GII HAN

A: Gii han day so:

Kien thc can nh:
nh ly1: (ieu kien can e day so co gii han)
Neu mot day so co gii han th no b chan.
nh ly2: (Tnh duy nhat cua gii han)
Neu mot day so co gii han th gii han o la duy
nhat.
nh ly3: (ieu kien u e day so co gii han) (nh
ly Vaistrat).
Mot day so tang va b chan tren th co gii han.
Mot day so giam va b chan di th co gii han.
nh ly4: (Gii han cua mot day so kep gia hai day so
dan ti cung mot gii han)
Cho ba day so (un), (vn), (wn).
Neu n N * ta co v n u n wn va lim vn = lim wn = A th
lim un = A.
nh ly5: (Cac phep toan tren cac gii han cua day
so).
Neu hai day so (u n ), (v n ) co gii th ta co:
lim(u n v n ) lim u n lim v n
lim(u n .v n ) lim u n . lim v n
lim

u n lim u n

(lim v n 0)
v n lim v n

lim u n lim u n (u n 0, n N * )

nh ly6: Neu

q 1`th

lim q n 0

Tong cua cap so nhan vo han co cong boi q vi

la:

q 1

S=u1+u2+...+un+...=
So e:

lim 1
n

u1
1 q

( q 1) .

e 2,71828

nh ly7: Neu lim u n 0(u n 0, n N * ) th lim

Ngc lai, neu lim u n

th lim

1
.
un

1
0.
un

B. Gii han cua ham so:

Kien thc can nh:
1/ Mot so nh ly ve gii han cua ham so:
nh ly1: (Tnh duy nhat cua gii han)

Neu ham so f(x) co gii han khi x dan ti a th gii

han o la duy nhat.
nh ly2: (Cac phep toan tren cac gii han cua ham
so).
Neu cac ham so f(x) va g(x) eu co gii han khi x a
th:

lim f ( x) g ( x) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x a

xa

x a

lim f ( x).g ( x) lim f ( x). lim g ( x)

x a

xa

lim
x a

xa

f ( x)
f ( x) lim
x a
, (lim 0)
g ( x) lim g ( x) xa
x a

lim f ( x ) lim f ( x) , ( f ( x) 0)
x a

xa

nh ly3: (Gii han cua mot ham so kep gia hai ham
so cung dan ti mot gii han)
Cho ba ham so f(x), g(x), h(x) cung xac nh tren mot
khoang K cha iem a (co the tr iem a). Neu vi
moi iem x cua khoang o g ( x) f ( x) h( x) va neu
lim g ( x) lim h( x) L, th lim f ( x ) L
xa

x a

x a

nh ly4: Neu khi x a , ham so f(x) co gii han L va

neu vi moi gia tr x u gan a ma f(x) > 0 (hoac f(x) <
0) th L 0 (hoac L 0 ).
nh ly5: Neu lim 0 (va f ( x) 0 vi moi x u gan a) th
x a

1
lim

x a f ( x)

f ( x)
Ngc lai, neu lim
xa

th

lim
xa

1
0
f ( x)

2/ Gii han mot ben :

nh ngha: So L c goi la gii han ben phai( hoac
ben trai) cua ham so f(x) khi x dan ti a, neu vi moi
day so (xn) vi xn > a (hoac xn < a) sao cho
limxn = a th limf(xn) = L.
Ta viet:

lim L

x a

f ( x) L ).
(hoac xlim
a

f ( x) L
nh ly: ieu kien ac co va u e lim
x a

la

lim f ( x), lim f ( x) eu ton tai va bang L.

xa

x a

3/ Cac dang vo nh:

Khi tm gii han cua ham so, ta co the gap mot so
trng hp sau ay. Ta can tm:

1/

u ( x)
lim
x x0 v ( x )
( x )

ma

2/

u ( x)
lim
x x0 v ( x )
( x )

ma

3/

4/

lim u( x).v( x)

x x0
( x )

lim u( x) v( x)

ma

x x0
( x )

lim u(x) lim v(x) 0

x x0
( x )

x x0
( x )

lim u(x) lim v(x)

x x0
( x )
ma

x x0
( x )

lim u( x) 0

x x0
( x )

va

lim v( x) .

x x0
( x )

lim u(x) lim v(x)

x x0
( x )

lim u(x) lim v(x)

hoac

x x0
( x )

x x0
( x )

x x0
( x )

BAI TAP AP DUNG

A. GII HAN DAY SO

Bai tap 1: Tnh cac gii han:

1 / lim
4 / lim

2n 1
n2
n2 2 n 3

2n n n
( n 1)( 2n 1)
6 / lim
(3n 2)(n 3)
2

2 / lim
5 / lim

3n 2 1
n2 4

2n n 3
n2 n 1

3 / lim

5n 1
3n 2

n 2 2n
7 / lim 2
3n n 1
9 / lim

2n 3
8 / lim 4
n 3n 2 1

( 2n n )(3 n )
( n 1)(n 2)

Bai tap 2: Tnh cac gii han:

2n 5
2n 2 1
2 / lim 2
1 / lim 2
n n2
n 1
2
2n n 1
5 / lim
4 / lim 3 n 2 n 3 n
3n 3 2
Bai tap 3: Tnh cac gii han:
(n 1) 2 (n 2) 3
n2 1
2
/
lim
1 / lim 2
n(n 1) 4
2n 3n

3 / lim n 2 n n 2 1

4 / lim(n 3 3n 2 n 3 )

6 / lim

5 / lim

3 / lim

n 3 2n
3n 2 n 2

6 / lim 3 n 3 2n 2 n

2n 3 11n 1
n2 2

n 2 n2 4
2

B. GII HAN HAM SO

Bai tap 1: Tnh cac gii han:

1 / lim(2 x 3)
x 2

4 / lim

x 3

Dang

1 x 2x
x 1

2 / lim ( 2 x 3 3 x 4)
x 2

5 / lim ( x 2 3 x )
x 1

0
0

Bai tap 2: Tnh cac gii han:

x2 x 6
x 2 16
1 / lim
2
/
lim
x2
x 4 x 2 x 20
x2 4
x 3 3x 2
4 x2
4 / lim 3
5
/
lim
x 1 x x 2 x 1
x 2 x 3 8
Bai tap 3: Tnh cac gii han:

x 2 4x 1
x 1 x 2 x 1
x 2 25
6 / lim
x 5
x2
3 / lim

x 2 4x 3
x 3
x3
x3
6 / lim 2
x 3 x 9

3 / lim

1 2x 1
x 0
2x
x 3x 2
4 / lim
x2
x2 4
1 2x 1
7 / lim
x 0
2x
2x 7 3

1 / lim

3 / lim
x 1

2 / lim
x 0

4x
9 x 3

3 2x x 2
x 1
3x 3
3
4x 2
8 / lim
x2
x2
5 / lim

2 x3

2x 7 x 4
x 1
x3 4x 3
23 x3
9 / lim 2
x 5
x 25
6 / lim

Bai tap 4: Tnh cac gii han:

3

1 / lim
x 1

4 / lim

x 1
x 1
x2 2

x2 x 2 2
x 4 6 x 2 27
7 / lim 3
x 3 x 3 x 2 x 3
x 2

3 / lim

x 1

x 0

x 3 x 2 2x 4
x 1
x 2 3x 4
x2 x 3
5 / lim
x 1
x5 x 4
2 / lim

8 / lim 3
x 0

1 x2 1

2 x 3 3x 2

x2 x 1
x

3x 2 4 x 2 x 2
x 1
x 2 3x 2
x x2
9 / lim
x 2
4x 1 3
6 / lim

Bai tap 5: Tnh cac gii han:

1 3 1 x
x 0
x
2
x 4x 3
2 / lim
x 3
x3
( x 1)( x 2 1)
3 / lim 3
x 3
x x2 x
x 2 3x 2
4 / lim
x 2 2 x 2 x 6
3 5 x
5 / lim
x4
1 5 x

1 / lim

x 1

6 / lim
x 1

x 32
2

7 / lim
x 1

8 / lim

x 2 1 x x2
x2 1
1 2x 3
x 2

x4

1 1 x
3x
3
x 1
10 / lim
2
x 1
x 3 2
3

9 / lim
x0

Tnh cac gii han bang cach them, bt lng

lien hp.

Bai tap 6: Tnh cac gii han:

8 x 11 x 7
x 2
x 2 3x 2
3
1 x 1 x
2 / lim
x 0
x
x 1 3 x 5
3 / lim
x 3
x3
3

1 / lim

x9 x3
x 1
3
x6 x6
5 / lim
x 2
x2 x 2
2 x 2x 1
6 / lim
x 1
x2 x 2
3

4 / lim
x 1

Dang

Bai tap 7: Tnh cac gii han:

x 2 3x 8
x x 4 6 x 1
4 x 3 3x 7
7 / lim 2
x x 3 x 5

x2 1
1 / lim
x 2 x 3
x3 x 1
2 / lim
x
x2 2
x 5 2x 2 1
3 / lim
x
x3 1
2 x 2 3x 1
4 / lim
x 3 x 2 x 5
( x 2)( 2 x 1)(1 4 x )
5 / lim
x
(3 x 4) 3

6 / lim

x 2 2x 3

8 / lim
x

x3 x 1

4x 2 1
x
3x 1
2x 2 3
10 / lim 3
x x 2 x 1
9 / lim

1
2
2/

1/

S:

3 /
4/

2
3

5 /

8
27

6/0
7/
8 / 1
2
9 /
3
10 / 0

Bai tap 8: Tnh cac gii han:

1 / lim

x 2 2x 3 1 4x
4x 2 1 2 x

2 / lim
x

9x 2 x 1 4x 2 2x 1
x 1
1
5

S: 1 /
1
1

2 /

Dang
Bai tap 9: Tnh cac gii han:
1 / lim (3 x 3 x 2 x)

5 / lim( x 3 3x 2 x 3 )

2 / lim (2 x 1 4 x 2 4 x 3 )

6 / lim ( x x 2 1)

3 / lim ( x x x)

7 / lim ( x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1)

3
1
4 / lim

x 1 1 x
1 x3

8 / lim

x2

1
1

x 3x 2 x 5 x 6
2

1
3

2 /
0

1/

S:

1
2
4 / 1

3/

5 /1
6/0
7 /1
8 / 2

Dang : Tm gii han cua cac ham so lng giac:

Cho biet :

sin x
1
x 0
x

lim

Bai tap 10: Tnh gii han cac ham so lng giac sau:
sin 5 x
x 0
2x
sin 2 x
2 / lim
x 0
x 1 1
1 cos 2 x
3 / lim
x 0
x sin x
1 cos 4 x
4 / lim
x 0
2x 2

1 / lim

1 cos 3x
1 cos 5 x
2 1 cos x
10 / lim
x 0
tg 2 x
9 / lim
x 0

1 sin 2 x cos x
x 0
sin 2 x

sin x
3

12 / lim
1 2 cos x
x
11 / lim

tgx sin x
x3
x
sin 2
3
6 / lim
2
x 0
x
tg 3 x
7 / lim
x 0 2 x
1 cos 6 x
8 / lim
x 0
x2
5 / lim
x 0

5
2
1
5/
2
9
9/
25

1/

S:

2/4

4/4

3/ 2
3
7/
2
11 / 1

1
6/
9
2
10 /
8

8 / 18
12 /

1
3

------------------------------------ Het
----------------------------------------

HAM SO LIEN TUC

Kien thc can nh:
1.

Ham so lien tuc tai mot iem:

nh ngha: Cho ham so f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;

b). Ham so f(x) c goi la lien tuc tai iem

x0

(a; b) neu:

lim f ( x) f ( x0 ) .

x x0

Neu tai iem xo ham so f(x) khong lien tuc, th no c

goi la gian oan tai xo va iem xo c goi la iem gian
oan cua ham so f(x).
Theo nh ngha tren ham so f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;
b) la lien tuc tai iem

x0

f ( x)
(a; b) neu va ch neu xlim
x
o

f ( x) ton tai va lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f ( x0 )

va xlim
x
x x
x x
0

2.
a.

Ham so lien tuc tren mot khoang:

nh ngha:
Ham so f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a; b) c goi la
lien tuc tren khoang o, neu no lien tuc tai moi iem cua
khoang ay.

Ham so f(x) xac nh tren oan [a; b] c goi la

lien tuc tren oan o, neu no la lien tuc tren khoang (a; b)
va

lim f ( x) f (a ),

xa

lim f ( x) f (b) .

xa

Lu y: o th cua mot ham so lien tuc tren mot

khoang la mot ng lien tren khoang o.
b. Mot so nh ly ve tnh lien tuc:
nh ly 1: Tong, hieu, tch, thng ( vid mau khac 0)
cua nhng ham so lien tuc tai mot iem la lien tuc tai
iem o.
nh ly 2: Cac ham so a thc, ham so hu t, ham
so lng giac la lien tuc tren tap xa nh cua no.
nh ly 3: Neu ham so f(x) la lien tuc tren oan [a; b],
th no at c gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat va moi
gia tr trung gian gia gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat
tren oan o.
He qua. Neu ham so f(x) la lien tuc tren oan [a; b]
va f(a).f(b) < 0 th ton tai t nhat mot iem c (a; b) sao cho
f(c) = 0.
Noi cach khac: Neu ham so f(x) la lien tuc tren
oan [a; b] va f(a).f(b) < 0 th phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat
mot nghiem tren khoang (a; b).
MOT SO DANG TOAN

Dang 1: Tm cac iem gian oan cua cac ham so:

Bai tap: Tm cac iem gian oan cua cac ham so sau:
a / y x 3 5 x 2 4 x 3.
b/ y

c / y tgx cos 5 x.

2x 5x 4
.
x 2 3x 2
2

d/y

cot gx sin 2 x
.
tg 2 x

Dang 2: Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so:

Bai tap 1: Cho ham so:

x
2
f ( x) 2
x 3x 2
x 2 1

( x 1)
( x 1)

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x0 = 1.

Bai tap 2: Cho ham so:

 1 2x

f ( x) 4 x

x2

( x 2)

2
( x 2)

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x0 = 2.

Bai tap 3: Cho ham so:

3
2

( x 0)

f ( x)

x 1 1
3 x 1 1

( x 0)

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x0 = 0.

Bai tap 4: Cho ham so:

x2 1

f ( x) x 1
5

( x 1)
( x 1)

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x0 = 1.

Bai tap 5: Cho ham so:

ax 2

f ( x) x 1

x 1

( x 1)

( x 1)

nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tai x0 = 1.

Bai tap 6: Cho ham so:

f ( x) 1 2 x 3

2 x

( x 2)
( x 2)

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x0 = 2.

Bai tap 7: Cho ham so:

 4 x
a x 2
f ( x)
1 x 1 x

( x 0)
( x 0)

nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tai x0 = 0.

Bai tap 8: Cho ham so:

1
4
f ( x) 3
3x 2 2
x 2
ax

( x 2)
( x 2)

nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tren R.

Bai tap 9: Cho ham so:

2
3
f ( x) 3
4x 2
x 2 3x 2
2
ax

( x 2)
( x 2)

nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tren R.

Bai tap 10: Cho ham so:

f ( x) 1 cos x
x

( x 0)
( x 0)

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so tren toan truc so.
Dang 3: Chng minh phng trnh co nghiem:
Bai tap 1: CMR cac phng trnh sau ay co nghiem:
a / x 4 3x 1 0
b / x 3 6 x 2 9 x 10 0
c / x 5 10 x 3 100 0

Bai tap 2: CMR phng trnh 2 x 3 6 x 1 0 co 3 nghiem trong

khoang (-2 ; 2).
Bai tap 3: CMR phng trnh x 3 3 x 1 0 co 3 nghiem phan
biet.

Bai tap 4: CMR phng trnh 3 x 4 4 x 3 6 x 2 12 x 20 0 co t

nhat hai nghiem.
Bai tap 5: CMR cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan
biet:
a / m( x 1)( x 2) 2 x 3 0.

b / m( x 2 9) x( x 5) 0.

--------------------------------------- Het
---------------------------------------------

CAP SO CONG
Kien thc can nh:
1. nh ngha: Cap so cong la mot day so ( hu han
hay vo han), trong o, ke t so hang th hai, moi so hang
eu la tong cua so hang ng ngay trc no vi mot so
khong oi goi la cong sai.
Goi d la cong sai, theo nh ngha ta co: un+1 = un + d
(n =
1, 2, ...).
ac biet: Khi d = 0 th cap so cong la mot day so trong o
tat ca cac so hang eu bang nhau.
e ch rang day so (un) la mot cap so cong,ta k hieu
u1, u2, ..., un, ....
2. So hang tong quat
nh l: So hang tong quat un cua mot cap so cong co
so hang au u1 va cong sai d c cho bi cong thc:
un = u1 + (n - 1)d
3. Tnh chat cac so hang cua cap so cong
nh l: trong mot cap so cong, moi so hang ke t so
hang th hai ( va tr so hang cuoi cung oi vi cap so
cong hu han), eu la trung bnh cong cua hai so hang ke
ben no, tc la
u u k 1
u k k 1
(k 2).
2
4. Tong n so hang au cua mot cap so cong
nh l: e tnh Sn taco hai cong thc sau:
Sn tnh theo u1 va d

Sn

n
2u1 (n 1)d
2

Sn tnh theo u1 va un
Sn

n
(u1 u n )
2

BAI TAP AP DUNG

Bai tap 1: Xac nh so hang can tm trong moi cap so

cong di ay:
a / 2,5,8,...
tm u15.
b / 2 3 ,4,2 3 ,...
tmu20.

S:

a / u15 44
b / u 20 40 18 3

Bai tap 2: Xac nh cap so cong co cong sai la3, so

hang cuoi la 12 va co tong bang 30.
Giai:
n
(u1 u n )
2
n
30 (u1 12)
2
u

(
n
1)d 12 (n 1) d 12 3(n 1) 15 3n
ma 1
n
n
30 (15 3n 12)
nen
2

Ta co:

n4
n5

3n 2 27n 60 0

n 4 : u1 3
Vi
ta co cap so cong
n

5
:
u

0
Vi
ta co cap so cong
1
Bai tap 3: Cho cap so cong:

3,6,9,12

0,3,6,9,12

u2 u5 u3 10

u4 u6 26
Tm so hang au va cong sai cua no.
Giai:

u2 u5 u3 10 u1 ud 14 ud 12d u1 1

u4 u6 26 u13 ud 15d 26 d 3
Bai tap 4: Tm cap so cong co 5 so hang biet tong la
25 va tong cac bnh phng cua chung la 165.
Giai:
Goi cap so cong la: u3 - 3d, u3 - d, u3, u3 + d, u3 + 2d
Theo gia thiet ta co:

 (u3 2d) (u3 d) u3 (u3 d) (u3 2d) 25 u3 5

2 2 2 2
(u3 2d) (u3 d) u3 (u3 d) (u3 2d) 165 d 2

Vi d = 2 ta co 1,3,5,7,9
Vi d = -2 ta co 9,7,5,3,1
Bai tap 5: Tm 3 so tao thanh mot cap so cong biet so
hang au la 5 va tch so cua chung la 1140.
Giai:
Xet cap so cong 5,5 d ,5 2d
Theo bai ra ta co: 5(5 d )(5 2d ) 1140

d 7

2d 15d 203 0
2

Vi d =

Vi d =

29
2

ta co
ta co

d 29
2

5,12,19

5,

19
,24
2

Bai tap 6: Tm chieu dai cac canh cua mot tam giac
vuong biet chung tao thanh mot cap so cong vi cong
sai la 25.
Giai:
x 25, x, x 25,
at 3 canh can tm la:
vi x 25
Theo nh l Pitago ta co:
( x 25) 2 x 2 ( x 25) 2
x 2 50 x 625 x 2 x 2 50 x 625
x 0(loai )
x 2 100 x 0
x 100

Vi x=100 ta co cap so cong tng ng 3 canh la:

75,100,125
Bai tap 7: Cho cap so cong u1, u2, u3, ...
Biet u1 + u4 + u7 + u10 + u13 + u16 = 147.
Tnh u1 + u6 + u11 + u16.
Giai:
Ta co: u1 + u4 + u7 + u10 + u13 + u16 = 147

(u1 + u16) + (u4 + u13) + (u7 + u10) = 147

(2u1 + 15d) + (2u1 + 15d) + (2u1 + 15d) = 147

3(2u1 + 15d) = 147

2u1 + 15d = 49
Mat khac: u1 + u6 + u11 + u16
= (u1 + u16) + (u6 + u11)

= (2u1 + 15d) + (2u1 + 15d) = 2(2u1 + 15d) = 2.49

= 98.
Suy ra: u1 + u6 + u11 + u16 = 98.
Bai tap 8: Mot cap so cong (an) co a3 + a13 = 80.
Tm tong S15 cua 15 so hang au tien cua cap so cong
o.
Giai:
Ta co: S15 =

15
(u1 + u15).
2

Mat khac ta co: u3 + u13 = (u1 + 2d) + (u1 + 12d)

= u1 + (u1 + 14d) = u1 + u15 = 80.
Do o:S15 =

15
15
(u1 + u15) =
.80 = 600.
2
2

Bai tap 9: Mot cap so cong co 11 so hang. Tong cua

chung la 176. Hieu cua so hang cuoi va so hang au la
30. Tm cap so o.
Giai:
Ta co: S11 = 176 =

11
(u1 + u11)
2

11
(2u1 + 10d) = 176 (1)
2

va u11 - u1 = 30
(u1 + 10d) - u1 = 30
10d = 30
d = 3 (2)
Thay (2) vao (1) ta c: u1 = 1
Do o: Cap so cong can tm la:

1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31

Bai tap10: cho cap so cong (an) co a1 = 4, d = -3. Tnh
a10.
Giai:
Ta co: a10 = a1 + (10 - 1)(-3) = 4 + 9(-3) = -23
Bai tap 11: Tnh u1, d trong cac cap so cong sau ay:

u3 u5 14
1/
S13 129
u5 19
2 /
u9 35

S4 9

3 / 45
S6 2
u3 u10 31
4 /
2u4 u9 7

S: 1/ u1 =

53
va d =
13

38
;
39

2/ u1 = 3

va d = 4.
3/ u1 = 0 va d =

3
;
2

4/ u1 =

va d =
.
Bai tap 12: Cho cap so cong (un) co u3 = -15, u14 = 18.
Tnh tong cua 20 so hang au tien.
Giai:
Theo gia thiet ta co:

u3 u1 2d 15 d 3

u14 u1 13d 18 u1 21
Vay:

S20=

20
(u1 u 20 ) 150
3

Bai tap 13: Cho cap so cong (un) co u1 = 17, d = 3.

Tnh u20 va S20.
S: u20 = 74, S20 = 910
Bai tap 14: Cho cap so cong (un) co a10 = 10, d = -4.
Tnh u1 va S10.
S: u1 = 46, S10 = 280
Bai tap 15: Cho cap so cong (un) co u6 = 17 va u11 =
-1.
Tnh d va S11.
S: d =

18
5

va S11 =

187
Bai tap 16: Cho cap so cong (un) co u3 = -15, u4 = 18.
Tm tong cua 20 so hang au tien.
S: S20 = 1350
------------------------------------------ Het
-------------------------------------------------

CAP

SO

NHAN

Kien thc can nh:

1. nh ngha:
Cap so nhan la mot day so ( hu han hay vo han),
tronh o ke t so hang th hai moi so hang eu la tch

cua so hang ng ngay trc no vi mot so khong oi goi

la cong boi.
Goi q la cong boi, theo nh ngha ta co
un+1 =un.q
(n = 1, 2, ...).
ac biet:
Khi q = 0 th cap so nhan la mot day so dang u1, 0, 0, ...,
0, ...
Khi q = 1 th cap so nhan la mot day so dang u1, u1, ...,
u1, ...
Neu u1 = 0 th vi moi q, cap so nhan la day so 0,
0, ..., ...
e ch day so (un) la mot cap so nhan ta thng dung
k hieu
..
.. u1, u2, ..., un, ....
2. So hang tong quat
nh l: So hang tong quat cua mot cap so nhan c
cho bi cong thc:
n 1
un = u1 q
(q 0 )
3. Tnh chat cac so hang cua cap so nhan
nh l: Trong mot cap so nhan, moi so hang ke t so
hang th hai (tr so hang cuoi oi vi cap so nhan hu
han) eu co gia tr tuyet oi la trung bnh nhan cua hai so
hang ke ben no, tc la:
uk

u k 1 .u k 1

( k 2)

4. Tong n so hang au cua mot cap so nhan.

Cho mot cap so nhan vi cong boi q 1
u1, u2, ...,un, ...
nh l: Ta co:
S n u1

qn 1
q 1

(q

1)

BAI TAP AP DUNG

Bai tap 1: Tm cac so hang cua cap so nhan biet:

1/ Cap so nhan co 6 so hang ma u1 = 243 vau6 = 1
2/ Cho q =
Giai:

1
, n = 6, S6 = 2730. Tm u1, u6.
4

1
1
1
5 q
243 3
3
Vay cap so nhan la: 243, 81, 27, 9, 3, 1
2/ Ta co:

1/ Ta co: u 6 u1 .q 5 1 243.q q 5

 1
1
6
1 q
4
S 6 u1
2730 u1
1
1 q
1
4
1
u 6 u1 q 4 512.
4

va

2730 u1

1365
u1 512
1024

512
1

1024 2

Bai tap 2: Cho cap so nhan co: u3 = 18 va u6 = -486.

Tm so hang au tien va cong boi q cua cap so nhan
o
Giai:

u3 u1.q 18 u1.q2
5 5
u6 u1.q 486 u1.q
2

Ta co:

(1)
( 2)

Lay (2) chia (1) ve theo ve ta c:

q 3 27 q 3

The q = -3 vao (1) ta c: u1 = 2

Vay ta co:
u1 = 2, q = -3
Bai tap 3: Tm u1 va q cua cap so nhan biet:

u 4 u 2 72

u5 u3 144
Giai:

Ta co:

1qu 3 1qu 72 1qu (q2 1) 72

4 2 2 2
1qu 1qu 14 1qu (q 1) 14

(1)
( 2)

Lay (2) chia (1) ve theo ve ta c: q = 2

Thay q = 2 vao (1) ta c: 2u1 (4 1) 72 u1 12
Vay
u1 = 12,
q = 2.
Bai tap 4: Tm u1 va q cua cap so nhan (un) co: u3=12,
u5=48.
Giai:

 u3 12 1qu 12
4
u5 48 1qu 48
2

Ta co:

(1)
( 2)

q = 0, u = 0 khong la nghiem cua he

Chia (2) cho (1) ve theo ve ta c:
q 2 4 q 2 .
Thay vao (1) taco: u1 3
* q = 2, ta co cap so nhan
3, 6, 12, 24, ...
* q = -2, ta co cap so nhan -3, -6, -12, -24, ...
Bai tap 5: Tm u va q cua cap so nhan (un) biet:

u1 u2 u3 13

u4 u5 u6 351
Giai:
Ta co:

1 2 uuu 3 13 u1u1qu1q 13 u1(1 qq )13

3 4 5 3 2
4 5 uuu 6 351 u1q u1q u1q 351 u1q (1 qq )351
2

(1)
( 2)

Lay (2) chia (1) ve theo ve ta c:

q3

351
27 q 3
13

Thay q = 3 vao (1) ta c u1 = 1

Vay u1 = 1, q = 3.
Bai tap 6: Tm cap so nhan (un) biet cap so o co 4
so hang co tong bang 360 va so hang cuoi gap 9 lan so
hang th hai.
Giai:
Theo bai ra ta co:

 u1 u2 u3 u4 360 u u q u q u q 360
3

u4 9u2 u1q 9u1q

2 3
1 1 1 1

(1)
( 2)

T (2) q 2 9 q 3
Thay q = 3 vao (1) ta c: 40u1 = 360 u1 = 9
Ta co cap so nhan:
9, 27, 81, 243
Thay q = -3 vao (1) ta c: u1 = -18
Ta co cap so nhan:
-18, 54, -162, 486.
Bai tap 7: Tong 3 so hang lien tiep cua mot cap so
cong la21. Neu so th hai tr i 1 va so th ba cong
them 1 th ba so o lap thanh mot cap so nhan. Tm ba
so o.
Giai:
Goi u1, u2, u3 la ba so hang cua cap so cong cong sai d
Theo bai ra u1, u2-1, u3 +1 lap thanh cap so nhan
Ta co:

u1 u 2 u3 21
( u 2 1) 2 u1 (u3 1)

 u1 (u1 d () u1 d)2 21

(u1 d 1) 1(uu 1 2d 1)
2

u1 7d

u1 d 7 u1 7 d u1 7 d
2 2 d 4
6 u1 8d 36(7d)(8d) d d 200 d 5

Vi d = 4 th u1 = 3 ta co cap so cong:
3, 7, 11
Vi d = -5 th u1 = 12 ta co cap so cong: 12, 7, 2
---------------------------------------- Het
---------------------------------------------------