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Dao Ham Va Bai Toan Tiep Tuyen Cho Lop 11day Du
Dao Ham Va Bai Toan Tiep Tuyen Cho Lop 11day Du
Dao Ham Va Bai Toan Tiep Tuyen Cho Lop 11day Du
o hm
y=c
y = tanx
y=x
y = cotx
y = xn
nxn-1
1
2
x
1
2 x
y = ex
1
cos 2 x
1
2
sin x
ex
y = ax
ax. lna
y = lnx
1/x
y = logax
ln a
x
y = 1/x
y x
y = sinx
cosx
y = cosx
-sinx
2. o hm ca hm hp.
Ta xt hm s y = f(u(x)). Ta tnh o hm ca hm s
cho theo x nh sau
y x' f x' fu' .u x'
Bng o hm ca hm s hp
Hm s
o hm
Hm s
o hm
y = un
n.un-1.u
y = sinu
1
.u '
u2
1
.u '
2 u
u.cosu
y = cosu
- u.sinu
y = logau
ln a
.u '
u
y = 1/u
y u
y = tanu
y = cotu
1
. u
cos 2 u
1
2 . u
sin u
y = eu
u.eu
y = au
u.au. lna
1
.u '
u
y = lnu
c) y x 4 2 x
a) Ta c
y ' x3 2 x 2 3x 4 3x 2 4 x 3
'
b) Ta c
y ' sin x cos x tan x cos x sin x
'
c) Ta c
1
cos 2 x
1
x
'
y ' x 4 2 x 4 x3
d) Ta c
1
3
sin 2 x
V d 2. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau ti cc im tng ng.
a) y x3 3 x 2 4 x 1 ti x0 = -1.
b) y sin 2 x cos x ti x0 .
4
c) y x 2 x ti x0 = 2 .
Gii
a) Ta c
y ' cot x 3 x 2
'
b) Ta c
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
2
'
suy ra y ' 2cos sin
2
4
2
4
c) Ta c
'
1
y' x 2x
2 suy ra y ' 2 1 2 1 4 2
2 x
2 2
2 2
V d 3. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
2x 1
x2 3x 1
a) y
b) y
c) y x 4 3 x 2 2
x2
x 1
d) y sin(2 x 1) cos(1 x)
e) y 3 x 2
g) y tan( x 2 2 x 1)
f) y x 2 4 x 1
Gii
a) Ta c
2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 4 2 x 1 5
2 x 1
y
2
2
2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
'
'
'
'
b) Ta c
'
x 2 3x 1
(2 x 3)( x 1) ( x 2 3 x 1) x 2 2 x 4
'
y
2
2
x
1
x
x 1
c) Ta c
y ' x 4 3x 2 2 4 x3 6 x
'
d) Ta c
'
y ' sin(2 x 1) cos(1 x) 2cos(2 x 1) sin(1 x)
e) Ta c
'
3
y ' 3x 2
2 3x 2
f) Ta c
'
2x 4
x2
y' x2 4x 1
2 x2 4x 1
x2 4x 1
g) Ta c
'
y ' tan( x 2 2 x 1)
2 x 1
'
cos 2 ( x 2 2 x 1)
1
2x x 1
x
2
2
cos ( x 2 x 1)
x cos 2 ( x 2 2 x 1)
2. Dng 2. Gii phng trnh y = 0.
Phng php. Ta tnh y sau gii phng trnh y = 0.
V d 1. Gii phng trnh y = 0 bit.
2x
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
3
x
x 1
3
2
y 4 x 12 x 9 x 1
a) y
x2 2 x 2
d) y
x 1
g) y x 4 2 x 2 3
b) y x3 3x 2
c)
x2 3x 3
e) y
x 1
2
x x2
h) y
x 1
Gii
x4
5
f) y 3x 2
2
2
2
2x x
i) y
x 1
a) Ta c
'
x0
x2 2x
x2
x2 2 x
'
2
y
2
x
suy
ra
2
x2
2
x 1
x 1
x 1
Vy phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x = 0 v x =
2.
b) Ta c
x0
'
'
2
y ' x3 3x 2 3x 2 6 x suy ra y 0 3 x 6 x 0
x2
Vy phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x = 0 v x =
2.
c) Ta c
'
y ' 4 x 3 12 x 2 9 x 1 12 x 2 24 x 9
'
3
x
2
'
2
Suy ra y 0 12 x 24 x 9 0
x1
2
3
1
Vy phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit x , x
2
2
d) Ta c
'
x 2 2 x 2
x2 2 x
y
2
x 1
x 1
'
suy ra y 0
'
x2 2x
x 1
x0
x 2
0 x2 2x 0
x 2 3x 3
x2 2 x
y
2
x 1
x 1
'
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
4
x 2x
2
x 1
x0
x 2
0 x2 2x 0
x4
5
y
3x 2 2 x3 6 x
2
2
'
x0
'
3
Suy ra y 0 2 x 6 x 0
x 3
Vy phng trnh y = 0 c ba nghim phn bit x 0, x 3 .
g) Ta c
y ' x 4 2 x 2 3 4 x 3 4 x
'
Suy ra y ' 0 4 x 3 4 x 0 x 0
Vy phng trnh y = 0 c nghim duy nht x = 0.
h) Ta c
'
x 2 x 2
x2 2x 3
y
2
x
1
x 1
'
'
'
Suy ra y 0
x2 2 x 3
x 1
x 1
x3
0 x2 2 x 3 0
2 x 2 x
2 x2 4x 1
y
2
x 1
x 1
'
2 2
2x 4x 1
2
'
0 2x2 4x 1 0
Suy ra y 0
2
x 1
2 2
x
2
Vy phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit
2 2
2 2
x
,x
2
2
3. Dng 3: Chng minh ng thc v o hm.
Phng php: Tnh o hm v s dng cc php bin i
c bit l v hm lng gic.
V d 1. Chng minh rng
a) y y2 -1 = 0 vi y = tanx.
b) y + 2y2 + 2 = 0 vi y = cot2x.
x
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
5
c) y + 4y = 4 vi y = sin2x.
Gii
1
'
a) Ta c y
cos 2 x
Khi
1
sin 2 x
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
'
2
y y 1
1
cos 2 x cos 2 x
cos 2 x
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
11
0
2
cos x
cos 2 x
Vy ta c iu cn chng minh.
2
'
b) Ta c y 2
sin 2 x
Khi
2 2 sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x
2
2cos 2 2 x
'
2
y 2y 2 2
2
0
sin 2 x sin 2 2 x
sin 2 2 x
Vy ta c iu cn chng minh.
c) Ta c
y = 2cos2x
2
Vy ta c iu cn chng minh.
III. Bi tp t luyn.
Bi 1. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
x2 x 1
x2 2 x 2
x2 3x
a) y
b) y
c) y
x 1
x 1
x 1
4
2
3
2
d) y x x 1
e) y 2 x 3 x 1
f) y 2 x3 3 x 2 1
Bi 2. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
x2
x2
3
2
a) y
b) y x 3x 2
c) y
x 1
x 1
2
3 x 1
3 x x 1
d) y
e) y
f)
x2
2x 1
y 2 x 4 3 x 2 4
Bi 3. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau ti cc im tng ng
x 2 3x 3
a) y
ti im x0 = -1
x 1
b) y x 4 5 x 2 4 ti im x0 = 2
2 3
2
c) y x 5 x 2 x 4 ti im x0 3 .
3
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh y = 0 trong cc trng hp sau
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
6
x 3x 3
a) y
x 1
4
d) y x 5 x 2 4
2
2x2 2
b) y
c) y x3 3x 2 2
x 1
e) y 2 x 4 x 2 4
f) y x3 3x 2
2
2
m 7 4 3
16m m 2m 1
m 18m 1 0
Vi m = 0 th th hm s cho khng ct trc honh suy ra
m94 5
khng tn ti tam gic OAB. Vy vi
th tip tuyn
m 7 4 3
cn tm ct hai trc ta to ra tam gic c din tch bng 8.
V d 3: Cho hm s y f ( x ) x 3 3 x 2 (C ) vit phng trnh tip
tuyn vi (C) bit
a) Tip tuyn c h s gc k = 9
1
b) Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng y x
3
Gii
/
/
3
TX: D . Ta c y f ( x) 3 x 6 x
a) Gi A(xA; yA) l tip im ca tip tuyn cn tm khi ta
x A 1
/
2
2
c f ( x A ) 3x A 6 x A 9 3x A 6 x A 9 0
xA 3
Vi x A 1 ta c y A 4 khi tip tuyn vi (C) cn tm l y =
9(x+1) 4 hay
y=9x+5.
Vi xA = 3 ta c yA = 0 khi tip tuyn vi (C ) cn tm l y
=9(x-3) hay y= 9x 27
Vy c hai tip tuyn vi (C) c h s gc l k = 9 l
y=9x+5 v y= 9x 27.
b) Gi M(xM ;yM) l tip im ca tip tuyn cn tm.
1
Tip tuyn cn tm vung gc vi ng thng y x suy ra h
3
s gc ca n l
k = -3 (Lm tng t nh phn a)
V d 4: Cho hm s y 2 x3 3 x 2 12 x 5 (C). Vit phng trnh
tip tuyn vi (C) trong cc trng hp sau
a) Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = 6x 4.
1
b) Tip tuyn to vi ng thng y x 5 mt gc 450.
2
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
10
Gii
TX: D . Ta c y 6 x 6 x 12
a) V tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = 6x 4 suy ra h
s gc ca tip tuyn l k = 6.
Gi M0(x0; y0) l tip im ca tip tuyn cn tm. Khi ta
c
1 13
x0
2
y / ( x0 ) 6 6 x02 6 x0 12 6 x02 x0 3 0
1 13
x0
2
1 13
20 13 23
Vi x0
ta c y0
khi tip tuyn cn tm l
2
2
1 13 20 13 23
26 13 29
y 6( x
)
y 6x
2
2
2
1 13
7 13 23
Vi x0
ta c y0
khi tip tuyn cn tm l
2
2
1 13 7 13 23
13 13 29
y 6( x
)
y 6x
2
2
2
1
b) V tip tuyn cn tm to vi ng thng y x 5 mt gc
2
0
45 suy ra h s gc ca tip tuyn l k tho mn
1
1
k
2 tan 450 2k 1 1 2k 1 | 2 k | 2k 1 2 k k 3
2k 1 k 2
k
1
k 3
2
sau lm tng t nh phn a (Tm tip im).
V d 5: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) : y 2 x3 3 x 2 5 i
19
; 4 .
qua im A
12
Gii
19
; 4 c h s gc k, khi n c
Gi s ng thng i qua A
12
dng
19
y kx 4 k (d)
12
Ta c (d) tip xc vi (C) khi v ch khi h phng trnh sau c
nghm
19
3
2
2 x 3 x 5 kx 4 k (1)
12
2
6 x 6 x k (2)
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
11
19
(6 x 2 6 x) 8 x 3 25 x 2 19 x 2 0
12
x 1
( x 1)(8 x 2 17 x 2) 0 x 4
1
x
8
19
; 4 ( T vit ph 12
k =x2 2x
1
3
2
x x k(x 3)
3
Th (1) vo (2):
(1)
(2)
H c nghim.
1 3 2
x x (x2 2x)(x 3)
2
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
12
x 0
2x3 -12x2 + 18x = 0
x 3
+) Vi x1 = 0 k1 = 0 PTT2: y = 0
+) Vi x2 = 3 k2 = 3 PTT2: y = 3x - 9.
Vy c hai tip tuyn vi th hm s cho tho mn yu cu
bi ton
y = 0 v y = 3x 9.
x2 x 1
V d 8. Tm a th hm s y
(C) tip xc vi
x 1
(P) : y = x2 + a.
Gii
x2 2x
2x =(x 1)2
(1)
2
x x 1 x2 a (2)
x 1
H c nghim
Gii (1) x = 0 Th vo (2) a = - 1
Vy vi a = -1 th (1) tip xc vi (P).
V d 9. Cho ng cong y
x2 2x 2
(C)
x 1
1
k 1 (x 1)2
(1)
k(x a) x 1 1
x 1
(2)
nghim.
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
13
(I)
H c
1
k
(
x
1)
(1)
x 1
k(x a) x 1 1 (2)
x 1
(2) - (1)
1
k(1 a)
(3)
x 1
2
k1
Kt hp (3) v (1) ta c:
k2(1 a)2
(4)
k 1
a=-1, a=3
(1 a)2 1
1
theo a v k thay
x 1
(C)
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
14
1
(x 1)2
(1)
k(x a) b x 1 1
x 1
(2)
k 1
H c
nghim.
1
x 1
k(x a) b x 1 1
x 1
k(x 1) x 1
(3)
(4)
2
1
k(1 a) b
k(1 a) b
(5)
x 1
x 1
2
Ly (4) - (3)
k1
Kt hp (5) v (1) ta c h
k(1 a) b
k 1
2
(6)
( k 1 v t (1) nu k = 1 th x, h v nghim.)
k1
2
2
2
k (1 a) 2((1 a)b 2)k b 4 0 (7)
V t M k c hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau ti (C) h trn
c hai nghim phn bit k1, k2 v k1.k2 = - 1
a 1
2
b 4 1
(8)
2
1
a 1
(1 a)2 b2 4
1 a b 0
(10)
(11)
(I)
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
15
Vy ta c tp hp cc im M cn tm l ng trn tm I(1; 0)
bn knh R = 2, b i 4 im l giao cc ng thng x = 1
v - x + y + 1 = 0 vi ng trn l cc im (1; 2); (
1 2; 2 ); ( 1 2; 2 ).
2x2 x 1
V d 11. Cho ng cong: y
(C)
x 1
Tm tt c cc im trn ng thng y = 7 m t k c
hai tip tuyn vi ng cong (C) m hai tip tuyn hp vi
nhau gc = 450.
Gii:
Gi M t: y = 7 M(a; 7).
Phng trnh ng thng () qua M c h s gc k: y = k(x - a)
+ 7.
2
k
(1)
2
(
x
1)
() l tip tuyn ca (C)
H c
k(x a) 7 2x 1 2 (2)
x1
nghim.
2
k(x 1) 2(x 1) x 1 (3)
k(x a) 7 2x 1 2 (4)
x 1
Ly (4) - (3): 3
4
1
k(1 a) 4
k(1 a) 7
(5)
x1
x 1
4
k 2
Kt hp (5) v (1)
k(1 a) 4
k 2 2
4
k 2
2
2
k (1 a) 8k(2 a) 0 (6)
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
16
nhau gc = 450.
2
O
Ta gi s: 1 450 2
tan1
1
x
1 tan2
1 k2
k1
1 tan2
1 k2
k1 - k1.k2 = 1 + k2 (7)
V (6) phi c hai nghim
phn bit m
nghim
bng
c
0 c mt
a
0
mt
nghim khc 0.
a 1
a 1
1
2
Kt hp (8) v (7) ta c:
k1 1
k2 0
a 1
Nu k1 = 1, t (6) : a 3
(1 a)2 8(2 a) 0
a 1
Nu k2 = -1 , t (8) : a 3
(1 a)2 8(2 a) 0
a=5 2 2 .
a=- 3 2 6
0
2
(3)
x0 3x0 2 ax0 b
x'20 7x'0 11 ax'0 b (4)
H c nghim.
(5)
(m 1)x m
(m 0)
x m
Gii:
m2
m 1
ax b
x m
m2
a
(x m)2
Ly (3) - (4):
(1)
(2)
m2
m 1
ax b
x m
m2
a(x m)
x m
1
m(a 1) b 1
x m
2m2
Kt hp (2) v (5) ta c:
(3)
(4)
(5)
1
(m(a 1) b 1)2
2
4m
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
18
Bi 21. Cho th hm s (C ) : y x 3 3x 2 2
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) i qua im
23
A
; 2 .
9
k k n k
0 n
1 n 1
n 1
n 1
n
Ta c a b Cn a .b Cn a Cn a .b ... Cn a.b Cn .b (1)
n
k 0
Trong :
+ a, b l hai s thc.
+ n l s nguyn dng.
Nhn xt:
+ Trong khai trin trn s m ca a gim dn t tri sang
phi, ngc li s m ca b tng dn t tri sang phi. S m ca a
v b trong mi s hng cng li u bng n.
+ Trong khai trin trn c n + 1 s hng.
+ S hng tng qut trong khai trin (1) l
k k nk
T Cn a .b
(0 k n) .
+ S hng thc k trong khai trin (1) l
k 1 k 1 n k 1
Cn a .b
(1 k n 1) .
2. Mt vi khai trin thng dng.
Ta c
x 1
o hm v ng dng tp 1.
23