Hng dn canh tc

trn t dc

Tp 4

qun l trang tri

Sch xut bn theo tha thun ca
World Neighbors & Studio Driya Media
v c Quaker Service ti tr

Ngi dch
Ng S Hoi, n Th Phong
o Xun Trng, An Vn By

nh xut bn nng nghip

h ni 1995

Pratical guide
to Dryland Farming

integrated
farm management

Vi li ca t chc hng xm th gii gi n

bn c v b con nng dn Vit Nam

Chng ti rt ly lm vui mng l b sch " Hng dn canh tc trn t dc" c dch,
in xong v ra mt vi bn c v b con nng dn Vit Nam
Chng ti xin by t lng cm n vi Quaker Service Vit Nam ti tr cho vic xut
bn, v cm n Nh xut bn nng nghip t chc thnh cng vic bin tp, in n tp sch
ny v gii thiu vi bn c.
B sch ny nguyn c vit trn c s kinh nghim v iu kin thc t ca Indonexia v
c Yayasan Tananua, mt t chc do mt s nng dn Indonexia thnh lp, pht trin
va thu kt qu tt p.
Chng ti khng c nh a ra mt mu hnh c th m ch gii thiu nhng kinh nghim
thc t thu c Indonexia b con tham kho, phn tch, nh gi v tu theo tnh
hnh c th ca a phong mnh tm ra nhng gii php thch hp v c hiu qu. Nhn
dn Vit Nam vn cn c lao ng, bit khc phc kh khn v c tinh thn sng to, chc
chn b con nng dn ta s c cch gii quyt ring ca mnh. V vy chng ti cng s rt
hoan nghnh nu bn c v b con ta c nhng gp , ngh, nhn xt hoc kin trao i
v ni dung tp sch ny, v xin gi v mt trong hai a ch sau:
Vn phng World Neighbors s 1B ng 202B, i Cn - H ni
Vn phng Quaker Service khch sn La Thnh, i Cn - H ni
Nng dn Vit Nam tng c cu tng kt ni ting trong vic canh tc: " Nht nc, nh
phn, tam cn, t ging" . Cho php chng ti c thm hai na cho ph hp vi tnh hnh
nng nghip hin nay:
Nht nc, nh phn
Tam cn, t ging
Phng chng bnh su
t mu phi gi
Chc cc bn thnh cng!

T chc hng xm th gii

World neighbors

Li gii thiu

Vit Nam c ba phn t din tch t ai l i ni v cao nguyn. t sn xut nng lm

nghip min ni v trung du phn ln l t dc, kh hn, phi c bin php canh tc thch
hp s dng t c bn vng.
B sch: " Hng dn canh tc trn t dc " gm 4 tp:
-

Cc gii php bo v t v nc .

Canh tc theo ng ng mc vi bng cy xanh.

K thut trng cy

Qun l trang tri.

Sch do World Neighbors ( T chc hng xm th gii), Studio Driya Media v Yayasan
Tanaua xut bn v pht hnh rng ri ti Indonexia . Ni dung sch th hin ch yu bng
cc tranh v km li gii thch ngn gn, d hiu, c ng o bn c hoan nghnh
Nhm phc v cho cng tc khuyn nng, khuyn lm, c s ng ca World Neighbors
v Studio Driya Media, c Quaker Service ti tr, Nh xut bn Nng nghip cho xut bn
b sch trn bng ting vit.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n:
-

B Karin Eberhardt - i din World Neighbors, i din ca Studio Driya Media,

cung cp nguyn bn ting Anh, bn dch ting Vit v cho php in b sch ny ti Vit
Nam .

B Lady Borton - i din Quaker Service h tr v ti chnh trong vic in n;

PTS Hong Xun T, Gim c " Trung tm sinh thi v mi trng rng" gip
chnh l ti liu cho ph hp vi Vit Nam.

Trn trng gii thiu vi bn c

nh xut bn nng nghip

mc lc
Vi li ca t chc hng xm th gii gi n
bn c v b con nng dn Vit Nam .................................................................3
Li gii thiu .........................................................................................................4
Gii thiu...............................................................................................................6
Bo v t v nc l c s canh tc tng hp ...............................................11
ph ca t .....................................................................................................12
Cc gii php m hnh canh tc ..........................................................................16
Vt nui...............................................................................................................23
Sn phm t cy ln ............................................................................................28
Tn che ................................................................................................................32
G ........................................................................................................................33
Kt lun ...............................................................................................................38

Gii thiu

Nhn dn trn cc vng cao phi ng u vi nhiu kh khn. H thng xuyn phi canh
tc trn nhng sn dc, t ai cn ci, ma khng u. Hn na nhiu bn lng vng cao
rt xa xi ho lnh. Sn phm d tha rt kh bn. Nhng iu kin ny rt ph bin i vi
nng dn vng cao v nhng vng bn kh hn ti cc nc nhit i.

Tt nhin ngi nng dn bit r nhng him ha v nhng kh khn m h phi ng u.

Khi gp tht bi trong ngh nng, th h bit phi lm th no b p nhng mt mt nh
nhng hot ng thnh cng khc.

Th d: Trch nhng cy tht nt mc nhng vng kh cn ly mt thay th ng hay la

khi v ma b tht bt, lng thc d tr cn kit. Ngi dn cc lng bn thng s dng
ng cy tht nt khi thc phm khan him trong ma kh ko di. ng tht nt cng
c th em bn khi cn c tin mt.

 nhng vng khc, vt nui l ngun sinh k lm gim nh nhng kh khn do mt ma gy

ra. Gia sc c em bn i ly tin mua ng, go v nhng th cn thit khc, khi mt
ma hay khi sn lng thu hoch st km.

Nng dn vng cao tin hnh nhiu hot ng khc nhau trn rung ng ca mnh. H
trng nhiu loi cy khc nhau nh ng, la, u, sn v khoai lang. ng thi hu ht nng
dn cn trng rau, chn nui gia cm, gia sc v trng cy tng thm ngun thu nhp.

Tin hnh nhiu loi hot ng trang tri (nh c v hnh trn) gip cho ngi nng
dn gim bt nhng mi lo mt ma do iu kin khc nhit v kh on trc vng cao.

S dng nhng gii php canh tc tng hp l cch nhm gim bt nhng ri ro trong hot
ng canh tc vng cao. Vic a dng ho hot ng trang tri c th p ng c nhiu
nhu cu thng ngy ca cc gia nh nng dn nh: thc n cao cp, ci un v g cho xy
dng, cng vi nhng nhu cu gia dng khc v tin mt mua sm mi th cn thit khc.

Do iu kin thin nhin khc nghit, din tch canh tc hn hp, ngi nng dn phi lp k
hoch s dng t mt cch cn thn, tt c nhng khong trng u c tn dng. Tt
c cc yu t nh: nc, thi gian, sc lao ng phi c s dng mt cch thng minh, bi
v nhng yu t ny s quyt nh, liu thu hoch ma mng c p ng c nhng nhu cu
ca gia nh mnh hay khng.

Cun sch ny c th s dng nh mt ti liu hng dn tho lun v cch duy tr cc gii
php canh tc v tng nng sut cy trng lu di. iu ny c ngha l phi tin hnh cc
hot ng khc nhau, p ng c nhu cu ca gia nh vi t ri ro nht. Lao ng cn c
cha gii quyt c ton b vn . Ngi nng dn phi bit cch kt hp cc hot ng
khc nhau lm cho trang tri c nng sut hn.

10

bo v t v nc l c s canh tc tng hp

Bo v t v nc trn sn i thng bao gm vic trng nhng hng cy mc nhanh trn

cc bc thang. Tin hnh nhng cng vic bo v t v nc c th lm gim bt " xi
mn", tng mu m ca t, v gi li nc ma s dng mt cch hiu qu hn.
(Xem tp 1 Gii thiu cc gii php bo v t v nc ca b ti liu ny) .

Vic ci thin iu kin nong ry bng cch lm tng mu m v tng s thm nc ca

t c th lm tng sn lng hoa mu. Nu bo v t v nc mt cch hp l s c th
tng nng sut cc loi hoa mu, vt nui v cy trng. Tt c nhng sn phm c lin
quan n nhau trong trang tri vng cao

11

 ph ca t

Hu ht nng dn u nhn thy mt thc th: Vic trng cy nm ny qua nm khc, trn
cng mt m t cui cng s lm gim mu m ca t ti mc m nng sut canh tc
khng tng xng vi cng sc lao ng. t ai lm nng ry mi ngy cng tr nn
khan him v vic m mang nng ry l rt vt v. V vy duy tr ph ca t canh tc
lu di l rt quan trng.

12

Cnh l cy trng trn rung bc thang c th c s dng nh lm " phn xanh" lm

tng mu m ca t. Phn xanh ci to t, lm cho t ti xp d trng trt hn.

Khi lm t, phn xanh phi c vi vo t. Khi gieo trng cy, l cy phn hu v ci to

kt cu ca t lm cho r cy pht trin tt hn. iu ny lm cho cy trng sinh trng
mnh hn v sn lng s ln hn.

13

Ngoi phn xanh t l cy, c th dng nhiu loi vt liu tng ph ca t nh phn
n, cnh ngn cy, cc loi ph thi thc vt khc v phn gia sc.

Cc loi phn ho hc nh m v NPK cng c th s dng bn cho cy trng. Nu

rung ng c bo v bng nhng bin php bo v t v nc tt cc loi phn ho hc
t tin ny cng s khng b ma ra tri.

14

Tuy nhin, khi s dng phn ho hc, iu quan trng l phi tun theo ch dn mt cch cn
thn, nn s dng bao nhiu, s dng u v thi gian thch hp s dng vo lc no.
Nu nhng iu ch dn c tun th cht ch, th cc loi phn bn t tin ny c th
mang li li ch tng xng vi chi ph.

15

Cc gii php m hnh canh tc

S dng cc gii php canh tc tt trn nhng vng ng rung mu m v ti xp c th tng

sn lng hoa mu mt cch rt ng k. Vic trng cy vi mt ph hp cn c th lm
gia tng sn lng cy trng khi t ai c tn dng tt.

16

Trng cy theo hng cho php s dng khng gian hiu qu hn, chm sc theo hng cng
thun tin hn. C th tit kim c thi gian lm c, bn phn, phun thuc tr su.

nhng sn i dc, ni m nng vn c ci to bng cc gii php bo v t v

nc, cn canh tc theo " ng ng mc" nhm tip tc hn ch xi mn. ( Canh tc theo
ng ng mc c ngha l tt c cc cy trng mt hng cng mt cao trn sn i).

17

iu quan trng l phi suy ngh cn thn v s lng ht ging cho mi hc. Gieo ht qu
dy, hay gieo ht qu tha s lm lng ph mu m ln din tch t. Mt khc, gieo qu
dy hay qu nhiu trong mt hc ( k c khi gieo vi mt ng u) cng s lm cho cy
sinh trng km.

Tt hn l mi hc nn trng ch mt t cy, sau trng li nhng im m cy khng mc.

Nh vy s tit kim c ht ging v bo m s sinh trng ca cy trng tt hn.

18

Vi mu m ca t c gia tng v s iu tit ca nc ma tt hn, nhng trang tri

trc y ch gieo trng c mt v trong 1 nm, th nay c th to ra v th hai nh ng,
u hoc thm ch c th lm thm mt v chnh na.,

Nhng m hnh trng trt c th c thay i nhm tn dng th mnh ca t v nc

c ci to trn ng rung. Th d: lc hay u c th c trng v th sau khi thu hoch
ng, la.

19

Hoc khi mu m ca t c ci thin v nc ma c s dng hiu qu hn, th sn

c th c trng xen gia cc loi ng cc trong ma gieo trng u tin. Khi trng xen nh
vy th c th thu hoch c cc loi sn phm khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau trong
nm.

20

Mi m hnh canh tc mi, trc ht cn phi c th nghim pht hin xem liu m
hnh c ph hp iu kin lp a hay khng. Ch sau khi th nghim nhiu m hnh cy
trng khc nhau, ngi nng dn mi bit c tp on cy no ph hp nht vi iu kin
t ai ca a phng, li t su bnh to ra nhiu nng sn p ng nhu cu gia nh
mnh.

21

Nhng k thut c bn khc m bo thu hoch tt v lin tc c ch ra nh sau:

1. Ging tt
2. Lm t
3. iu tit ngun nc
4. Bo v t
5. Tr su bnh

22

Vt nui

Tng nng sut nng nghip cng c ngha l phi tng vt nui bng cc gii php tt hn.
V rung bc thang c kh nng bo v t trn sn i, c th cung cp ngun thc n
quanh nm cho vt nui. C s lng v cht lng ca n gia sc u c th tng ln.

23

Khi c ngun thu nhp thc n cho gia sc th gia sc c th c nui trong chung thay
th cho th rng. Nui gia sc trong chung tri c rt nhiu u im.

Trc ht vt nui n ung u n vi nhng thc n tt ca l v c to iu kin cho

chng chng ln .

24

Khng lng ph thi gian chn th gia sc, cn bn thn vt nui nht trong chung tri th
khng phi tn sc tm kim thc n khi tri nng nng.

Gia sc c nui nht trong cc chung tri sch s v vng chc thng kho mnh hn, t
b mc bnh giun sn v cc bnh khc. Cn nhng con vt b bnh c th c chm sc tt
hn khi nht trong chung tri. Ngoi ra, vic gim st dch bnh cng d hn so vi th
rng.

25

Nui gia sc trong chung tri gip ly phn d dng hn. Phn chung l ngun phn bn
quan trng cho cy cng nghip v vn rau gia nh cng nh nhng cy trng chnh ngoi
ng rung.

u im quan trng nht ca chung tri l gi cho gia sc khng ph hoi hoa mu. Gia sc
th rng ph hoi ma mng thng l nguyn nhn gy ra ci v v mu thun trong lng
xm.

26

Mc d hu ht cc bn lng u c nhng lut l gi cho gia sc khng ph hoi hoa mu.

Tuy vy, nhng con vt i thng ln sang cc cnh ng ca cc thn khc. Khi mi ngi
trong lng bn bit chuyn th hoa mu b gia sc ph hoi c th gy tranh ci thm ch
gy u .

Nhng l do nui nht gia sc trong chung tri l: ng vt kho mnh cho thu nhp
nhiu hn, ly phn bn rung d dng hn, tru b, cn l ngun sc ko quan trng cy
rung.

27

sn phm t cy ln

Duy tr v tng nng sut cy lu nin cn l hot ng canh tc quan trng. Sn phm thu
hoch t cy lu nin c s dng trc tip cho gia nh cng nh to ngun thu nhp p
ng nhng nhu cu khc ca gia nh.

28

Cy lu nin c trng xen vi cy ngn ngy thng lm cho nng sut cao hn. Cy lu
nin c th s dng mu m ca t v nc tng su hn bi v r ca chng n su hn
nhiu so vi r ca hu ht cc loi cy lng thc. Cy lu nin cng c thu hoch v bn
ti nhiu thi im khc nhau ch khng phi ch c nhng v thu hoch nht nh nh la,
ng. iu ny gip ngi nng dn c thm tin.

Chnh v vy, khng c g ngc nhin khi ngi nng dn ngy cng quan tm nhiu hn n
vic trng cy lu nin nh da, c ph, ca cao v nhiu loi cy qu khc.

29

Cy lu nin phi c trng kt hp vi nhng cy ngn ngy theo m hnh trng trt ph
hp vi nhng iu kin a phng v nhu cu ca ngi nng dn. Tt nht l nn trng
cy lu nin t 1/3 n 1/4 din tch rung bc thang hu ht din tch nng c th c
dng trng cy lng thc.

Nn trng cy lu nin gia bc thang theo nhng khong cch c nh. Nhng khong
cch phi c vch ra c th va s dng tt nht khong trng, va phi m bo nhng cy
lu nm khng che bng cy trng chnh trong nhng nm sau.

30

Khi cy lu nin cn nh th nhng cy hng nm c th c trng st vi cy lu nin.

iu ny cho php s dng khong trng xung quanh cy lu nin mt cch hiu qu hn khi
cy cn nh cha cho thu hoch v cha che mt cy lng thc trng bn cnh.

Vic chm sc tt nhng cy non l rt quan trng chng pht trin tt. Nhng cy ging
v cy non phi c ti nc cn thn, phi c bn phn v ta m bo pht trin tt
nht. t xung quanh cy ln cng phi clm c v xi xo tt.

31

Tn che

Ngay c khi cy lu nin ang sinh trng tt, t xung quanh gc cy cng phi c bo v
khi xi mn v nh nng mu m ca t khng b mt. Mt s loi cy c tn rm
ph t rt tt. Mt loi cy che ph t tt c th bo v t khi nh nng gay gt, xi mn
v gi cho t lun m, ngn cn c di pht trin v thng xuyn lm tng thm mu m
ca t. Mt s cy c tn, cng c th n c nh rau, v lm thc n cho gia sc.

Cy to tn c la chn theo nhng iu kin a phng v ngun ging hin c.

32

G
Ngun g ci n nh nu n v si m cho mi gia nh l mt trong nhng nhu cu
hng ngy quan trng nht. Nu c chm sc tt, nhng cy lu nm trn nhng rung bc
thang c kh nng bo tn t c th cung cp gn s ci un cho gia nh.

iu ny s tit kim c v thi gian v cng sc ca ph n, tr em nhng ngi phi i rt

xa kim ci rng. Tht d dng hn nhiu, khi ch vic thu hi ci trong vn hay trn
nng.

33

 nhng vng phi mua ci th c th tit kim c tin bng cch s dng ci ly t hng
ro sng trn rung bc thang.

Mt tc dng m con ngi t nht thy l pht trin trng cy t tc ci chnh l bo v

nhng din tch rng cn li, v chng thng hay b ph hoi bi nhng ngi i kim ci.
V lu di vic bo tn nhng khu rng ny s c hiu qu hn nhiu.

34

Mt s nng dn khng ta cnh cy lm hng ro (ca cao, keo du, keo caliandra trong ma
kh. Nu s sinh trng kh tt th tn cy trn cc rung bc thang s giao nhau.

Ngoi vic to thm ci un, t gia cc hng ro sng c bo v v gi c m. Tn

cy s lm gim bt c mc, trong khi , l rng xung t cc hng ro cy lm tng thm
mu m cho t v lm cho t khng b chai cng.

35

Nu c iu kin th nn cha li mt phn din tch t khng canh tc. Cho php mt phn
t c " ngh Cng c ngha l nhng hng ro cy sng trn bc thang c th pht trin
m khng b cht ct. Ngun l cy s tng thm mu m cho t, cn g th sau ny c
th dng lm ci hoc vt liu xy dng. Din tch b hoang cn phi c lun phin s
dng sau mt s nm.

Mt s nng dn khng cht n tt c cc cy hng ro ca rung bc thang khi canh tc,

m c 3-5 m h cha li mt cy. Khi c khong trng gia cc cy khng b n th tn
che ca cy khng c tc dng xu n cc loi hoa mu.

36

Ngoi vic cung cp cht t, g t nhng cy khng cht n c th lm than, hng ro hoc
lm chung tri. Nhng cy g ln c th c s dng cho xy dng nh ca hoc cc
cng trnh xy dng khc.

Mt s nng dn c nhu cu ln hn v g dnh ring mt phn din tch nht nh cho mc

nh trng cy ly g. Ni tt nht xy dng" Vn rng" l cc phn t nm ngay pha
trn din tch trng trt hoc phn nh i. Vn rng ny cn to ngun thu nhp cho nng
dn trong tng lai.

37

Kt lun

R rng l cc gii php bo v t v nc to c s m bo thu hoch tt v lu di. p

dng thnh cng nhng k thut bo v t v nc cn lm cho nhng hot ng khc ca
trang tri thu c kt qu tt hn.

38

S a dng ho cy trng v nhng hot ng canh tc khc cng vi s s dng thng minh
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, s gip m bo cho ngi nng dn p ng c nhng nhu
cu c bn ca h.

Tng hp nhng hot ng ny c th lm tng thm sc sn xut ca trang tri: S dng

rung bc thang bo v t c th tng sn lng cy trng cung cp thc n cho vt nui,
ng thi tng vt nui c ngha l tng phn bn v trong nhiu trng hp c th tng sc
ko pht trin sn xut nng nghip. Sn xut tng c ngha l tng thm thu nhp.

39

Tt c nhng kin ny cn phi c xem xt v tho lun k cng vi nhau c c tm

nhn rng ln hn kh nng ca tng trang tri. Sau , cn bt tay ngay vo cng vic
bo m cho mt tng lai thnh vng, cho mi gia nh nng dn, cng nh cho nhng th
h mai sau.

Mi m hnh mi cn phi th nghim trn mt phn nh ca trang tri, xem liu n c

cho kt qu tt hay khng. Nu k thut hay hot ng qu thc l c ch, th c th sau
tin hnh trn qui m ln hn.

40

Mt trong nhng th thch quan trng nht m ngi nng dn phi ng u l tng hp v
a dng ho nhng hot ng canh tc ca h nhm tho mn cc nhu cu gia nh mnh.
Tin hnh cc hot ng ny theo cch c th bo v c ti nguyn thin nhin (khu rng
t nhin hin cn) s m bo s pht trin thnh vng cho cc th h tng lai.

41