II.

CANH TC LA VIT NAM

2.1. Tng quan v la Vit Nam
Ngh trng la Vit Nam ra i v tin trin nhng bc
u tin vi phng thc sn xut chu . T vn ho Ha
Bnh, sn bn, hi lm kh khn, trong sn xut nng
nghip pht hin ra ngh trng la. Thi Vn Lang Vit
Nam bc vo thi i ng Thau (4.000 nm) nng nghip
pht trin nh cng c bng ng: ru, li cy, li cuc
bng ng trn mt trng ng Ngc L c hoa vn ngi
gi go. Truyn Bnh chng bnh dy ni v th bnh m
Lang Liu lm tng vua cha, c th phn on l la np.
Th k th 3 trc Cng nguyn nng nghip tip tc pht
trin, ngh trng la s dng cc cng c bng st. Vic
ri xung C Loa, ngi Lc Vit tin st ra bin tu theo
nc triu ln xung trng la, sau ny Vin Nghin cu
La Quc t - IRRI (1984) gi l sinh thi ngp nc thy
triu- Tidal wetland ecology. Trong sut 2.000 nm lch s,
vi cc cng trnh p b, o knh mng dn nc ti
nn n nay ngh trng la Vit Nam to nn h sinh thi
nng nghip c ti in hnh.
Sn xut la go l ngnh truyn thng lu i ca ngi
Vit, lun gi v tr trung tm trong nng nghip v kinh t Vit
Nam, chim gn 37% GDP nng nghip v 26% tng xut
khu nng sn trong giai on 2000-2004. Nm 2007, c nc
gieo trng trn 7.201 nghn ha, thu hoch 35.867,5 nghn tn
la.
Cy la c gieo trng hu ht cc vng trong c
nc. Ti min Bc, do iu kin kh hu cn nhit i, nn la
c trng vo hai v chnh (v ng xun v v ma). Cc
tnh min Nam, vi iu kin kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhit
cao quanh nm, la c trng thm mt v na l v h
thu. Hai vng sn xut la chnh ca Vit Nam l BSH v

BSCL, chim khong 2/3 tng din tch vi 70% sn lng

la go ca c nc.
i hi VI ca ng quyt nh nng nghip l mt trn
hng u, an ninh lng thc c coi trng, la l cy lng
thc ch yu. T , sn xut la go khng ngng pht
trin v tng bc thu c thng li ngy cng ln. Nm
1975 sau khi thng nht t nc din tch gieo trng la l
4,855 triu ha, nng sut 21,2 t/ha, sn lng 10,293 triu
tn, bnh qun u ngi 240 kg thc, cha m bo an ninh
lng thc. Nm 1985 din tch 5,7 triu ha, nng sut 27,8
t/ha, sn lng 15,874 triu tn. Nm 1990 din tch 6 triu
ha, nng sut 31,8 t/ha, sn lng 19,225 triu tn, bnh qun
u ngi 295 kg thc, ln u tin nc ta xut khu 1,6
triu tn go (340 triu USD). Nm 1995 din tch la l 6,765
triu ha, nng sut 36,9 t/ha, sn lng 24,963 triu tn. C 9
tnh t trn 1 triu tn thc/nm, trong 3 tnh (An Giang,
Cn Th c, ng Thp) t 2 triu tn. Thi Bnh v An Giang
t 12 tn/ha/nm, An Ph - An Giang t 17 tn/ha/2 v. Nm
2000 din tch 7,492 triu ha, nng sut 42,4 t/ha, sn lng
32,529 triu tn. Nam nh bnh qun ton tnh t 67 t/ha/v,
x Xun Phng t 84 t/ha/v. Nm 2000 Vit Nam xut
khu 3,5 triu tn go. Bnh qun u ngi 419 kg thc/nm.
Nm 2005 din tch la 7,3 triu ha, nng sut t 49,5 t/ha,
sn lng 36,3 triu tn (FAOSTAT, 2005), xut khu 5,2 triu
tn go. Nm 2006 din tch la t 7,32 triu ha, sn lng
35,84 triu tn, nm 2007 t tng ng l 7,2 triu ha v
35,86 triu tn.
Gn 30 nm qua sn xut la Vit Nam khng ngng
tng v din tch, nng sut v sn lng nh p dng cc tin
b k thut, l tng ha ca yu t ging mi, phn bn, thy
li v k thut canh tc la.
Din tch canh tc t thay i, do u t thy li, din
tch gieo trng 15 nm qua 1990 - 2005 tng hn 1 triu ha.
BSH v BSCL l hai va ln. Nm 2005, BSH gieo
trng 1.138.800 ha, nng sut bnh qun 54,4 t/ha, sn
lng 6 triu 199 ngn tn thc, bnh qun 362 kg/ngi;

BSCL gieo trng 3.826.300 ha (gim mt s din tch

nui trng thy sn), nng sut bnh qun 50,3 t/ha, sn
lng 19 triu 234 ngn tn thc, bnh qun 1.124 kg/ngi,
ng gp 53% sn lng c nc (19/36 triu tn), 95%
go xut khu ly t y. Nhng nm tip theo (20062007), nh p dng tin b k thut thm canh la, nn
din tch la gn nh c gi nguyn, thm ch cn gim
nhng nng sut c tng ln, kt qu sn lng la t
cao hn nhng nm trc (bng 1).
Bng 1. Din tch v sn lng la c nc
V gieo
trng

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

Din tch (triu ha)

Tng s:
ng - xun
H - thu
V ma

6,77
2,42
1,74
2,60

7,67
3,01
2,29
2,36

Tng s:
ng - xun
H - thu
V ma

24,96
10,74
6,50
7,73

32,53
15,57
8,63
8,33

7,32
2,99
2,32
2,01

7,20
2,98
2,20
2,01

35,84
17,59
9,69
8,56

35,86
17,02
10,11
8,73

7,33
2,94
2,35
2,04

Sn lng (triu tn)

35,83
17,33
10,43
8,06

Chnh ph c nhiu chnh sch ng n nh Khon

10, Khon 100 kch thch s khai hoang m t canh tc.
Nhiu t hoang c khai ph sn xut nng nghip,
ch trng l sn xut la. Nh din tch la trong c nc
giai on 1995 - 2001 tng lin tc. Nhng nm tip theo, do
ch trng chuyn i mc ch s dng t cng nh cng
nghip ha, th ha nn mt phn din tch trng la c
chuyn i sang cc cy trng khc, nui trng thy sn, cng
nghip, xy dng v dch v
Tuy din tch gim, nhng nh p dng cc tin b k
thut nn nng sut tng v sn lng la khng ngng tng

ln. T mt nc thiu lng thc tr thnh nc xut

khu go, ng th 2 trn th gii.
2.2. H thng canh tc la Vit Nam
2.2.1. ng bng sng Hng v cc tnh trung du, min
ni pha Bc (TDMNPB)
* H thng c canh la 1 v
t chuyn 1 v la c trng nhng din tch t thp
trng, thng ngp ng vo ma ma (v ma), ng bng
t ny cn c gi l t chim trng; cn vng cao thiu
nc, ch gieo trng c 1 v nh nc ma.
* vng thp ng bng: Do a hnh thp nn t trng
c nhiu hn ch. Trong iu kin ngp ng - kh xi, nn t
cha nhiu c t nh: St, mng gan, nhm di ng. Nhng
c t ny, cng vi ngp ng ma ma nn nng sut rt bp
bnh, nhiu khi khng cho thu nhp. Do m la ch c
trng trong v chim xun, ma ma b ha. C cu ny ph
bin nht l t nhng thp k 60, 70 th k XX. Sau ,
nhiu cng trnh thy li c xy dng, mt phn ng k
din tch ny c iu tit nc ch ng, ti v chim
xun, thot nc ma ma. Nh , nhiu din tch t 1 v
tr thnh rung cy 2 v la, sn lng tng ng k, ng
gp vo thng li trong xut khu go Vit Nam.
* Vng vn v cao ng bng Bc b: chn rung vn
v cao, do a hnh thot nc nhanh, thiu nc nn la
c cy 1 v trong nm, trong c cu cy trng: 1 mu - 1 la
- 2 m (Khoai lang - M ma - La ma - M xun), hoc 3
mu - 1 la (u tng xun - u xanh - La ma - C chua).
* vng ni pha Bc: Nhiu din tch khng c ti,
ch da vo nc tri, nn ch gieo cy c 1 v; v cn li
khng c nc ti, t b ha lm ni chn th gia sc.
t vng i ni, la hng nm thng c gieo trong v
xun hay xun h khi c ma u v nc cy, vi cc

ging trung v di ngy. in hnh l t la vng lng cho

in Bin: M gieo thng 5, cy cui thng 5, thu hoch cui
thng 8 u thng 9.
* H thng 2 v la BSH v TDMNPB
Nh s pht trin ca h thng thy nng, nhiu vng t
c nc ti ch ng quanh nm, cho nn din tch la 2
v trong nm c tng ln ng k. y thng l nhng
vng thm canh la tt, nng sut cao nh: H Nam, Nam
nh, H Ni, Hi Dng, Thi Bnh, v.v
* ng bng Bc b v cc tnh TDMNPB c cu la 2
v/nm thng l: La xun - La ma mun vi cc ging la
chu ng (bng 2).
Bng 2.Thi v trong c cu 2 v la BSH
V gieo cy
Sm
Xun Chnh v
Mun
Sm
Ma

Chnh v
Mun

Gieo m

Cy

Thu hoch

25-30/12

5-10/2

5-20/1

20-25/2

20-25/5
1-15/6

25/2-05/3

25/1-5/2

25-30/6

20-30/5

1-10/6

1-10/9

1-10/6

10-20/6

25/10-10/11

25/6-05/7

25/6-5/7

5-25/11

* C cu la - mu min Bc v Bc Trung b
C cu cy trng la - mu c trng trn cc chn t
trc y l 1 v la - b ha. Nh h thng thy nng pht
trin, m rng nn t chim trng thot c nc, khng
cn ngp ng; nhng ni cao th c th ti nc c, nn
thi gian b ha c trng thm mt hoc hai v mu.
c bit, nhng nm gn y, do thi tit hn hn, thiu nc
ti xy ra lin min dn n mt s din tch 1 - 2 v phi
gim 1 v, thay th bng cy mu, c nhu cu nc t hn.

Hn na, vic chuyn i c cu cy trng to ra nhiu

sn phm, a dng v th loi v phong ph v cht, nn
to bc ngot lm tng nng sut v sn lng cy trng, vt
nui nhiu a phng. Trn chn t hai la Tin Lng Hi Phng c cu: u tng xun h - La ma sm - u
tng thu ng cho kt qu rt kh quan. y l c cu c
th p dng trn din rng, thch hp vi chn vn hoc vn
thp, ch ng ti tiu khp cc tnh ca BSH. Cc sn
phm c nhu cu rt cao trong tiu dng: u tng ch
bin du, kh du, phc v chn nui, go cht lng cao
ang tham gia vo ba n hng ngy ca ngi dn vi nhu
cu ngy mt tng.
+ Vng ng bng
- Cng thc 1 la - 1 mu: Cc chn t nh nc tri,
cy v ma, trng cy mu v ng xun. La ma thng
gieo m cui thng 5 u thng 6 n ma, cy u thng 6,
c nm n thng 7, vi cc ging lai hoc ging thun nh
Khang Dn. Thu hoch vo thng 10, 11. Cy mu ng xun
thng l khoai lang, lc, u , trng vo thng 1, 2, thu
hoch thng 5, 6.
- Cng thc 2 la - 1 mu: La xun - La ma - cy v
ng (ng, khoai lang, rau: c chua, da leo...) hoc: La xun
- La ma sm - u tng/Ng ng.
Ging la: Q5, Khang Dn, cc ging la lai. Ging ng
ch yu l: LVN10.
Bng 3. Thi v gieo trng c cu 2 la - 1 mu
La xun

La ma

Cy v ng

Cy

Thu hoch

Cy

Thu hoch

Gieo trng

Thu hoch

T2

T5

T5/6

T9/10

T9/10

T1

+ Vng Trung du v min ni pha Bc

Do iu kin a hnh rung bc thang, cp khc nhau

v ph thuc vo ch nc nn c cu ma v y kh
phong ph.
- C cu 1 la - 1 mu: M c gieo vo u ma ma
(cui thng 5, u thng 6), cy vo thng 6/7, thu hoch thng
10/11. Cc ging la lai, Khang dn. Cy ng - xun thng
l u tng, ng, khoai mn. Trng vo thng 1/2, thu hoch
thng 5/6.
- C cu 2 la - 1 mu:
(1) La xun: Lm m vo cui thng 1, u thng 2; cy
t u n trung tun thng 2, thu hoch cui thng 5, u
thng 6. La ma: Lm m vo cui thng 5 u thng 6, cy
thng 6, thu hoch thng 9, 10. Ging la c 2 v thng l:
Q5, Khang dn, cc ging la lai. Cy v ng: Ng c
gieo cui thng 9 u thng 10, thu hoch thng 12 v thng
1 nm sau.
(2) La Xun sm - u tng h - La ma mun.
- C cu 1 la - 2 mu: u tng - La - Ng ng.
- C cu 2 la - 2 mu: Trn t bc mu, c thnh phn
c gii nh, rung bc thang thot nc tt nn p dng la
xun sm, cy mu v h n la ma h thu, sau tranh th
rau v ng nh b, c chua, da chut...
* H thng La - Thy sn min Bc v Bc Trung b.
* C cu La - C: C cu ny nhiu a phng cho li
th ln:
Tng hiu qu kinh t: Vnh Phc trc y, cc vng
trng ch hoang ho hoc cy 1 v la bp bnh, mi v ch
thu c khong di 10 triu ng/ha. Sau khi ci to, cc h
thay i tp qun t th c sang nui c, p dng cc tin b
khoa hc k thut mi nn nng sut v gi tr tng ln r rt.
Chuyn sang 1 la - 1 c cho thu 30 - 40 triu ng/ha.
Tng hiu qu v tiu nc, chng ng v tr nc chng
hn: Vic ci to vng trng gp phn gii bi ton tiu

nc, chng ng cho cc a phng trc y thng xuyn

b ngp ng. ng thi, n cn tc dng tch tr nc phc v
sn xut nng nghip trong ma kh.
Nh vy, ci to vng trng tit kim ngn sch hng
nm cho vic h tr tiu, ti trong sn xut trng trt.
Gii quyt vic lm: Trc y lao ng c s dng
nui c hu ht l lao ng ph hoc lao ng tn dng. Hin
nay, c nhiu lao ng chuyn sang chuyn canh nui thy
sn.

Hnh 1. C cu La - C

Lao ng thu sn c coi l lao ng chnh v nui

trng thu sn gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhiu ngi.
Hu ht h c tp hun, c o to c k nng, k thut
trong nui trng thu sn.
Ci to vng trng gp phn ci to mi trng, mi
sinh, cnh quan thin nhin, gip mi trng nng thn ngy
cng sch, p, to ra nhng khu du lch sinh thi hp dn.

Thi v nui c m bt u t thng 4, trc khi la

chim lm ng. Cc ging c thng l m hoa, trm c, tri
n , r phi n tnh... Cc loi c ny va ph hp vi
ngun nc trong m, va c th trng a chung. Khi
gt xong la chim, nng dn nui c m phi ng h
thng cng tiu gi nc v to ngun thc n cho c.
Nhiu gia nh bn thm phn chung tng cng thc n
gip c nhanh ln.
2.2.2. Canh tc la Nam Trung b
* H thng canh tc c canh 2 v la
C cu 2 la trong nm cng c m rng trong mt
vi nm gn y. Do bin i kh hu, kh hn thiu nc,
nn din tch la 3 v bp bnh, nng sut thp, c
chuyn sang cy 2 v chc n. T nm 1998, Nam Trung b
sn xut 2 v la trung ngy cho tng sn lng n nh v
cao hn sn xut 3 v la ngn ngy. Tng sn lng 2 v
la trung ngy t 12 - 14 tn/ha n chc, thm v la
cht na c th t 14 - 15 tn/ha. Trong khi , nu trng 3
v cng ch t 11 - 13 tn/ha, nm mt ma th 3 v cng
ch t 9 - 11 tn/ha. Nhng tnh chuyn dch c cu 3 v
la sang 2 v u a nng sut ln cao hn trc trn 1
tn/ha nh: Qung Nam, Qung Ngi v Nng. Ph
Ct m hnh chuyn 3 v la bp bnh sang 2 v n chc
em li hiu qu kinh t cao. Vic chuyn i gieo cy 3 v
la/nm sang 2 v/nm, kt hp vi thm canh tng hp i
vi ging la lai Nh u 838, v ng xun 2006 Ph Ct
trn m hnh 7 ha ca 69 h thu hoch bnh qun t trn
73 t/ha, cao hn so vi cc ging la hin c nh Khang dn
18, i 32 t 25 - 30 t/ha. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t cho
thy: Vi gi bn 2.400/ kg th trn 1 ha thu c hn 17,5
triu ng; sau khi tr chi ph cn thc li hn 8,6 triu
ng, cao gp 2,5 ln so vi rung i chng trong cng
iu kin chn t v mc u t thm canh. Nu tnh
thm v la thu vi ging di ngy, nng sut t khong 55
t/ha th qua 2 v sn xut/nm, nng sut t trn di 13
tn/ha/nm v cao hn 2 tn/ha so vi thc t sn xut 3

v/nm cng trn chn t ny. Mt khc, sn xut 2 v cn

gim c chi ph sn xut nh: Cng lao ng, ging, phn
bn, thuc tr su t c thi gian ngh ngi, ct t mm
mng su bnh, tit kim nc ti, gp phn khc phc
tnh trng thiu nc ti gy mt ma v h thu, ng
thi ch ng c thi v sn xut. Nh m trong nm
2006, c t nht 730 ha la 3 v c chuyn i sang
2 v trong nm n chc.
Bng 4. Thi v gieo trng c cu 2 la/nm
(Theo ch o ca Cc Trng Trt cho vng Nam Trung b)
V
Chnh v
Mun
Sm
Chnh v

Gieo/cy

Thu hoch
La ng xun
20/12-30/12
15/4-30/4
1-10/1
25/4-5/5
La h thu
20-30/5
1-10/9
1-10/6
10-20/9

* H thng canh tc 3 v la
Nh kh hu kh n ha, nh sng, nhit cho cy la
sinh trng, pht trin, to nn nng sut kh quanh nm nn
t vng Nam Trung b vo BSCL la thng c gieo trng
3 v trong nm vn cho nng sut kh. Nng sut thng t:
ng xun = 64,0 - 66,6 t/ha, h thu = 52 - 55 t/ha v thu
ng = 47-51t/ha.
Bng 5. Thi v trong c cu 3 la
V
Sm
Chnh v
Sm
Chnh v

Gieo s

Thu hoch
ng xun (v 1)
25/11-5/12
20/3-5/4
10-20/12
5-15/4
H thu
25/3-5/4
25/6-10/7
5-15/4
5-15/7

V ma (v 3)
Sm
Chnh v
Mun

1-10/7
10- 20/7
20/7-30/7

5-15/10
10-25/10
20-30/10

Lu : vng Nam Trung b: i vi chn 3 v la/nm

cn b tr thi v v c cu ging c thi gian sinh trng
thch hp bi v: V ng xun, nu gieo s trc 25/11
thng gp ma ln, lm tri mt ging, nhng gieo s mun
qu th s y li thi v h thu v v ma, lm cho v ma d
gp lt giai on la chn, gy tn tht ln v sn lng (t 2030/10 thng hay c ma, thng 11 l cao im ca ma lt
trong nm). Bi vy phi b tr thi v ng xun sao cho an
ton khi gieo s v la tr khng gp lnh; v ma thu hoch
khng gp lt. Xut pht t c im thi tit nh vy nn
thng s dng ging ngn ngy cho c cu 3 v; cn ging
c thi gian sinh trng trung v di ngy cho c cu 2 v
la/nm.
Chn rung 3 v khng c cu v mun, tr nhng vng
thiu nc phi gieo kh th i ma xung, m t mi
gieo nn thi v b mun m thi.
* H thng canh tc la - mu
Do thiu nc ti, nhiu din tch 2 v la c chuyn
sang la - mu. ng Nai, chuyn i c cu 2 la sang la
- ng nn tng thu nhp tng ln ng khch l: Trc nm
2004, trng la c canh 2 v, nm no ma thun, gi ha
cng ch thu c 20- 30 t thc/ha/v. Sau nm 2004, chuyn
i c cu t trng 2 la c canh sang 2 ng - 1 la, tng thu
nhp ng k nh tng nng sut v tng v. Tnh ra mi
hecta ng cho li khong 8 triu ng/v, gp 6 ln trng la.
* H thng canh tc La- Thy sn
+ Rung thp trng c thit k theo , xung quanh l h
thng mng b th c, tm (Hnh 2).

RungRung
la la

B bao

Rung
Rung
lala
Mng

Ao lngAo lng
Cng
Rung la- tm, c ao lng

Hnh 2. H thng canh tc La - Thy sn

+ Trn rung cy la, di mng th c, tm (tm cng).

+ Xung quanh b mng c th kt hp trng hoa tri.
2.2.3. Canh tc la BSCL
* So vi BSH th BSCL l vng sn xut la mi y,
sau BSH. Nhng nm trc 1945, y l vng la c canh
1 v la ma.
* Tuy nhin ng bng Nam b c chia ra nhiu vng
sinh thi khc nhau. Ty theo iu kin ca vng sinh thi m
c nhiu c cu cy trng c la thch hp cho vng (bng 6).
Bng 6. Cc h thng canh tc la BSCL
Vng ST
Vng ngp l ven
v gia sng Cu
Long
Vng ca sng
Cu Long

Vng bn o C
Mau

Loi t
Ph sa

Nhim mn

Phn mn

C cu cy trng c la
- La 3 v
- La ng xun - h thu
- La 2 v - 1 mu
- La 1 v - 2 mu
- La 2 v ma ma
- La 1 v ma
- La 1 v - 1 mu
- La 1 v - tm
- La 1 v - da
- La 2 v (h thu - ma)
- La 1 v ma

- La 1 v - tm
Vng trng U Minh

Than bn - Phn - La 2 v (ng xun - h thu)

ngp ng ko
- La 1 v ma
di

Vng trng ng
Thp Mi

Phn chua ma
kh - Ngp ng
ma ma

- La 2 v (ng xun - h thu)

- La 1 v (ng xun)
- La 1 v ma
- La 1 v - mu

Vng ng bng
H Tin

Phn chua ma
kh - Ngp ng
ma ma.

- La 2 v (ng xun - h thu).

- La 1 v ma
- La 1 v - 1 mu

Cc ging la c th c s dng vo c cu 3 la/nm

gm c: OMCS 2000, OMCS21, TNB100, ML48, OM1490,
OM1706, OM1633, VND404, VND95-19, MTL250, OM2395, OM
2514, OM2517, OM3405.
Thi v v cc ging c p dng trong c cu 3 la
BSCL: Gieo s la v ng xun vo u thng 11, v h thu
vo u thng 4 v v ma vo u thng 5.
* C cu la - mu BSCL:
Hin tng bt thng v thi tit, hn hn thng
xuyn dn n thiu nc trm trng c trong sn xut
nng lm v sinh hot. Hn na, c canh la lu nm, su
bnh pht trin mnh gy ra tht thu ln. V vy, nhiu ni
chuyn i c cu s dng t t 2, 3 v la trong nm
thnh la - mu.
* C cu la - thy sn BSCL:
Nh ch trng chuyn i c cu kinh t v s dng t
vi tiu ch hiu qu kinh t/n v din tch t nn nhiu ni
chuyn i nhng din tch ngp ch trng 1 v la sang la
- nui thy sn, t hiu qu kinh t cao. Ngc li vi nhng
vng vn, vn cao, nhng ni trng, khc phc rung 2 la
(xun - ma) khng n chc, nng sut bp bnh do ngp,
nhiu a phng chuyn i sang la - c, la - tm, hiu
qu cao hn.

* C cu la - tm:
y l m hnh canh tc thch hp i vi vng sinh thi
nc nhim mn BSCL.
M hnh la - tm: Nui tm s ma kh (hoc khai thc
tm tp t nhin).
* H canh tc la - cy lm nghip:
Nhng din tch t la c nhim phn, trng la c p
dng c cu la - trm. Cy trm c tc dng gim phn cho
cy la, ng thi ci thin mi trng.
2.3. Ging la s dng Vit Nam
Cng nh nhiu cy trng khc, trong thm canh la, ging
l mt yu t quan trng ng gp vo vic tng nng sut v
sn lng. Theo FAO, cc nc ng Nam , ging la
ng gp 15 - 20% vo vic tng nng sut la. Theo R.W.
Herdt (Philippine) v cc vn chnh sch kinh t cy la th
sn lng tng nh ging mi l 26%, phn ho hc l 31% v
din tch c ti nc l 24%.
Tuy nhin, nu s dng ging khng thch hp, cng c
th gy nn tht thu nghim trng cho nng dn. Theo ng V
nh Thung: V ng xun 2007- 2008 gn 300 h dn x
Ct Hanh (Ph Ct - Bnh nh) sng d, cht d bi gn
70 ha la b mt trng. Nhiu nng dn cho rng: Nguyn nhn
l do s dng ging la rm. Tnh ra, s tin thit hi m gn
300 h dn phi gnh chu l hn 2 t ng.
t c nng sut cao, cht lng tt, yu cu v
ging la i hi phi la chn ging c cht lng tt.
Ht ging t tiu chun cht lng tng ng cp xc
nhn phi c:
- sch (khi lng) > 99, 0%;
- Tp cht (khi lng) < 1, 0%;

- Ht khc ging ln < 0, 25%;

- Ht c ln < 10 ht/kg ging;
- T l ny mm 85% s ht;
- m (%) < 13, 5%.
2.3.1. Ging min Bc v Bc Trung b
* Vng ng Bc gm: Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Qung Ninh,
Bc Giang, Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn.
Bng 7. Cc ging la vng ng Bc
V

Ging

ng KD18, DT10, CR 203, C70, C71, Tp lai, Sn u 63, Kim

xun Cng 90, Q5, Bi Tp 49, DT13, Np a phng, VN10, i
32, Mai Hng, Tam Nng, Tp Giao 5, Tp Giao 4, Nh u 63,
Mc Tuyn, CH133, AYT77, TH85.
V
ma

Bao Thai, KD18, CR203, Bi Tp Sn Thanh, Sn u 63, Xi23,

Q5, C70, C71, Np hoa vng, X21, Mc Hng, Np IRI 352,
Bc u 63, Bc u 903, Vng Pao TQ, Tp Giao 5, Q 4, CN 2,
U17, Np Ci, Nh u 63, Bi Tp 49, DT17, AYT77.

* Vng Vit Bc-Hong Lin Sn (VB-HLS) gm: Lo Cai,

Yn Bi, H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Ph Th, Vnh Phc.
Bng 8. Cc ging la vng VB-HLS
V

Ging

ng KD18, Nh u 838, DT10, CR203, Sn u 63. Q5, i Ha Bnh,

xun Bi Tp Sn Thanh, Np IRI352, Xi20, X21, Xi23, Tp Giao 5,
DT13, C71, Tin u 63, Lng Qung184, C70, AYT77, Np
Ngoi, IR1548, DT11, DT13, Sn u 63, X22.
V
ma

KD18, CR203, Nh u 63, Nh u 838, Bao thai, Sn u 63, Bi

Tp Sn Thanh, i 32, Tp Giao 5, Np IRI532, T Trng, Np
a phng, C70, C71, Bc u 64, T Mo, Np Hoa vng,
AYT77, Np Lo, Lng Qung 164.

* Vng Ty Bc gm: Ha Bnh, Sn La, in Bin, Lai Chu.

Bng 9. Cc ging la vng Ty Bc
V

Ging

ng Sn u 63, CR203, Np Nng, KD18, Np IRI352, C70, C71,

Xun Q5, T Nng Mc Chu, T a phng, Bc Thm 7, Kim
Cng 90, i 32, Bi Tp 49, DT10, Np Cm Hng, La cn
LN93-1.
V
ma

CR203, T Trng, T Thi Lan, Nh u 63, Nh u 838, Q5, Np

Nng a phng, Mc Tuyn, Bc u 64. Np 87, Kim
Cng 90, Bi Tp 49, V108, IR64, i 32, T , Bao Thai.

* ng bng Bc b gm: H Ni, Nam nh, H Nam, Thi

Bnh, Ninh Bnh, Hi Dng, Hng Yn, Bc Ninh, Hi Phng.
Bng 10. Cc ging la ng bng Bc b
V

Ging

ng KD18, Q5, Sn u 63, Xi21, Xi23, C70, IRi352, Bc Thm 7,

xun IR17494, Nh u 63, Nh u 838, Bc u 903, Bc u 527,
V108, Np 414, Tp Giao 5, La Thun TQ, X20, AYT77,
DT13, DT10, DT13, U7.
V
ma

KD18, Q5, Khm Dc, Bc u 527, Bc u 903, CR203, Xi23,

Tm Thm, Lng Qung 164, C70, Np KT9, Np Hoa vng,
Np Lai, Nam nh 1, DT10, DT13, Bao Thai, Nam nh 2, D
Hng, Sn u 63, Tp Giao 5, H 60, A20.

2.3.2. Ging Bc Trung b

Vng ny gm: Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Qung
Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha Thin - Hu.
Bng 11. Cc ging la Bc Trung b
V

Ging

ng Sn u 63, KD18, IR38, IR1820, IR17494, X21, Nh u 838 v

Xun 63, Np IRI 352, Q5, X20, X21, VN20, TH30, TH100, La a

phng, CN2, i 32, C71, CR203, Np i, D Vng, ML107,

Chim 314.
V
ma

KD18, Bao Thai, Q5, CN2, Np IRI 352, Nh u 838, Bc u 64,

X20, X21, X23, C70, Np i, Bc Thm7, MTL6, TH5, TH30,
TH85, CH133, Ma Lm 48, Sn u 63, LN93-1, IR64, IR17494,
Mc Hng.

2.3.3. Ging la Duyn hi Nam Trung b

Duyn hi Nam Trung b gm: Nng, Qung Nam,
Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun,
Bnh Thun.
Bng 12. Cc ging la ph bin Duyn hi Nam Trung b
V
ng
xun

Ging
KD18, B6; TBR1; NX30; X21; Xi23; BM9855; i 32, IR17494,
V108, ML49, ML68; R1; HT1. La lai: Nh u 838; BT-E1;
Nghi Hng 2308; Nng u 69; TH3-3.
H thu ML4, ML48, ML49; OMCS 96, OM1490, OM2031, PC6;
v ma OMCS200; B5; B6; V108; ML202; ML68.

2.3.4. Ging la Ty Nguyn

Vng ny gm cc tnh: KonTum, Gia Lai, k Lk, k Nng,
Lm ng.
Bng 13. Cc ging la ph bin Ty Nguyn
V
Ging
ng IR62, Ging a phng, IR17494, IR59606, TH85, VNDD95-20,
xun i 32, T28, OM1490, OMCS96, V108, KD18, IR56278, OM576,
ML48, IR20, Trang Nng 15, MTL250, TNB100, CH3,Tp Giao
5, La lai TQ, NN8, U18.
H
IR64, IR17494, Ging a phng, i 32, OMCS 94, TH65,
thu
VN95-20, X Rn, OM1490, Tc Ln, OM1700, Np Ry,
KD18, Sn u 63, Lc , IR62032, Vit Lai 111, TH26,
IR56606, CR203, Np Thi, CH3, ML48, OMCS 96, La Ru
(medieke).

2.3.5. Ging la ng Nam b

Vng ny gm: ng Nai, thnh ph H Ch Minh, B RaVng Tu, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh, Bnh Phc.
Bng 14. Cc ging la ng Nam b
V
Ging
ng OM576, OM1490, VN95-20, IR64, IR56279, OM2031,
xun OM50404, OMCS2000, CM16-27, IR59606, MTL250, CM64,
AS996-9, OM2401, TH128, VN92,
H IR64, IR59606, OM1390, VN95-20, OMCS2000, OM2031,
thu OM1723-62, OM16-37, AS990, IR50404, IR65610, OM2037,
VN 404, OM2037, V20, KS8 140-5, Bc Thm 7, Mng
Chim, La Min, CM4-12.

2.3.6. Ging la ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL)

Bng 15. Cc ging la ph bin BSCL
V

Ging

ng OM 576, IR 64, VND 95-20, AS 996, OMCS 2000, IR 50404, OM

xun 2517, OM 4498, OM 2395, OM 1490, OM 2717, VD 20, ST 3,
OM 2514, MTL 645, MTL 385, OM 5930, OM 4900, OM 5932,
IR 59656-5K-2, OM 5796, OM 5637.
H
thu

OM1490, IR64, IR50404, OM576, OCS2000, TN120, AS996,

MTL250, VN 95-20, IR65610, OM2031, OM1723-62, V20,
OMCS97, OM1622, S9698, OM997-6, Khao 39, OM1305,
NCM42-94, CM24-94, IR62032.

ng bng sng Cu Long kh phc tp v t ai, do vy

ty thuc vo iu kin c th m v ng xun c nhng
ging ch o cho tng vng sn xut la chnh c xut
nh sau:
* Vng ph sa ngt dc sng Tin, sng Hu s dng cc
ging la thm canh cht lng cao nh: VND 95-20, OMCS 2000,
IR 64, OM 2517 v duy tr t l ph hp cc ging OM 2718, OM
1490 v cc ging la np, c sn.

* Vng bn o C Mau (Sc Trng, Bc Liu, C Mau v

mt phn tnh Kin Giang) vi mc bt pht ry nu cha
mnh, ngoi cc ging ch lc, vn c th duy tr cc ging
OM 2718, OM 2717 v cc ging la c sn. Vng t phn
c th s dng ging OM 1350, OM 2488, IR 56381 (MTL
149), AS 996
* Vng Ty sng Hu, T Gic Long Xuyn s dng cc
ging ch lc nu trn, gim bt din tch Jasmine 85, np,
OM 2514, OM 2717
* Vng ng Thp Mi: C cu ch lc l cc ging cc
sm v sm nh: OM 576, IR 50404, OMCS 2000, VND 9520; duy tr t l ph hp OM 1490, OM 3536 v cc ging c
sn khc.
* Vng ven bin Nam b: C cu ging ch lc l OM 576,
IR 50404, OMCS 2000, AS 996, OM 4498, VND 95-20.
* Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ng Nam b: Ging
la ch lc l: VND 95-20, OMCS 2000, IR 64, OM 3536, VND
99-3, OM 1490, OM 2717, OM 2718.
2.4. Qun l nc cho la
2.4.1. Nhu cu nc ca cy la
Vai tr ca nc v cng quan trng i vi cy la
c tng kt ngn gn qua cu ca dao Nht nc, nh
phn.
Cy la cn 400 - 450 n v nc to c mt n v
thn l, cn 300 - 350 n v nc to c mt n v ht.
Ngun nc c cung cp cho la l nc ma, sng, sui,
h, ao. Trong nc ti v cng quan trng, chng ta c
th ch ng c t ngun nc ny. Do vy, xy dng
c h thng thu li tt l yu t quan trng hng u cho
cc vng trng la. Ti tiu ch ng, ng thi im v ph
hp vi nhu cu cn thit ca cy c ngha quan trng
tng nng sut v cht lng la.
2.4.2. Qun l nc theo thi k sinh trng ca cy la

+ Thi k ny mm: Khi bo qun ht la c m < 13%.

Khi ht nc t 22% th ht s hot ng v ny mm tt
m 25 - 35%.
+ Thi k m:
T gieo n mi chng: Gi rung m, m chng ngi
v mc nhanh. R la c cung cp xy thun li nn pht
trin tt v qu trnh phn gii ca ni nh cng thun li.
Thi k m n nh cy: C th gi m hoc lp nc
nng 2-3 cm.
+ Thi k rung cy:
T bn r hi xanh n nhnh ti a v phn ha ng
n chn cy la rt cn nc. Cn cung cp nc v duy tr
mc nc 3 - 5 cm rung la sinh trng thun li v t
nng sut cao. Lc ny khng c cy la thiu nc.
Ngc li, nu mc nc qu cao, ngp ng s khng tt cho
s nhnh, lm t v vn lng.
Sau nhnh ti a n phn ha t: Rt nc phi
rung trong khong thi gian 10 -12 ngy nhm hn ch
nhnh v hiu, gip qu trnh lm t v ng thun li hn.
2.4.3. Ti nc tit kim cho la
Theo truyn thng, cy la c ti v gi ngp nc
lin tc t cy n gn thu hoch. tit kim nc nhng
vn m bo nng sut cao th nn p dng k thut ti kh ngp xen k.
a. 5 cch s dng nc hiu qu, tit kim:

Ngun: Chng trnh tit kim nc. Cc Bo v thc vt - IRRI

- Thit lp mng ti, tiu vo rung.

- Xi t cn nhm lp cc khe nt n trn mt rung
trc khi ti nc lm t.
- Lm b bao chc chn, khng nt n, lp ht chut,
hang ng vt khc.
- San mt rung bng phng.
- Ch cho ngp nc ti a 5 cm.
b. Qun l nc tit kim cho la
+ Trc khi cy (s):

- Lm b bao chc chn, khng nt n, lp ht chut,

hang ng vt khc hn ch nc r r tht thot
- Lm t k, san t bng phng m bo gi nc
ng u trn mt rung.
+ Sau khi cy (s):
- Giai on la cn non (14 ngy sau cy hoc 20 ngy
sau khi s): Duy tr mc ngp tr c nhng ti a khng
qu 5 cm.
- Giai on tr: Lun gi mc nc trong rung ti a 5cm
lin tc trong 1 tun. Cn chm sc k, khng c rung
kh nc v giai on ny cy la rt d mn cm vi nhng
iu kin bt li ca mi trng. Thiu nc vo giai on ny
dn n hu qu gim s ht trn bng v nh hng n qu
trnh chin. Tuy nhin, cng khng cn gi mc nc su giai
on ny
- Giai on sau khi tr - chn: Sau khi tr ti lc bt u
chn qu trnh h hp ca cy la rt mnh, thiu nc trong
lc ny s lm tng s ht lp v nh hng chn ca ht.
Giai on ny khng cn phi nc ngp rung. Ch cn
gi m t bo ho khong 80-90%. Cn tho nc lc 1520 ngy sau khi tr thc y qu trnh chn v chc, ngn
nga s ht m d tha.
2.5. Qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM)
2.5.1. nh ngha, nguyn tc c bn trong qun l dch
hi tng hp
a. Qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM) l g?
Cm t ting Anh vit tt IPM

I (Integrated)
Tng hp

P(Pest)
Dch hi

M(Management)
Qun l

Nh vy, IPM c ngha l Qun l Dch hi Tng hp

Theo nhm chuyn gia ca T chc Nng lng Th gii

(FAO) Qun l Dch hi Tng hp l mt h thng qun l
dch hi m trong khung cnh c th ca mi trng v nhng
bin ng qun th ca cc loi gy hi, s dng tt c cc k
thut v bin php thch hp c th c, nhm duy tr mt
ca cc loi gy hi di mc gy ra nhng thit hi kinh t.
b. Nm nguyn tc c bn trong qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM)
b.1. Trng v chm cy kho:
- Chn ging tt, ph hp vi iu kin a phng.
- Chn cy kho, tiu chun.
- Trng, chm sc ng k thut cy sinh trng tt, c
sc chng chu v cho nng sut cao.
b.2. Thm ng thng xuyn: Kim tra ng rung
thng xuyn, nm c din bin v sinh trng pht trin
ca cy trng, dch hi, thi tit, t, nc... c bin php
x l kp thi.
b.3. Nng dn tr thnh chuyn gia ng rung:
Nng dn hiu bit k thut, c k nng qun l ng
rung cn tuyn truyn cho nhiu nng dn khc.
b.4. Phng tr dch hi:
- S dng cc bin php phng tr thch hp tu theo mc
su bnh, thin ch k sinh tng giai on.
- S dng thuc ho hc hp l v phi ng k thut.
b.5. Bo v thin ch:
Bo v nhng sinh vt c ch, gip nh nng tiu dit dch
hi.
2.5.2. Ni dung qun l dch hi tng hp

a. Bin php canh tc

a.1. Lm t sm v v sinh ng rung:
Lm t sm v v sinh ng rung sau mi v gieo trng
c th dit c nhiu su non v nhng su c thn la
sng trong r v gc r; ng thi lm mt ni tr ng v
ngun thc n ca ry nu, ry xanh... l nhng mi gii
truyn cc bnh siu vi trng nguy him cho la nh bnh
vng li, bnh la ln xon l v bnh li m.
Nguyn l tc ng ca bin php v sinh ng rung v
x l tn d cy trng sau v thu hoch l ct t c vng
chu chuyn ca su bnh t v ny sang v khc v hn ch
ngun su bnh tch lu, ly lan ngay t u v.
a.2. Lun canh:
Lun canh la vi cc cy trng khc trnh c ngun
bnh tch lu trn la t v ny sang v khc
a.3. Thi v gieo trng thch hp:
Thi v gieo trng thch hp m bo cho la sinh
trng, pht trin tt, t c nng sut cao, trnh c
ri ro v thi tit. Vic xc nh thi v thch hp cn phi
da vo c im pht sinh gy hi ca cc loi su bnh
quan trng, m bo cho la trnh c cc t cao im
ca dch bnh.
a.4. S dng ht ging kho, ging chng chu su bnh,
ging ngn ngy:
- Ht ging kho, sch bnh gip cho cy la pht trin
thun li.
- S dng ging chng chu, gim s dng thuc ho hc
phng tr su bnh, gim nhim mi trng, bo v c
cc thin ch trong t nhin, gi c cn bng h sinh thi
nng nghip.
- Ging la ngn ngy vi thi gian sinh trng khong
100- 110 ngy, trng trong v sm c th trnh c su c

thn, su cn gi. Ging la cc ngn vi thi gian sinh trng

80-90 ngy cng l bin php phng tr ry nu hiu qu, v
ry nu khng kp tch lu s lng gy hi nng trn
nhng ging cc ngn ngy.
a.5. Gieo trng vi mt hp l:
Mt v k thut gieo, cy ph thuc vo ging la, thi
v, t v dinh dng, tui m, cht lng m, trnh thm
canh...
Mt qu dy hoc qu tha u nh hng n nng
sut, ng thi cn nh hng n s pht sinh v pht trin
ca su bnh, c di.
Cc rung la gieo qu dy thng khp hng sm, gy
nn m cao, to iu kin cho ry nu v bnh kh vn
pht sinh ph hi mnh vo cui v.
a.6. S dng phn bn hp l:
Bn phn qu nhiu hoc bn phn khng hp l s lm
cho cy pht trin khng bnh thng v d b su bnh ph
hi. Rung la bn qu nhiu phn d b lp v nhim cc
bnh o n, kh vn, bc l...
b. Bin php th cng
By n bt bm, ngt trng, dng ro ch tp l
phun phun thuc tr su cun l, o hang bt chut
c. Bin php sinh hc
c.1. To mi trng thun li cho cc loi sinh vt c ch l
k th t nhin ca dch hi pht trin nhm gp phn tiu dit
dch hi:
- Bo v thin ch trnh khi c hi do dng thuc ho
hc bng cch s dng nhng loi thuc chn lc, thuc c
ph tc ng hp, dng thuc khi tht cn thit v phi da
vo ngng kinh t...
- To ni c tr cho thin ch sau v gieo trng bng cch
trng xen, trng cy h u trn b rung, lm b r cho thin
ch n np...

- p dng cc k thut canh tc hp l to iu kin cho

thin ch pht trin.
c.2. u tin s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt sinh hc.
d. Bin php ho hc
d.1. S dng hp l thuc ho hc BVTV:
- S dng thuc theo ngng kinh t: Tit kim c chi
ph, gi cn bng sinh hc trn ng rung, hn ch nhim
mi trng.
- S dng thuc an ton vi thin ch: La chn thuc t
c hi, chn thi gian v phng thc x l t nh hng vi
thin ch.
- S dng thuc theo nguyn tc 4 ng:
+ ng chng loi: Mi loi su hay bnh u c nhng
loi thuc thch hp phng tr. Dng khng ng thuc s
khng dit c su bnh m cn gy lng ph v nh hng
ti thin ch v mi trng.
+ ng liu lng v nng :
Liu lng: L lng thuc quy nh cho mt n v din
tch (ha, so hay cng t..., mt khi kho tng...).
Nng s dng: L pha long ca thuc dng lng,
dng bt phun ln cy, lng t bt, ct trn vi thuc
ht rc vo t.
Dng thuc khng liu lng v nng hiu qu s
km, dch hi d nhn thuc. S dng qu liu lng v nng
(lm dng thuc) va lng ph, va c hi.
Phun ri thuc khng ng cch hiu qu s km, thm ch
khng c hiu qu.
+ ng thi im: Tc hi ca dch hi cy trng ch c
ngha khi mt qun th t ti s lng nht nh, gi l
ngng kinh t. Do vy, ch s dng thuc i vi su hi khi
mt ca chng t ti ngng kinh t. Cc bin php phun
phng ch nn p dng trong nhng trng hp c bit.

Phun thuc nh k theo lch c sn hoc phun theo kiu cun

chiu l tri vi nguyn tc ca phng tr tng hp.
+ ng k thut (ng cch): Dng thuc phi cn c vo
c im ca su bnh hi. V d khi phun thuc tr ry nu
phi r hng la a vi phun vo phn di ca khm la,
ni ry tp trung chch ht b l.
d.2. S dng thuc c chn lc:
Trong qun l dch hi tng hp, ngi ta ch trng u
tin dng cc loi thuc c ph tc ng hp hay cn gi l
thuc c tc ng chn lc. Tuy nhin, cho n nay nhng
nghin cu v tc ng chn lc v an ton ca thuc i
vi thin ch cn rt t.