I. Kin thc c bn.

1. Bng o hm cc hm s c bn.
Hm s
o hm
Hm s
(y = f(x))
(y = f(x))

o hm

y=c

y = tanx

y=x

y = cotx

y = xn

nxn-1
1
2
x
1
2 x

y = ex

1
cos 2 x
1
2
sin x
ex

y = ax

ax. lna

y = lnx

1/x

y = logax

ln a
x

y = 1/x
y x
y = sinx

cosx

y = cosx
-sinx
2. o hm ca hm hp.
Ta xt hm s y = f(u(x)). Ta tnh o hm ca hm s
cho theo x nh sau
y x' f x' fu' .u x'
Bng o hm ca hm s hp
Hm s
o hm
Hm s
o hm
y = un

n.un-1.u

y = sinu

1
.u '
u2
1
.u '
2 u
u.cosu

y = cosu

- u.sinu

y = logau

ln a
.u '
u

y = 1/u
y u

y = tanu

y = cotu

1
. u
cos 2 u
1
2 . u
sin u

y = eu

u.eu

y = au

u.au. lna
1
.u '
u

y = lnu

Ch : Khi p dng tnh o hm ca hm hp ta ch ban u

tnh o hm ca hm s theo bin u ri nhn vi o hm ca
hm s u theo bin x.
1

3. Cc php ton o hm.

Cho hai hm s y = u(x), y = v(x). Khi
*) (u + v) = u + v
*) (u - v) = u v
*) (uv) = uv + vu
*) (ku) = k.u ( k l hng s)
'
u ' v v 'u
u
*)
v2
v
4. o hm bc cao ca hm s.
o hm bc n ca hm s y = f(x) l o hm bc 1 ca
o hm bc n 1 ca hm s y = f(x) ( n > 1).
II. Cc dng ton c bn.
1. Dng 1. Tnh o hm ca hm s.
Phng php. Ta vn dng cc quy tc v php tnh o hm,
c bit l o hm ca hm hp. Nu yu cu tnh o hm
ti mt im ta cn tnh o hm ri thay vo e c kt qu.
V d 1. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
a) y x3 2 x 2 3x 4
b) y sin x cos x tan x
c) y x 4 2 x
d) y cot x 3 x 2
V d 2. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau ti cc im tng ng.
a) y x3 3 x 2 4 x 1 ti x0 = -1.

b) y sin 2 x cos x ti x0 .
4
V d 3. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
2x 1
x2 3x 1
y

a)
b) y
c) y x 4 3 x 2 2
x2
x 1
d) y sin(2 x 1) cos(1 x)
e) y 3 x 2
2. Dng 2. Gii phng trnh y = 0.
Phng php. Ta tnh y sau gii phng trnh y = 0.
V d 1. Gii phng trnh y = 0 bit.
x2
a) y
b) y x3 3x 2
c)
x 1
y 4 x3 12 x 2 9 x 1
x2 2 x 2
d) y
x 1

x2 3x 3
x4
5
e) y
f) y 3x 2
x 1
2
2
2
2
x x2
2x x
g) y x 4 2 x 2 3
h) y
i) y
x 1
x 1
3. Dng 3: Chng minh ng thc v o hm.
Phng php: Tnh o hm v s dng cc php bin i
c bit l v hm lng gic.
V d 1. Chng minh rng
a) y y2 -1 = 0 vi y = tanx.
2

b) y + 2y2 + 2 = 0 vi y = cot2x.
c) y2 + 4y2 = 4 vi y = sin2x.
III. Bi tp t luyn.
Bi 1. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
x2 x 1
x2 2 x 2
x2 3x
a) y
b) y
c) y
x 1
x 1
x 1
4
2
3
2
d) y x x 1
e) y 2 x 3 x 1
f) y 2 x3 3 x 2 1
Bi 2. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
x2
x2
a) y
b) y x3 3x 2 2
c) y
x 1
x 1
2
3 x 1
3 x x 1
d) y
e) y
f)
x2
2x 1
y 2 x 4 3 x 2 4
Bi 3. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau ti cc im tng ng
x 2 3x 3
a) y
ti im x0 = -1
x 1
b) y x 4 5 x 2 4 ti im x0 = 2
2 3
2
c) y x 5 x 2 x 4 ti im x0 3 .
3
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh y = 0 trong cc trng hp sau
x 2 3x 3
2x2 2
a) y
b) y
c) y x3 3x 2 2
x 1
x 1
4
2
d) y x 5 x 4
e) y 2 x 4 x 2 4
f) y x3 3x 2

I. Kin thc c bn.

1. Tip tuyn ti mt im: Cho hm s y= f(x) (C), x0 l mt
im thuc vo TX ca hm s trn v tn ti o hm ti .
Khi ta c tip tuyn vi (C) ti im
(x0; f(x0)) c phng trnh l y = y/(x0)(x-x0) + f(x0)
Nhn xt: trn ta c y/(x0) l h s gc ca tip tuyn.
Ta cn tm c h s gc v tip im trong trng hp
ny nu mun vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong
no . Cc bi tp hay gp trong phn ny: Cho honh
tip im; tung tip im; hay ti giao im ca
th hm s vi ng thng no .
2. iu kin tip xc ca hai th.
Cho hai hm s y = f(x) (C1), y = g(x) (C2).
3

Khi (C1) tip xc vi (C2) khi v ch khi h phng trnh

f ( x) g ( x)
c nghim.
'
'
f ( x) g ( x)
Ch :
+ Nu hai th (C1) v (C2) l hai ng cong th chng
tip xc vi nhau ti hai im khi h trn c hai nghim phn
bit.
+ Nu mt trong hai ng l ng thng th c hai
tip tuyn ta cn h trn c hai nghim phn bit.
II. Dng ton c bn.
1. Dng 1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti mt im.
Phng php: Ta cn tm c to tip im da vo cc d
kin bi ton cho.
Nhn xt: Trong dng ny ta thng gp cc trng hp sau
+ Cho bit ta ca tip im.
+ Cho bit honh ca tip im hoc iu kin no
tm c honh tip im.
+ Bit tung tip im hoc iu kin no
tm c tung tip im.
+ Tip im l giao im ca th vi mt th khc.
Khi ta cn gii h phng trnh tm to ca tip
im.
2. Dng 2. Tip tuyn i qua mt im: Cho hm s y= f(x)
(C) vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) i qua im M(xM; yM)
Phng php:
Cch 1: Tm tip im
Gi s tip tuyn vi (C) cn tm c tip im l M 0(x0; y0).
Khi tip tuyn cn tm c phng trnh y = f/(x0)(x-x0) +
f(x0).
M tip tuyn i qua im M(xM; yM) suy ra yM = f/(x0)(xM-x0) +
f(x0) gii phng trnh ny ta tm c honh tip im sau
tm y0 = f(x0) ri vit phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm theo
dng 1.
Cch 2: S dng iu kin tip xc
Gi s ng thng qua M(xM; yM) c h s gc k khi n c phng trnh
y = k(x-xM) + yM
Ta c ng thng y = k(x-xM) + yM l tip tuyn ca ng cong
f ( x ) k ( x xM ) y M
(C) /
gii h ny ta tm c honh ca
f
(
x
)

tip im sau vit phng trnh tip tuyn tng ng.

Nhn xt: trn c bao nhiu nghim x ta c by nhiu tip
tuyn i qua im M.
3. Dng 3. Tip tuyn cho trc h s gc:
4

Phng php.
Cch 1. Tm tip im
Gi s tip tuyn cn tm c tip im l M0(x0; y0).
Khi tip tuyn cn tm c phng trnh y = f/(x0)(x-x0) +
f(x0).
Khi theo gii thit ta c f/(x0) = k. Gii phng trnh ny ta
tm c honh tip im sau tm y0 = f(x0) ri vit phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm theo dng 1.
Nhn xt: Trong dng ny ta c th gp cc bi tp nh sau:
*) Tip tuyn c h s gc k khi ta tm tip im M 0(x0; y0)
bng cch gii phng trnh f/(x0) = k sau vit phng trnh
tip tuyn tng ng.
*) Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng y = ax + b khi tip
1
tuyn c h s gc l k = sau tm tip im M0(x0; y0) bng
a
/
cch gii phng trnh f (x0) = k v vit phng trnh tip tuyn
tng ng.
*) Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = ax+ b khi tip
tuyn c h s gc l k= a sau tm tip im M 0(x0; y0)
bng cch gii phng trnh f/(x0) = k v vit phng trnh tip
tuyn tng ng.
*) Tip tuyn to vi chiu dng trc honh gc khi h s
gc ca tip tuyn l k = tan sau tm tip im M0(x0; y0)
bng cch gii phng trnh f/(x0) = k v vit phng trnh tip
tuyn tng ng.
*) Tip tuyn to vi ng thng y = ax +b mt gc khi h
k a
tan hoc chng ta
s hc ca tip tuyn l k tho mn
1 ka
dng tch v hng ca hai vct php tuyn tm h s gc k
sau tm tip im M0(x0; y0) bng cch gii phng trnh f/
(x0) = k v vit phng trnh tip tuyn tng ng.
III. V d.
V d 1: Cho hm s y f ( x ) x 3 2 x 2 x 4 (C ) . Vit phng trnh
tip tuyn vi (C) bit
a) Honh tip im ln lt l -1; 3; 2
b) Tung tip im ln lt l -4.
c) Tip im l giao ca (C) vi trc honh.
V d 2: Cho hm s y f ( x ) x 3 m( x 1) 1 (Cm). Vit phng
trnh tip tuyn ca (Cm) ti giao im ca n vi Oy, tm m
tip tuyn trn chn trn hai trc to ra mt tam gic c din
tch bng 8.
V d 3: Cho hm s y f ( x ) x 3 3 x 2 (C ) vit phng trnh tip
tuyn vi (C) bit
a) Tip tuyn c h s gc k = 9
5

1
b) Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng y x
3
3
2
V d 4: Cho hm s y 2 x 3 x 12 x 5 (C). Vit phng trnh
tip tuyn vi (C) trong cc trng hp sau
a) Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = 6x 4.
1
b) Tip tuyn to vi ng thng y x 5 mt gc 450.
2
V d 5: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) : y 2 x3 3 x 2 5 i
19
; 4 .
qua im A
12
V d 6. Cho hm s y x3 3 x 2 3 x 5 (C )
a) CMR: Khng tn ti hai im no trn (C ) sao cho tip
tuyn ti hai im vung gc vi nhau.
b) Tm k sao cho trn (C) c t nht mt im sao cho tip
tuyn ti vung gc vi ng thng y = kx + m.
1
V d 7. Cho hm s y = x3 - x2 c th (C)
3
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C) i qua im A(3;
0).
x2 x 1
V d 8. Tm a th hm s y
(C) tip xc vi
x 1
(P) : y = x2 + a.
x2 2x 2
V d 9. Cho ng cong y
(C)
x 1
Tm cc im trn Ox t k c hai tip tuyn vi (C) m hai
tip tuyn ny
vung gc vi nhau.
x2 2x 2
V d 10. Cho ng cong y
x 1

(C)

Tm cc im trn mt phng to m t k c hai tip

tuyn gc vi (C), hai tip tuyn ny vung gc vi nhau.
V d 11. Cho ng cong: y

2x2 x 1
(C)
x 1

Tm tt c cc im trn ng thng y = 7 m t k c
hai tip tuyn vi ng cong (C) m hai tip tuyn hp vi
nhau gc = 450.
V d 12. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca hai (P) sau :
y = x2 - 3x + 2 (1) v y = - x2 + 7x - 11 (2)
V d 13. Tm tip tuyn c nh ca h ng cong c phng
trnh:
y

(m 1)x m
(m 0)
x m

IV. Bi tp t luyn.
Bi 1. Cho (Cm ) : y x 3 mx 2 1 . Tm m (Cm ) ct ng thng
y = -x + 1 ti ba im A(0; 1), B, C sao cho tip tuyn vi (Cm ) ti
B v C vung gc vi nhau.
1 3
2
Bi 2. Tm cc im trn th hm s y x x m tip
3
3
1
2
tuyn ti vung gc vi ng thng y x .
3
3
3
2
Bi 3. Cho hm s y x 3x 1 (C ) . CMR: Trn (C) c v s cp
im m tip tuyn ti tng cp im song song vi nhau
ng thi cc ng thng ni cc cp im ny ng quy ti
mt im c nh.
Bi 4. Cho y x3 3 x 2 9 x 5 (C ) . Tm tip tuyn vi (C) c h s
gc nh nht.
y x3 4 x 2 7 x 4 (C1 )
Bi 5. Cho
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi
3
2
y 2 x 5 x 6 x 8 (C2 )
hai th trn ti giao im ca chng.
Bi 6. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C ) y x 3 1 k ( x 1) ti giao
im ca n vi trc Oy. Tm k tip tuyn to vi hai trc
ta mt tam gic c din tch bng 8.
1 3
2
Bi 7. Cho hm s (C ) : y x 2 x x 4 . Vit phng trnh tip
3
tuyn vi (C) trong cc trng hp sau
a) C h s gc k = - 2.
b) Tip tuyn to vi chiu dng trc honh gc 600.
c) Tip tuyn to vi chiu dng trc honh gc 150.
d) Tip tuyn to vi chiu dng trc honh gc 750.
e) Tip tuyn to song song vi ng thng y = - x + 2.
f) Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng y = 2x 3.
7

g) Tip tuyn to vi ng thng y= 3x + 7 gc 450.

Bi 8. Cho hm s (C ) : y x 3 3x 2 2
23
; 2) .
9
b) Tm trn ng thng y = - 2 nhng im k c hai tip
tuyn ti (C) vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 9. Cho hm s (C ) : y x 3 3x 2 . Tm trn trc honh nhng
im k c ba tip tuyn vi (C).
(H
SPHN2- KB-1999)
Bi 10. Cho hm s (C ) : y x 3 x 6 . Vit phng trnh tip
tuyn vi (C) i qua im A(2; 0).
(H
THHN- 1994).
3x 2
Bi 11. Cho hm s (C ) : y
. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
x 1
vi (C) to vi trc honh gc 450.
4x 3
Bi 12. Cho hm s (C ) : y
. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
x 1
vi (C) to vi ng thng y = 3x gc 450.
Bi 13. Tm trn Oy nhng im k c ng mt tip tuyn
x 1
vi (C ) : y
.
x 1
x2 x 1
Bi 14. Cho hm s (C ) : y
. Tm M trn (C) sao cho tip
x 1
tuyn vi (C) ti M ct hai trc Ox, Oy ti A, B to ra tam gic OAB
vung cn.
(HVBCVTHN - 1997).
2
2x 5x
Bi 15. Cho hm s (C ) : y
. CMR: Tip tuyn vi (C) ti
x2
mi im M ty lun to vi hai tim cn mt tam gic c din
tch khng i.
1 3
2
Bi 16. Tm cc im trn th (C ) : y x x m tip
3
3
1
2
tuyn ti vung gc vi ng thng y x .
(H
3
3
Ngoi Ng H Ni 2001)
Bi 17. Tm tip tuyn c h s gc nh nht vi th
(C ) : y x 3 3 x 2 9 x 5 .
(H Ngoi Thng TPHCM 1998).
Bi 18. Tm tip tuyn c h s gc nh nht vi th
1
(C ) : y x 3 mx 2 x m 1
3
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) i qua im A(

( Hc vin quan h quc t

2001).
Bi 19. Tm im M trn th (C ) : y 2 x 3 3 x 2 12 x 1 sao cho
tip tuyn vi (C) tai M i qua gc ta .
( H Cng
on 2001).
Bi 20. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti cc im c nh m
th (Cm ) : y x 3 mx 2 m 1 . Tm qu tch giao im ca cc
tip tuyn .
( H an ninh 2000_ k A).
Bi 21. Cho th hm s (C ) : y x 3 3x 2 2
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) i qua im
23
A
; 2 .
9

b) Tm trn ng thng y = -2 im m t k c hai

tip tuyn vi (C) v chng vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 22. Cho hm s y x3 3x (C ) . Tm cc im trn ng
thng x = 2 k c ng ba tip tuyn vi (C).
( H cn th
2000_ k A).
2 x 1
(C ) . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
Bi 23. Cho hm s y
x 1
vi (C) bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = -x. ( H
lt 2000_ k A).
Bi 24. Cho hm s y 3x 4 x 3 (C ) . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
vi th (C) i qua im A(1; 3)
( H ty
nguyn 2000_ k A).
Bi 25. Cho hm s y x 3 3x 1 (C ) . ng thng y = 5 tip xc
vi (C) ti A v ct (C ) ti im B, tm ta im B. ( H ty
nguyn 2000_ k D).
Bi 26. Cho hm s y x3 3x 2 (C ) . Vit phng trnh tip
tuyn vi (C ) i qua im A(1; 0).
( H an ninh
nhn dn 2000_ k D).
Bi 27. Tm cc im trn trc honh k c ng mt tip
tuyn vi th
x2 x 3
(C ) : y
x2
2 x2 x 1
Bi 28. Cho th (C ) : y
. CMR trn ng thng y =
x 1
7 c bn im sao cho t mi im k c hai tip tuyn ti (C)
v to vi nhau mt gc 450.
1
Bi 29. Cho th (C ) : y x . Tm t hp cc im trn mt
x
phng to Oxy tho mn
9

a) T khng k c tip tuyn no vi th (C).

b) T k c t nht mt tip tuyn vi th (C).
c) T k c ng mt tip tuyn vi th (C).
d) T k c ng hai tip tuyn vi th (C).
e) T k c ng hai tip tuyn vi th (C) v hai
tip tuyn o vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 30. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn i qua im A(1; 0) ti
x2 2x 2
th (C ) : y
.
( H dc 1999).
x 1
Bi 31. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn i qua im A(-1; 0 ) ti
x2 x 1
th (C ) : y
.
( H xy dng 1995).
x 1
Bi 32. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn i qua im A(0; 5/4 ) ti
x2 x 1
th (C ) : y
.
( Hsp vinh 1998).
x 1
Bi 33. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn i qua im A(1; 1 ) ti
x2 4x 5
th (C ) : y
.
( H lt 1999).
x2

I. Kin thc c bn.

1. Khai trin nh thc Newtn.
n

k k n k
0 n
1 n 1
n 1
n 1
n
Ta c a b Cn a .b Cn a Cn a .b ... Cn a.b Cn .b (1)
n

k 0

Trong :
+ a, b l hai s thc.
+ n l s nguyn dng.
Nhn xt:
+ Trong khai trin trn s m ca a gim dn t tri sang
phi, ngc li s m ca b tng dn t tri sang phi. S m ca a
v b trong mi s hng cng li u bng n.
+ Trong khai trin trn c n + 1 s hng.
+ S hng tng qut trong khai trin (1) l
k k nk
T Cn a .b
(0 k n) .
+ S hng thc k trong khai trin (1) l
k 1 k 1 n k 1
Cn a .b
(1 k n 1) .
2. Mt vi khai trin thng dng.
Ta c

x 1

Cnk x k Cn0 Cn1 x ... Cnn1 x n 1 Cnn x n (2)

k 0

10

Thay x = 1 vo hai v ca (2) ta c ng thc sau

n

2 Cnk Cn0 Cn1 ... Cnn1 Cnn

n

k 0

Thay x = - 1 vo hai v ca (2) ta c ng thc sau

n

0 Cnk Cn0 Cn1 ... Cnn1 (1) n1 Cnn (1) n

k 0

3. Mi lin h ca hai hm s bng nhau.

Ta c hai hm s y = f(x) v y = g(x).
Nu f(x) = g(x) th f(x) = g(x)
II. Dng ton tnh tng ca t hp lin quan ti o hm.
Ta c mt vi ch khi gp tnh tng ca t hp
+ Nu trong v tnh tng khng c Cn0 th ta cn dng khai
trin ri o hm hai v theo x c hai v sau thay x bng
mt gi tr thch hp.
+ Nu trong mt v tnh tng khng c Cn0 v Cn1 th ta
dng khai trin ri o hm hai v theo x hai ln sau thy
bng mt gi tr thch hp.
III. V d.
V d 1. Chng minh rng
1
2
2008
2009
2C2009
... 2008C1009
2009C2009
a) 2009.22008 C2009
2
3
2008
2009
3.2C2009
... 2008.2007C1009
2009.2008C2009
b) 2009.2008.22007 2C2009
Gii
2009
0
1
2
3
2008 2008
2009 2009
x 3 ... C2009
x C2009
x (*)
x 1 C2009 C2009 x C2009 x 2 C2009
a) Ta c
o hm hai v ca (*) theo x ta c
2008
1
2
2008 2007
2009 2008
(a)
2009 x 1
C2009
C2009
x ... 2008C2009
x 2009C2009
x
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc (a) ta c
1
2
2008
2009
2009.22008 C2009
2C2009
... 2008C1009
2009C2009
Vy ta c ng thc cn chng minh.
b)
o hm hai v ca (*) hai ln theo x ta c
2007
2009.2008. x 1
2
3
2008 2006
2009 2007
2C2009
3.2C2009
x ... 2008.2007C2009
x 2009.2008C2009
x
Thay x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c
2
3
2008
2009
2009.2008.22007 2C2009
3.2C2009
... 2008.2007C1009
2009.2008C2009
Vy ta c iu cn chng minh.

11