe past aaS¥ es pacts pa PO I Te ye ad shah ually pails oA ll doy pall GI SS Le DU) OM Ghall ase Guy ll Fs oft : The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Joy id 9) fat! joa) — Adygeins pricing taysay is! ,Stusy! day yall Lcd! y} day yal a} SAY) Ln Cala oh SUBS Va adie Gacy Lee gie ool) peti et gt Aut hi 4 il a La Joie oly as) by end day he pds JGR) Vn Siiyy Leal LI Gay Galt J ala oneny Ay fl gd hall acy Vests La ie @ bis dalisars pa O,¥ adrel§ LH)? 1. comets Lp day pall GRY Ay jill a glile Jade gay gael alga) (ulapy «Apl/pate 2 Sie Ny ge oy Aad) cle on 1, (11-1) JS Static Cone Resistance gy : Agel Ayal N Og 2s. Siregiteirsiintteninciiniisinanicutinttinnn i 400—600 = ayy ay 4. 800-1000 N = Standard penetration number 7s Gc = Static cone resistance, KN/m2 rmTombi type trip release as used in Japan for the SPT as well as for dynamic cone Drop-height casing 50cm Sesnda Siiceees Drop-weight split spoon o barrel Packing to form a “soil light” sleeve whee (a) Cone: to replace Solid steel at ‘ shoe on standard point split spoon For Area, cm? SO eee e lightto- 5.0 Si (b)*Cone attached to drill rods. a aa Hs Two dynamic type cones driven using the SPT or larger Dynamic cone penetration test. drive weights. 7kg™ 15 Ib i 23mm Tin. 14 in, 36cm ge 33 50 mm = Zin, 44mm = 1.8 in, 0" 44mm 45° 17 in. ( | 36mm mm. 4in. “hs inf Swedish weight sounding equipment. os a ore Dynaniie cone A mm dri + BaD sal ch uaa) 2(77-1) JS TYLS (VERN) JS ALLAN A, sll ISI Sin 15 aed gg Lad Ge Chay Ny Oy Sek Tie (49-9) DSS hae Gg Ladd 4a yey Lec Lil asl lS cad Sey * esSHLAYT Lay peal os pal lel sil (11-1) USB phy + go Dutch cone penetrometer iQeritaccn Casing Rod (36 mm diameter) 60° cone * Spiny dog Sally fay) (71-1) Jas Cone point retlutance, ge (N/m!) Vertical effective stress, a/(k6/in?) Jat h 66 6ge day Able (14-1) Jee Claeys Sandy ail Cay ailyclay acyl, Sinysand Sand 1000 Mean grain tize, Dag (mm) Geraral cangerel wriation of 9) fo vérious typea of vol N de cy Ulan :(79-1) Jes~ 7 Depth marks (100 or 150 mm) Smooth ; 16-20 mm screwed joint Area: Lin? sree a 645m? 36mm ain. Hund held pentrometer for shallow depths. The _ Detch-tene with resistance is read in mirror from load ring pause friction sleeve necessary 10 push the cone $0. mm into soll. . ogg dag pall os 8! ety 2(¥—1) S84 : Vane Shear Test weil 42.» is! -5 pasd Ang eae 68 eS ple os p05 pA SLE Gre Gen Senge J! ead Gt oS Gall day Jens Asahi 4 sll hyd gh Ch pais yall alll Aa he sel cial dips Sauy (VV=1) USE + cDtey le Alpe $5hy) Sey sci le ak O22 ie Ay gl gph aD hts gi gal igh Vall Aang ye tages Si Lda Y= ¥ duaS bya ye She} ey Gs ctl AY ped LS ate yhpall ype pally decal bie ell bom dyiae pe equally + Sta dase olpbu] dS Ue ail T=C,nD? (4 rT “oe (442) 2 6 Where ; T = maximum torque applied. D = diameter of the vanes Cy = underained shear strength (@ = 0 concept), H = height of the vanes : cab US AR el ph ae pel ural Ay Cyrcorrected) = MC ucfeld) pgecsdancevaseerscatenennerocsseutunsnssescucsencosaaunnaearreeeees ( 1-8) where : 4 = correction factor rsBLN Ligh gy5S) 289 (TA-1) JSS Li yall eles phadsiuls penne 58s hy GLESYI Iba gay (94-1) JES Gy adil slat! ad I Cu(field) dai) byute Gaal tet Geb 44,1 Overcosolidation ratio, OCR teil jp 4.5 dof job (Sy 7 AGW) Aled) ADL ye edie OCR= p| Sees eee SESS Feeraes reece He ene cos seo ae aeae rere eTE RENAE (1-9) v Where : o', = presnet effective overburden pressure. B =22(PI)y°.48 (where PI = Pasticity index) Section cof vanes Bottom of f becanaiu eoning Vena rod Crpus-necnen of vee blade Vere pratt below pail trveria | ‘vend biooee (a) ” Cy Plasticity indea, FY AS gall) alacay prgmmaail :(YA-1) JSSconsolidated sc lactily egmmnaiat 2(¥4-1) JSS b gdigad) pf Gili) Iles punt ayy Len GN deals pals fsa ped 4a ales cue 4 85 G yb oy sb glial) diy yay So ied U4 Geel Cue tpi AiG Le! ka 4: Open End Test 4a saa Uyih 68! -) ech alygall ohn y 3 pula cole eye ohyall Gamay pda CUB og By pele 55 ft cpl cB al i peti yp Szy CAL Saeeny algal crimes C985 13 ial pl DS ie gly LAS ASLAM alee Gases Gh ay pscall olyall MySay LAG 8 pga ee seeneaens sessueserssesesesareesnseeeeseen( 110) 55H Where : K = Coefficient of fprenaaiey, Q=Constant rate of supply of water to the borehole r = Inside radius H = Differential head of water eta (To8) SSA gb dae HJ LS Gland ag od clei Ail abled, ? te & oS H= Hyzavity + Hprenare vvevvervistsvvecsennsnteeneennnnainnn (1-11) Tspll 3 pis Cpe 3 e ud od ai CSy Las! tha : Packer Test 3 y—4s)) |-is! -' vb pied Gee Fo Wha gf cus Srey ice Cin olpall gis tye WSs any ld te Camp Alia ale y - 2 L ; K= aH (£) (for L 2 10r) vneasdnbesiagiisieeiasiieeansn absccistents to CLES K=—2 sinh” (=) (for 10r > LE a)aseveescscccccersnsesesesennennsnneseeseed( 1013) 22LH 2T Where : K= coefficient of permeability £\Q = constant rate of flow into the hole L = length of portion of the hole under test r = radius of the hole H = differential pressure head 4p VY Updasid Ses LS oe ob ASU alee ued LULL) acd Mi hall odin y tes made erage 2(T 91) USS ses all Woces + Conaulidated material it, teas made after hue is completed | e » Tyra Mavens) Magest Packer aah At _. - =| a-ak Ground water table z Ground water tabte (e) Sarurated (b) Unsaturated tc) Saturated (4) Unsaturated material material mairrial wget gh ASU alae Gaal La gual Aig haa (+9) sak Hewes Hwee Pressure He Hea + Heme | 4 ip eal Ground —| 2 —+| tr bE . ra ad tr fe al efi a) (b) —_"" Cravny te * id) aby) A ASU alas gyal Bye) 4G! «(771-1) Je tr: Ground Water 4 isa!) olL_yall : Lulu Oo all Aa all old a55: Ground water table 4) yaJl ele) G yale wast -| Vyasa ys pk Ad gel cli Gi gaiey Mpls opal, Ghul Ly cle yy GluLaYl wLithall jae Yple gle dabyal oluall Gs pie chads gle! antes cs yy pacall cad alll, hall Gr genie sinus + lead Cabal olzall sel Qslay rpc Cans dasa & yin lar: elt, 4s yl) ota gaudy ASU Mle Alaa 4 ll ducal bal ye dele TE aes dai pal celine Lay 8 gh Ud UN js bse olga) Gs pean ee ald yy oa pill SLL pian he 23 AG pee | Api pat CN LM deed dy gS o jg pads by co yield lala fs SI Alt Gre Spey Sh sal olaal) Ga pecie cd Alii Asada Af Lal volzall Andes (pals lati ARs Lay plas Aad yall cL Clin Gul Giey Ulall ode (iy Cts Leas Ahi ag oS pam oye Su eSlly Piezomieter (s+ 5 5s:) it pal Ragsgll sf bypass Rat Ay oA gf SLAM jpally Geng 4 fll G99 olaall Spry gem #(TYN) SANS See gh LS shay jal aaa Aad LOL 2 Gl fay 5u ge dane Ely aes Bol pil) LE chine ode Islay placid) Neary Leases gy aed ll gael gall 55 hey jll -I o(T YN) Ss SNL FSi IS Ay ll pasting ald ezall oe BY GShy ea ye ly Bel pill GLE ses Cie ol galls land (AI Gil sie jell — Aa peel 5 ples Giay LoS ol pgll betes gud ge DAlD ge gall else Jy3 ais Ui +(79=1) Us plasiul Thad y Fale Lily app OLY Sees A ulle As NS (oy Lay gS Cal is y jul scaly) lel ill PASY Gl SI Fi sall olzall Gapilie tomy Say dual 4; fll, Ve oll ya Ap yall cla) zany ¢ 5-1 Fae il ety 03, 12, t] pie din fl ric bia gD olaall Cul a -Y vB fide (YF=%) GSAT cae gs LS AH 3«AH2 «AH 1D Qh 3 plead — £ trAhr Ss iatssetvnasnassseuvesnennateaserstbeseonnsnecetaneeneenssasarearened 1-14 , Ah,—Ah, ui 2 ie Ab; Ab, - Aa, ___Ahy 7 Ab, —-Ah, Agha alaal (5 sinee clog Aihiaall Gia SW! sic « b3 ch2 cho pi gis -° Tp Vented vap Ba Ground water All Plastic standpipe . Impermeable clay ° Perforated ” pipe Datermination of ground water table Casagrande-type porous storfo plexomater (vr-1) Jae (fY=1) gs ARI bye ola cpu cut Song dially Tpbgatl abpall agua cya Example 1-2 : Refer to Fig. (1-34) for a borehole, given : hw + ho = 9.5m At =24h Ah; = 0.9m Ab; = 0.70m Ahg = 0.54m Make the necessary calculations and locate the ground water level. Soltuion : Using Eq. (1-14). 2 kh, ee lies Ah,-Ah, 0,9-0,70 eeAR 0.7 A, =——4— = =4.05 2" Ah-Ah, 09-07. Ay 0,547 B= —_ =———_—= 182 * Ah,-Ah, 0.7-0.54 m b jlaca a yaly HS Chula ode Sih ye cfd al yd Lite cel Ghul Sab aie cay aly A SaS CMCUAIT Ly yy pis Dale pling olsall agn.y Cf LAS Ay ll cod Ba pa yal 4 fl baal ial CI (de Ca pad LAND Dal py epee ds gl dal pay plain! NLS aie y Wylie y Lille GLa AU Aylead 4a PAN CiUaLsY! ae y da yell sblle, Has cya USD cpHleasSD chile ol yal ge alg gall cad ailily «gy Aaynall Jus oll Attn al Blase Bpbe MadSul Say Apdyp olye Age cl Ai y Taped olay Clulah Alyn die tly plene (le (gods Ma FS) a aad lastad sf ab pioll Jal cael! olpall 6p 38 sUasic olga ile aa) Gi slau Gyutiall PAR Sly sina pasty oleall thasSll penal giry ssiseasel UN! =! * silly dat I -¥ +A AN AY cg fine —T + egelly panuaitall y sine -f #2iy SD dyua| ENG Rha cole Cilty yu gina —° + Cilag Bll op gine -1 a foSyn Corpo ye 43 ly OSta oy silly ly polls Lpuead vie 8 jul ola just y we pee 1G 55 Rakyat) olsall b5 lad Ob Sa CN je & 5 phy Tae Cle weet N Mal bbl Aa ape Sle gs ee SSL Nan al phy LULA Ls Scan y yah daeae ind ff 4S pate ola Ailes ys) GG Ts aay gh Ay Al AIS, Aah yall obaall (oiheasSll MGM Lal ps Guid Gh pee y + cilall aa gd gin yay 2 A gbamall GH LGSY1 : bol vam pecs cing Coline Judas Cae 3 late cof anal I Gla fine ans tne TL cgay Le Vay Lynne LySliitle y Ugiiglhy dy pl gle i pall (yn per Ly pny Clipe spt ATS ny ppg tee gill gh Alle 5 ped og 9d Aas Cy pentige Lagll odgs psdny + tual SLtwall agisS pal Cd LSS akg) Ay gla Glin GLDSy La slat Goal di Las YI tt He sot I I GSN aly dia, 4S etal) Lethal ASS pal ely (sell Ks ley passe Lilly ep sil ays. y ila cs sinall y MaRS cl laa Ay filly Ah yo olyall Spas) floc y dy agi y PUGDU ALAN y Kay pel Ralee fleity 00S oy Cf gang is peal! ean (pital Capua sly SAP GEN aki Ug peel Cae ill BLA Vn + ces) (gill Cian sill gee gll ek SS ba Ny cabal SLi po A lerall Ga fatty a yall od Silica) (yatige dlasas and ye Ky ll Spe Ciigall Ayden GALES pal (A—1) Dye) Gey + Cline il +N jae! og] 2 Upset joy eatail) Jas: Lill oh GG dual 43 alas iy Sabena y Aan yal) Cl LUGE Y! eran ol ye! ce olga! oy well Aga ital Sa ye algal dy fi SY MaSaly Aslgill Ga OY J gue gl col haa! Ranstal yy Akai iy phy 4 5 yy a ood bell Jpeg : Soil Classification 444) wigisat -{ Shady Sl LBS ac Guay Ly jal cablinded glial gala isis gl! J gue lly Linley 4 ll peal iba y ¢ jp fl agan Lqaal lly dy jill ical! al yalgd Leg lial) cihyasy Ayana cl deh) (A—1) dite Size of Types of Sample Type of Test Soils (oram} Sample Use of Data ee ery ad Specific All 100 Augeror Void ratio, minerals. gravity of split solids barrel Grain size ‘Cohesionless 200 Augeror Classification. Estimate permeability, (sands, split shear strength, frost action, and gravels) barrel compaction, Grain shape Cohesionless. 200 Augeror Classification, Estimate shear (sands, split strength, gravels) tube Liquid Cohesive 200 Augeror Classification. Estimate plastic (silts, split compressibility and compaction. limits clays) tube Watercontent Cohesive 100 Augeror Correlate with strength, split compressibility, and compaction. tube Void ratio Cohesive 200 = Split Estimate compressibility and tube® strength. Unconfined Cohesive 200 Split Estimate shear strength. compression Tube* a ee Sample must be relatively undisturbed. cede Hl apne Laat Sale y 04s fll We LES Ge CUD LM 8 lpi Fe yd zo Labs wal ple yell Lull Ciyine oa Lai Aaa Uh I 4s sit pibiy + y9S3a0 ae yall cob Lese Cuptall ae All Apalal Gu Jal an Lab Aaa gil dite Labil ye Ue glhdall oda cuss (71-1) USE (FO-1) JES ut : Geotechnical Properties Ags iS5 gall Ciliwall — cobs of Gea LS CLARY! cl jal qual pe ie 48S pel lial gua oy Boygg] QSuhe C13 dp pall catia! y jay lide Lal 4s jl) Ciligk gl el ayer Wah fi ythye Lana gL te han gd inal oie pd Jets A beiyl clan J slgrcal ye i : Preparation of Boring Log 4p ¢Usi sie] - cE cea ly USE gle poh WAS Gdn JS (ys deapall Gla plead) y Gilad + Asal) GUS le Cibslylh ode laut (yf Aull bite gle oy, Boring Log tal shel AS 55h Jie Ob sie y aul —) tYbaad (le Ci yall gf Aisa) its pul -Y sal sey &y petall oy pul —1 sag) Mit Ay 4 —£ *WyilSay dual ei -0 Anglia oll case pi LAS el pall 9 fl Sia -1 Maa oo Ss pple LS A ailgall y AY! olgall Gaal —¥ GRMN Aaa yall co pS SES AIGS y Lapin y And yal) I ESI Gayla aid -A redgalad Glued Glacly gigi y axe -4 sda 4 pbul e i oy pon) le We ds Cosel QSL ale qitny pled eb yall 6558 Chall Lite pri) of ey LS cole Abend ILRI Sil ayy (TAN) (TY) SIG clgiecs y Lye gay Lease y eB y Lg Lael ELLE JSS aes LULA y Sill pasties ppl Se pote! Cilisel MST aasty Ayden Colas Als dasa Lately gall CoLthyl AGL AYL aces cell (19-1) NAY as A Lele le fe SS gy ll Lt) Lvl ste Les Aull pUbs NAY dates Laila (€T—1) Ql 1 APY ttl y Ske plead aie dcall UGS @ Sl fl asd, vA baal 3) aS yall aul -) ‘ducal ob -Y 8(€8-1) SSE ay fl je yy AY call ple ile 4 pip Lad + Wo ydey Glib Clie -£ Aah sell oly yulia —2 wUeSsls die IS aul = SCM y Cotbed cs gills THEM y cy Hl yam Lpley ASUS yell Clivall -¥ AS! Fag pyrene ptt dead Lady poi La lie We SSI lial A Aube 4, ll sla + ASV! cl ssl Lgaaly Apedigall Gh say git —4 adie pully Luna as ay 6-1 £A lllv3 TH G-ea): ryeter ere D ieee?BS sieves 63um 212ym 600pm 2mm 63mm 20mm 63mm ST eT AN A Tc A CT TA re Ce Tn ee YI Ef YL | er TMZ AL LI | | | EA afi a TT AU TTT at nT I ee Tet TUTE FTC HT UL aT errr [Gravel Clay |~Fine [| Medium] Coarse| Fine [Medium] Coarse | 0.001 0.01 0.1 : 1 10 100 Percentage smaller Particle size sen Particle size distribution cur el gael (11-1) Jee.: Subsurface Profile giye ph 4) esi — phe aymct anny Sey diya) A LAlesoyl géot) gf Giluad Cle lbs JS ye Subsurface Profile sj ¢ Unis jy ceil On panyy aya!) gf ClELN July IS! vila} Talis jin J dsl) Glis Che 4 il PLE aay p iting of «(£0-1) St Lgallaiil osm Coe Adan) ciliall Mat Le piny fl 5 yun ebbe! 54 solu p Ubi lay Rigecal Cli ayo pre EUaA ay ullis Upilgs | Listas sf UpSaue pif Lyd) I eb UN alll a SSR lg hte gi pL UGS of Ae Lay, 1g a) cilishll, SE Lgeianry Coup Glalie yy LG fall ype Coady Lill Ciuc yy SLL +(£A-1) «(£¥=1) «(£1-1) : Study of Chemical Analysis 4jhyo) olpally 4, 3 flat) Sutad 4d js a Liga de dees pd Bape pall § cll opal LuLu) GLa Lats pls Bjocll policll s Sabecalh Alia Ty teal Gall 24s ola ny bya Lug, Ugly Matted Gales (cies uel OAL Lele piers) oa clea pa dil ath Sys Magen pole! ALS y thi SN peasy Cy 5S esl ity Cum y paella gS + Lal y 495) yas) y ASL Sapa hy ay aly p gsi galll COLL p gunaineal Daly ils pS Ake AD Se IT A OLS a AN cole Sly gt igh Yaed ab all oda Sy oe Le FE 4558 Clay gH) Ll oa LD ad Sila Taya Casts le Jaa ILS, peeny Sie ty Ay sll 6 sal Sh yal 595 hy Vaal ole otek Cum pesledl at Cos Nenad Aatyal ols hb ical Spall yySi aby lgiS yo ae gl Ug) Ab yall olall soled spliced GU Sail sy pbs pyit (1-1) Jyaa » Olgally 6 shade Li ySall pact agin :(4-1) cyan el Re= aa PL pe ATH) pet! BE pre be eB) Sag Sl— é-—: Spe . * Fo i f SLs Ggahey fealty ably yall ye cya i wes SER , Vun= 23 kg/em* fs Pf ett st eet EY [4 cote s tubal sas pale eyale SS RSS wie=38% . Vun=2.80:kg/em* SSS SSS Cheap cpp gad @Uah cob Cy duped 2(14—1) Jot of EA A ByNote: Base of diagrem = Eley 600 m. ocala Colt (ob Ay all ebb: (€A-1) Sse ofl SLA yl ge Gaby gy) Gils Lila StH aL al 3 Lad gal Ud othe Ay sg) pies cts Lane ple Cage 1 Aaold dple B dyall ye hs ay sa Ah oD aa GALE cols ad CS ay fil ye ds Cin Sal shall, Gkall AULA cali cetlaSl Lobes pate Gf cipay AG il gd Apeoalell ayes ole Alii Sisal) Js Las Coty vel gglly Salina 4a fll apy pS y Ciba SN cs pinay Ay peteell A yeinalall of 4) jill Ail A Laalge cob Ay il 6p gles pall (14-1) yan Ata iN cle Laglgall dy sill Bygled pully agan 2(1+—1) dye G wld OF los) oly (YWSea plac Say ASLb OL SI Aa glad Nase Dil SM anes dual I diLoyh, Hy ood ol gall 4 lS) Sl) dus 09 5 Laake Agile SN) UbLaM 8 City Sil > slit (89-3) Lode (19-1) Lyd cs pecnall 29SI Salon opt ley C yee agaall ye Ayal Cd Lad ley SD ap ey pb Ls A gle Sly pS 8G (1-1) Syne Gas LS Co ata oY) ela Si GIS Loge Aalee pal) glee plea glaze BE Le Gag Cilsy Sl OF Ragan gle 3ST any AM vege ys Vane gle soley gil yal) eUall Cilay 5 ISI ON fiat V atadny Col fast Y Coll Oye Giles pil) pln clay AAAS Ale ja 85 ADD Age! pladiad aa ala he Se Tere Ge Clay ysIS AyaS Salsj Ulla fi allh, tolall Shite ye Boley thee gs I ae sill) oA te jk Gldaall | CS NGfL Ale ph Ly gS laa BEN it of Say lula Qala 55. GS La yacy apa piles 8) Lea tla Ba) as git had cg gine Gidy AALS Alle dike jad “oil co Ay ginal olyally Ay sly Aaah 815 214-4) Ups iy YSN Gye ae ch 8 yet SD oll gi caleg QSUT | od oly ay Lad I taal ee A (ple shell DL BD dalpe Olan Chay gl gay gob Cha yuStly AGla ath 8G (1-1) dyae TUT aS Cpl 7 cole gS Be S UU] aye Apr \o Stone Sood Se Cape) pred Ty * Coad ips Wom (Oy!) se UF wvPreparation of Soil Investigation Report: ay al) alas Jo alas} = lets LID Lge Ay i Lily Ligal peas of oy Sy 4G a ULES coal ld Gd aL aba VS Jey alan fed et eg uel anil ol ab yall (ys deanall etigdl Anscinag! sag pA OLA, yg Glad” py pb Leliles lity Lal sy Lape Sasi a Sly LLY! pened sie | tye yf ge ALG sie peel ey aL eS yp sll pe AGE pee pb ly vay Lead cgttall (of Aditi Jae SU 3256 DS GY) jp sill seal Cpanigall Gusee AMBS 5 ABTS y AGyaly gy pte US ppm ie gle ss J Gay Ay pl Sled pedi yp poy Agel Agally deste) latsy Gal laa -1 sad i Ai, yh y adi pally obi ¢ siall inal Guay -¥ ody dagay Ley Al ge saad y abisall ple Chay -T said Laslyall wey -t Nee sis Wgiee y Chacall sey gall pall aall Upaclii -© +S) Cilghl le, Chay —1 Apa pally Alena) col sa ellis -V tlgSIl Ugbilas pailily Syl yall oli) Ws pusle alla -A 2 Delis Gaull Gla G4 ‘csi Gul Ga gutte — | + (AD age) les cpa Ue pl deat § a - cued LaLa! & gi ap + luLal dy al gas —3 LAIN y ath Ai play Lge gy Mili A ag ep sacl Ol tel ~a Aya y paitnaall Calaalll & phy giles pil) olbaall lary satel ¢ gps Ala al Raga clad chy bya elds dle siay ial Mi ply Lleol Gl jie! -1 sla yop tic * sa fil) plastial ayaa y Lead — 11 3 gp stil ASW Cal gee gy SEY) Gla} Gay + Site Location Map lad abya3 558-1 srvagal) pinay Yple y Cleall all ye —¥ +4, fll Ud, Gluall ¢ Ui -7 + TjflyeSD Mac y Sylaed cil 1685) gts Jylan -# + cg @ aD binds Sia os al dsl .s| -o lage Goby Led Gal Y ude ip ply Eloet Gf Gay LaLa, 4 ll Glatt jy ity *laaee Os Geophysical Exploration 43a 5:00 (gbil, 4, 30 Walasi pba ok cpey Goglul (b CABSS y lh GLS Gye Ge es stl Ell on cats cotla ie all GLAS y Ay fll Gil Fe ae pte ally th jell iLasuiyl cely LD gegen Ay peal Batteall 5 phil) 0 UM dilsty Raul gD label GLaSiuls Gob ALB ley oy fl Sah) ALIS, io alli ple pend Cane 6 HS Le wb pS Sue plauall GOLESI! (98 paid AGL ja pall pt ty jh yal GLY Gob Gas eel 31) GASAYL; zesuall diy jb Uyiey Seismic Exploration ..) 3) 3) GUA! 3 46 | Ayadatal) gia oI 5150 ened! Sip ploy og 515 Lut casall Aap shy Us sluciall gpl) Aly jl Lyle Resistivity Survey cS!) cuudly LIGA! § pb +A ygSll A sla 4a phe : Seismic Exploration 13150 cilasiunt Gol: Y | j patil ASSAM yp deel Gy yall Grol gS col cabal isle oll SL) LEGA acing Siig pall Cl SH y CLS) paca iy yall Dll duis! ge Litay gee HI paS fall Late ol yee DAS La yy ye ate Lah ptell YY pal y led) aut 0515) Chip yal oa (iG He pus Jumdly pydacll bg) ASSiall Ay al 698 5 Gila ge Glookss 14a fill YS fy apis Ely Gee clitial Sy Mick 5 peal bes : Seismic Refraction Survey cy) 15! astyly peal —\ aes lpm Ayan A ple penal gh pty pe UM baile cena iy yh phe Qi y vSaelpl dy pil J pascal Gendt Sy yall gi 4 fl Aaa) Cli pia (pe Abalydage sl Satie oi (] £4-1) USS 6A pre Abst aie “Gane! Chass 1ple Litie ae f¢ pay Geophone gute gay Yale Jute Shem Adal y: deticll GB lees Gall Laat yy byte) Say 40 13M daseall ... D.C, B Abst fie Ao Cites vo yg Cl yale Lind papi | Leda cet Tail She ye Oe Ge 9) GIRS Ye MI alas ple Upland (oil Seanally Shaya) GLE) elas) (@ Oley jal) ol at Gye Plane-waves (p-waves) 4) suse Gl» » cele pga pae ola (pf GLiy jell ol pat Cis Shear-waves (S-waves) joi Sle »+5 gl Gy ySined CIAL, pail Gila ya Ct & pal JS Ayal Cla pally + ile gall Lt) alas! Slik) i Pewaves 4p sisal Cie pall ol) id ps Leanell pe Abel gl Gila pall 2 oe Cope aay col gt ile yall ob ejay» Aiea - 2 ac a ne 1-15 Vv (") (1-2u i+w) neenencpecesteaueereeeeeressessccecnanental ( ) & where : E = Young's modulus of the medium y = Unit weight of the medium g = Aceleration due to gravity = Poisson's ratio 2 gf) gfiy ClighN oe lass y Ai Glib gh (v) Aas! Gila gall de jus Quail, Migs AWS Colle ple vee ty, ty, ty Lage dst dynes 0} cle Spell Gy 1 + Aeduall Udi Gye... Ky, Xp + (qpf9=1) SSE Aina — Gye) ADE par 7 Saat «ed, be, ab 4 ybat Ups Ga -7 Slope of ab=— “i Slope of be = = V. 2 Slope of od = Vs cole TL, TY, That pi sd hn yd de pe gh V3 V2 Ye o() €9=1) BSS ool sid te Zy Sy glad Malad clas Gm ~t ‘loTime of first arrival Milica = ye iN ABLE aun) ye Ged xy Cus $e Zo 4) WLI che yes —° Layer | op Layer I] Layer III % Velocity Oy (b) = ASD alse cesuall 2 (04-1) Jed VWAg gh ple a yell Say Mili a tiga (8 Ay ginal Cle yall de yes di ay Cala yall de pun (VE=3) Sytem Gory +3 tile ose JM eles Cue ol ell posal | i tit ye Ge ey Lay hl ok Als las aie y dati a Gl pl gh pal sl Aa pee Gay LS + Ay pha) ode (gs gS CYoleal! plastid aie V9 < V5 “Vy Che yall de pany sete Letts clans A yell olpall Co putt Cand Lally dental yl) of $e y+ Gs Si Loose sseL all ff Lila Ay ly AWE fp Yoo s om ola A sil ps Ciba yall Ae pan (p55 Aapstll Ly Gl Atle (pd Lai AIG [9104+ ye BI Che gal Ay gD CMI fh (gh dpe pall Lal DUS Sila yall pA tgs Apel oes PART pally A sath db Ay shell Cla gall de yee (14-1) pte Range of P-Wove Velocity in Various Soils and Rocks P-wave velocity Type of soil or rock (m/sec) ftface Soil i Sand, dry ailt, and fine-grained top soil 200 to 1,000 650- 3,300 Alluvium 500 to 2,000 1,650- 6,600 ‘Compucted clays, clayey gravel, and dense clayey sand 1,000 to 2,500 3,300-— 8,200 + Loess 25010 «750 800- 2,450 Rock Slate and shale 2,500 to 5,000 8,200-16,400 Sandstone 1,500 to 5,000 4,900-16,400 Granite 4,000 to 6,000 13,100-19,700 Sound limestone 3,000 to 10,000 16,400-32,800 vl fin te aol ya plod dade dy yhI ods Example 1-3 : The reusits of a refraction survey at a site are given in the following table. Determine the velocity of P-waves and the thickenss of the material encountered. Distance from the Time of first source of discurbance arrival (m) (eee « 10°) 25 n2 5 23 1s 335 10 and 15 309 2» 57.2 5 4 30 68.6 8 mA #0 724 % 3 WwWSolution : Velocity : In Fig, (1-50) the time of first arrival are plotted against the distance from the source of disturbance. The plot has three straight-line segments. The velocity of the top three layers can now be calculated in the following manner : Slope of segment 0a = pease _ 23x10 P v, distance 5.25 5.25x10° oo yy= — = 228 m/sec (top layer) 3 Slope of segment ab = +e V2 11 3 or W)= a = 814.8 m/sec (middle layer) . 3 Slope of segment be = ea eee V3 3.5 v3= 4214 m/sec (third layer) KO ‘Time of fiest arrival, tx (E}—ia sevens: 19 20 30 40 fo) Distance, x (m) : | ABLewally Cpe jl) dible — fla :(@+-1) Usa Example 1-4: Comparing the velocities obtained here with those given m Table (1-14) it appears that the third layer is a rock layer. Thickness of layers. From Fig. (1-50), x, = 105 m. So f iva-v Z,=~— J)? . 1-16. a) v;+¥, x, [Eq ] atSo Z,=+ [Se 8-228 , 195 =3.04 m 2 814.8+228 Again, from Eq. (1-17) z,24|7,-22ZNR—M |g) ‘2 (V1-¥,) wav The value of T)2 can be determined from Fig. (1-44) as 65 x 10-3 sec. s_ (3.94), (4214) — (228) | (4214)(814.8) 1 $ =) 65x10" ~ (228) 2 i . (4214)(228) V(4214y? -(814.8)° = ; (0.065 - 0.0345) 830.47 = 12.66 m Hence, the rock layer is located at a depth of Z;+Z = 3.94+12.66=16,60m measured from the ground surface. : Cross-Hole Seismic Survey 4ybial) jiatty (515) pall —¥ Ugh Say Ay fill te dence Clas! ye dati S-waves Wail) Glaze de pe Legis Milwall Ay sill ob Ou ple oy ye (1-1) ISS palatal pis gt 515) cosmally vad Gyoi dha! » Impulse (41.2 sl) dei Alas! 8 gist aol pl Gy + L oe Og, Transducer jiduss 18b Jyae dbl y Aceall ye Apc pail ila ge afd, 1b Vg nalll Gila ye Je pw Where : t = travel time of shear waves Flee gall Me jae ye (cll elec) Fy fll debe alee dyad (Say Les where G= shear modulus of soil y = soil unit weight g = acceleration due to gravity uv“Impulse f Osvillescope Vertical velocity transducer: “Shear wave wid . }_-—_—_1.—___+| © edb shally 515M eauall 2(01-1) SSE = UD Asay Genall 1 cobs pe fa Pee ce Lgine oa eg Calis GUIS Ji jb ode pend a fall Ge tind cies gf Liaaid fish gay Ua ST 2 ppt Sl teaaally ALecitll (§ pbe : ye J ASSie CAS ol pe Lie A) 6 pall AG Sa Ay fal Ay gS al pA TS £.9is pps CHEN AD ppm Lyin Byte clade gle oly pS Ay SH leans wi siny »ASealaie ESD cane Sse eg Ned gt eS AAD ag yal gin le cob Catia ALAS y «Lay BH yal +f glacia aga) Ay jhe y da slid diy ye : Electrical Resistivity Survey 4y 45 Logthaly easel -1 f ggly US aye A alae Dalian y Lgl assy ogi! P App pS 4s shih where R = electrical resistance SBS ley yl Bead os find gle Lakad acs aba Ay ll gS Sap eS Aa ghey ite 29 $0 Ab Sal ple y Loy gS Magli OB ad pall cule y + lgs Alla Cai yi Lis staal (1-1) ping (10-1) Sate plans hares daslie pled Lag] pdeally Ay pl plyd eamal Ap aS we cAsi Electrod lb day J pain’ 2 sil day gS aM hd Gla el, Glee JA) Guleill, + (Wenner Method) sal, as (le 4yylide Cililine gle 4 fil lau y. tits+All Ranagi Bh 9AM clan dy gt da all 2(12-1) chy Resistivity Marerial (ohm-m) Sand $00-1500 ‘Clays, saruraved silt Oo 100 Clayey sand 200- 500 ‘Gravel 1500-4000 ‘Weathered rock 1500-2500 ‘Sound rock > 5000 w gpecllly Ay att Ay gs) La gta) (111) gta Resistivity In Material Ohm-meters Saturated organic clay or silt 5-20 Saturated inorganic clay or silt 10-50 Hard, partially saturated clays and silts: saturated sands and gravels 50-150 Shales, dry clays, und silts 100-500 Sandstones, dry sands, and gravels 200-2000 ‘(Crystalline rocks, sound 1,000-10,000 ct Me Ot ae gt cd SN Spy 9 al Lae Get eS Shall Sle Glassen Aa gia (yy Sh Ly il atlas MMe chy «ula Guile LS uly Vogal Gd + gua Nad oda p45 Ase Gla glie Uy) ditde Slik fae Ge Ay fl 4 SH CYL lel 3 Lay + (emepall sl) 5 pellet) Xs glia (Dae MLM Label) pe ASN Zan sill ghd coh eH Ay pall oda y Apher Ay a pnd alld [galls Aabiad) Cilishll Abedlh 4 slid) eee Ses tte Lin dol col its LAY gus itis gle a glial) 8! ela! ye By hyn (19-1) SSS pane ype LS ed Malis ae Ugh dy aU Ly glial Ul Sal pl) Midall 3a pal Za gill eI ne da ghestl oa Clie i845 Anil da gles 10h) Naa Bogie Lay ghall odn y 0 (5 OV—1) ISS 8 Care ga LS» path Sad Glib oda he Guby le padi AG LN oda gl Lis edeclill dy fill (4 Udatscl 4h 59 Cla Ua A Fp apy abd gta Gee ut She Seay COU Ge 8S ed aay Lada Ly pga ple FS Ae yl ig oh Sy Ade Cand Aa sl yell Sal pokey ol Apasigl Al oye Ryall cid CARN ppadty CA JENy sy sullS 4 y SI | v1* - Layer 2 * ” nit SE else Resistivity, py Electrical resistivity survey: (a) Wenner method; (b) empirical mathod for determination of resistivity and thickness of each layer wag gS) Leslially Gaal Ligh :(01-1) Jt : Equipotential Method os sluial agai) 4b —' Lai Legis SLA) gd Sha eb dbl ys aA ed eS OLS SL) ps eSay Catlin Celis jut Gaile Ala gs og sladiall agall de glad puss diy aga) UduSY Byes Lats gM) 54 Lathe abs aa) cian (OT =1) JSD eld Cabelas coll aay Lghill (y yS Lei oka (685 Cipuall Gada yo il CleLell gf ifiad fie SY) cabal ABLeke cg slutiall ogall Le gs gy yi Lusihaiall 4 sll Alla oily oc glacial) spall Ls (pi gle VT— —_—_—n Jao Lao fsa yydee ayny Mad Ll +(eT—1) SS copleill Sm lee ost He gis (08-1) SE aes glad aga Libs 2 lol Lay a a fe el aged Cline ALi Lay Ugdl het La Lak Oh cet aeSll dine sill Sau peal pf ALES y coe Sl) line gil Ago yy gcell AM gh alld (pe Caan Leda ays slate foasYl sak gf apa ogame Uglacaks (sill tae gl ell cy tS Al psd un Gy pla) og: saad Lat) GLacl (8 dip jlll oda pattind be Walks uy Haag Gad af) Ulla ppd og glutiall ago) Jenghs : (er-1) Jae By Asie AaB) — Saf ele pina Mit LN yl a sual od GaN poe died -|SS P rare silos sthall cpt CHS AS gh BA. Cell cayy yi lays Jnghd 2(24-1) Je vesala sill Bearing Capacity j—aail\ 544 + Jade Vgaglacdy Laslet agses gol LULA pened Sach paccnall Yarigall » pi Lasie phy Ses! ce gall Af Alea Le ake A jae ool clin A Galt Gee oI) ULL + (4; age sf) Ueasll she Gilly L, 5 gh be Glad of apy eed Sl CLL, gl Ababa yj) pals slays) ade Lab dal x95 gf I + Cg fecal! ba gigll J 4S a CLAN Ge 9 Y gf -cs Gob yas LS 4, pt desta pd pst Aaa Gb oie oll tae LAs +A Mes petal! pail y Ab yall ole, Ultimate Bearing Capacity .¢g—waill Joeail) 6 18 cet plitte Jay pele ff fala, Lact Ay fi cubes pple 553 yo pps yb old Ui yet 1) aN ple Qeall tly} a2 Boge ALA! He Gia ye Sly (1-1) USA: omee ga LS 43 fl gh (doLenall saa gh Apathy Seat) qu Lagl Upuagl aie, Lyell ies slay ioe cll yy gap Anat oda y ys cola gM lags cob sig ald LSU aL Ok tly * (ceSl af apm pete Ey) ALU cg peal as 3 yh pend gil laste General (yaitly ple shag cone a JVI gelaee pI) sayy aled sgt! City Leste y Aa + Shear Faiture Legsalecs leat aly 5 CAB leat dau gin could sf dey ele 15S yo let GAS 1) Li SES cyt JAS Sing gas a fa gd gS cela (old AMD ode Giy shes (9d Bala (sSiall eS) YT lass co) aglfl cebaue tiny (gS1 Ap gllee Gully) AS pay (01'-1) edi S 325 Leal bala) Gains Lay silly Guy ee peall anil 5 yf ate caus, Nan Local shear failure (sailly laa jag SVly slagS¥l laa (cauayy Le yigll Lay Jad AD GAS yaa yt 18 J seliie dey ke Olalll IS NY, ced Sno gh aay cee AN clans oF gil cule say Y ye (VON) US Yd LS GS WrLoud/unit area. g Ww Failure ) surface in soil Settlement Load/unit area. q Settlement Loadiunit area. g footing Settlement ceed coal) gs) (6p) plat) eal agit (1) aad Bai slag deyab 2(1-7) Js GARD Gall et (2) Relative density, D, of O4 0.6 O8 — 1.0 Sa gh lelell slagsl eSlal :(¥-¥) dea V4aves ye g sil Hay Cte pats LoS agagll — Leal De GS gy cs peal eacll 5 pl + Punshing shear failure U0 (pail) jigs pow gle Liga tans cp OLA Lape hy Lal pS Aylane gh ple Ling APY ADI Ge Cut US 8 BY Sys (Y=1) JSS (gf all dial Leal pe 2Bk Where: B = width of foundation L = length of foundation (Note : L is always greater than B.) D, = relative density of sand De¢= depth of foundation measured from the ground surface. ? otal GLOW B=L gy aed lady B’ =B 3S, B=L = 1a Joel Gb ages OS DB tye ye Yl cla ye dy fl lulu an y ally SAD ettly gl taal ally Shag y B see pall Lad Gye 210 -£ ae Cisay lel (sail * hell (uae B dad ge LYo-V0 aie tun, : Determination of Bearing Capacity J—aa4) 6 2-8 (uni Naas Aik yl Lat oe sf Alice CSL Lal leat sal gga coh Ae sling 8 9BS CNY sles a shy Ay fd LYN AS yal co ghee gle chad Ala Saat ye heal 8 28 Ga Lal Ata cl yah gd Uganl cy petaad Gi g'y all Ube wae pili ayiny Sulina GI) GAY y alii GAY) y Spent ca jlet Ge did Ayal pall ell Van ood Las! 5 hl : aad) 5 sil (pal U5 Aste Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Equation eS getegy Abad) LL SS Qeadtl $d 1, 85 (V4 ET) pal 5 pal Al of Use olde pie! Lay (1%) Ut « Bs Dp cis 1 Shallow abu yA! ; + Dp 53 94B OS NY abu oS Lis tagtY) US poly Strip footing cad hy yA WY pal 58 Uap aly © Eee eam rape Gagan hb Ay fl Gye cal 5 5 yisletiad aly + (T-1) US yn + Blain COG col Mpg Say galas) ined slag SI dilate, VieTriangular zone gest pty tptlee LAY ons ACD cual -1 ual ae see a pedy GSE Ay Gl Gini ADF, CDE ghtuall -7 . + Radial shear zones us bill Rankine passive zones 4 slic! gS ) Gblie (peut (4) AFH, CEG GbBsl -Y J ead LS Ay al sla sia! 4415 wa CAD, ACD Ul y3} ol ads + HL, GI cyl yb) (ple Ay all jad de lin eal af Val f Soil Unit lari ey “c mice angle = @ iad ant Sa agi) (1-1) JS wna pola yh Gul cist scglen AN ol andl poh lun) 401 AaLeall al jf eal of FY! dual 33 Gey q,=eN,+qN, +57BN, (Strip foundation) ...........0....-.. c= cohesion of soil. =unit weight of soil. q= Dr Ne, Ng, Ny = = bearing capacity factors that are nondimensional and are only functions of the soil friction angle, > 2 ANI GYated ye hy leat 3 DL, (22) Where : ew cor 20/4: 0/2) 08 CNT a | 2-3 oot [Be8) | (2-3) 2(3n/4-$/2) To” : BOEI csiustiesiueentsameslecll (2-4) — Jet" (45 ‘) WWif K,, N, = 4% ae ) ta Pree eeeenisent aa toreeamer ache ay Where : Koy = passive pressure coefficient. +(£-1) USE ye 3 pile lnslad (Sa CdLdeall oda gf LS 2 ABW! Clad pascias dy all yI day yal Colac! leas § pad Cuil =1L3cN,+9qN,+0.4yBN, (Square; foundation) =1.3¢N,+qN,+0.3yBN, (Circular foundation) : lace ct Gall yl LSB cuba! clin Jyh Ga (2-6) Abd! 3B cue Aad MLN planind oil pal 5 ghd laa Quaily ligt Mad duly ite’, Cab ol, c=2 C, ¢'= tan" (2 tang) scseomannvenasSbonursverenasiensromceulceel (2-8) g,,=9.667CNG +GNig +O.57BNy (Strip foundation ) 0... 9, =0.867¢N'.+qN,+0.47 BN, (Squar foundation)... q, =9.867cN',+qN', +0.3y BN’ (Circular foundation) ..... . plakiudy (O-¥) JSS Ge Asal) eat ab DLLs CY sleall oda Gi Sagi, } lal Min}! 43 4 5 cane ply Bidalin Gi os pple loli Nig sell cfaleall pf rey Al ja pl wal TAG Asha! cya Ain (Say LAS dedi pine ISH gle (0-1) ES gle N'q=(e7*™"* Jian? (45-4) Noe, concn EE EE, Ce ence (2-12) ple cpeitly yesh Alla gb Waal § pal CDLales (1-1) gan law LS read 6 yab gle Tab gel otal 0G Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity : pote Vata all UH ol Fa) Gee Gah be oa gy asl 8 pall Lal} Clabes Css Atlas ish coe cpio Soll (phy lanl yal le igi 4p sl ARS fh ally 4 dais Rs HES AG 6 ySp CML 6 Fell ky api os sie ib Saal gual 2 pl 4HS th + Qala Qs gue iad Sag! sill VAY8 Bearing capacity factors, N,,N,..N, S Angle of friction of soil, ¢ (deg) Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors for general shear fallure- - ality liga) Qeaall bph Blades cyund 2(4-1) JES - Bearing-capacity factors for the Terzaghi equations Values of NV, for ¢ of 34 and 48° are original Terzaghi values and sed to back-compute K,, tabde rh eer N. Ny Ny Kr 0 ay 10 00 108 3 1 16 Os 122 10 9.6 27 2 47 is 129 aa as 186 a 17 1 $0 25.0 Bi) 251 127 97 350 nn 372 25 97 520 4 sue 365 360 PY S78 a4 a4 120 0 957 613 1004 mia as m3 173.3 pis EO a 238.3 1279 70.1 » MS S41 1053.2 800.0 sgh NG) anal) 5 yah COLadas 2(1-1) gan VA= s 1 2 zz t i i i 20 Ei) Angle of friction of soll, » (deg) Terzaghi’s modified Bearing capacity factors: W,.M,.N,: and Vesic's N~ (crlnell Coatly ago) aa asi 6h cobles Ques (9-1) JR 4 =eN. at QNg + 4 ¥ BN, cea Ay La Ba ple hgh yal ts Gapaie id 4) 85 ALI 6 jo) ales (G5 65a) oat esl e Je) Quail DFH hiv! bs (le q=7D (SY, BU IN aay oe 7s call pede Geb Ll jill Sey Ut 1) oI uy Nay Asal old gay cyilad le Cusp Bla UIs Gyo) 8 Golan y + acl Qs ude Cin Fell apa GE Agel alsa apy Sly Heli cr peaie ial bys Glee gle gel 58 Yolen 48 fi le fy te ly cpap) giguaia igh Ai galt olpal yay -| AMD ode i gal 55 Nabe ooh q OsSy (1-1) US gi D] < Dp hm q effective surcharge = Diy +Dy (sat Senet ---.-(2-13) Where : ¥gat = saturated unit weight of soil. Yw =unit weight of water 2 Nobel ye Slo Sell cd Gli daay Guy2 compl ca gue ied Lb yall oleall asaya PBs pine cop cl fy apilill Gr yenke Gye hae gle Mayall olzall 9 9S Leia O B ool Gaull Ground water table Case Il enon on ne ee ee ee tf --2e- ee = ey ™ saturated unit weight sQandll bib (plo Gaya olpall gilt =(1—1) J Example (2-1): A square foundation is 1.5 mx 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a friction angle of $= 20° and c= 15.2 KN/m2. The unit weight of soil, y, is 17.8 kN/m3_ Determine the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS) of 4. Assume that the depth of the foundation (Dp) is 1 m and that general shear failure occurs in the soil. Solution : From Eg. (2-6) 4u = 13cN, + gNg + 04yBN, From Figure (2-4) for ¢ = 20° \tNe=17.7 Nq=7.4 Ny=5 Thus ay = (1.3) (15.2) (17.7) + (1 x 17.8) (7.4) + (0.4) (17.8) (1.5) G) = 349.75 + 131.72 + 53.4 = 534.87 w 535 kN/m2 So, allowable load per unit area of the foundation = Gu _ 535 Tol et eT =133.75KN/ a Thus, the total allowable gross load Q = (133.75) B2 = (133.75) (1.5 x 1.5) = 300.9 = 300 kN Example 2-2 : Repeat Example (2.1): Assuming that local shear failure occurs in the soil supporting the foundation Solution : From Eq. 2.10 Gu =0.867CN'¢ + GNig + 0.4yBNy From figure (2.5) for @ = 20° Nic = 12 Nq=4 Ny=17 So : Gu = (0.867) (15.2) (12) + (1 x 17.8) (4) + (0.4) (17.8) (1.5) (1.7) = 158.1 + 71.2 + 18.2 = 247.5 kN/m2 aaa F< 619kN/ mf Allowable gross load = Q = (qqy)) (B2) = (61.9) (1.5) = 139 KN + Geant 6 pall Ciigh pla Atsten Meyerhof's Bearing Capacity Equation ahs pas ply so ally ay pally cole pt IY Calas EDLS al jf pd ces Job ple ail Cagle La tel gf Sls pI yaad of Les + pbsineall uladl ily ABN Sean Le Lind ie gh aa pl Ut LS ali Opec Sd hell anil peace ee erat ISS cy yabll ode US Kage ple Cis 4,= Hen S.dJ,+ 9N,S,41,+5 ! BNS di Serene errr (2-17) Ian = Where: c= cohesion q = effective stress at the level of the bottom of foundation ¥ = unit weight of soil B = width of foundation (= diameter for a circular foundation) So, Sq, Sy = shape factors, SAN CDles \f\Terzaghi and Hansen B= cece or taki’ For Hansen, Meyerhot: x = 45 + ‘ Sd of = 2 high ee Toe a= -@ + caiga glad aad!) 5 yah ugll :(V-1) de do, dq, dy = depth factors, dad Cdlales ig, ig, jy =inclination factors egal 5a Ng= e298) tan? (458) Be eerlieieensmemed (2-18) Ne= €.Ng- TQOORCE siiesiecsrniizeisvcsrastbcttseeeqeeseerseeeseceeseetene Ny =(Ng~ i)tan(1.44) * deals Gandy SEAN Dalen Gilead Yates 1(-1) yaa ileny vce gle Asta) Mitts a) cladnall :(¥-¥) yap ‘Shape, depth, and inclination factors for the Meyerhof bearing-capacity equation Factors Value For a Shaps: ans 02K, 7 Any¢ yatet ox, o> 10 ‘ t Anat #=0 Depth: 4= 1 e02/K,2 : Any¢ o dad Le OURS e>10 é-0 Inclination: Any é wT ms e-0 Where K, = inn? (45 + 4/2) 8 w ample of resultant mensuted trom vertical without « sign 8.£.0 = previously defined iY+(THY) Sytem cel ollons ceed anil § sf GDLales af LI sAjahy 5lby Cipla CY seal Jasttl 6 yh cBlales (7-1) yan Bearing-capacity factors for the Meyerhof, Hansen, and Vesi¢é bearing- capacity equations . Y Note that N, and N, are same for all three methods; subscripts identify author for NV, * Ne Ne News Ns Nari Ng 2 tan tl — sin 6)? 0 5.14 1.0 00 00 OO 0.195 0.000 5 649 16 ou a1 04 0.242 0.146 ry 83425 04 o4 12 0.296 0.241 15 109739 12 Ll 26 © 0.359 0.294 x» 1483 6d 29 29 54031 0.318 15 2071 10.7 68 68 10.9 0.514 O.311 26 2225118 19 BO 125 0.533 0.308 28 25.79 147 109 112 167 = 0.870 0.299 30 3013 18d 0 15.7 224 0.610 0.289 2 3547 23.20 «208 0220 20653 0.276 4 4214 4 28.7 a4 410 © 0.698 0.262 % $05$ 37.7 400 ad $6.2 0.746 0.247 8 61.31 48.9 $6.1 640 71.9 (0,797 0,231 40 152564. 794 936 109.3 0.852 o.214 45 193.73 134.7 2008-2623 271.3 1.007 0.172 9 266.50 3918S 567.40 B77 761.3 1.195 OSL : Hansen's Bearing Capacity Equation (jest) ji! ¢jila Alsen Dany Gary USS CY Jaatl § 8 lead Ale Uades (14+ Li) oy jle pal : q : , : u=CN, Scdeicke + INgSqAgig&g +4 7 BNy Sy yy ypavwnnnns(2-21) N=same as Meyerhof = Nq-1) cot ¢ | N=same as Meyerhof = tan? (« +Blem Ny = LS (Ng-1) tan $cc. siountsncemconsesceeiamnasnanisdbedel (2-22) pie (pf olbanad CDkalead Led (A-¥) USE ol (7-1) yan ogi nllans CDLdaad odes Abahee Agamy | pli ple Mails Cy MN cele hee ad pg Z CDLLeal Ll + (£1) irre(Ve=¥) ofA=¥) DSAY ple LyDlles Crskee| sil daar GYoLa EST AY gla “(5°%) does o(2-¥) yas (VY=1) «(0 1=1) tdeadll ripe told bd Alsles Vesic's Bearing Capacity Equation ast b pF Dies (bE D se ycany Jang (VIVE Ria VIVE 2) jad ll = OM sail gle queil Ny yt 458), (2-21) (ja Aled dalasiul cy Ny =2 (Nq + 1) tan 6... airs (2-23) ied ols ty LS (4- 1) lyse hal acts ya cbtsas, « sat yl No, Ng Ud o(F=¥) yang (YY) ste cb olbaes ped DLL ily Lal «(¥—1) yan : anil! bi8 Atlee Jui) Shia OF Sy laadll 5 jaf alaad Dye ba 983 ull bbl! (A—1) ase edly peat oI Sey Gohl cal scbenill spf Glam aie (pital utp BS Galea ie latai'y CoMeLe al AYE GY ean gis 9555 Call} Le gal jf Aldleny Lam ads ALIS Lac Acne Ay lly (cli Culadl gle uly am ae clu Leal + B/2 > 2B on ch Bad Lyles elt Gee 5S cole Wes a |i Daley dpdlad dics pints Ugly pilay Cagh gle Cotes Lil Jaad pb Lathe ony (4-1) pe pdolbeeal CDLkaal placid ¢ jiiyy cl yield aren A Usbeas ail) Lys iid | las 1S p28 Y Ui al jah aden Lalo glasind Ligail pel ot jut fA gla Casal 5 yf CYoles plait! wie Gly Le tlel ye Guy ext AS FSU ge (ALM o ja) Yea ge Dahl os jal yyy ML All do aa 5h a Nhs SSN ya (Goals Son) CNS Gye ll e jal OS ASulaia ill 4 Se + Gad Sy jp eal 6 yah ae a yee & yD VB ay gl Hp Ade yall Ay sh claus le Gl) acy a Ye slyend ie Galas! al ga iad gye iveoA Q5shy 5 Hales (ob Ai) cole : (#9) dyaee Shape, depth, inclination, ground and base factors for use iacither the Hansen (1970) or Vesid 1973) bearing-ca pacity i Table 2-8 Factors apply to cither method unless subscripted with (H') or (V). Use eee whea ¢ = oe [_# fam = 0.505 [1 -—— ae wares erste for Vesit ise N, = —2sin fl for @= 0 ls tal, ent uP cate — (Hansen und Vesity fam = Sam = {I~ O5ian BY _ ° fam = fers = {1 — tan BP? V+ Ape, cord, tan=(1 ar (: acral om = exp(—2y tan &) pan = exp (—27q tan ¢} Dae = bor, = (1 — 9 tan ay Notes J +93 9 ese Where 4, = eliective looting area BL £. = adhesion to base = eokesoa or a redeced value Dm depth of footing im ground (weed with B und pot) "a. ¢1 = eccentricity of load wich respect to center off footing area H ~ horizoets! component of footing load with HS ¥ tea d + x2, = tots! vertical lond oa footing f= Hope of ground away from base with downward = { +) = keiction angle betwarn bese and seil—ssuslly 6 = # for COREIME tn zoel ‘t= Gilt angle off bese from horizouts! with (4+) upward ms ened Cove 5 E (: om \ any Fears) (=) 7 -(-2 * ses! Va Ape, cone, Gon a ate ten (1 -7eaewa) A For 1/0 52m e For L/8> 2mm $= 15, — 17 Fores 0 or de a,Angie of dheoring remsionce, ¢ ( degreee } Shape factors x, and s, Calter Brinch Bearing capscily factors N,N, and N, Hamen }. (after Brinch Hansen). JEM hades (16-1) Jed clea § yall qujlla cdLalen 2(A—¥) Jes ry 9, A 180" 5 1 5 20 ° o8 10 Oz O48 06 Depth / breadth, 0/8 WY + Bic ad Depth factor d, (alter Brinch Hanten ).’ [inclination factors {, (,. and i, (aher Brinch Hansen ‘) chal Jules (11-1) Jt yal alas : (4-1) dst WNAOAG capil ce ih Yah shied Oey SERN CDalaad dy i pl 2(0-1) dyn Shape of footing & Suip ss 1,00 1.00 t6()iane 1+ ten p Rectangle ‘Chrete or square N, After DeBaar (1867) and Vesi¢ (1870) ——____ * MN NOW, 2 Ne Ny ON, SSS Se o 514 1.00 0.00 16 11.0 394 142 1 5.38 1.09 0.00 16 118 434 (1.72 2 663 1.20 06.01 7 123 4.77 2.08 3 690 131 0.03 18 134 6.26 2.49 4 618 143 0.06 19 13.8 580 297 6 649 157 0.09 20 14.8 640 354 6 681 1.72 0.14 21 16.8 707) 4.19 7 716 188 019 22) «(16.9 7.82 4.96 8 7.63 2.06 0.27 2300(18.1 8668 6.95 8 792 2.26 0.36 24° «(19.9 8.60 ~ 689 10 834 247 047 25° 20.7 «10.7 6.11 W 680 271 O80 26 223° 11.9 9.63 12 9.28 287 0.76 27) 239 #132 11.20 13 «881 326 O94 280258 «614.7 «194 5 14° 104 359 1.16 204279 #184 16.40 SSS ee Values of NV, after Prandtl NV, otter Reisaner WW, sher Hansen 1.00 8 1+( t+ Nee Shape factors for shallow foundations (»>0) Cabalpl Saath 5b cbbatee (1-1) psp For g=0 soil see Fig. 11.6 80 267 319 -662 N, and N, together with Hansen's values of N,, Bearing capschy factors (y>0) \ry 5 1-0a( z) ee # Ls Ng N, ee 30 W1 184 181 Kh 327° 206 212 a2 355 232 249 33 38.6 261 293 34 422 294 346 35 46.1 333 40.7 36 606 378 484 a7 565 429 66.9 38 614 489 674 39 679 660 801 40 753 64.2 96.5 41 839 739 114 42 93.7 854 137 43 105 99 165 44° °-118° «6146199 45 134° #135 «(244 46 162 159 264 47) 6174 «6187-39 48° #6198 222 442 49 230 266 6548fj) Jeaall § jab cdtales :(V¥-¥) gto Bearing Capacity Faciors* wert8swewHeo |e N, nN, 5.14 1.00 5.38 1.09 5.63 1.20 5.90 1.31 6191.43 6491.57 6.81 1.72 7161.88 753-206 792 02.25 835 2.47 880 2.71 928 862.97 981 3.26 10.37 3.59 10.98 3.94 1163 4.34 123400 4.77 13.10 5.26 13.93 5.80 14.83 6.40 15.82 7.07 1688 07.82 18.05 8.66 19.32 9.60 20.72 10.66 22.25 11.85 23.94 13.20 25.80 16.72 27.86 16.44 30.14 18.40 3267 20.63 3949 23.18 38.64 26.09 42.16 29.44 45.12 33.30 5059 37.75 55.63 42.92 61.35 48.93 67.87 55.96 7531 ‘4.20 83.86 73.90 93.71 85.38 105.11 99.02 118,37 115.31 133.08 134.88 152.10 158.51 173.64 187.21 199.26 222.31 229.93 265.51 266.89 319.07 * After Vevic (1973) N, 0.00 0.07 0.15 0.24 0.34 0.45 0.57 0.71 0.86 1.03 1.22 1.44 1.69 1.97 2.29 2.65 3.06 3.53 4.07 4.68 5.39 6.20 TAs 8.20 9.44 10.88 12.54 14.47 16.72 19.34 22.40 25.99 30.22 35.19 41.06 48.03 56.31 66.19 78.03 92.25 109.41 130.22 155.55 186.54 224.64 271.76 330.35 403.67 496.01 613.16 762.89 {vA NIN, 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 tan 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.05cheat) § yah CdLalas 2(A-T) pte Bearing-capacity equations by the several authors indicated Terzaghi (see Table 2-1 for typical values and for K,, valucs) a * Zoos? (45 + 9/2) a = ¢f0-73n- o/2)une Gun = CNS. + GNg + O.S7BN,S, Ny No = (N, — I) cot¢ t Ky, N,= “(5 - ') For. strip round square $= 1.0 13 13 s=10 O06 08 a Meyerhof (see Table 2-2 for shape, depth, and inclination factors) Vertical load: = gun = ¢NeSede + GNeSqdy + O.SYBN,5,d, Inclined toad: dun = CN dei, + ON edi, + 0.5yBN 4, i, Nam ete tan? (4s + $) N, =(N, - I)cotd . N= (N, = I) tan (1.49) —— SS, Hansen (see Table 2- for shape, depth, and other factors) General: Gon = ONS deidtcd, + AN STA gi gttghy + 0.57BN,5,ul,i4,h, when e=0 use Fun S.145(1 + 5, 4+ dp i be ge +g N, = same as Meyerhof above N, = same as Meyerhof above N,= LUN, — 1) tang SS ———— eee Vesié (see Table 2-4 for shape, depth. and other factors) Use Hansen's equations above N, = same as Mecyerhof above N, = same as Meyerhof above N,=2N, + Itang —_e_————————— ira= Ups Cgeually Akal g Adluall Ay sat) fans 5 yal Ultimate qu cs psaill esis y28 cad CYL cys Te pall eanill 3 pai eas Ay ag ees ola ELE ple tip (lS sla! Lil a y Bearing Capacity Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity 4alall cs yuaill 4) Jaa opi Ld yell (yl! Gnu = Gu-4 sail 420 Shag) Gay colle algal Bl sed day alae ple Ayla 6 pail 4 fl ph dad oye AY 2a Gs 5 yah cued y “OLY ns = Inu/F F =Factor of safety RY tes ns = Net safe bearing capacity Safe bearing capacity qg 4:4) aati $58 cued oSa LS q,= dn gam SEN Oca vee tas tsibaSeeteatntn ax canareoseeccseesenrsraseneenmineneceosazael (2-25) By odessa ad epee asad 658 yy ill gf Usa dhe Cin aes Cg peal 9950 ate ally + papell Go patel (ie MN elas ya (q = yD) ail aye cob aaah badd LAWN Cada VA4 6 Ries oh pill Ay ll 1SslSsay Cul dats, : 4p¥l c¥tad OLN gle 5 styl Lal) JL! cast 1 FS = 2.5 YI ales doy 2(1) Mila AS pial Shas ly 4) ji) baicny oll) deieiny Ayal Shas Vly Miya JLas yl 4 Lactll Anis 8 y pay LAI le 3 Syl AID ye Des’) asl 13) FS = 2 GLA! alas d35p: (Y) Mila (1) Bo east Alle gd 6 Sha Dea Vig MLA YL aS yaa Gla Vly L,I ice che OF pad gl Sysats ot Qt Gaal i FS = 1.5 LAY! alae 38.55 2(17) dian Nad one Gaby o(1) phy dyeatl Atle oY Ai A, Spel CSI Jy Mole deg ld, dal oltsll JS} au 235 oil 44 Allowable Bearing Capacity q, Ye paul) aaa 5 at UI vat Syed On til of as dns Ids Glee (Sy ad piney egies Gall shyil ge cre saad aged seks can Ayo peseall 3538 God Sy (oS) A) at Le yagll Glue ate yJeaall gg sl! Gns ef ais By + da best cetids 3! dns ef c+ uid sl Ul vecsLalulyl Agi Lusliny Uydne stad le Example (2-3): A shallow strip footing of breadth 3.5m is to be founded at a depth of 2.0 m in a soil which has the following properties : c= 12 kN/m2 @= 257 y= 19.0 kN/m3 Determine the safe load/m run. Solution : First determine the net ultimate bearing capacity. From Table (2-6): Ne =20.7 Ng=10.7 Ny=8.11 fi So Quon) = ON, +YDON,- Ih GYBN = 12x 20.74 19.0x2x%9.7+%x19.0x3.5x8.11 = 886 kN/m2 From eqn 2-25, putting F = 3 Safe bearing capacity, 9,= ee +yD = s, 19.0x 2.0 = 333 kN/m? Therefore safe load =333 x3.5= 1166 kN/m Example (2-4): Determine the safe uniform load intensity for a rectangular foundation of breadth 8m, length 12 m and founded 2.4 m below the surface. = 25 kN/m2 u=10° y= 18 kN/m2 Solution : From Tabel (2-6). Nc = 8.34 Nq=247 Ny=0.47 ; B/L = 8/12 = 0.667 Then from Table 2-5 So = 1 + 0.667 x 2.47/8.34 = 1.20 Sq=1+0.667 tan 10° =1.12 Sy = 1-04 x 0.1667 = 0,73 SO Gucoots= SuNeS + YBN, 5,—¥D = 25.0x 8.34x 1.204 18x2.4247x 1.12 +%4x 18x8x 0.47 x 0.73 - 18x24 = 351 kN/m2 whTherefore the safe bearing capacity, q,= oh 18 x 2.4 = 160 kN/m? Example (2-5): A square footing vertically and concentrically loaded is to be placed on a cohesionless soil as shown in Fig. (2-12). The soil and other data are as shown : y= 18.10 kN/m? Je bu = 35° e=0 f—1.95 m °° ° Fig. (2-12) Required. Whit is the allowable bearing capacity using the Hansen equation and a SF = 2.0? Solution : We should note that Awould, in general, not be known but would depend on the column load and the allowable soil pressure. We could, however, compute several values of q, and make a plot of qq versus B. Here we will compute a single value of qa. Step. 1. Since the effective soil unit weight is required, let us find these values. Estimate the "wet" soil has Wy = 10 percent and G, = 2.68. — Ywer 18.10 _ 3 = Yow TB 16 45 N/m tary ew 14010 ee G,(9.807) 2.68(9.807) Vv =1.0- V5 = 1.0 - 0.626 =0.374 m3 The saturated unit weight is the dry weight + weight of water in voids Ysat = 16.45 + 0.374 (9.807) = 20.12 kN/m3 From Fig. (2-12): we obtain d= 0.85 m Y= (sat ~ Yw) = 20.12 - 9.81 = 10.31 kN/m3 ¥ = 10.31 + (0.85/2.5) (18.10 - 10.31) = 12.96 kN/m3 Step 2. Obtain bearing-capacity factors for the Hansen equation using Do not ~- bps, since footing is square, Computing, =34 Ny = 34 \ry-142 = = BL Sqa lt tang = 1.70. Sy= 1-047 =06 Lt dq=1+ 0.25 ——=1.11 = iq 35 dy = 1.10 From Table (2-1): and dropping any terms that are not used or are 1.0, Gun =YDN,S,d, + 0.57 ,BN,S, d, Substituting values, uit = 18.10(1.1)(33)(1.70)(1.11) + 0.5 (12.96)(2.5)(34)(0.6)(1.0) = 1240+ 330 = 1570 kPa — 1570 qa 2 Vafint -US ++ Gye Tis! Lanai Byab ag FYI ee) Cage ape b puS La olay Bos SLB aay LS Ase ye Cus jal) Leal Gay Mall Lae Goby + (Y puufanso) vy Le pete Us gah plant prance 9 3a yhLa andl 3 yh = 785 kPa (a very large bearing pressure). Example (2-6): A square column foundation has to carry a gross allowable total load of 150 KN. The depth of the foundation is 0.7m. The load is inclined at an angle of 20° to the vertical (Fig. 2-13). Determine the width of the foundation, 2. Use Eq. 2-21 and a factor of safety of 3. Solution : With c = 0, the ultimate bearing capacity [Eq. 2-21] becomes. a = = INS dg + GIBN, St, =1) q = (0.7) (18) = 12.6 kN/m2 y =18kN/m3 From Table (2-6), for 6 = 30° Ng= 18.4 Ny =22.4 From Table (2-9) 1 Sq= 1+ (2) tan p = 1 + 0.577 = 1.577 L Sy=1-0.4 (7) =0.6 L 7 18kN/m? dq = 1+2 tan > (1- sin gy? 2 ——— = 14 C207 - 1+ er Fig.(2-13) rrzy -( (1-22) =0.605 iy= aes -(i- e =0.11 Hence : qun(12.6418.4K1.577 (1422 44.68 0.202 Joo 605)+(0.5)(18)(BX22.4)(0.6)(1)(0.11) = 212.2 + +13.3B (a) gam 4 = 73.73 4 ae +4433 () Given é = total allowable load = qajj x B? or qajj = = (c) Equating the right-hand sides of Eqs. (b) and (c) — =73.73 + a +4.43B By trial and error, B = 1.3 m Example (2-7): Refer to Example 2-6, Determine the net allowable load for the foundation using the definition of factor of safety. Use FS = 4. Solution : From Example (2-6). dy = 535 KN/ q =(1)(17.8) = 17.8 kN/m2 — 94-4_535-17.8_ ; net(all) rs =———— = 129.3kN/m Hence ; ’ Qnet(all) = (129.3)(1.5)(1.5) 291 kN Example (2-8): A footingload test. Produced the following data : D=05m B=0.5m L=2.0m y= 9.31 kKN/m3 triaxial = 42.7° cohesion c= 0 Put = 1863 KN (measured) quit = Pu = ee = 1863 kPa (1-sin 6)? part of dg term from Table (2-3). B B Sq = 1+ = tanp=1.27 =1-04—=09 7 yr ene D dg= 1 +0.155 5 dy=1.0 =1+0,155 (3) = 1155 05 With these values obtain ; Quit = 0.31(0.5)(186.9)(1.27)(1.155) + 0.5(9.31)(0.5)(299)(0,9(1) = 1902.5 kPa vs 1863 measured (b) By Meyerhof equations of Tables (2-8) and (2-2) and bps = 47° Step. 1. Obtain Nq = 186.9 Ny =(Ng - 1) tan (1.46) = 413.6 Kp = tan2 (45+£) = 6.44 > yK, =2.54 B 0.5 Sq = Sy =1+0.1Kp — =1 + 0.1(6.44) — =1.16 q= Sy eT (6.44) 2D dq=dy=1+0.1 JK, paitol (2.54) 2 = 1.25 Step.2. Substitute into the Meyerhof equation (ignoring any c subscripts) dur=¥' DN, S,d, + 0.5(BN Sd, = 0.31(0.5)(187)(1.16)(1.25) + 0.5(9.31)(0.5)(414)(1.16\(1.25) = 1262 + 1397 = 2659 kPa > eal 455 poy LuLu) Foundations with Eccentric Loadings SRL yd ayaa 8 pa ose any aad AS ye ot Gy SFB LLY wel SSH pte Sy olin pte ayy ep yyee any Biel yb JS pele Syne demy gat S(NO—Y) Se cy pyae ole (VET) USS only yyne Gle \foFor e < B/6 Guia! Pi 2 For ¢ > B/6 ; amas «deal Ay 5S ye yl lalalt (14-1) Jee on © Mal SY quad tally yee gle BIS pie ye Sac) GS Lain. M SS Gy egress icsoees mT PHT rvclanuelsnvareeaeeOnes =A (2-26) Q Mabe Gye lal lle gle aged Gases a cece 227 roan of = eecBne renesseeeasg¥es hh she ni seunouvazatpnimaceneel ia bie? (2-27) = 2/1, (2-28 Genin Sli = | pvateavaupea neem snuaagee ovarenssarensenraerienesmennsa nes Giaen ¢ ) O= B6 gs lie qmin=0 asSiy + ©< B/6 (sS latte psd da Cady ee 2 ya Se shy Cus > B/G crySp Lape Cafe JSS ole Gull gle aga GS, epuind Gags Lally Gull Quy lea Caney Af al aot Y 4p all Oy + cal yall asl O* Gmax Hed Un y SAY sip lad ody — ae J Mina ppg nines (2-29) rtwe Theat Tee 8G Abas ah 1S) aj gl Ladi CHULA can Glogs gy 5S, BS pte ptt sel sill Can Ay glacial) CHalgec¥l Cbs yatdy alld (gle y + ululll UB 5S ys > BY, Li Quail sl ap 6 a2 5 sil Labia Glalgal I) B'= effective width = B-2e......scccsssssiessessssssstnastenesssaservessceeres (2-30) = effective length = L * $B 8) olay Lb 5S pall pte GS YL, L'=L-2e Abas am peel J LAS BY LA tail ola) plasty Abul yy eaill 6 ps8 Quad, 2 Ge Gaesy Quit LAY Quit = dy Assesses (2-31) A'= effective area = -BUL'.. (2-32) My, My cpl Adel jyoe de ae SMG! cod IS che ge LAN cy 9S) Lege 2 and (.e-") Js3 ag Ms, ¥ B'=B-2e, ae Acne pS aye heat § 9005 Gopi Ida BIL! placid aaill 5 yi Cuan vaids Coe Re dasdll 5535 ft pois ds olay i 8) Fh Ga yh ol al, teed Mal oda 8 eadll ¢ yf M =_y yoy ult = duit: Reeeesscssssescsccssssesssseesenteerennesssescessstesssssessnsuesessaveseneeeseee( 2°33) + Oe Re Guuaiy R,=1-2 = (cohesive sOil)....cccsessessesssuesesssssesseseeecesseseve(2-34) Re=1- (2) (cohesionless soil)... ..0.0....cccccccccseecesseeseeeee (2-35) (0 Oall Si= 1.0) Gay ON.S.A,+ ON, 8,0, +2 y B NYS d, Fa .25)+0.5(1.8)(18)(40)(0.63)1.0 = 1158 + 2568.5 + 338.1 = 4064.6 kKN/m With SF =3, qa = oe The allowable load is based on the effective footing area to obtain \ Pa = 1354.9 x 1.5 x 1.622 = 3296.5 KN. 1800 = 1354.9 = 739.8 kN/m2 “act * 3296.5 =Eseor = 1354.9 kN/m2 v4By the alternative method using Meyerhof's reduction factor : Use factors for cohensionless soil, as c is very small 1 = i Rey =1- (SJ = 1 - (0.05)? =0.78 1 =1.(%Y =1-@0a? =0.72 Rey=1-|3 -(0. i Recompute quit as for a centrally loaded footing; the depth factors are unchanged; the revised shape factors are : N, -1e eis N,L B Sg = 14 — tan b = 1.73 q7 its ime B_ Sy = 1 AU = 0.60 Le qutt=9-61(5 1)(1.75)(1 4}+18(1.8\(38)(1.73)(1.25)+0.5(18)(1.5(40)(0.6)(1.0) = 1199.1 + 2660.8 + 386.2 = 4246.1 KN/m2 qa= 42461 1415.4 kN/m2 a Pa- da(BL)RexRey = 1415.4x18x18x0.78 x 0.72= 2575.4 kN The reduced allowable pressure is daa 2575-4 _ 794.9 kN/m2 18x18 The actual pressure is approximately 794.9 (1800 2575.4) = 555.6 kN/m2 oka gi p jing Sb oA da gig Glas Gonz Uille: acl 3 td Lay 7 gasnall Lngll ody Bee pe epee (pf pind (al dao) 6 all es ¢ peuall Lal FW meats hall (Vpsafeas ©) Nec aS : Foundation on Clay ¢—! ( otal) bb yShal CNSbeal aa) psiac Aik dy sl gle CLaLAAl Ua 3 8 Gila $j Gilsal Abacus Ay yl Skempton Gyih pb aily + - 0 et cole soll Tha ftage Qala gle GLALAS ancl quit = oNg + yD... -.(2-36) Gnet ult = ©Ne------ (2-37)geaitly Lal dng pally Ay ally dyby pl) LALO daually (VY) USA Ge No oped eum 2 Ubi) CLL Nc rectangular = (0.84 + 0.16 7p) Ne SQUATE o.eccscescssesssscnrisssasvrieconsers(2-3B) Example (2-11): , A rectangular footing of breadth 6 m and length 15 m is founded at a depth of 4.5 m in a cohesive soil having the following properties: Cy = 40 kN/m2 Oy=0 y=18kN/m? Determine the ultimate bearing capacity for the footing. Solution : D/B = 4.5/6.0 = 0.75 B/L = 6/15 = 0.40 Using Skempton's Ng from Fig. (2-17) (interpolating): Ng = 6.7 So: qu=cyNc+yD Intermediate values by interpolation Skempton’s values of A, whan g =0 + Coplall pple CALA cy glen Lala 2(1V—¥) Sc =40x6,7+ 18 x 4,5 = 349 kN/m2 Using eqn [2-38] : Ne = 6.2 (0.8 + 0.16 x 0.4) =5.6 \ So qu=40x 5.6 + 18 x 4.5 = 305 kN/m? 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