Cylindrical storage tank

Piping systems

Some examples of process equipment in

Chemical engineering

Spherical storage tank

bottom storage tank

Round with flat

These structures need for sound engineering design to prevent failure

- We need to study the materials of construction and on the forces acting this structure
- In the case of deformable structure, the application of forces causes the structure to be deformed
- Most steel structures are undeformable, and we do not want the structure to fail while in service. We have to examine and study all the forces acting internally and externally to the structure

Structure in equilibrium, all forces and moments, external and internal must be in equilibrium

Equation of equilibrium,
F = 0
M = 0
In 3 dimensional axis,
Fx = 0 , Fy = 0 , Fz = 0

Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between
bodies

Mx = 0

, My = 0 and

Mz = 0

For individual for forces and moment in an axis,

Fx = 0

Fy = 0

Mo = 0
The free body diagram (gambar rajah badan bebas)
Wg

Wg

Example 1

W1

W1

+ Fy = 0 ( all vertical forces, No

horizontal forces
2W1 Wg

=0

W1 = Wg/2 KN

W
g

Example
2
40

W
2
Fy =

Sin40

0,

X1

X2

W2 Cos 40 - W1 Cos

W
1

Wg = - W1 sin30 - W2

Fx =0, +
30 = 0
M = 0,

30

W2sin40 (X1)

Example
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the section at point C of the
beam shown in the diagram

=F

FBD

Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,

w 270

w 180 N m
6
9
Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,

which acts 1

6 2m from C

1
2

180 6 540 N

540 N
MC
NC

VC

C
2m

4m

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

Fx 0;

NC 0

Fy 0;

VC 540 0

M C 0;

N C 0 (Ans)
VC 540 (Ans)

M C 540 2 0
M C 1080 N m (Ans)

EXAMPLE
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
machine shaft as shown in the figure. The shaft is supported by journal bearings at A
and B, which only exert vertical forces on the shaft.

FBD

Ay

0.025 m

Mc

0.25
m

Vc

From overall FBD, take moment about B,

- Ay (0.4)+120 (0.125) -225(0.1) = 0
Ay = -18.75 N

Nc

Taking equilibrium conditions on the FBD,

Fx = 0 +
Fy +

Nc = 0

=0

-18.85-40-Vc = 0
Vc = -58.8 N
Mc = 0

Mc +40(0.025) + 18.75b(0.25) = 0

Stress
Normal stress is intensity of force or force per unit area, acting normal to the
surface. If Fx is acting normal to the surface area, then we can write z = lim
Fx / A
A 0
Differentiate between compressive and tensile stress
Shear stress
The intensity of force acting tangentially to A is called Shear stress or
Units: N/m , Pascal (Pa), ( 1 Pa = 1 N/m )