I Electrical Technology Consider an ideal transformer Fig. 32.13 (a)] whose secondary is open and whose primary is con- ‘ected to sinusoidal aliemating voltage V,. This potenil difference cases an altemating current to flow in the primary. Since the primary col is purely inductive and theres no output (secondary being open) the primary draws the magnetising current J, only. The function of this current is merely to magnetise the core it is small in magnitude and lags V, by 90°. This alternating current J, produces an alternating fax @ whichis, atall times, proportional the current (assuming permeability ofthe magnetic circuit tobe ‘constant and, hence isin phase withit. This hung fx is inked both wth the primary andthe secondary windings, Therefore, i produces self-inchiced emi the primary, "This sei/-induced e.m.f Eis, atevery in- stant, equal 1 and in opposition to V,, Itis alsoknown as counterem.f-orback em. cof thepximary. ‘Similarly, there is prosiuced in the see ondary an induced emf. £, which is known as mutually induced e.m.f. This emis antiphase with ¥, and its magni- tude is proportional to the rate of change ‘of flux and the number of secondary tums. ‘The instantancous values of applied voltage, induced e.m.fs, flux and rmagnetising current are shown by sinu- soidal waves in Fig. 32.13 (6). Fig. 32.13 (©) shows the vectorial representation of the effective values ofthe above quantities, 32.6. E.MLF. Equation of a Transformer me La, = Novofturnsin primary N, = No. oftums in secondary ©, = Maxioumfuxincereinwebers Baa Te Lf = Frequency ofc. input in Hz 4 ‘As shown in Fig. 32.14, flux increases from its zero value to False, rman value, inonequaterofuieylece-in tt joccoml, |p, “Average rate of change of flux = _ acaatt 4 f@,, Wok vit Now, rate of change of flux per turn means inducede.m.in volts. w ‘Averageem.ihum = 4/¢, volt fax @ vanes sinusoidally then tm. value of induced exm.{isabtained by muiplying the average valve with form factor ty rm. val Form factor = erage value & ums.valueofemsf/um = 1.11 x4,fb,=4.44 Fa, volt Nowr:ms. value of the induced e.m. in the whole of primary winding (Gnduced e.m.tturn) x No, of primary turns 1 = AAA PN, Oye SAAN, ByA aSimilarly, rms. value of thee.m.f induced in secondary is, Ey = AAA EN; ®, = 444; BA if) Iisseen from (/)and (ti that E,/N, =EyN,=444F®,,. Itmeans that e.m4/tumis the same in both the primary and secondary windings, Jn an ideal transformer on. no-load, V, = E, and B= Vp where Vis the terminal voltage (Fig. 32.19). 32.7 Voltage Transformation Ratio (kK) From equations (i) and (i), we get Na aM This constant’ K is known as voltage transformation ratio. (0) TEN ,> N, be: > 1, then asformeriscalled step-xp transformer, (i) TEN, is vectorial Iss than the secondary induced e.m.. £5 by an amount /, R, where R, is the resistance ofthe secondary winding. Hence, Vis equal to the vector difference of E, and resistive voltage drop Ty Ry Vs = &-LR, _ vector difference {i Similarly, primary induced e.m.£ F, i equal to the vectordifference of V, and J, R, where R, isthe resistance of the primary winding. Eom YER _.vector difference o — @& Fig, 32:22 ‘The vector diagrams for non-inductive, inductive and capacitive loads are shown in Fig. 32.22 (a), (byand (©) respectively. 32.12. Equivalent Resistance {In Fig. 32.23 a transformer is shown whose primary and secondary windings have resistances of R, and R, respectively. “The resistances have been shown extemal to the windings.