Medicinal Plants of Sindh

MONOGRAPH
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF
SINDH
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND
SCIENTIFIC FACTS
Atta-ur-Rahman
M. Iqbal Choudhary
and
Saifullah Bullo
Study Sponsored
by
Department of Planning and Development

Government of Sindh
DELIVERABLE OF THE PROJECT

ENTITLED,
SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION AND

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FROM
THE FOLK MEDICINES USED IN
THE PROVINCE OF SINDH
PROJECT TEAM
1.
Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS, N.I., H.I., S.I., T.I.
Patron-in-Chief
2.
Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhary, H.I., S.I., T.I.

(Ph.D and Sc.D.)
Principal Investigator
3.
Mr. Saifullah Bullo

(M.Sc.Org. Chemistry)
Research Officer
4.
Dr. Shakil Ahmed

(PhD Chemistry)
Coordinator
5.
Dr. Nadeem Akhtar Korai

(M.B.B.S and M.Phil Pharmacology)
Medical Doctor
6.
Mr. Zaheer Abbas

(M.Sc: Botany)
Plant Taxonomist
7.
Mr. Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar

(M.Phil Botany)
Anthropologist
8.
Dr. M. Tariq Rajput

(Ph.D Zoology)
Survey Officer
9.
Mr. Abdul Hafeez

(B.A)
Plant Collection
Incharge
DEDICATED TO THE
PEOPLE OF THE PROVINCE OF SINDH

WHO HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND
UNBROKEN TRADITIONS OF THE USE OF
PLANTS FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES
SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL
CONTENT
Preface............ i
Forward.. ii
1.0 Background......... 06
1.1 Districts of Sindh.... 07
2.0 Map of the Sindh Province.... 08
2.1 Historical Places of Sindh.. 09
2.2 Brief History of Sindh 12
3.0 Summary of the Study.... 13
3.1 List of the Medicinal Plants.... 21
4. Folk Medicinal Uses and Scientific Factsbout Medicinal.. 25
Plants of Sindh
5. Conclusion and Recommendations....
6.0 Annexures...
6.1 Survey Form...
6.2 Photographs........
6.3 Glossary of Typical Termed used in the Book..
6.4 Glossary of scientific terms................
6.5 References......
BACKGROUND
Sindh, being the most ancient civilizatiuons of the world, has a vast knowledge
and unbroken tradition of the use of the plants for a variety of purposes.
Therapeutic uses of plants has been recorded in manay treatise and historical
documents of ancient Sindh.
Rural Sindh is a place where plants are still used for the treatment of prevailing
diseases. However, with the growing urbanization and changing life style, this
knowledge base is shrinking and traditions are gradually lost with the time. The
project entitled as Scientific evaluation and product Development from the
Folk Medicines used in the Province of Sindh, was envisaged to collect,
document, and made public the rich ethnobotanic knowledge of Sindh. This is
the crucial first step to preserve the traditional knowledge, to avoid it unlawful
use by others and to benefit from into by the systemic use of Science and
Technology.
The content of this monograph is based on the valuable information collected
during the first ever field based ethnobotanic survey, conducted in all 17
districts of the province of Sindh by a multidisciplinary team of researchers and
scientists.
Forty four (44) different places were visited for the documentation of folk
medicinal practices, based on a carefully designed survey protocol. Over 700
survey forms were filled by various stakeholders, common peoples, traditional
healers, hakims, etc. Based on which, 101 samples of medicinal plants were
collected, including different parts of the same plants on different occasions,
and from different places. The names of the districts which were visited are
given in section-1.1, and a map of the Province presented in section-1.2, with
visited areas properly highlighted.
1.1 Districts of Sindh Surveyed
S. No.
District
Area (km)
Population
Density (People/km)
1.
Badin
6,726
1,136,044
169
2.
Dadu
19,070
1,688,811
89
3.
Ghotki
6,083
970,549
160
4.
Hyderabad
5,519
4,391,488
524
5.
Jamshoro
79,165
555,200
263
6.
Khairpur
15,910
1,546,587
97
7.
Larkana
7,423
1,927,066
260
8.
Matiari
1,417
515,331
364
9.
Mirpurkhas
2,925
905,930
536
10.
Naushahro Feroz
2,945
1,087,571
369
11.
Nawabshah
(Benazirabad)
4,502
1,071,533
238
12.
Sanghar
10,728
1,453,028
135
13.
Sukkur
5,165
908,373
176
14.
Tando Allahyar
1303
400,000
222
15.
Tharparkar
19,638
914,291
47
16.
Thatta
17,355
1,113,194
64
17.
Umerkot
18,31
663,100
157
Total Province
140,914
35,470,648
270 Average
2.0 Map of Sindh (With marked places)
2.1 Historical Places of Sindh
Kot Deji
Moen Jo daro (1000 3000 BC)
(District Khairpur)
(District Larkana)
Thatta Mosque
Historical Sukkur Bridge
(District Thatta)
(Dsitrict Sukkur)
Culture and Life of Rural Sindh
10
Shrine of
Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
Shrine of
Hazrat Lal Shehbaz Qalander
(District Hala)
(District Sehwan)
Shrine of Hazrat Sachal Sarmast

District Khairpur Mirus
Tomb Quaid-e-Azam M. Ali Jinnah

Karachi
11
2.2 Brief History of Sindh

Sindh which is regarded as the oldest civilization of the world, the first known village
settlement date as far back as 7000 BC. Sindh has been called with various names over the
centuries e.g. Sauvira, Mehran, Sindhudesh, and Sindhu being the original name of Indus River.
This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to Indus Valley civilization around
3000 BC. They were very much competent people with other civilizations of that times such as
with Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a
million inhabitants. They were very advanced at their time because you can see at Moen jo
Daro that there are streets, road and well designed drainage system. It is known that Indus
valley civilization traded with ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia through establishing
shipping lanes. In ancient Egypt, the world for cotton was Sindh suggesting that the bulk of that
civilizations cotton was imported from Indus valley Civilization. Several kings have conquered
and ruled over the Sindh such as Persians Achaemenid Empire in 6the century BC. In late 300s
BC, Sindh was conquered by mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under the Alexander the
great and they ruled for few decades. After the death of the Alexander the great, there was brief
period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Charagupta in
305 BC. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the budhist religion spread to Sindh.
Muryan rule ended in 185 BC with the overthrow of the last king of the Sunga Dynasty. After
that Greek rule returned when Dmetrius I of Bactria led Greco-Bactrian invisioned of the India
and annexed most of the north western lands, including Sindh. And that up and downs one ruler
after other continued until the 711 CE when Mohammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and as
Arabs enters here and Islam widespread in subcontinent Sindh is also regarded as Babul Islam
(Gateway of Islam). Muslims ruled the India for several hundred years until the British Armies
conquered the India and 1947 they get rid of from Britain and subcontinent was divided into
two countries Pakistan and India and Sindh part pf Pakistan.
Todays Sindh is largely urbanized, with Karachi, Hyderabad, and Sukkur being developed as
large cosmopolitan cities. The economy of which was based on agriculture and livestock three
decades ago, is now based on industrial production and value addition on agriculture products.
Sindh is the most urbanized, and educated province of Pakistan which serves as the economic
hub of the nation, but economicdisparity, proving difference in rich and poor and strong feudal
systemwithin the province,as well as, stark differences in development pattern, is among the
most distorted factors in social fabrics of the province.
12
3.0 Summary of the Study

Medicinal palnts play a key role in the healthcare of human society since time immemorial.
River Indus civilization is among the most ancient civilizations of the world, at par to
Egyptian, Samarian, and Babylonian civilizations. People live on the bank of mighty river
Indus have evolved a culture of co-existence; respect for the diversity value to the innovation,
and an efficient and democratic the system of governance. In this conducive environment,
knowledge flourished scholarship natured and innovation took roots. The use of various plants
for the treatment of the prevailing disorders, based on trial and errors and folk wisdom, is
among the heritage of Sindh civilization. Though in last 100 years, Western medicines became
the main system of healthcare in urban Sindh, the rural Sindhis continue to benefits from the
folk knowledge of the use of plants as medicines. Unfortunately most of this knowledge base
has never been documented and thus threatened to disappear with the rapid demographic
changes especially the growing urbanization of towns and rural to urban migration of the
population.
This project was the first serious and broad based efforts to save this invaluable folk knowledge
of ethanomedicines of our province, before it deplete to an insignificant level.
With this strong realization of the importance of preserving the folk ethanobotanic knowledge
of the Sindh, the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan and Department of Planning and Development
Government of Sindh developed a partnership, and study was initiated in 2006.
Many extensive discussion sessions were held before the execution of the field studies, and
following objectives were agreed upon:
(a).
To compile the centuries old folk knowledge of Sindh, as an easy to access document.
(b).
To create an authentic folk ethnomedicinal database of medicinal practices in Sindh

for the purpose of Intellectual Property Rights protection.
(c).
To initiate scientific evaluation of folk medicines of Sindh for the purpose of

development of cheaper and easily accessible medicines for people of Sindh.
(d).
To work on value addition to the floral resources of Sindh by possible production of

standardized raw material.
(e).
To increase the possibility of access to cost effective, safe and culturally acceptable
medicines for rural population, based on indigenousknowledge.
To begin with, extensive dialogue was arranged between various senior experts to design an
appropriate survey strategy for the field work. An elaborate program was then chalked out to
carefully select survey sites, and assembled a team of young and experienced scholars,
belonging to all relevant fields, such as chemistry, anthropology, taxonomy, medicines, etc.
13
Over a three years times; an extensive field work was conducted in breadth of the entire
province, often in very difficult situations. The out reach and interaction with community in the
far fledge areas was among the major focus of this field study. Each survey visit was often
spread over several days with many stopovers and small gatherings. This field study included
the following:
(a)
Name of the place and exact geographical locations
(b)
Name of the people interviewed, along with their economic and social backgrounds
(c)
Duly executed survey forms
(d)
Photographs of the people interviewed.
(e)
Photographs of the medicinal herbs/plants collected or purchased
(f)
Prepration of taxonomic specimen of the plant
(g)
Information about the plant parts used for therapeutic purposes.
(h)
Method of preparation of herbal formulation
The information gathered were validated through the taxonomic identification at the Herberium
of the University of Karachi, where specimen of the each plant was deposited under the
supervision of trained taxonomist. An extensive scientific literature survey was conducted on
each plant, by using library and digital resources. The library books, databases and online
information sources, used for literature survey included the following:
(a)
Chemical Abstracts (In Print)
(b)
Sci Finder (Online)
(c)
Science Direct (Online)
(d)
Journals of Natural Products
(e)
Phytochemistry
(f)
Other journals of pharmacognosy, ethnobotany and herbal medicinal research
Based on the scientific literature survey, the novelty of the ethanobotanic information was
assessed. Results of various surveys were crtically analyzed by using critical and probability
matching approach.
In cases, where the plants were found to have widespread use against a specific disease or a
unique use based on global literature survey, a phytochemical and biological screenings were
carried out. For this purpose, collected plants material were properly cleaned, dried under
shade, pulverized, and soaked in appropriate solvents, most often 80% ethanol H2O. After
several days of soaking, extracts were filtered and dried under vacuum. The ethanolic extracts
were then further extracted by using various organic solvents (Ethanol, dichloromethanol,
hexanes). Each extract was then used for the biological screenings for a number of activities,
Such as:
14
(a)
Antibacterial Bioassays
(b)
Antifungal Bioassays
(c)
Antileishmanial Bioassays
(d)
Phytotoxicity Bioassays
(e)
Antiglycation Bioassays
(f)
Cytotoxicity Bioassays
(g)
Antimalarial Biassays
(h)
Others assay
Specific emphasis of scientific studies was on the disease for which a particular plant was
used in indigenous system. Based on the bioassays screenings, selected group of plants
were assessed by in vivo testing, and in one case human clinical trials was also conducted
under the supervision of well trained chimicians by using standard protocols after ethical
committees clearance.
The results of the entire study are presented in this monograph, which firmly establish the
fact that the ethanobotanic knowledge of Sindh deserves further scientific studies to
transfer the benefits of the ancient knowledge to the local community, to the province and
to the modern world.
15
Plant Species
with specimen
number
Family
Varnacular Part Used

Name
Allium sativum
Linn.
Alliaceae
Thoma/ Laasan
Azadirachta
indica A. Juss.
Melianceae
Nimm/ Neem
Alternanthera
sessilis (Linn.) R.
Br.ex DC
Amaranthaceae
Bengroo
Leaves
Infection, cut, external injury
Acacia nilotica
(Linn.) Willd. ex
Delile)
Fabaceae
Bhabhur
Bark,
flower,
leaves
Leavesfor infertility in women,

flowers for hepatitis and jaundice,
bark for mouth blister and heat
stroke
Acacia
jacquemontii
Benth.
Fabaceae
Bhaori
Leaves
Stomach pai, removal of kidney

stone
Acacia senegal
(Linn.) Willd
Fabaceae
Kumbat
Gum
Arithritis and sexual weakness in

males
Aerva javanica
(Burm. f.) Juss.
Amaranthaceae
Bhooh
Root, whole Hemorrhoids, skin dryness and

self cracking of skin
plant
Asparagus
officinalis (Linn.)
Asparagaceae
Kootri
Whole Plant Infection of wounds and

hemorrhoids
Achyranthes
aspera Linn.
Amaranthaceae
Ubbat kandi
Leaves
Pneumonia and asthma
Aloe vera (Linn.)

Burm
Liliaceae
Kunwar bhooti/
Ghee kuwaar
Extracted
gum of
leaves
Diabetes, hepatitis and hair

dandruff
Albizia lebbeck
(Linn.) Benth.
Fabaceae
Sireenhun
Leaves &
Seeds
T.B, redishness in eyes and boils

(daanay)
Alhagi maurorum
Medik.
Fabaceae
Kandaira
Whole Plant Hotness of the body
Cressa cretica
Linn.
Convalulaceae
Unn
Whoel plant Joint pain, scabies and

inflamation
Cappris dcidua
(Forssk.) Edgew.
Capparaceae
Kirer
Whole Plant Impotency, fracture of bones,

asthma, diabetes, skin infection,
ear pain, toothe ache
16
Seeds
Ethnobotanic Uses/
Ailments treated
Ear pain, leishmeniasis
Asthma, hemorrhoides, retention
of urine, kidney pain, chronic
fever, malaria, eye infection, joint
pain in bones, diabetes, hair
dandruff, tooth ache and eye sight
weakness
Plant Species
with specimen
number
Family

Name
Ethnobotanic Uses/
Ailments treated
Citrullus
colocynthis
(Linn.) Schrad.
Cucurbitaeace
Trooh
Root, Fruit
Asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, eye

sight weakness, infections,
toothache, ear pain.
Corchorus
depressus (Linn.)
Tilaceae
Mundairi
Whole Plant Prolong bleeding during menses,

hepatitis, itching in urine and
retenion of urine, male sexual
weakness
Cuscuta
campestris
Yuncker in Mem
Convalulaceae
Bay paari
Whole Plant Diabetes, hepatitis, hair fall and

dandruff, laziness, and retention
of urine.
Cordial
dichotoma Forst.
Boraginaceae
Giddori
Leaves
Hepatitis and asthma
Calotropis
procera (Ait.)
Ait. f
Asclepiadaceae
Akk
Milk, Root,
Stem,
leaves
Malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis,

diabetes toothache, male, earpain,
scabies, stomach pain sexual
waekness and gall bladder
problems in animals.
Cordia gharaf
(Forssk.) Ehren
Boraginaceae
Liyaar
Whole
Plant,
Hepatitis, and infection of injury
Citrus sinensis
(Linn.) Osbeck,
Reise Ostind.
Rutaceae
Lemon
Fruit
Chronic fever, hepatitis and

removal of kidney stone
Commiphora
myrrha
(HOLMES)
Burseraceae
Tindoor
Stem
Fracture of bones
Cassia fistula
Linn.
Fabaceae
Amaltas
Bark, seeds
Hepatitis, jaundice and

costipation in children
Cassia senna
Linn.
Caaesalpiniaceae
Sana makai
Leaves
Blood purification and abdominal

discomfert
Cleome
brachycarpa
Vahl. ex DC.
Cleomaceae
Shamako
Whole Plant
Cymbopogon
citrates (D.C.)
Stapf
Poaceae
Puee
Whole Plant Chronic fever
Desmostachya
bipinnata (Linn.)
Poaceae
Drubh
Root,
Chronic fever, loose motions and
flower,
retention of urine.
whole plant
17
Plant Species
with specimen
number
Family

Name
Ethnobotanic Uses/
Ailments treated
Dalbergia sissoo
Roxb.
Fabaceae
Taari/ Shesham Leaves
Hotness of the body
Dhatura alba
Linn., Syst.
Dodonaea
viscosa (Linn.)
Sulanaceae
Chario daturo/
Daturo
Lohero
Fruit
Bronchial asthmas
Bark
Hepatitis and juandis
Echinops
echinatus Roxb.
Compositea/
Asteraceae
Dammai
Whole plant Scabies
Euphorbia
caducifolia
Haines
Enphorbiaceae
Kheer wall
Leaves and
milk
Ear pain and Stomach problems
Eclipta prostrata
(Eclipta alba)
(Linn.) Hassk.
Asteraceae/
Compositeae
Khokhri
Leaves
Diahorria
Fagonia indica
Burm
Zygophyllaceae
Damma
Ficus
benghalensis
Linn.
Moraceae
Barr
Milk of
leaves,
bark, root
Prolong mensis pain during

periods, astham, jaundice,
hepatitis and male sexual
weakness
Foeniculum
vulgare Mill
Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae
Soonf/ Wadif
Seeds
Abdominal discomfert and

constipation
Grewia tenax
(Forsk.)
Tilaceae
Kaankeh/
Wingo
Leaves
Hepatitis and boil (daanay)
Iphionai
grantioides Boiss
Asteraceae
Heliotropium
uropeum Linn.
Boraginaceae
Sapindaceae
Tinospora
cordifolia (DC.)
Miers
Hepatitis, scabies and snake sting

Nangan wall
Whole plant Hemorrhoides
Satta gullio
Leaves
Abscess (rattgarhi)
Skin diseases
Leptadenia
pyrotechnica
(Forssk.)
Apocybaceae
Kheer khip
Milk
Moringa rivae
Chiovenda
Moringaceae
Swanjehro
Gum, leaves Weakness in muscles and arithrits
Mangifera Indica
Linn.
Anacardiaceae
Anmb/ Aam
Leaves nad
seeds
18
Unhealing injuries/ infection and

loose motions
Plant Species
with specimen
number
Family

Name
Ethnobotanic Uses/
Ailments treated
Physalis minima
D. Don
Solonaceae
Aknaaj/
Rusberry
Phyllanthus
reticulatus Pair
Rhacophoridae
Patt Pairoon
Prosopis cinerria
(Linn.) Druce
Fabaceae
Gujjo
Phyla nodiflora
(Linn.)
Verbenaceae
Bhucccan
Whole plant Antidote to snake sting, Abscess

(rattgarhi), hepatitis and
leishmenisis
Pennisetum
typhoides Burm.
f.
Poaceae
Bhaajheri/
Baajra
Seeds
Flu and cough
Phoenix
dactylifera Linn.
Arecaeae
Khajji/Khujoor
Leaves
Tooth ache, and redishness of the

eyes of the birds
Ricinus
communis Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Haran
Leaves
Pneumonia and bone pain due to

strike
Rhazya stricta
Decne
Apocybaceae
Seenhaar/ Shaar Leaves,

stem
Rosa indica Linn.
Rosaceae
Gulaab
Solanum
surattense Burm
Solonaceae
Candairi
Suaeda fruticosa
Forssk
Chenopodiaceae
Laani
Whole plant Retention of urine
Salvadora
oleoidess Decne
Salvadoraceae
Mithi jhaar
Leaves
Pnemponia and kidney pain
Salvadora
persica Linn.
Salvadoraceae
Khabbar/Jhaar
Leaves
Internal pain in bones due to

injury or strike, heat stroke and
chronic fever
Senna italica/
Cassia italica
Mill
Fabaceae
Goora wall
Solanum nigrum
Linn.
Solonaceae
Kaanwal
Leaves
Kidney pain and stomach

discomfert
Weakness in newly born baby,

skin infection, eyesight weakness,
hepatitis and tooth ache
Flowers and Asthma, removal of kidney stone

buds
and gall bladder stone
Prolong mensis, scabies, chronic
fever, skin infection and chest
congession
Inflamation in joints, Itching in

urine and kidney stone
Leaves
Asthma
19
Plant Species
with specimen
number
Family

Name
Ethnobotanic Uses/
Ailments treated
Tamarix aphylla
(Linn.) Karst.
Tamaricaceae
Laee
Flower,
bark
Kidney stone and infection due to

injury.
Tamarindus
indica Linn.
Fabaceae
Giddamri
Fruit
Hepatitis and jaundice
Tribulus
terrestris Linn.
Zygophyllaceae
Whole plant Itching and retention of urine and

seual weakness in male and
nutlets
juriyan
Kanik/ Gandum Seeds
Pimples on face and fungus
diseases of skin
Triticum aestivum Proceae

Linn.
Vitex negundo
Linn.
Vernonia
anthelmintica
(Linn.) Willd.
Tikundi
Verbenaceae
Sanbhalu
Leaves
Flu and abdominal discomfert
Compositeae/
Asteraceae
Kaari geeri
Seeds
Chronic fever, joint swealing

(waai) and scabies
Withania
coagulans
(Stocks) Dunal
Solonaceae
Paneer
Seeds/fruit
Boil (daany) and blood

purification
Xanthium
strumarium Linn.
Asteraceae
Gusato
Leaves
Hemorrhoides
Zea mays Linn.
Poaceae
Makai
Bushes
Kidney pain, retention of urine

and kidney stone
Ziziphus
nummularia
(Burm. f.)
Rhamnaceae
Bhair/Bairi
Root, gum
Diabetes and chronic fever
20
3.1 List of the Folk Medicinal Plants Collected/

Purchase based on Ethanobotanic Survey:
S. No.
Botanical Name
Local Name
1.
Allium sativum Linn.
Thoma/Laasan
2.
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Nimm/Neem
3.
Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br.ex DC Bengroo
4.
Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. ex Delile)
Bhabhur
5.
Acacia jacquemontii Benth.
Bhaori
6.
Acacia senegal (Linn.) Willd
Kumbat
7.
Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss.
Bhooh
8.
Asparagus officinalis Linn.
Kootri
9.
Achyranthes aspera Linn.
Ubbat kandi
10.
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.
Kunwar Bhooti /ghee kuwaar
11.
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.
Sireenhun
12.
Alhagi maurorum Medik.
kandaira
13.
Cressa cretica L.
Unn
14.
Cappris dcidua (Forssk.) Edgew.
Kirer
15.
Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad
Trooh
16.
Corchorus depressus (Linn.)
Mundairi
17.
Cuscuta campestris Yuncker
Bay Paari
18.
Cordial dichotoma Forst.
Giddori
19.
Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f
Akk
20.
Cressa cretica L.
Unn
21.
Cordia gharaf (Forssk.) Ehren
Liyaar
22.
Citrus sinensis (Linn.)

Osbeck, Reise Ostind.
Lemon
23.
Commiphora myrrha (HOLMES)
Tindoor
Page
21
22
24.
Cassia fistula Linn.
Amaltas
25.
Cassia senn Linn.
Sana Makai
26.
Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC.
Shamako
27.
Cymbopogon citrates (D.C.) Stapf.
Puee
28.
Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.)
Drubh
29.
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Taari/Shesham
30.
Cassia fistula Linn.
Amaltas
31.
Dhatura alba Linn., Syst.
Chario daturo/daturo
32.
Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.)
Lohero
33.
Echinops echinatus Roxb.
Dammai
34.
Euphorbia caducifolia Haines
Kheer wall
35.
Eclipta prostrata (Eclipta alba)

(Linn.) Hassk.
Khokhri
36.
Fagonia indica Burm.
Damma
37.
Ficus benghalensis Linn.
Barr
38.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Soonf/Wadif
39.
Grewia tenax (Forsk.)
Kaankeh/wingo
40.
Inula grantioides Boiss.
Narro
41.
Heliotropium uropeum Linn.
Nangan wall
42.
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.)
Kheer khip
43.
Moringa rivae Chiovenda
Swanjehro
44.
Mangifera Indica Linn.
Anmb/Aam
45.
Physalis minima D. Don
Aknaaj /Rusberry
46.
Phyllanthus reticulatus Pair.
Patt Pairoon
47.
Prosopis cinerria (Linn.) Druce
Gujjo
48.
Phyla nodiflora (Linn.)
Bhucccan
49.
Pennisetum typhoides Burm. f.
Bhaajheri /baajra
50.
Phoenix dactylifera Linn.
Khajji/Khujoor
51.
Ricinus communis Linn.
Haran
52.
Rhazya stricta Decne.
Seenhaar/Shaar
53.
Rosa indica Linn.
Gulaab
54.
Solanum surattense Burm.
Candairi
55.
Suaeda fruticosa Forssk.
Laani
56.
Salvadora oleoidess Decne.
Mithi Jhaar
57.
Salvadora persica Linn.
Khabbar/Jhaar
58.
Senna italica/cassia italica Mill.
Goora wall
59.
Solanum nigrum Linn.
Kaanwal
60.
Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karst.
Laee
61.
Tamarix passernioides
Laee/Lao
62.
Tamarindus indica Linn.
Giddamri
63.
Tribulus terrestris Linn.
Tikundi
64.
Triticum aestivum Linn.
kanik/gandum
65.
Tinospora cordifolia Miers.
Sata Gulio
66.
Vitex negundo Linn.
Sanbhalu
67.
Vernonia anthelmintica ((Linn.)
Kaari geeri
68.
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal.
Paneer
69.
Xanthium strumarium Linn.
Giddar wall
70.
Zea mays Linn.
Makai
71.
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.)
Bhair/bairi
72.
Salvadora persica Linn.
Khabbar/Jhaar
23
The
medicinal
plants
find
extensive
uses
in
pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food

products. The use of the medicinal herbs for curing
diseases has been documented in the history of all
civilizations.
The
plants
contains
multitude
of
compounds like glycosides, terpenes, alkaloids, etc.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that
80% population in developing countries still relies on
traditional medicines for their primary health care
needs.
24
Botanical Name: Allium sativum Linn.

Synonym:
Garlic
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Alliaceae
Genus:
Allium
Sindhi name: Thoma

Urdu Name:
Allium sativum
Lassen
Description of Allium sativum:

Bulb ovoid with 6-10 bulblets; scales white. Scapes c. 1 in tall, curved; spathe long-beaked.
Leaves linear, flattened. Umbels with bulbils and flowers. Tepals white, lanceolate, acuminate.
Filaments shorter than the tepals, inner with 2 cusps. Garlic is extensively cultivated. It is used
in medicine, and as a spice.
Medicinal Uses of Allium sativum in Sindh:

Bulb of plants are used for the treatment of ear pain.
Method of use: Take 2-3 bulbs and pour them in 10 mL hair oil and heat them gently for 3-4
minutes and let the solution cooled and pour 2-3 drops in your ear in which you have pain. Pain
will be released within 1-2 days
25
Studies on Allium stivum:

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a member of the onion family, has been cultivated for thousands of
years and is widely used for both its culinary and medicinal attributes. Garlic has another sulfur
containing compound, ajoene, which has antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial properties.
Our research group screened out a large number of medicinal plants and their fractions against
leismanial parasite, bacteria, and fungi. Here we will describe the Allium sativum , which have
potent leishmanicidal, antibacterial, and antifungal etc activity.
Garlic has a very long folk history of uses in a wide range of ailments, particularly diseases
such as ringworm, Candida and vaginitis where its fungicidal, antiseptic, tonic and anti
parasitic properties have proved of benefits.
Allium sativum is known to have lipid and cholesterol lowering, antidiabetic, antifungal,
antiparasitic and other properties. Ajoene (C9H14OS) is one of the sulfur containing compounds
that is the most important constituents of garlic. Ajoene is the standardized active constituents
of majority of garlic based products and has a potent leishmanicidal activity.
Plant Name
Part Used
Extract
IC50 g/mL S.D.
Allium sativum
Bulbs
Pet. Ether extract
37 0.50
Ethyl acetate extract
3.9 0.40
Alcohol extract
94.5 0.25
Standard Drugs:
Amphotericin B
0.50 0.02
Pentamidine
2.50 0.09
Animal toxicity
26
Animal Model
Doses (mg/kg)
LD50 or Lethality
Wister Rats
10
No Lethality
(Male 200-250 g)
100
No Lethality
500
No Lethality
1000
No Lethality
Figure-1 (A): Lesion before treatment.
Figure-1 (B): Healed lesion after 08 weeks.
Figure-2 (A): Crusted lesion on the elbow.
Figure-3 (A): Deep ulcerated lesion on the

ankle.
The results obtained from this trial were very encouraging; with complete healing of the lesions
and total elimination of the parasite in 78.75% of the patients.
27
Botanical Name: Azadirachta A. Juss.

Synonym:
Azadirachta indica,
Antelaea azadirachta
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Meliaceae
Genus:
Azadirachta
Azadirachta indica
Sindhi Name: Nimm

Urdu Name:
Neem
Description of Azadirachta:
Tree, up to 15 m tall. Branches glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, pulvinus at the base; leaflets
alternate to opposite, 2.5-7 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad, ovate, subsessile, acuminate. Flowers
white, sweet-scented. Sepals obovate, 1.5 mm long, puberulous, imbricate. Petals 6 mm long,
obvoate to oblong, white, margin ciliate. Staminal tube c. 5 mm long, puberulous, 10-striate,
10-toothed; teeth 2-lobed; anthers oblong, basifixed. Ovary sub-globose; style linear, c. 2.5 mm
long; stigma trifid. Drupe oblong, 1.3-2 cm long, greenish-yellow, 1-seeded.
Distribution: A native of India and China, cultivated and naturalized through-out India,
Malaysia and Pakistan. The tree is cultivated in the warmer parts of the country. It yields good
timber. All parts of the plant are medicinal.
Medicinal Uses of Azadirachta indica in Sindh:

Leaves are used for the treatment of itching, hemorrhoid, retention of urine, and kidney pain.
Fresh Leaves and flowers are used against fever of unknown reasons. Flowers are also used
against asthma, boil, malaria and eye infection. Flowers and fruits are also used against
diabetes. Fruits are used against skin and soft tissues infections. Fruits are also used against
bronchial asthma, bone pain, mouth blister, helminthes infection, and hair dandruff. Barks are
used against fever of unknown origin. Branches are used against toothache as miswak. Stem is
used for improving eyesight.
28
1. Method of use for itching:

Dip 2-3 kg of fresh leaves in water and boil. Let it cool and have bath with bit warm prepared
solution for 3-4 days.
2. Method of use for Hemorrhoid:
Grind the fresh leaves 250 gm, make a paste and add 100 mL hair oil and apply on the effected
area every night and keep using until the problem is solved, usullay it takes 8-12 days.
3. Method of Use for the Treatment of Retention of Urine, Kidney Pain, Asthma, Boils,
and Malaria:
Flowers, either fresh or dried 200-250 g, are grinded 2 glasses of water is added and filtered
through thin piece of cloth. This water is used for drinking. Urine will be passed within 10-15
minutes. For asthma, boil, malaria and kidney pain; drink this water in fasting for 7-10 days.
4. Method of Use for Diabetes:
Just eat the fresh flowers as much as possible easily three times every day. Fruit are dried in
shadow and powdered and 1 spoon is taken every day.
5. Method of Use for Eye Infection:
Just chew some flowers and pour the liquid (salira) of mouth in eye after filtering.
6. Method of Use for Improving Eye Sight:
Make a hole in the neem tree whose stem is bit wider and keep the solid antimony (stibnite) in
that hole and also put the cutted piece of stem on the same place after keeping the antimony for
40 days, and then just take that out and grind into a powder and append every day.
7. Method of Use for Hair Dandruff:
Take approximately 250 g of fresh fruits and grind them and make a paste apply on the hair let
it for 3-4 hours and wash head and hair with this shampoo, and repeat same for 10 days
consectutively.
Scientific Study:
Bioassays of Azadirachta indica: The methanolic extract leaves plant shows antibacterial,
antifungal, and insecticidal and phytotoxic activities.
Previous Studies on Azadirachta indica:
1. Nimbolide, a triterpenoid exracttd from the flowers of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica),
was found to have antiproliferative activity against some cancer cell lines.
2. Following are comounds isolated from Azadirachta indica:
29
Tetranortriterpenoid:
Meliatetraolenone [24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6-O-Me, 7-senecioyl(7deacetyl)-11,12,21,23-tetrahydroxy-21,23-epoxy-2,14,20(22)-trien-1,16-dione] (1) was
isolated from the methanolic ext. of fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica.
Triterpenoids:Azadironolide[24,25,26,27-tetranorapoeupha-7-acetoxy-23-hydroxy-21,23epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3,21-dione](I),isoazadironolide
[24,25,26,27-tetranorapoeupha-7acetoxy-21-hydroxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3,23-dione](II),and
azadiradionolide
[24,25,26,27-tetranorapoeupha-7-acetoxy-21,23-epoxy-1,14,20(22)-trien-3,16,21-trione] (III),
were isolated from the fresh fruit coats of Azadirachta indica
HO
O
Me
Me
Me
H
H
O
OAc
Me
Me
O
O
Me
Me
30
Me
OH
Me
Me
H
H
Me
O
II
Me
H
H
OAc
Me
OAc
Me
Me
III
Botanical Name: Alternanthera sessilis

(Linn) R. Br.ex DC
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Genus:
Alternanthera
Sindhi Name: Bengroo
Alternanthera sessilis
Description of the Alternanthera sessilis

Annual or usually perennial herb; in drier situations with slender, more solid stems, erect,
much-branched, to c. 30 cm; in wetter places ascending or commonly prostrate with stems c.
0.1-1 m long, rooting at the nodes, fistular, with numerous lateral branches; when floating
very fistular, the stems attaining several metres in length and over 1 cm thick, with long clusters
of whitish rootlets at the nodes. Stem and branches green or purplish, with a narrow line of
whitish hairs down each side of the stem and tufts of white hairs in the branch and leaf axils,
otherwise glabrous, striate, terete. Leaves extremely variable in shape and size, linearlanceolate to oblong, oval, or obovate-spathulate, 1-9 (-15) x 0.2-2 (-3) cm, blunt to shortly
acuminate at the apex, cuneate to attenuate at the base, glabrous or thinly pilose, especially on
the lower surface of the midrib; petiole obsolete or up to c. 5 mm. Inflorescence sessile,
axillary, solitary or in clusters of up to c. 5, subglobose (or somewhat elongate in fruit), c. 5
mm in diameter; bracts scarious, white, deltoid-ovate, mucronate with the excurrent pale
midrib, glabrous, c. 0.75-1 mm; bracteoles similar, 1-1.5 mm, also persistent. Tepals ovalelliptic, equal, 1.5-2.5 mm, acuminate to rather blunt, white, glabrous, shortly but distinctly
mucronate with the stout, excurrent midrib, the margins obscurely denticulate. Stamens 5 (2
filaments anantherous), at anthesis subequalling the ovary and style, the alternating
pseudostaminodes resembling the filaments but usually somewhat shorter. Ovary strongly
compressed, roundish, style extremely short. Fruit obcordate or cordate-orbicular, 2-2.5 mm
long, strongly compressed with a narrow, pale, somewhat thickened margin. Seed discoid, c.
0.75-1 mm, brown, shining, faintly reticulate.
Distribution: A common species, very widepsread in the tropics and subtroprics of both Old
and New Worlds in waste and cultivated ground, especially in damp or wet conditions.
Medicinal Uses of Alternanthera sessilis in Sindh:

Leaves are used against infection of cut or injury.
31
1. Method of use for injury:

Make the paste of 10 g fresh leaves and add 5 mL hair oil and apply on the affected area twice a
day the quantity can increased according to size of cut or injury.
Previous studies on Alternanthera sessilis:
It has been reported that A. Sessilis possess-antibacterial activity.
It has also been reported that it can be used against the common cold and allaying fever.
Following are the compounds isolated from Alternanthera sessilis:
A mixture of diastereomers of a new ionone deriv. (I) from the chloroform ext. of the air-dried
leaves of Alternanthera sessilis.
Me
CH 2 -OH
Me
Me
OH
OH
Major components are saponins from leaves of A. sessilis contain a 3-O-(-Dglucopyranosyluronic acid). 28-O--D-Glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid.
A saponin having oleanolic acid as aglycon and glucose and rhamnose as sugar moieties.
Lupeol (m.p. 213, []D20+ 26.40) from the petroleum ether ext. of dried powd. roots of A.
sessilis.
32
Botanical Name: Acacia nilotica

(Linn.) Willd. ex
Delile
Synonyms:
Acacia arabica,
Acacia scorpioides,
Mimosa arabica,
Mimosa nilotica,
Mimosa scorpioides
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Acacia
Acacia nilotica
Sindhi name: Bhabhur

Urdu Name:
Babul
Description of Acacia nilotica:

An exceedingly variable species. Tree, c. 1.2-18 m high, variable in shape; bark on trunk rough,
fissured, blackish, grey or brown; young branches almost glabrous to subtomentose. Stipules
spinescent, up to 8 cm long. Leaf often with 1-2 petiolar glands and others between all or only
the topmost of the 2-11 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 7-25 pairs, c. 1.5-7 mm long, c.0.5-1.5 mm
wide, glabrous to pubescent. Inflorescence axillary pedunculate heads, 6-15 mm in diameter.
Flowers bright yellow, involucel from near base to half way up the peduncle. Calyx 1-2 mm
long, pubescent or subglabrous. Corolla 2.5-3.5 mm long, glabrous to more or less pubescent
outside. Fruit very variable, indehiscent, straight or curved, glabrous to velvety, 4-22 cm long,
c.1.3-2.2 cm wide. Seed blackish brown, smooth, 7-9 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, subcircular,
compressed, areole 6-7 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide.
Medicinal Uses of Acacia nilotica in Sindh:

Leaves are used against infertility in women, flowers are used against hepatitis, and bark is
used against mouth blister, toothache, and heat stroke.
1. Method of use for infertility in women:
3-5 grams of fresh leaves eaten in fasten for 15 days.
33
2. .Method of use for mouth blisters:

Take 5-8 grams of bark and boil then in 2 glass of water keep boiling until the volume of water
is reduced to half and let it becool and then gargle 4-5 times and repeat the same practice 3
times every day.
3. Method of use for hepatitis and juaindice:
Take fresh or dried 10-15g of flowers and grind them and add 1 glass of water and drink 3
glasses everday and repeat the same practice for 40 days.
Bioassays of Acacia nilotica:
The methanolic extract of bark plant showed antifungal and phytotoxic activities.
Previous studies on Acacia nilotica:
Kampherol have been isolated from Acacia nilotica and has been reported to possess
antioxidant activity. Ethanolic extract of the fruit of Acacia nilotica possess significant
microbial activity; 3-acetoxy-17-hydroxy-androst-5-ene, was isolated from aerial parts of
Acacia nilotica. This compound is reported to have anti-inflammatory activity.
Following compounds have are isolated from Acacia nilotica, alongwith the above mentioned
compounds.
3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid and 3,4-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy benzoic acid (syringic
acid). 3-Acetoxy-17-hydroxy-androst-5-ene whose structure has been given below.
Me
Me
H
H
AcO
OH
H
I
Flavonol
glycosides
viz.
5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-8-isoprenylflavone-3-O--Dxylopyranoside
and
5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6,8,2'-trimethoxyflavone-3-O--L-rhamnosyl
(12)-O--D-glucopyranoside from the seeds.
34
Botanical Name: Acacia jacquemontii

(Benth.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Acacia
Sindhi Name: Bhaori
Acacia jacquemontii
Description of Acacia jacquemontii:

An erect shrub, 1.2-2.5 m tall, twigs zigzag, bark greyish brown, young shoots slightly
puberulous. Spines stipular, straight, white, connate at the base, 1.5-5 cm long. Rachis 0.8-5 cm
long, glabrous, usually with a gland between the upper pair of pinnae. Pinnae 1-4 pairs, 5-15
cm long. Leaflets 5-10 pairs, sessile, c. 2.5-4 mm long, c. 1-1.5 mm broad, oblong, obtuse,
glabrous. Inflorescence pedunculate heads in axillary fascicles of 2-8, rarely shortly racemose
or umbellate, flowers yellow, fragnant, peduncle c. 1.2-2.5 cm long, bracts 2-3, about the
middle of the peduncle. Calyx c. 1 mm long, campanulate. Corolla 2.5 mm long. Pod 5-7.5 cm
long, c. 0.8-1.7 cm broad, glabrous, reticulately veined, 5-6 seeded, stipe c. 3-5 mm long.
Flowering Period: February-May.
Lectotype: Banks of Nerbuddah, Jacquemont (K).
Syntype: In collib. siccis Thonna & Radjouri, Jacquemont (K).
Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan); India (Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Rajasthan).
The bark is used for tanning leather and the leaves are stored as fodder.
Medicinal Uses of Acacia jacquemontii in Sindh:

Leaves are used against stomach pain and for the removal of kidney stones.
Method of use:
Just eat 2-3g of fresh leaves pain will be released with 10-20 minutes and for removal of kidney
stone boil the 5-10 g of leaves in 500 mL and keep boiling until the water is reduced to half
volume then drink that water after cooling, and repeat the practice for 40 days.
35
Previous studies on Acacia jacquemontii:

Folowing compounds are solated from Acacia jacquemontii:
Two diterpenoids consisting of 7-membered hemiacetal and in structure I (R = Me).
CH 2
Me
H
H
Me
36
H
Me
R
O
OH
Botanical Name: Acacia senegal (Linn.)

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Acacia
Sindhi Name: Kumbat
Acacia senegal
Description of Acacia senegal:

A small tree, 3-6 m. tall, young shoots pubescent, old branches glaucous-grey, on older stems
the bark peels off in thin flakes of a darker colour. Prickles in threes at the base of the petiole,
two lateral ones nearly straight or slightly curved upwards, the third recurved c. 5 mm long.
Rachis c. 2.5-5 cm long, with glands between the lowest and upper most pair of pinnae. Pinnae
3-5 pairs, opposite, sometimes alternate, c.1.2-2.5 cm long. Leaflets 8-15 pairs, c. 2-5 mm long,
c. 1-1.5 mm broad, linear, obtuse, subsessile. Inflorescence a pedunculate spike, peduncle c. 818 mm long, spike 5-10 cm long. Flowers sessile. Calyx c. 1.5-2.5 mm long, broadly
campanulate, glabrous. Corolla c. 4 mm long. Stamens indefinite, filaments c. 6-7 mm long.
Pod 5-7.5 cm long, c.1.7-2.5 cm broad, thin, flat, almost straight, shortly stipitate, tip with a
slightly curved beak. Seeds 5-6, disc like, almost circular, ovate to linear-ovate, 6-9 mm long, c.
5-8 mm broad, with a U shaped depression on either side, smooth, dark brown to greyish green
in colour.
Flowering period: August-December
Type: Arabiawhereabouts of Type uncertain (Brenan in Hubbard & Milne-Redhead, Fl.
Trop. East Afr. (Mimosoideae) 92.1959.).
Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Baluchistan); India (Rajasthan, South-East Punjab, Delhi) ;
Arabia; widely distributed in Tropical Africa.
It yields true gum arabic of commerce. The gum is used in medicine and most forms of
confectionaries. The wood takes beautiful polish, and is used for weaver's shuttles, fuelwood
and charcoal.
Medicinal Uses of Acacia senegal in Sindh:

Gum of the plant is used against arthritis and sexual weakness in males.
37
Method of use:
Take 1 kg of gum of the plant add 1 kg of the desi ghee (butter oil) prepared from butter of cow
and also add 1 kg of almond, half kg of Misree (refined crystalline sugar), and add 1 litre of
water and mix them in a pot and heat them and keep stirring the mixture until the water is
evaporated. The material is keep in fridge and eat the 20-30 g of recipe after warming it on heat
every day in fasting but in winter season, healthy persons can also take this for general well
being.
Previous studies on Acacia senegal:
Following compounds are isolated from Acacia senegal:
Many polsachrides are isolated from gum of, Acacia senegal possessing, following characterists.
Gum consisting mainly of a (13)--D-galactan core with (16)--D-galactopyranosyl
branches
and
with
-L-arabinofuranosyl-(13)--L-arabinofuranosyl
and
-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(14)--D-glucopyranosyluronic acid groups attached to positions 3 and 6,
respectively.
38
Botanical Name: Aerva javanica

(Burm. f.) Juss.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Genus:
Aerva
Sindhi Name: Bhooh
Aerva javanica
Description of the Aerva javanica:

Perennial herb, frequently woody and suffruticose or growing in erect clumps, 0.3-1.5 m,
branched from about the base with simple stems or the stems with long, ascending, sometimes
intricate branches. Stem and branches terete, striate, densely whitish- or yellowish-tomentose
or pannose, when dense the indumentum often appearing tufted. Leaves alternate, very variable
in size and form, from narrowly linear to suborbicular, densely whitish- or yellowish
tomentose but usually more thinly so and greener on the upper surface, margins plane or more
or less involute (when strongly so the leaves frequently falcate-recurved), sessile or with a
short and indistinct petiole or the latter rarely to c. 2 cm in robust plants. Flowers dioecious.
Spikes sessile, cylindrical, dense and stout (up to c. 10 x 1 cm.), to slender and interrupted with
lateral globose clusters of flowers and with some spikes apparently pedunculate by branch
reduction; male plants always with more slender spikes (but plants with slender spikes may not
be male) ; upper part of stem and branches leafless, the upper spikes thus forming terminal
panicles; bracts 0.75-2.25 mm, broadly deltoid-ovate, hyaline, acute or obtuse with the obscure
midrib ceasing below the apex, densely lanate throughout or only about the base or apex,
persistent; bracteoles similar, also persistent. Female flowers with outer 2 tepals 2-3 mm,
oblong-obovate to obovate-spathulate, lanate, acute to obtuse or apiculate at the tip, the
yellowish midrib ceasing well below the apex; inner 3 slightly shorter, elliptic-oblong,
densely lanate, acute, with a narrow green vitta along the midrib, which extends for about twothirds the length of each tepal; style slender, distinct, with the two filiform, flexuose stigmas at
least equalling it in length; filaments reduced, anthers absent. Male flowers smaller, the outer
tepals 1.5-2.25 mm, ovate; filaments delicate, the anthers about equalling the perianth; ovary
small, style very short, stigma rudimentary. Capsule 1-1. 5 mm, rotund, compressed. Seed 0.91.25 mm, round, slightly compressed, brown or black, shining and smooth or very faintly
reticulate.
Medicinal Uses of Aerva javanica in Sindh:

Roots are used against hemorrhoids, whole plant used against the skin dryness and self cracking
of skin.
39
1. Method of use hemorrhoids:

Take the 1 kg root of the plant and boil it with 5 litre of water keep boiling until the water is
reduced to 1 litre, keep that water in clay pot and drink the 25 -30 mL of water in fasting for 1520 days.
2. Method of use skin dryness and self cracking of skin:
Fresh 500 g whole plant is grinded and 500 mL of hair oil is mixed with plants and a paste is
prepred and is applied on the dryied skin everynight for 3-5 days.
Previous studies on Aerva javanica:
The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against G -ve bacteria, yeast
and fungi.
Following compounds are isolated from Aerva javanica:
Chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-robinoside, a series of
hydrocarbons ranging from C13-C30 in addition to campesterol, -sitosterol, and the
triterpenoid - and -amyrin, as well as fatty alc. fraction ranging from C26-C36 and 14 fatty
acids in which pentadecanoic acid represent the major constituent (20.39 %). while the isolated
flavonoidal compds. isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and chrysoeriol showed marked activity
against G -ve bacteria.
40
Botanical Name: Asparagus officinalis

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Asparagaceae
Genus:
Asparagus
Sindhi name: Kootri

Asparagus officinalis
Urdu names: Halyun, Marchoba, Bhachar

Description of Asparagus officinalis:
Asparagus is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 100150 centimetres (3959 in) tall, with
stout larissa stems with much-branched feathery foliage. The "leaves" are in fact needle-like
cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of scale leaves; they are 632 millimetres (0.241.3 in)
long and 1 millimetre (0.039 in) broad, and clustered 415 together. Its roots are tuberous. The
flowers are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, 4.56.5 millimetres (0.180.26 in) long,
with six tepals partially fused together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of 23
in the junctions of the branchlets. It is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on
separate plants, but sometimes hermaphrodite flowers are found. The fruit is a small red berry
610 mm diameter.
Medicinal Uses of Asparagus officinalis in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against the unhealing wounds, and roots are used against hemorrhoids.
1. Method of use for hemorrhoids:
10-15 grams of root is boiled with 500 mL of water keep boiling until the water is reduced to
half, and drink that in fasting every morning 10-20 days.
2. Method of use for unhealing wounds:
Dry the whole plant and make powder of that and add some desi ghee and heat them for 10-15
minutes gently and apply them on the inury for 7-12 days. Ratio of plant to ghee must be same.
Previous studies on Asparagus officinalis:
It has been reported that plant possess
inflammatory,cytotxic and antioxidant activities.
anti-hypercholesterolemic
and
anti-
41
Following are the compounds isolated from Asparagus officinalis:

From Asparagus officinalis leaves, R1R2R3R4R5R6R7, where R1 = H, R2 = 4-chloro-Lphenylalanine, 4-bromo-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine or 4-iodo-L-phenylalanine,
R3 = L-isoleucine, R4 = L-tyrosine sulfate, R5 = L-threonine, R6 = L-glutamine, and R7 =
hydroxy group isolated.
From stem Yamogenin II (1), a steroidal saponin, structure of 1 is (25S)-spirostan-5-ene-3,21diol-3-O---rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)-[--rhamnopyranosyl-(1,4)]---glucopyranoside.
Two
anthocyanins (A1 and A2) were isolated from peels of the spears of Asparagus officinalis, A1 is
identified
as
cyanidin
3-[3''-(O--glucopyranosyl)-6''-(O---rhamnopyranosyl)-O--glucopyranoside], whereas A2 was cyanidin 3-rutinoside.
42
Botanical Name: Achyranthes aspera

(Linn.)
Synonym:
Achranthes indica Linn,

Centrostachys aspera
(Linn.) Stanley
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Amaranthaceae
Genus:
Achyranthes
Achyranthes aspera
Sindhi Name: Ubbat kandi

Urdu Name:
Charchitah
Description of the Achyranthes aspera:

Perennial herb (sometimes woody and somewhat suffrutescent), occasionally flowering in the
first year, 0.2-2 m, stiffly erect to subscandent or straggling and prostrate, simple to muchbranched, stems stout to very weak, distinctly to obscurely 4-angled, striate or sulcate,
subglabrous to densely tomentose, the nodes shrunken when dry. Leaves elliptic, oblong or
oval and acute or acuminate to almost round and very obtuse, gradually or abruptly narrowed
below, (2-) 3-12 (-16) x 1.3-6 cm, indumentum varying from uniformly subglabrous through
subglabrous above and densely appressed-canescent below to densely tomentose on both
surfaces; petioles of main stem leaves 3-25 mm, shortening above and below. Inflorescences at
first dense, finally elongating to (5-) 8-34 (-40) cm; peduncles (0.6-)1-6(-7.5) cm. Bracts
lanceolate or narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, pale or brownish-membranous, 1.75-5 (-6) mm,
glabrous. Bracteoles 1.5-4.5 (-6) mm, the basal wings 1/3-1/4 (-1/2) the length of the spine and
adnate to it, typically tapering off above but not rarely rounded or truncate. Perianth whitish or
pale green to red or purple, segments 5, 3-7 (-10) mm, the outer longest, narrowly lanceolate to
lanceolate, very acute, with a distinct midrib and 2 obscure to distinct lateral nerves, narrowly
or moderately pale-margined. Stamens 5, the filaments 1.5-4.5 (-6) mm, alternating with
subquadrate pseudo-staminodes. Typically the apex of the latter curves slightly inwards as a
narrow, crenate or entire, often very delicate flap, while from the dorsal surface arises a
fimbriate-ciliate scale forms of var. sicula, extending across the width of the pseudostaminode; not rarely, however, this is reduced to a stags-horn process at the centre of the
dorsal surface, or even becomes small and filiform-or else subapical or apical so that the
pseudo-staminode appears simple (this mostly in small which has not yet been found in
43
Pakistan). Style slender, 1-4 (-6) mm. Capsule 1-3 (-5) mm. Seed filling the capsule,
cylindrical, smooth.
A protean species, of which innumerable varieties, forms or segregate species according to
opinion have been created. Three entities are recognisable in Pakistan, of which selected
specimens are cited here
Medicinal Uses of Achyranthes aspera in Sindh:

Leaves are used against pneumonia and asthma.
1. Method of use for pneumonia:
1-2 leaves are boiled with 500 mL of water keep boiling until the volume is reduced to half.
And give 1 spoon of that water after cooling twice a day.
2. Method of use for Asthma:
Boil 200-250 g of fresh leaves in 1 litre of water keep boiling for 10-15 minutes and drink that
water 3 times a day for 15-20 days.
Previous studies on Achyranthes aspera:
Leaves posses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-venereal affection, analgesic and,
antipyretic activities. They are also used in treatment of eyes, and arthritis as antiirlityetc.
Methanolic ext. of leaves of Achyranthus aspera Linn. has analgesic activity.
Alcoholic extract showed the presence of the triterpenoid saponin with dose dependent
inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria causing skin diseases in human.
Following are the compounds isolated from Achyranthes aspera:
Et acetate, Di-Et ether, n-Butanol were tested for phytochem which contain glycosides,
flavonoids,
tannins,
amino
acids
and
-D-fucopyranosyl-(14)-(-Dglucopyranosyluronicacid)-(13)-oleanolic acid (I) structure is given on the next page.
Me
H
CO 2 H
O
CH 3
OH
OH
O
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
CO 2 H
Me
OH
OH
OH
44
Botanical Name: Aloe barbednsis

(Linn.) Burm
Synonyms:
Aloe vera, Aloe perfoliata
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Liliaceae
Genus:
Aloe
Sindhi Name: Kunwaar Bhooti

Urdu Name:
Aloe barbednsis
Ghee kuwar
Descripion of Aloe vera:

Succulent perennial herbs. Stem short, producing suckers at the base. Leaves sessile, erect,
linear-lanceolate 15-35 x 4-8 cm, glabrous, glaucous, margin sparsely dentate, tip 2-3-dentate.
Inflorescence 60-100 cm, erect pedunculate raceme, simple or with 1-2 branches; raceme 30-40
x 5-6 cm. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 9-12 x 5-6 mm, persistent. Flowers reflexed, pedicel about
half as long as bract. Perianth 2.5-3 cm long, dull reddish, lobes 6, almost equalling the tube.
Ovary trilocular, placentation axile, many ovules in each locule; style elongated, stigma
obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule 1.5 cm.
Flowering period: January-April
Lectotype: van Rheedes Hortus malabaricus 11: 7. t. 3. 1692. (Wijnands, The Botany of the
Commelins: 127. 1983).
Distribution: Cultivated in the Mediterranean region for a very long time; place of origin
uncertain; widely naturalized in Portugal, Turkey, China (S. Yunnan), Pakistan, India and
Nepal, West Indies and Central America.
At least in flower colour the plants in Pakistan and India with reddish flowers are different from
the populations of A. vera growing in Europe, Turkey and China which are reputed to have
yellow to pale yellow flowers. It may be worthwhile to investigate the matter further.
It is used as a stomachic, purgative and emmenagogue and in the treatment of piles and rectal
fissures. The mucilage is cooling and is used to poultice inflammations (Wealth of India 1:
61.1948).
45
Medicinal Uses of Aloe vera in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against hepatitis and joints pain and is also used against diabetes, urine
problems in both male and female, and for hair dandruf:
Method of use:
1 spoon of extract of the leaves is taken twice a day for diabetes.
For hepatitis, 2-3g extract of the leaves is added to the glass of water and 5-8 grams of refined
sugar (misree) are mixed thoroughly and is taken three times a day for 40 days. For hair
dandruff, extract of the leaves is applied to hairs and keep it for 3-4 hours and wash with
shampoo repeat the same practice every week.
Previous studies on Aloe vera:
The aloe vera has been reported that it could inhibit infectious diseases by stimulating the host
defense mechanism, especillay the phagocytic and killing activities of macrophages. Leaves
extract is reported to possess antibacterial ativity.
Aloe vera gel have antiinflammatory activity and suggested its inhibitory action on the
arachidonic acid pathway via cyclooxygenase.
Alover gel have also been repoted in faster healing of burn wounds.
Following compounds are isolated from Aloe vera:
Anthraquinones: aloeetnodin 1, chrysophanol 2, Zaganein-5-methylether 3a, zaganein 4, and
aloesaponarin I 5.
46
Botanical Name: Albizia lebbeck

(Linn.) Benth.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Albizia
Sindhi Name: Sireenhun
Albizia lebbeck
Description of Albizia lebbeck:

A large deciduous tree with dark grey bark, usually cracked, young parts usually hairy. Leaves
bipinnate, rachis 7.5-15 cm long, glabrous or tomentose, with a large gland 1.2-3.7 cm from the
base; stipules c. 3-4 mm long, linear, caducous, tomentose. Pinnae 1-4 pairs, 5-20 cm long,
often with glands between the upper pairs of leaflets or between all the pairs. Leaflets 3-9 pairs,
petiolule c. 1 mm long, the lateral leaflets oblong, terminal obovate, obtuse or retuse, glabrous
or hairy. Inflorescence pedunculate heads, solitary or fasciculated; peduncle 3.5-10 cm long.
Flowers whitish, very fragrant, pedicel hairy, c. 2-3 mm long, bracteate; bract 5 mm long,
linear, caducous. Calyx campanulate 3-4 mm long, hairy, short toothed, teeth deltoid-acute.
Corolla 7-8 mm long, funnel shaped, lobes c. 2 mm long, ovate, acute, hairy externally.
Stamens 2.5-3.8 cm long, staminal tube slightly shorter than corolla tube, anthers minute. Pod
15-30 cm long, c. 2.5-5.0 cm broad, thin, pale straw coloured. Seeds 6-12 compressed, pale
brown, faveolate on both the faces.
Flowering period: April - May
Wood resembles walnut and is excellent for furniture, picture frames, house building, canoes
etc. It is also used for cane crushers, oil mills and wheels.
Medicinal Uses of Albizia lebbeck in Sindh:

Leaves are used against tuberculosis, reddishness of eyes, and trauma; seeds are used against
boil (daanay).
1. Method of use for T.B,:
5-6 g Fresh leaves + 4-5 gof refined sugar (misree) are added to the 1 glass of water and
grinded in in clay pot and is taken three times a day.
47
2. Method of use for redishness of eyes:

Fresh leaves are chewed in mouth and then extract of leaves from mouth is poured in eyes after
filteration with clean thin piece of cloth.
3. Method of use for Boil (daany):
10-15 g Seeds along with their cover are grinded in clay pot with water and and water is drink
twice a day after filteration.
Previous studies on Albizia lebbeck:
It has been reported that plant posess anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility and antidiarrhoeal properties and it is an important source of chems. of melacacidin, D- catechin, sitosterol, albiziahexoside, betulnic acid which are effective as antiseptic, anti-dysenteric, antitubercular and used in bronchitis, leprosy, paralysis, helmenth infection etc.
Ethanolic extract of plant possess mild in vitro antibacterial ativity.
Methanolic extract has been reported to posses mild to moderate antimicrobial activity and
varyingdegrees of toxicity.
Following compounds are isolated from Albizia lebbeck:
Lupeol (1), stigmasterol (2), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (3) and trans-p-coumaric acid
(4) were isolated from the n-hexane and chloroform fractions of a methanol extract of the root
of Albizzia lebbeck. Flavone, 3',5-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavone (1) and a nitrogenous
compd., N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol (2). friedelan-3-one and -sitosterol. Hexaglycosylated
saponin from the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck, whose structure is given below:
-Sitosterol.Hexaglycosylated saponin
Me
Me
OH
OH
OH
CH2
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HN
COCH3
O
Me
Me
OH
OH
48
CO
Me
Me H
Me
OH
OH
OH
Me
Me
OH
OH
I
BotanicalName: Alhagi maurorum

Medik.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Alhagi
Sindhi Name: Kandaira

Description of Alhagi maurorum:
Alhagi maurorum
The decidious perennial plant grows from a massive rhizome system which may extend over
six feet deep into the ground. New shoots can appear over 20 feet from the parent plant. Above
the ground the plant rarely reaches four feet in height. It is a heavily-branched gray-green
thicket with long spines along the branches.It bears small bright pink to maroon peaflowers and
small legume pods which are brown or reddish and constricted between the seeds. The seeds
are mottled brown beans.
Medicinal Uses of Alhagi maurorum in Sindh:

Whole plant is used in summer against hotness of the body.
Method of use: 10-15 whole frsh plant is is grinded in a clay pot and drink in after noon time in
summer season after filteration.
Previous studies on Alhagi maurorum:
It has been reported that plant poseess actioxidant activitiy.
Following are the compounds isolated from Alhagi maurorum:
Isorhamnetin-3-O-[--L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 3)]--D-glucopyranoside (1), flavonoids 3'-Omethylorobol (2) and quercetin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside, -sitosterol, cinnamic acid, pcoumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3'-O-methylorobol, Me -Dglucopyranoside, sitosterol 3-O--D-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside.From the Et
acetate fraction of roots of Alhagi maurorum 5,6,7,8,2',3',5',6'-octamethoxyflavan-3-en-4'-ol.
From the ethanol ext. of Alhagi maurorum, askaempferol, chrysoeriol, chrysoeriol-7-oxylosoid, kaempferol-3galactorhamnoside and isorhamnetin 3-O--D-apiofuranosyl-Dgalactopyranoside. From the roots of Alhagi maurorum aliph.ester and thiophene oligomer in
addn. to 7-hydroxy coumarin glycoside (Umbliferoneglycoside). The structures of the isolated
products have been elucidated as glyceryl-ntetracosan-17-ol -1-oate (1), umbliferone glycoside
(2) and the pentamer of thiophene substitutedby Pr groups at -carbons of the two terminal
49
thiophene ring (3). From chloroform ext. of the roots of Alhagi maurorum aliph. ketone andnew
aliph. ester idocosanoic acid, 2, 3-dihydroxy propylester (1), octocosanoic acid, 28-hydroxy2',3'-dihydroxy propylester (2), n-Ecos-7-ol-8-one (3), n-deconyl hexadecanoate (4)
andtritriacontan-1-ol (5). Petroleum ether ext. of the roots, tripalmitin (1), dipalmitoolein (2),
hexacosanoic acid (3), and npentacosanyl-n-hexa-4-enoate (4).
50
Botanical Name: Cressa cretica Linn.

Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Convolvulaceae
Genus:
Cressa
Sindhi Name: Unn

Description of Cressa cretica:
Cressa cretica
Cressa cretica is a shrubby, diffuse herb, a few cm to 30 cm high, arising from a woody
perennial root-stock. It is commonly found in India along sandy sea shores. Numerous stalkless
leaves are very small, ovate, acute tipped, hairy or ashy-velvety. Flowers are small, white or
pink, nearly stalkless in upper leaf axils, forming a many-flowered head. Sepals are 5, flower is
funnel-shaped, and stamens protrude out of the flower. It is commonly in cultivated fields about
Flowering: December-February.
Medicinal Uses of Cressa cretica in Sindh:

Whole plant is used for joint pain, scabies, Joindous and inflammation/edema.
1. Method of use for joint pain:
Boil 1 kg of plant in 2 litrs of water, boil till water is completely evaporated and tie the plant on
the are of pain with cotton clothes. Repeat the practice for 3-5 days.
2. Method of use for inflammation:
Heat the plant in a metal pot, and tie on the area of inflammation, twice a day.
Bioassays of Cressa cretica:
The methanolc extract showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and anti leishmanial
activities.
Previous studies on Cressa cretica:
In India it is useful herb for asthma, bronchitis, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, anorexia, anemia,
diabetes, and skin disease.
51
Following compounds are isolated from Cressa cretica:

The aerial parts of Cressa cretica Linn. yielded five flavonoids that were identified as quercetin
(1), quercetin-3--O-D-glucoside (2), kaempferol-3-O--D-glucoside (3), kaempferol-3-O--Lrhamno-(16)--D-glucoside (4) and quercetin-3-O--L-rhamno-(16)--D-glucoside (rutin)
(5). 26-Cyclopentyl hexacosane (creticane), 4'-Me hexa-5'-enoyl-n-tetracosa-17-ol-1-oate
(cressatetracosanoate), n-nonacosa-6-one-1-oic (cressanonacontanoic acid), tetratriaconta-29one-1-oic acid (cressatetratriacontanoic acid), 25-methyl-n-triacont-3-one-25-ol acid
(cressatriacontanone),
and
-26-octadeca-hydronaphthacenyl-n-pentacosa-3-one
(cressanaphthacenon. And n-Octacosanol, -sitosterol, umbelliferone, scopoletin,
isopimpinellin, -sitosterol D(+) glucoside and quercetin.
Following 8 terpenoids were isolated from arial parts of Cressa cretica 5,9,13,17tetramethyleicosan-17-ol-1-yl-hepta-6'-en-1'-oate;
4,8,12,16-tetramethyl-n-eicos-11-en14,16-diol-1-yl-oct-7-en-1'-oate; 4,8,12-trimethyl-11,12-dihydroxyhexadec-2-enyl oct-7'en-1'-oate; 3,7,11-trimethyl-10-hydroxy-n-pentadecanyl non-8'-en-1'-oate; 4,8,12-trimethyl12-hydroxyhexadecanyl-5'-Me oct-7'-en-1'-oate; 5,9,13-trimethyl-13hydroxyheptadecanyl9'-methyl-oct-7'-en-1'-oate; 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-14-hydroxyoctadecanyl-6'-Me octa-7'-en-1'oate, and 5,9,13,17,21-pentamethyltricos-7-on-12-en-14-ol-1-oic acid
From fruit of Cressa cretica: 7,4'-Dihydroxy-5-methoxycoumaranochromone-7-O--Dglucoside
HO
CH 2
OH
OH
OH
52
OMe
OH
Botanical Name: Capparis decidua

(Forssk)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Capparaceae
Genus:
Capparis
Sindhi Name: Kirer

Descrition of Capparis decidua:
Capparis decidua
Low shrubs to small trees with leafless green crooked spiny branches, up to 5 m (rarely more)
high. Leaves present on young twigs, caducous, linear, 4-20 mm long, 1-3 mm broad, often
spine-tipped, subsessile; stipular spines 1-6 mm long, straight or slightly curved, yellow or
brown. Inflorescence few to many flowered, ebracteate corymbs on short lateral shoots.
Flowers 1-2 cm across on 1-1.5 cm long slender pedicel, usually brick red (shades of pink or
yellow are not uncommon). Sepals petaloid, usually 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm broad, ovate-oblong,
upper one distinctly saccate, often with floccose-ciliate margins. Petals about as long as the
sepals, puberulous, upper pair slightly larger and hidden in the saccate sepal. Stamens generally
10-15, about 10-20 mm long, often red in colour. Gynophore 10-15 mm long; ovary about 2
mm in diam. with a beak about 1 mm long. Fruit globose, 10-15 mm in diam., slightly beaked,
glabrous smooth, deep red when ripe and with thin pericarp; seeds reniform, 2-5 mm in diam.
One of the common shrubs of arid plains of Sindh, Baluchistan & Punjab, flowering abundantly
during the hot weather. The wood is hard and bitter and resistant to attacks of white ants; it is
used for making knees of boats in Sind. The young fruits and flower buds are pickled.
Medicinal Uses of Capparis decidua in Sindh:

Whole plant is used for strengthening the fracture bones, and against asthma.Whole plant and
fruit is also used against diabetes, dried powder of the whole plant is used against skin
infection, buds are used against toothache, extracted juice is used against ear pain and and plant
is also effectively used against impotency in male, and also against toothache.
1. Method of use for impotency of male:
Find the plant which is become dry but its root is still under ground, in dry plant find the plant
or branches whse colour is turned out white like milk and not cream colour. Now collect the
dried milk like plant or its branches.
Now cut them in small pieces. Take small clay pot and make small hole in the in cover of the
pot and add small pieces of the plant in that pot and fix the coverinside out and seal it. And put
53
any receiving thing so that when you heat it, the extract will be collected in that. Now heat the
pot containg plant for 1-2 hours contineously and after that two liquids would be collected in
the receiving pot. One of them will be thin and other one will be thick. Separate them and keep
them in separate glass bottles. Now for impotency we use thick liquid but it is highly
recommended that liquid must be taken in extreme winter season. Just take very minute
quantity of thick liquid i.e
amount equivalent to dot(.) and keep it in 15-20 g of freshly prepared butter and take it in
fasting in the morning and do not eat any thing for 2 hours and then u can eat whatever you
want. You have to take it 15 times on alternative days and not everday.if you feel hot then you
can take shower as many time as possible. You are not suppose to any kind of sex during this
period.
Same procedure is used for the fracture of bones but with thin liquid but after the treatment of
fracture.
2. Method of use for diabetes:
Just extract the juice from plant by heating from one of that and pour 5-6 drops on a patasha
and eat two such patashas twice a day.
3. Method of use for ear pain:
Just extract 1-2 drops of the plant extract and pour in ear.
4. Method of use for fracture of bones:
Burn the stem and mix 1g of ash with 5-8g of butter take in fasting. But before that fracture
must be joined fro a doctor or Kumbhar ans then start the above recipe.
5. Method of use for Asthma:
Take fresh stem of the plan but stem must be wider in diameter, make hole in the stem so that
200g of refined sugar can easily be accommodated in and bur the plant from two ends of the
sticks for 30 minutes but part of the plant in which the misree is accommodate inmust not be
burn. As you do this extract will come out of the plant to the misree let them mix thoroughly.
Make powder of the misree and take twice a day with water.
6. Method of use for tooth ache:
Grind the buds of the plant and place 5-6mg on the affected tooth, pain wil be released within
5-10minutes.
Bioassays of the Capparis decidua:
Methanolic extract of the plant showed antibacterial activity.
54
Previous studies on Capparis decidua:

It has been reported that plant is useful against ailments such as toothache, cough, intermittent
fever and rheumatism. It has been reported that alcoholic extract of the plant possess
antimicrobial activities, heptoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, and antipyretic activities.
Following are the compounds isolated from Capparis decidua:
Luteolin-8-O--D-glucopyranoside isolated from the seeds of the Capparis decidua.
From the bark of Capparis deciduas, 24--methylcholest-7-ene-22-one-3-ol and 24-methylcholest-9(11)-ene-22-one-3-ol. The structure of diterpene alc. was established as 3methyl-7-hydroxymethylene-10-(12,16,16-trimethylcyclohex-11-ene-yl)-dec-9-ene-5-one-8-ol.
Butyl-3-oxoeicosanoate and 25-oxo-octacosan-1,20-diol were the aliph. constituents. The
diterpenic ester 9-(11,15,15-trimethylcyclohex-11-ene-13-one-yl)-one-6-hydroxymethylene-7one-yl,4'-Me heptanoate is also reported.Capparisesterpenolide 3-carboxy-6,17-dihydroxy7,11,15,19-tetramethyleicos-13-ene--lactone. The decidua terpenolides are -lactone derivs.
of 1,3,3-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadien-6-one, with decidua terpenolide A, having structure Is,
also reported from root bark of C. decidua.
O
OH
Me
Me
Me
OH
CH 3
OH
Me
CH 2 -OH
Capparidisine (I), a spermidine alkaloid isolated from the barks and roots of C. decidua, is
reported to possess dose-dependent depressant effect on heart rate and coronary flow in the
isolated rabbit's heart. The maximum. fall in coronary flow was achieved at 1 g/mL I.
H
N
HN
H
N
Me O
O
OMe
OH
spermidinealkaloids,14-N-acetylisocodonocarpine and 15-N-acetylcapparisine is also reported

from the root bark of Capparis decidua.
55
Botanical Name: Citrullus colocynthis

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Cucurbitales
Family:
Cucurbitaceae
Genus:
Citrullus
Sindhi Name: Trooh

Urdu Name:
Citrullus colocynthis
Hanzal, Indrain, Kharpaza Talkh, Tumma, Toh, and Kulkhushta.
Description of Citrullus colocynthis:

Perennial trailing herbs with somewhat woody tuberous root. Stems shortly hairy when young
becoming scabrid. Tendrils simple, rarely bifid, slender, glabrous. Leaf blade elongate-ovate
in outline, 10-60 (-110) mm long, 8-55 (-66) mm broad, distinctly scabrid-hairy beneath,
smooth except on the nerves above, palmately deeply 3-5-lobed, ultimate lobes pinnately
lobulate with central lobe longest, long-ovate in outline; petiolate, petiole rather densely roughhairy; probracts lanceolate-elliptic, 4-5 mm long and c. l. 5 mm broad, caducous. Male flowers
on long pedicels; calyx campanulate, c. 9 (4-8) mm long, lobes c. 5 mm broad; corolla pale
yellow, ovate-acute, c. 8 mm long and c. 5 mm broad; female flowers on longer pedicels than
male, receptacle-tube short, lobes lanceolate, c. 5 mm long. Ovary hairy, subglobose or
obovate. Fruit on long stalk, c. 5 cm in diameter, globose, smooth, longitudinally green striped,
5-7 cm in diameter, eipcarp thin, filled with a dry spongy very bitter pulp. Seeds numerous,
ovate-oblong, yellowish brown, not margined, c. 6 mm long and c. 3 mm broad.
Flowering Perriod: January - April
Distribution: Northern Tropical Africa, Atlantic Islands, North-West India, Pakistan and
Australia.
Medicinal Uses of Citrullus colocynthis in Sindh:

Fruit is used for bronchial asthma, against infection, constipation, diabetes, strengthen eyesight,
for wound healing, abdominal pain and against hepatitis, seeds are used against diabetes and
root is used for against toothache and for ear pain.
1. Method of use against diabetes:
Take 10-15 Kg of frsh fruit and cut into pieces and put them in tub and person suffering from
diabetes should walk over these pieces without wearing on chappal, one should walk until he
56
feels biteer taste of fruit in hi mouth and one can make powder of seeds and and should take 1
spoon twice a day every day to control the diabetes.
2. Method of use for toothache:
Take root of the plant and make miswak (brush) of that and brush youe teeth with that miswak
regularly it will release your pain and if one keep doing that on regular bases his/her teeth will
be safe from any of the tooth diseases.
Just take fresh root and extract the juice from the root by any means and pour 2-3 drops in your
ear.
4. Method of use against constipation:
Just eat some amount of fruit as much as you can easily eat constipation will be flew within 1520 minutes.
Bioassays of Citrullus colocynthis:
The methanolic extract of whole plant showed antifungal activity.
Previous studies on Citrullus colocynthis:
Methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves showed significant (P<0.01) anti-diabetic activity
when compared with std. and diabetic control.plant is also repoted to possess significant
hypoglycemic activity in exptl. animal model.Cucurbitacin glucosides extracted from Citrullus
colocynthis leaves is suspected to have therapeutic value against breast cancer cells.
Cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside, cucurbitacin E 2-O--D-glucopyranoside,and its
aglycon,cucurbitacin E,exhibited the antiallergic activity.
Following compounds along with above mentioned sre isolated from Citrullus colocynthis:
Cucurbitacin glucoside 2-O--D-glucopyranosyl-16-20R-dihydroxy-cucurbita-1,5,23E,25(26)
-tetraen-3,11,22-trione (1) , 2-O--D-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitaci.B(arveninI) (2) and 2,25-diO--D-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin.
Tridecyl
2-methyl-19-ene
triacontanote,
heptadecyltrieicosanoate, nonaeicosanol, dotriacontanol,1-hentriacontanol, dotriacontanoic acid
and tetraeicosanoic acid.
57
Botanical Name: Corchorus depressus

(Linn.)
Synonyms:
Antichorus depressus
Family:
Tiliaceae
Genus:
Corchorus
Sindhi Name: Mudairi

Description of Corchorus depressus:
A mat-forming, prostrate, much branched woody perennial. Stem diffusely branched from
woody rootstock, young branches sparsely hairy, older ones glabrous. Leaves 3-costate, elliptic
to broadly elliptic, 4-18 (-20) mm long, 2-9 (-10) mm broad, glabrous except the scattered hairy
costae, plicate in bud, crenate-serrate, without basal setose appendages, obtuse; petiole 1.5-2.5
cm long, filiform, minutely hairy; stipules linear-falcate, c. 2 mm long. Cyme mostly 2(-1)flowered, antiphyllous, peduncle minute. Flowers yellow, 6-8 mm across, pedicel c. 1 mm long;
bracts linear-lanceolate, c. 1.5 mm long. Sepals yellowish-green, linear-oblong, 3-4 mm long,
spreading, acute. Petals obovate-spathulate, as long as sepals, obtuse. Stamens 8-10, filaments
c. 4 mm long, erect. Carpels 4; ovary c. 1 mm long, oblong-cylindric, 4-loculed; style equalling
the ovary, stigma 4-lobed. Capsule oblong-cylindric, straight or curved, glabrescent, 7-22 mm
long, with c. 1.5-2 mm long beak, 4-loculed, locules transversely septate. Seeds blackish-grey,
c. 1.5 mm long, roughly triangular, obliquely truncate.
Flowering Period: February-November.
Distribution: Central and North West India and Pakistan to north and tropical Africa and Cape
Verde Islands.
Common in sandy clay and saline or gravelly areas from sea level to 1000 m, in arid and semiarid regions throughout Pakistan.
The growth of leaves and fruits is very much stunted in saline and rocky soils.
The plant is sold by herbalists and Ayurvedic doctors under the name Munderi. The leaves are
used as an emollient and cooling agent. Mucilage is used for the treatment of gonorrhoea and
applied as a poultice for healing wounds. Decoction of seeds and leaves with milk and sugar is
a good tonic.
Medicinal Uses of Corchorus depressus in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against hepatitis, itching in urine, prolong bleeding of menses, and
impotency. Leaves are used against retention in urine and heat stroke.
58
Methof of use:
Just take 15-20 fresh leaves and grind them in clay pot and also keep adding two galsses of
water slowly during grinding. For hepatitis drink that water three times a day for 40 days, for
itching in urine and prolonged bleeding during menses drink that water three times a day for 23 day until your pain released and that water is can also be drinked against heat stroke.
Bioassays of Corchorus depressus:
The Methanolic extract of whole plant showed antibacterial activity, antimalarial activity and
antifungal activity.
Previous studies on Corchorus depressus:
(22R,24S)-22,25-epoxy-9, 19-cyclolanostane- 3,16, 24-triol 3-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl(14)--D-glucopyranoside],(22R,24S)-22,25-epoxy-9, 19-cyclolanostane - 3,16,24-triol3[-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)--D-glucopyra-noside],
kaempferol3-[-D-glucopyranosyl(14)--D-galactopyranoside] 7-[-L-arabinofuranoside], and kaempferol 3-[-Dglucopyranosyl-(16)--D-galactopyranoside] 7-[-L-arabinofuranoside whose structure is on
the next page.
Me
H 3C
Me
H
HO
OH
OH
C
OH
H
Me
CH 2
OH
Me
Me
Me
O
OH
Me
OH
OH
59
OH
O
OH
HO
CH 2
OH
HO
OH
HO
CH 2
OH
O
CH 2
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
II
as
(22R)-16,22-epoxy-3,26-dihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanost-24E-ene
3,26-di-O--Dglucopyranoside and (22R,24S)-22,25-epoxy-3,16,24-trihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanostane 3, 24di-O--D-glucopyranoside.
Me
H
Me
Me
H
H
H
CH 2
HO
CH 2
OH
HO
Me
CH 2
OH
OH
Me
Me
OH
OH
OH
60
Me Me
O
Me
Me
H
HO
HO
Me
Me
CH 2
OH
Me
CH 2
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
II
Sitosterol glucoside, sitosterol, apigenin, and luteolin, 3 new -amyrin derivs., cordepressic
acid (I), cordepressenic acid (II), and cordepressin (III)
Me OH
Me
Me
HO
Me
C O2H
Me
HO
I, R=CO 2 H
R
Me
III, R= -D -galactosyl oxy carbonyl

Me
Me
HO
Me
C O2H
Me
Me
HO
HO 2C
Me
II
61
Botanical Name: Cuscuta compestris

(Yuncker)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Convolvulaceae
Genus:
Cuscuta
Sindhi Name: Bay Paari

Description of the Cuscuta compestris
Cuscuta compestris
Stems thin, green when young, branched,. intermingled, brown. Leaves minute, scarious, 1-1.5
x c. 0.5 mm. Flowers in compact clusters, each with 2-8 flowers, 2-3 mm long; pedicel
glandular, 1-2.5 nun long; bract cup-shaped, brown, 1-2 x 0.5-0.7 mm or sometimes obsolete:
Calyx lobes 5, 1.2-1.5 x 1-1.7 mm, fleshy, oval to orbicular, obtuse, glandular, usually with
reticulate venation, glossy, covering more than half of corolla, tube lobes c. 0.7 mm long.
Corolla lobes 1-1.5 x 0.7-1.2 mm, light brown to yellow, oblong-elliptical, acute-obtuse,
inflexed, with reticulate venation, lower half usually glossy, upper half mostly non-glossy, tube
c. 1 mm long; scarious, slightly bigger than the corolla tube, abundantly fringed. Stamens 5,
filament broader at the base, tapering towerds the apex, 0.3-0.7 mm long, fused part of the
filament not prominent in the petals; anther oblong-elliptical to oval, c. 0.5 x 0.2-0.3 mm. ovary
globular, fleshy, brown, 1-1.2 mm long; styles 2, linear, reddish-brown, 0.5-1 mm long; stigma
rounded or capitate, brown, c. 0.2 mm long, and wide; ovule 4, reddish-brown, triangular or
ovoid, c. 0.5 x c. 0.3 mm. Capsule depressed-globose, membranous; with a intrastylar opening
with glands, 2-2.5 mm long, and broad, not definitely circumscissile, surmounted by sepal
lobes, petals and stamens. Seeds 4, reddish-brown, ovoid or somewhat triangular, usually
flattened, on one side, 1-1.5 x c. 1 mm; hilum short oblong, usually with small dark circular
area around it.
Medicinal Uses of Cuscuta reflexa in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against diabetes, against hepatitis, retention of urine, hair fall and dandruff
and against laziness.
1. Method of use for hepatitis and retention of urine:
Take 8-10 g of the plant and grind that in claypot and slowly add 1 glass of water and then filter
it, drink that water twice a day for 40 days, for retention of urine just drink 1-2 glass of that
water, urine will pass quickly.
62
2. Method of use for hair fall and dandruff:

Take 15 grams of fresh plant and add 250 mL of hair oil and heat them together gently for for
10-15 minutes. Keep them in metal pot together just use that hair oil every day and keep doing
that practice for 40 days.
3. Method of use against laziness:
Just 2-3 grams of the fresh plant grind that and take it in fasting with butter or 15-20 days.
Bioassays of Cuscuta compestris:
The methanolic extract of whole plant showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and anti
leishmanial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities.
Previous studies on Cuscuta compestris:
To the best of our knowledge so a no phytochemical work has been camed out on this plant.
63
Botanical Name: Cordia dichotoma

(Yuncker)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Boraginaceae
Genus:
Cordia
Sindhi Name: Giddori, Lessori
Cordia dichotoma
Description of Cordia dichotoma:

A polygamo-dioecious tree up to 15 m tall. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves 5-8 x 1.5-3.0 cm,
elliptic-ovate to obovate, pubescent, especially on the under-surface, margin sometimes
undulate, base cuneate to oblique or rounded. Petiole up to 3.0 cm long. Flowers in
dichotomous cymes, ebracteate. Male flowers: Calyx c. 2.5 mm long, shallowly 5-lobed, hairy
to the inside. Corolla campanulate, c. 6 mm long, tube about equalling the limb, dense hairy
within. Lobes oblanceolate or broadly so, recurved. Filaments c. 4.5 mm, lower half hairy and
adnate to tube; anthers 2.5-3 mm long; bisexual flowers: similar but larger than male flowers.
Calyx 5-6 mm long, campanulate, accrescent and up to 10 mm in fruit. Filaments c. 2 mm long.
Style branched. Drupe up to 15 mm broad, yellowish-red.
Flowers Periodr: March - April
Type: New Caledonia, Coll. Ignot. (BM).
Distribution: Pakistan, Kashmir, India, S. China, Taiwan, Indo-China, New Caledonia and
N.E. Australia
Medicinal Uses of Cordia dichotoma in Sindh:

Fresh leaves are used against hepatitis, leaves are also used against asthma problem in children.
Method of use:
Take 2-3 kg of the newly groun fresh leaves, grind them and pour them in matka (the clay pot
usually used in villages for keeping drinking water (purposes), and tide a clean piece of cloth
on the face of matka and use that water whenever you feel thirsty for 40 days. It is very
beneficial for both asthma and hepatitis.
64
Bioassays of Cordia dichotoma:

The methanolic extract of leaves showed antifungal, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities.
Previous studies on Cordia dichotoma:
Cordia dichotoma plant extract is used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical compounds for the
treatment of skin aging.Its biomechanical properties. An aq. of the plant inhibited the elastase
activity. An antiwrinkle cosmetic gel contained Cordia dried ext.
Following compounds were isolated from Cordia dichotoma:
Stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were identified as the major constituents of Cordia dichotoma
and linoleic and palmitic acids that of Crataeva nurvala seeds oil. Flavonoids, kaempferol,
quercetin and isorhamnetin, were isolated from the butanol fraction of fruits of Cordia
dichotoma. Rosamarinic acid was the major constituent of the leaves of the plant, which may be
responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of this plant. Arabinoglucan, and the backbone of
the polysaccharide to be composed of (16)-linked D-glucopyranosyl and (12)-linked Larabinofuranosyl residues.
The alcoholic extract of seeds of C. dichotoma D-glucose, D-xylose, D-ribose, L-rhamnose, Dglucuronic acid, D-arabinose, lactose, and L-fructose as the sugars and glycine, leucine,
glutamic acid, cystine, alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, and proline as the free amino acids.
65
Botanical Name: Calotropis procera

(Forst)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Asclepiadaceae
Genus:
Calotropis
Sindhi Name: Akk

Urdu Name:
Calotropis procera
Aak
Description of the Calotropis procera:

Erect shrub or small tree up to 3 m tall, much branched from the base, latex milky; young
branches covered with white cottony tomentum. Bark soft, corky. Leaves 5-15 x 1.8-10 cm,
broadly ovate, ovate-oblong, elliptic or obovate, entire, base cordate, apex acute, subsessile,
young leaves covered with white cottony tomentum, becoming subglabrous. Flowers c. 2.5 cm
across, white outside, purplish within, tips darker. Peduncles upto 10 cm long, pedicels 1.5-4.2
cm long. Sepals c. 5 mm long. Corolla 1-1.2 cm long, divided c. 2/3 the way down, glabrous,
lobes acute. Fruit 6.5-9.5 x 3-5.1 cm, recurved, tip not invaginated in the tissue of the fruit.
Seeds 6-8 mm long, flat, broadly ovate, minutely tomentose, comose, coma 3.1-3.2 cm long.
Floering Period: All the year round.
Lectotype: Asclepias muddahr, Ascl. 92C, Wall. Cat. 8215 (K-W, E).
Distribution: Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran (?), Iraq (?).
A medicinal plant. The latex is irritant to the skin and mucous membrane and said to cause
blindness. It is also used as a purgative and said to be specific for Guinea worms. The seed floss
is used for stuffing mattresses, pillows etc. It is sometimes used to adulterate Indian Kapok but
it is inferior to it in resilience and water repellent properties. Being short stapled it cannot be
spun by it-self.
Medicinal Uses of Calotropis procera in Sindh:

Leaves are used against pneumonia, gal bladder problems in animals, toothache and chest
congestion. Stems are used against hepatitis. Extracted milk of plant is used against malaria
fever and against male sexual weakness.
66
1. Method of use for pneumonia and chest congestion:

Put hair oil on the leaves of the plant and heat them gently and tide them on the chest of
children with clothes in the night and open it when day is bit warmer and repeat that practice
for seven days.
2. Method of use for male sexual weakness:
Take 250 g of seeps (sea shells) which one can easily find on pinsari shop or you can get from
the sea side, wash and dry them. Put these sips in clay pot and add 500 mL of milk of the
Calotropis procera put the cap on the clay and seal it with wet lay and and then buried that clay
pot for seven days underground. After seven day, take out that and make powder of these sips
and keep them in any glass pot. Place 2-3 mg poweder in the center of 10-15 g of butter and eat
that in fasting for seven days continuously and any kind of sex is prohibited during these seven
days, but it is taken in extreme winter.
Heat the leaves and extract out the liquid from leaves by pressing it and pour 2-3 drops in ear.
4. Method of use for stomach pain:
Just take 1-3 g of flowers and take them after having meal for once only Pain will be released.
5. Method of use for injury or infection:
Take 5 g of leaves of Calotropes procera, 5 g of the leaves of bairi (Ziziphus nummularia) and
2-3g of Haldi/ haida. Dry the leaves abd make powder of them and heat all these things with 30
g of desi ghee for 5 minutes. Oinment will be formed just apply on the infection twice a day.
6. Method of use for removal of thorn:
When thorn of any plant pick inside the foot or any other part. Just pour 2-3 drops of milk of
the Calotropis precera. 2-3 times a day. It will come out within a day.
7. Method of use for Scabies:
Take 1 kg of the root of the Calotrpes procera and 10 liters of water and and add half kg of the
wheat boil till all of the water is removed by evaporation. Then just take out the wheat. Take 5
g of that wheat and you can add some sugar as well for taste adjustment. Repeat the process for
10-15 days.
8. Method of use for Malaria Fever:
Etract out 10-12 mL of the milk of the plant and add that in 50 g of the misree (refined sugar)
and make powder of that. Take 5 mg twice a day for 3- days only.
67
9. Method of use for gall bladder problems in Buffalos:

Take 4 leaves and add common salt 500 g between them and heat them in a metal pot. Feed the
animal that salt along with leaves two times a day for 7-10 days only.
Burn the leaves and place the ash on the affected tooth. Pain will be relieved within 5-10
minutes.
11. Method of use for Diabetes:
Take 1 kg of the flowers and dry them in shadow and add 5 g of flowers in 200 mL of water
and boil them for 5 minutes. Take that like normal greentea 2-3 times a day.
Bioassays of Calotropis procera:
The methanolic extract plant showed antifungal and insecticidal activities.
Previous studies on Calotropis procera:
The following medicinal properties of this plant are reported, such as skin diseases,
enlargement of abdominal viscera, cough, dysentery, intestinal worms, snake bite and syphilis.
It has been reported that plant possess pharmacol activities because of the presence of flavonol
glycosides. Plant is also reported to posses strong anti-oxidative activity, and strong proteolytic
activities of laticifer proteins from C. procera were shown to be shared by at least four distinct
cysteine proteinases and antifungal activity of crude exts. of Calotropis procera. Calotropis
procera a potent anti-inflammatory plant, also possess anti-diarrheal activity.
Following are the compounds isolated from Calotropis procera:
Procerursenyl acetate,proceranol, N-dotriacont-6-ene,glyceryl mono-oleolyl-2-phosphate, Me
myristate, Me behenate and glyceryl-1,2-dicapriate-3-phosphate,18-H-12,20(30)-diene-3-yl
acetate and n-triacontan-10-ol, glycosides isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (1),and isorhamnetin3-O-robinobioside (2). The leaf oil contained phytol (33.6 %), myristic acid (31.2 %) and
myristicin (19.9 %) as major constituents.
Two saponins are also isolated from the stem of C. procera and their structures stablished as 3O-{-L-rhamnopyranosyl(12)--D-xylopyranosyl(12)--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)--Dglucopyranosyl(13)--D-glucopyranoside}-3 hydroxyolean-12-enoic acid (I) and 3hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O--D-glucopyranoside (II).
68
Me
Me
HO 2 C
Me
Me
Me
H
H
HO
CH 2
HO
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH 3
OH
OH
OH
OH
Me
Me
Me
H
HO
Me
O
O
OH
Me
CO
Me
HO
Me
CH 2
CH 2
OH
OH
Me
Me
CH 2
O
OH
OH
OH
II
From leaves of Calotropis procera stigmasterol and -sitosterol are also isolated.
Triterpenoid 3-O--L-rhamnopyranosyl (12)--D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxyolean-12-en28-oic acid-28-O--D-xylopyranoside (I).
69
Me
Me
HO
CH 2
O
OH
Me
O
Me
Me
Me
CO
Me
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
Me
OH
OH
Oleanene type triterpenes, calotropoleanyl ester, proceroleanenol-A and proceroleanenol B, are

reported from the root bark of Calotropis procera, have been elucidated as olean-13(18)-en-3yl acetate, olean-13(18)-en-9-ol and olean-5, 13(18)-dien-3-ol. cardiotonic glycosides I
O
O
Me
Me
HO
OH
CH 2 OH
OH
H
H
Me
O
OH
OH
OH
70
Four cardenolides I [R1R2 = O, R3 = Me; R1 = OH, O-(-D-glucopyranosyl), R2 = H, R3 =

Me; R1 = O-(6-desoxyallosyl), R2 = H, R3 = CH2OH.
O
O
Me
R3
R2
H
H
R1
OH
An unusual C(18) isoursane pentacyclic triterpene is also reported from the root bark of
Calotropis procera.
Me
CH 2
H
Me
Me
H
Ac O
Me
Me
Me
H
Me
71
Botanical Name: Cordia gharaf

(Forssk.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Boraginaceae
Genus:
Cordia
Sindhi Name: Liyaar

Description of Cordia gharaf:
Cordia gharaf
Tree or shrub up to 9 m tall. Leaves 6-10.5 x 2-4 cm, elliptic oblong to oblanceolate, entire to
undulate,coriaceous to scabrid, cuneate, obtuse, nerves impressed above, strigose to pubescent,
especially in the axils of the nerves on the under surface.Calyx 3.5 mm long, tubularcampanulate, pubescent, accrescent, shallowly lobed; lobes obtuse. Corolla c. 5 mm long,
white; lobes ligulate-obuse, reflexed. Filaments c. 1.8 mm long, glabrous. Anthers c. 1 mm
long. Drupe 11 mm long, ovoid, mucronate, reddish-brown, longitudinally striate.
Flowering period: April - June
Type: Arabia: Hadie, Forsskal s.n. det. as Cornus sanguinea, Forssk. (C).
Distribution: N. Africa, Arabia, Pakistan, India, Sri-Lanka.
The species is found in dry areas up to 300 m. Sometimes also grown in gardens or self sown.
Medicinal Uses of Cordia gharaf in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against the cut and unhealing injury.
1. Method of use for Hepatitis:
Grind 20g of fresh leaves and add 1 glass of water drink after filteration 1 glass twice a day 1st
glass must be taken in fasting in the morning.continue for 30-40 days.
2. Method of use for Wound: Take 10g of the plant and add 30 mL of desi ghee and heat them
gently for 20 minutes and apply on the wound after cooling that twice a day.
Biassays of Cordia gharaf: The Methanolic extract of the plant antifungal and phytotoxicity
activities
Previous studies Cordia gharaf: To the best of our knowledge no previous phytochemical
work is done on this plant.
72
Botanical Name: Citrus aurantifolia

(Linn.) (Christman)
Swingle
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Citrus
Sindhi Name: Lemun

Urdu Name:
Citrus aurantifolia
Nibu and Nimbu
Description of Citrus aurantifolia:

Spiny bush or tree, 2-3 m tall, spines short and sharp. Leaves 30-60 x 10-38 mm, ellipticoblong, crenate; petiole narrowly winged. Flowers 3-10, perfect and staminate, white. Calyx
cupular, fleshy. Fruit ovoid or rounded, 25-50 mm in diameter, shortly mamillate; greenishyellow when ripe, pulp greenish, very acid.
Flowering period: April-September. Used for refreshing drinks, pickles, etc.
Medicinal Uses of Citrus aurantifolia in Sindh:

Fruit is used removal of kidney stone chronic fever and against hepatitis.
1. Method of use for removal of kidney stone:
Cut the fruit with glass and not with metal knife and extractthe juice of the fruit in cup and take
the one cup extracted juice in the fasting and then drink water after 30 minutes repeat the same
practice until stone is removed usullay it removed within 30-40 days.
2. Method of use for chronic fever and hepatitis:
Just add juice of two lemons in one glass of water and drink that and dribk that juice whenevr
you feel thirsty for hepatitis do this for 40 dyas and in chronic fever until you recovered from
the Fever.
Previou studies on Citrus aurantifolia:
The methanol and dichloromethane extracts obtained from the flowers of Citrus sinensis (L.)
Osbeck (Rutaceae), showed a dose-dependent sedative effect
73
Following are th compounds isolated from Citrus aurantifolia:

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are almost exclusively found in the Citrus genus.
Polymethoxylated
flavones,O-glycosylated
flavones,C-glycosylatedflavones,Oglycosylatedflavonols,O-glycosylated flavonones and phenolic acids along with their ester
derivatives.
74
Botanical Name: Commiphora myrrha

(Holmes)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Burseraceae
Genus:
Commiphora
Sindhi name: Tindoor

Urdu Name:
Mur Maki, Myrrh, Bol
Commiphora myrrha
Description of Commiphora myrrha:

Commiphora myrrha is very spiny and it grows to a height of about 4 m. It grows at an altitude
of between about 2501300 m, with a yearly mean rainfall of about 230300 mm. It does best
in thin soil, primarily in areas with limestone.
Medicinal Uses of Commiphora myrrha in Sindh:

Plant is used for treatment of the fracture of bones.
Method of use: wood from stem or branch is burnt and powder is made from the cole (koila)
and 1g of that is taken in fasting with 10g of butter, for 10-15 days. Butr this practice is done
when doctor or kumbhar has rejoined your fracture.
Previous studies on Commiphora myrrha:
Following are the compounds isolated from Commiphora myrrha:
Furanosesquiterpenoids, rel-1S,2S-epoxy-4R-furanogermacr-10(15)-en-6-one (1) and rel-2Rmethyl-5S-acetoxy-4R-furanogermacr-1(10)Z-en-6-one
(2),
and
four
known
furanosesquiterpenoids, rel-3R-methoxy-4S-furanogermacra-1E,10(15)-dien-6-one (3), rel-2Rmethoxy-4R-furanogermacr-1(10)E-en-6-one (4), furanogermacra-1(10)Z,4Z-dien-6-one, and
curzerenone [6,7-dihydro-5beta-isopropenyl-3,6beta-dimethyl-6-vinylbenzofuran-4(5H)-one.
75
Botanical Name: Cassia fistula (Linn.)

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Cassia
Sindhi Name: Chamkani, Khyar Shanber

Urdu Name:
Cassia fistula
Amaltas
Description of Cassia fistula:

Tree, up to 20 m tall. Bark in young tree smooth and ash coloured becoming rough and dark
brown in old. Stipules deltoid, acute, 1-2 mm long, caducous. Rachis 12-25 cm long, terete,
glabrous. Leaves compound 22.5-40 cm long, with 3-8 pairs of opposite leaflets, 6-10 (20) cm
long, smooth above, hairy below. Flowers arranged in drooping racemes, each raceme c. 10-45
cm long; peduncle 2-10 cm long. Pedicel 3.7-5.8 cm long, slender, slightly hairy or quite
smooth, bracts 8-10 mm long, ovate, acute, hairy. Calyx 5, green, folded backward on the stalk,
hairy, ovate, 9 mm long. Petals 5, obovate, blunt, distinctly veined. Stamens 10, 3 longest
stamens much curled and bear large oblong anthers, 4 smaller medium ones are quite straight, 3
remaining stamens are quite short, erect and sterile. Ovary slender, thinly appressed hairy, style
sturdy, stigma punctiform. Pods terete, glabrous, indehiscent, 40-60 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad,
black glossy brown, 40-100 seeded.
Flowering period: April - June
Type: Herb. Linn. 528/15 (LINN).
Distribution: W. Pakistan, Swat and Hazara eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. and commonly
planted in gardens; common in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India, Burma
and Ceylon.
An ornamental tree, the bark is used as tanning material and wood ash is used as mordant in
dyeing. The pulp of pods is used in Bengal to flavour tobacco. The durable wood is used for
various purposes. Various parts of the plant are also reputed to have medicinal properties.
Medicinal Uses of Cassia fistula in Sindh:

Bark is used against hepatitis/jaundice and seeds are used against constipation in children.
76
1. Method of use for hepatitis and jaundice:

Take 20-25g of bark and boil them wthone lite of water. Keeps boiling until the colour of
turned yellowish and cool that water and drind two glasses everyday for 40 days.
Previous studies on Cassia fistula:
It has been reported that aqoueos extract of fruit pulp of Cassia fistula possesses significant
hepatoprotective activity Aq. ext. of fruit pulp of Cassia fistula possesses significant
hepatoprotective activity.
The barks of C. fistula have been scientifically proved to possess anti-oxidant properties.Cassia
fistula barks possess antidiabetes.Hexane ext. from the fruits showed significant antileishmanial
activity against the promastigote form of Leishmania L. chagasi.
Following are the compounds isolated from Cassia fistula:
The fruits of Cassia fistula L. contained fifteen amino acids amounting to 2.07% and thirteen
inorg. elements. The content of potassium, calcium and magnesium was the most among the
inorg. elements in the fruits of Cassia fistula.Anthraquinone glycosides.The main components
of the flower oil were (E)-nerolidol (38.0%), and 2-hexadecanone (17.0%), while the leaf oil
consisted mainly of phytol (16.1%).cis-Heptacosanyl-5-hydroxypentadec-2-enoateand
octacosan-5,8-dio.5-(2-hydroxy phenoxymethyl) furfural(I), (2'S)-7-hydroxy-5hydroxymethyl2-(2'-hydroxypropyl) chromone (II), benzyl 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate (III), and benzyl
2-O-D-glucopyranosyl-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate (IV) their structure is given on the next page
77
Botanical Name: Cassia senna (Linn.)

Synonyms:
Cassia angustifolia
Family:.
Caesalpiniaceae
Genus:
Senna
Sindhi Name: Sana Makai
Description of Cassia senna:
Cassia senna
Suffruticose, 20-120 cm tall, branches subterete, pubescent. Leaves 5-12.5 cm long, rachis
densely hairy, eglandular, petioles 1.2-2 cm long, stipules c. 5-7 mm long, linear-lanceolate,
very acute with a small auricle at the base, densely hairy; leaflets 5-8 pairs, 1.5-2.5 cm long,
7.5-13 mm wide, obovate, oblong, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, velvety pubescent on both
surfaces, petiolules very short. Flowers in axillary racemes, pedicel very short. Calyx c. 9-10
mm long, divided to the base, segments oblong, obtuse, membranous. Petals c. 1.2-1.3 cm long,
ovate, oblong, cuneate, shortly clawed, yellow, conspicuously reticulate with darker veins.
Stamens 10, the upper 3 reduced to the small staminodes, the remaining perfect, 2 or 3 lower
are largest. Ovary densely hairy. Pods c. 2.5-3.8 cm long, 1.2-1.8 cm wide, flat, thin and
papery, recurved, rounded at both the ends, velvety, pubescent, not longitudinally crested.
Seeds 4-10, obovate to cuneate, c. 6-7 mm long, 3 mm wide, reticulate-rugose, flattened,
glabrous, yellow.
Flowering period: All the year round.
Medicinal Uses of Senna holosericea in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against abdominal discomfer and blood purification.
1. Method of use abdominal discomfert:
Dry the leaves in shadow and make powder of the leaves.Take 2 g of the power add 2 g of
sonph, 2 small cardimum and 1 janwaer ji tikki and take them with one glass of water.
2. Method of use for blood purification:
Pour 5-8 g of the fresh leaves for in 1 glass of water drink in the fasting after filteration. And
repeat that practice fro 7-10 days.
Previous studies on Senna holosericea:
lauric, myristic palmitic, palmitoleic,steric, oleic, linoleic linolenic, arachidic, and behenic acids
are reported from the seeds oil.
78
Botanical Name: Cleom brachycarpa

(Vahl ex DC)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Cleomaceae
Genus:
Cleome
Sindhi Name: Shamako
Cleom brachycarpa
Description of Cleom brachycarpa:

Annual herb, spreading and branched, up to 3 dm. tall. Stems beset with short stiff glandular
hairs. Leaves petiolate, 35-foliolate; leaflets linear-lanceolate to obovate, up to 9 mm. long, 1
4 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so above, scattered glandular-pubescent on the lower surface
and margins; petiole 220 mm. long. Inflorescence racemose with a gradual transition from
leaves to leafy bracts. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate, 23 mm. long, usually glandular. Petals 57.5
mm. long, yellow. Stamens 6. Gynophore up to 1 mm. long. Capsules 38 mm. long, 23 mm.
across, glandular, terminating in a very obvious persistent style, 34 mm. long. Seeds 0.50.8
mm. in diameter, dark maroon-brown, finely rugulose. Fig. 2/15, p. 10.
Medicinal Uses of Cleom brachycarpa in Sindh:

Plant is used against abdominal discomfert.
Method of use:
Dry the plant in shadow and take 3-5 grams with one glass of water, abdominal pain will be
released within 10-20 minutes.
Bioassays of of Cleom brachycarpa:
Plant showed antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Previous studies on Cleom brachycarpa:
79
Following compounds are isolated from Cleom brachycarpa:

Trinortriterpenoid dilactone Brachycarpone (I)
Me
H
MeC O 2
Me
Me
Me
O
O
Me Me
80
Botanical Name: Cymbopogon citrates

(D.C.) Stapf
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Cymbopogon
Sindhi name: Puee

Description of Cymbopogon citrates:
Cymbopogon citrates
Also known as citronella grass, lemon grass is a sweet scented perennial grass of tropical
regions widely used in Asian cooking. The narrow, ribbon-like, leafy stalks grow in clumps that
reach 1 m (3 ft) or more in height. The leaves swell slightly at the base to form a fleshy stolon
or underground stem. The stem is white and is also edible. The edges of mature leaves are
rough and can be quite sharp its easy to get cut fingers when harvesting them.
Medicinal Uses of Cymbopogon citratus in Sindh:

Whole plant is routinely used against the chronic fever.
Dry the palnt in shadow and store at some clean place. Take 5-8 g of the plant boil with 250 mL
of waterand keep boiling ubtill water is reuced 50 mL and drink that water twice a day for for
3-4 days.
Previous studies:
To the best of our knowledge so far as no phytochemical studies are reported on this plant.
81
Botanical Name: Desmostachya

bipinnata (Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Desmostachya
Sindhi name: Drubh
Description of Desmostachya bipinnata:
Desmostachya bipinnata
Harsh tussocky rihozomatous perennial; culms stout, up to 1.2 m high. Leaf-blades up to 65 cm

long, 3.8-10.5 mm wide when unrolled; lower leaf-sheaths leathery, often densely flabellate
towards the base of the culm. Inflorescence up to 60 cm long; spikes clustered or spaced, 14 cm
long. Spikelets 3-17-flowered, narrowly ovate to linear-oblong, 3-10 mm long; lower glume
0.7-1.5 mm long, upper glume 1.1-2.0 mm long; lemmas straw-coloured or suffused with
purple, 1.8-2.7 mm long.
Flowering period: July-October or November.
Type: Egypt, Hasselquist.
Distribution: Pakistan (Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Kashmir);
through-out the Middle East to Indo-China; and North and tropical Africa.
Medicinal Uses of Desmostachya bipinnata in Sindh:

Flowers and root are used against persistent fever; flowers are used against loose motion and
root also used against retention of urine.
1. Method of use for chronic fever:
20-25 g Root or flowers are boiled with 500 mL of until the volume is reduce to 250 mL and
take 15-20 mL three times a day for three days against chronic fever.
2. Method of use for loose motions:
Flower 910-15 g are boiled with 250 mL of water until the volume is reduced to half take tha
syrup twice a day.
82
3. Method of use for retention of urine:

boil the root 10-15 g of root until the colour of water is turned golden or yellowsish and cool
that water and drink 1 glass of water, urine will passed within 10-20 minutes.
Bioassays of Desmostachya bipinnata:
The alcoholic extract of the planta showed antibacterial, antifungal and antileishmanial
activities.
Previous studies on Desmostachya bipinnata:
First methonlic extract shoed goog antihelicobacter activity and and later on 4'-methoxy
quercetin-7-O-glucoside was isolated from whole plant .it has been predicted that the isolated
compd. (Quercetin) might be useful as a chemo-preventive agent for peptic ulcer in H. pyloriinfected individuals, after its clin. Evaluation. From the ethanol ext. of Desmostachia bipinnata
kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3-glucoside (3), tricin (4) and tricin-7-glucoside (5) are
isolated.
83
Botanical Name: Dalbergia sissoo

(Roxb.)
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Dalbergia
Sindhi Name: Taari

Urdu Name:
Shesham
Dalbergia sissoo
Description of Dalbergia sissoo:

Tree with rough bark and mainly longitudinal furrows, young branch pubescent. Leaf
imparipinnate, rachis c. 3.7-7.5 cm long; leaflets 3-5, c. 3.5-6.5 cm long, broadly ovate or
suborbicular, acuminate, glabrescent, petiolule c. 5-8 mm long; stipules c. 5 mm long.
Inflorescence an axillary panicle, composed of several short spikes with sessile to subsessile
flowers. Bract small, pubescent, caducous. Calyx c. 5 mm long, teeth ciliate, unequal, shorter
than the tube. Corolla yellowish white. Stamens 9, monadelphous, tube slit on the upper side
only, anthers uniform. Ovary pubescent, 2-4-ovulate, style glabrous, stigma capitate. Fruit c.
3.7-10 cm long, c. 7.0-13 mm broad, strap-shaped, glabrous, 1-4-seeded. Seed flattened.
Flowering period: March - May
Type: Roxb. l.c. ined. 970 (K).
Distribution: Pakistan; India; Sikkim; Afghanistan; Persia; Iraq.
Very widely planted in the plains along the roadsides, canals and fields and in the forest
plantations. The wood which is hard, heavy and durable, is very important. It is commonly used
for furniture, carts, boats, wheels etc.
Medicinal Uses of Dalbergia sissoo in Sindh:

Leaves are used against hotness of body.
Method of use:
Grind the 15-20 g of fresh leaves in clay pot and add 250 mL of water slowly and drink after
filteration in afternoon time.
84
Biossays of Dalbergia sissoo:

The crude sample of plant showed antifungal and insecticidal and phytotoxic activities:
Previous studies on Dalbergia sissoo:
Following compounds have been isolated from Dalbergia sissoo:
The isoflavone, biochanin , a potent chemotherapeutic cancer preventive agent (1) with a
distinct estrogenic activity (2), has been isolated from the fresh flowers of Dalbergia sisso.
Two rare glycosides kaempferol and quercetin rutinosides. Quercetin was also isolated in a low
yield.
85
Botanical Name: Datura stramonium

(Linn., Syst)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae
Genus:
Datura
Sindhi Name: Chario Dhatoro

Description of Datura stramonium:
Datura stramonium
Plant 60-120 cm or more tall, branched, pubescent; the branches often purplish. Leaves 8-17 x
4-13 cm, ovate or broadly so, sinuately dentate, minutely puberulose, cuneate. Petiole 2-5 cm
long. Calyx 3.5-5.5 cm long, tubular, 5-dentate, puberulous, persistent. Lobes 6-9 mm long,
strongly reflexed in fruit, apiculate. Corolla 7-10 cm long, white or purplish suffused; limb up
to 8 cm broad. shallowy 5-lobed, with the lobes, triangular-acuminate. Anthers 5 mm long,
with the lobes narrow oblong, usually white. Capsule erect, 3-4 cm long, ovoid, spiny and
densely pubescent, splitting by 4 valves; spines up to 5 mm long. Seeds 3 mm long, reniform,
reticulate-foveolate, black.
Flowering period: June - July
Type: Described from American, Hort. Cliff. 55/1 (BM).
Distribution: In most temperate and subtropical regions of both the hemispheres.
The thorn apple is a noxious weed found along roadsides and waste places from 914-2286 m.
The plant parts, as in Atropa contain alkaloids as hyoscyamine, which have a powerful narcotic
effect. The plant parts are also medicinal; being used in fevers, for worms, skin diseases, boils
and indigestion (Dymock et al. Pharmcog. Ind. Reprint. edit. 2:584. 1891).
Medicinal Uses of Datura stramonium in Sindh:

Fruit is used for bronchial asthma.
Method of use:
Boil 7 blas of fruit after removing thornes from the fruit and add 56 long of garam masala
during boiling. Boil until water is completely eveapoarted and dry the paste in shadow and
make powder. Makes tablets of 2-3g with honey. Take these tablets twice a day for 40 days.
86
Previous studies on Datura stramonium:

Following are the compounds islated from Datura stramonium:
The seeds of Datura alba yielded much scopolamine and a trace of hyoscyamine. Only
scopolamine was found in the pericarps, leaves and stems, hyoscine and hyoscyamin.
87
Botanical Name: Dodonaea viscosa

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Sapindaceae
Genus:
Dodonaea
Sindhi Name: Lohero

Description of Dodonaea viscosa:
Dodonaea viscosa
An evergreen shrub up to 5 m tall; young parts covered with a yellow, viscid resin. Leaves subsessile, oblanceolate to spathulate, 3-9 cm long, 0.5-2 cm broad, glabrous, entire, sub-acute to
apiculate. Panicles terminal, c. 3 cm long; flowers greenish yellow; pedicel 4-8 mm long.
Sepals 3-5, connate at the base, ovate, 3 mm long, puberulous; persistent. Stamens 6-8, free,
rudimentary in the female flower; anthers subsessile, oblong, 2-5 mm long, sparsely hairy at the
tip. Disc annular, cushion-shaped. Ovary triquetrous, 2.2 mm long, 3-locular, sparsely hairy,
rudimentary in the male flower; style 3 mm long, minutely papillose; stigma 3-fid. Capsule 1214 mm long, 15-19 mm broad, 2-4 valved; valves membranous, light brown, green or maroon,
winged at the back. Seed sub-globose, c. 4 mm long, black.
Flowering period: Jan-March
Distribution: Australia, S. Africa, N. America, China, India, Ceylon, W.Pakistan and India.
A component of the scrub vegetation of low hilly areas. The quick growth and gregarious habit
of this shrub makes it an excellent hedge plant. The branches are used as fire-wood and as a
support for the flat mud roofs in village houses. The wood can be used for making walking
sticks and tool-handles.
Medicinal Uses of Dodonaea viscosa in Sindh:

Bark of the plant is used against heptatis and joindous:
Method of use:
Take Kg of the bark and boil it with 2 liters of water and keep boiling untill the colour turned
yellowish.Filter the water and keep in neat and clean bottle or jug in fridge or in shadow. Drink
1 glass in fasting in every morning for 7 days only.
88
Bioassays of Dodonaea viscosa:

Methanolic extract of leaves
hepatoprotecticve activity.
Dodonea viscosa shows Antifungal,antibacterial and
Previous studies on Dodonea viscosa:

Following are the compounds isolated from Dodonea viscosa:
Quercetin and isorhamnetin are found in adequately large concns. in the plant D. viscosa
(Sapindaceae). Plants that contain flavonoids are effective in the topical treatment of skin or
mucous membrane inflammation.Water solution of seeds contains polysaccharides. 3,4',6trimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone and -sitosterol from the aerial parts of the folk medicinal
plant D. viscosa angustifolia, 3,4',6- trimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone and -sitosterol.
Isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside have
been isolated from the leaves of pods of D. viscosa
89
Botanical Name: Echinops echinatus

(Roxb.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Compositae/Asteraceae
Genus:
Echinops
Sindhi Name: Dammai

Urdu Names: Barham dandi, Labh, Unt katara
Echinops echinatus
Description of Echinops echinatus:

Echinopes echinatus is an erect branched herb about a meter high.It has short, stout stems,
branching from the base, covered with white cottony hair. Alternately arranged oblong, deeply
pinnatifid leaves are 7-12 cm long. Flower-heads occur in solitary white spherical balls, 3-5 cm
across. Petals of the tiny white flowers are 5 mm long. Flowers are surrounded by straight,
strong, white bristles. Flowering: December-January.
Medicinal Uses of Echinops echinatus in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against skin itching.
Method of use:
Boil the 2 kg of plant with 12-15 liters of water and bath with that water twice a day for 3-4
days.
Bioassays of Echinops echinatus:
The methanolic extract of plant showed Antifungal activity.
Previous studies on Echinops echinatus:
2',5,7trihydroxy-3.6-dimethoxy
flavone-7-O--D-galactopyranosyl-[14]-O--Lrhamnopyranoside is reported from from the seeds of Echinops echinatus. 7-hydroxyisoflavone,
kaempferol-4'-methylether,
kaempferol-7-methylether,
myricetin-3-O--L-rhamnoside,
kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O--L-rhamnoside, are reported from the whole plant of
Echinops echinatus.
An antiinflammatory active flavanone glycoside 5,7-dihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyflavanone-5-O-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O--D-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-O--D-glucopyranoside A along with
90
a known compd. dihydroquercetin-4'-Me ether is also reported from the leaves of Echinops
echinatus.
Apigenin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and a new acylflavone glucoside named echitin (I) were
isolated from Echinops echinatus flowers.
OH
HO
CH2
O
HO
OH
O
OH
HO
A minor alkaloid 7-hydroxyechinozolinone (I) is reported from the flowers of E. echinatus
O
NCH 2 CH 2 OH
HO
Four phenolic compds., apigenin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, echinacin (I), and echinaticin (II),
were are reported from E. echinatus Roxb.; I and II. The 2 derivs., echinacin permethyl ether
and apigenin-5,4'-dimethyl ether, are reported by methylation of I and apigenin 7-O-glucoside
permethylate, resp.
91
HO
OH
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
n-hentriacontane, n-hentriacontanol, lupeol, lupeol acetate, y-amyrin, -amyrin acetate, ysitosterol, palmitic acid, betulinic acid, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside,
luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O--D-(4''-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and echinopsine are
reported from the flowers of E. echinatus.
Alkaloid, echinozolinone (I) = 3(2-hydroxyethyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone.
O
N CH 2 CH 2 OH
N
Isomeric acyl flavone glycosides echinacin (I) and echinaticin (II) are reported from E.
echinatus.
OH
OR
O
OR
R1O
I, R= COCH
OH
92
HO
CHC 6 H 4 OH-4, R 1 =H
II, R=H, R 1 = COCH
CHC 6 H 4 OH-4
Botanical Name: Euphorbia serpense

(Haines)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Genus:
Euphorbia
Sindhi Name: Kheer wall

Description of Euphorbia serpense:
Euphorbia serpense
This is an annual herb forming a mat of prostrate stems which root at nodes where the stem
comes in contact with the ground. The oval leaves occur in oppositely arranged pairs, each leaf
less than a centimeter long. The inflorescence is a cyathium with scalloped white petal-like
appendages surrounding the actual flowers. A red nectar gland is at the base of each appendage,
and at the center of the cyathium are several male flowers around one female flower. The fruit
is a lobed, spherical capsule.
Medicinal Uses of Euphorbia serpense in Sindh:

Leaves are used against stomach pain and extracted milk of plant is used against ear pain.
1. Method of use for stomach pain:
Just chew the 3-4g of fresh plant and take in the extract of plant stomach pain will be released
within 10-15 minutes.
Just pour 2-3 drops of the extracted milk of the plant in affected ear twice a day.
Previous studies on Euphorbia serpense:
Following are the compounds isolated from Euphorbia serpense:
Unbranched C24 to C36 hydrocarbons were obtained. The flavonoid compn. of E. serpens
microfilia included luteolin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, vitexin, isovitexin,
quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin. Flavonoids of E. minuta included luteolin 7-O-glucoside,
apigenin 7-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, vitexin, isovitexin, quercetin, isorhamnetin,
and apigenin. The anthocyanins identified from E. serpens microfilia included cyanidin 3-Oglucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside; cyanidin 3-O-galactoside.
93
Botanical Name: Eclipta prostrata Linn.

Synonyms:
Eclipta alba, Verbesina

alba, Eclipta erecta
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae/Compositae
Genus:
Eclipta
Sindhi Name: Khokhri

Urdu Name:
Eclipta prostrata
Bhangra
Description of Eclipta prostrata:

Root well developed, cylindrical, greyish. Floral heads 6-8 mm in diameter, solitary, white,
achene compressed and narrowly winged. It grows commonly in moist places as a weed all
over the world. It is widely distributed throughoutIndia, China, Thailand, and Brazil.
In ayurvedic medicine, the leaf extract is considered a powerful liver tonic, rejuvenative, and
especially good for the hair. A black dye obtained from Eclipta alba is used for dyeing hair and
tattooing. Eclipta alba also has traditional external uses, like athlete foot, eczema and
dermatitis, on the scalp to address hair loss and the leaves have been used in the treatment of
scorpion stings. It is used as anti-venom against snakebite in China and Brazil (Mors, 1991). It
is reported to improve hair growth and colour (Kritikar and Basu 1975 and Chopra et al. 1955).
Medicinal Uses of Eclipta prostrata in Sindh:

Plant used against Diarrhoea.
Method of use: Grind the fresh leaves in clay pot and add 1 glass of water drink that water
after filteration.
Previous studies on Eclipta prostrata:
It has been reported previously that Eclipta prostrata has functions of nourishing liver and
kidney, cooling blood and arresting bleeding and antitumor, immunoregulating and antiinflammatory pharmacol. actions, and contains multiple active constituents.butanolic extract
has ability toenhance antioxidantactivity.Wedelolactone showed the against HIV1.
Following are the compounds are isolated from Eclipta prostrate:
luteolin (1), wedelolactone (2) and desmethylwedelolactone are reported from arial parts of the
plant. Compound 2 is reported to possess antiliver cancer and hepatitis.
94
Botanical Name: Fagonia indica

(Burm)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Family:
Zygophyllaceae
Genus:
Fagonia
Sindhi Name: Damma

Description of Fagonia indica:
Eclipta prostrata
Annual to perennial, covered with whitish pruinose or sessile glands or glabrous shrublet. Stem
basally somewhat woody, branches procumbent or erect, cylindrical, striate, internodes 2.5-5
cm long. Leaves mostly unifoliolate or basal ones trifoliolate and upper unifoliolate, leaflets
linear-oblong or lanceolate, 6-35 mm long, 3-4 mm broad, mucronate, short to long petioled or
sessile; stipular spines awl shaped, patent to ascending, equal to shorter than leaves,
occasionally deficient or minute. Flowers mediocre, c. 1.2 cm across, pinkish-purple; pedicel 46 mm long. Sepals ovate, c. 3-4 mm long, c. 1.5 mm broad, glandular outside, acute, persistent.
Petals spathulate, c. 6 mm long, c. 3 mm broad, obtuse. Stamens with c. 6 mm long filaments.
Capsule 3-4 mm long and broad, pubescent, pedicel equal to about twice as long as fruit.
Distribution: Indo-Pakistan subcontinent westwards to North and East tropical Africa in arid
and semi-arid regions.
Medicinal Uses of Fagonia indica in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against skin itching.
Method of use: Boil the 2-3 Kg of plant with 12-15 liters of water and bath with that water
after moderating the temperature and repeat that practice for 8-12 days.
Bioassays of Fagonia indica:
The Methanolic extract of plant showed Antileishmanial activity.
Previous studies on Fagonia indica:
Following are compounds isolated from Fagonia indica:
3-O-{[-D-4-O-sulfonylglucopyranosyl-(13)]--L-arabinopyranosyl}-ursolic acid-28-O-[D-glucopyranosyl] ester (indicasaponin C) and 3-O-{[-D-4-O-sulfonylglucopyranosyl(13)]-[-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)]--L-arabinopyranosyl}-ursolic
acid-28-O-[-Dglucopyranosyl] are reported from ythis plant . The sapogenins hederagenin and ursolic acid as
well as pinitol is reported from aerial parts of F. indica (Zygophyllaceae). Free amino acids of
F. indica included alanine, arginine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline,
tyrosine, and valin.Entire plant yielded oleanolic acid, betulic acid, and fagonin.
95
Botanical Name: Ficus benghalensis

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Urticales
Family:
Moraceae
Genus:
Ficus
Sindhi Name: Barr
Ficus benghalensis
Description of Ficus benghalensis:

A large, evergreen to deciduous, up to 20 (-25) m tall, with wide leafy crown and branches
spreading up to 100 m or more with pillar-like prop roots and accessory trunks. Trunk massive,
fluted, bark grey, smooth, young softly white puberulous. Leaves with stout, (1.5-) 2-6 (-8) cm
long, do ventrally compressed hairy petiole; lamina coriaceous, ovate or orb ovate to elliptic,
(8-) 10-20 (-25) cm long, (6-) 8-15 (20) cm broad, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath,
base subcordate or rounded, margins apically obtuse, lateral nerves 4-7 pairs, intercostals
distinct, bulging stipules coriaceous, stout, 1.5-2.5 cm long, acute; cystoliths abundant on
side, few or absent below. Hypanthodia sessile, in axillary pairs on young depressed-globose,
15-2 cm in diameter, green, hairy, subtended by 3, reniform c. 3-4 mm long, c. 6-7 mm wide,
minutely hairy basal bracts, apical orifice by 3, flat or umbonate bracts, internal bristles
absent. Male flowers: numerous ostiolar, shortly pedicellate; sepals 2-3; stamen solitary, with
shortly mucronate anther. Female flowers: sessile, mixed with gall flowers; sepals 34, small;
ovary with an elongated style. Gall flowers numerous, pedicellate; sepal as in female ovary
with a short style. Figs globose to depressed-globose, 15-2.5 cm in diam pinkish-red, hairy.
Medicinal Uses of Ficus benghalensis in Sindh:

Bark is used against female prolonged mensis or pain during that period, leaves are used against
asthma and male sexual weakness, roots are used against jaundice and against hepatitis.
1. Method of use for female prolonged mensis or pain during that period:
Take 1 kg of the Bark of plant and boil with 10liters of water till the colour turned redish or
yellowish. Cool that water and filter that and pour in the tub and female suffering from the
problem should sit in that water for 40-60 minutes, for 2-3 days
2. Method of use for jaundice and hepatitis:
Take 1 kg of root and boil it with 5 liters of water and keep boiling till the colour changes to
redis, filter the water and drink 1 glass twice a day for 40 days.
96
3. Method of use for male sexual weakness and asthma:

Take 1 patasha ( a kind of sweet easily available at pinsaar shops) add 1drop of the milk of the
leaves and eat in fasting every morning for 40 but drops of milk should be increased by 1 every
day and one can use more than 1 patasha as needed.
Previous studies on Ficus benghalensis:
Antioxidant activity of defatted ethanolic ext. of fruits of Ficus bengalensis showed significant
dose-dependent free radical scavenging property in all the models except in hydroxyl radical
inhibition assay. Aq., ethanol, and Et acetate exts. showed significant decrease in
leukocytes.Alcoholic extract of fresh aerial roots of Ficus bengalensis showed significant
hepatoprotective activity comparable with Silymarin. Methanol and acetone extracts showed
effective Antibacterial activity. The antidiabetic effect of a dimethoxy deriv. of pelargonidin 3O--L-rhamnoside is also reported.
Following compounds are isolated from Ficus benghalensis:
Di-Me ether of leucopelargonidin 3-O--L-rhamnoside isolated from the bark of
F.bengalensis.The
ketones
20-tetratriacontene-2-one,pentatriacontan-5-one,and
6heptatriacontene-10-one were isolated from stem bark of Banyan (F. bengalensis) and their
structures elucidated. -Sitosterol -D-glucose and meso-inositol.A leucodelphinidin deriv.(I)
isolated from the bark f Ficus bengalensis Linn demonstrated hypoglycemic
OH
OH
MeO
OMe
OMe
OH
HO
O
Me
OH
OH
97
Botanical Name: Foeniculum vulgare

(Mill)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Apiales
Family:
Apiaceae/Umbelliferae
Genus:
Foeniculum
Sindhi Name: (Soonf/Waduf)

Description of Foeniculum vulgare:
Foeniculum vulgare
Plants up to 2 m tall, glabrous, glaucous. Stem striate. Leaves 3-4-pinnate; segments filiform,
up to 4 cm long; leaf bases sheathing. Rays 5-30, 1-6 cm long. Carpophore divided to the base.
Fruit oblong to ovoid, 3-5 mm long, glabrous.
Type locality: S. France.
Distribution: A cosmopolitan species.
Fennel is commonly cultivated from the plains to 2000 m and has a wide distribution. The
leaves are used as a vegetable and the fruits as a spice and as a carminative.
Medicinal Uses of Foeniculum vulgare in Sindh:

Seeds are used against abdominal discomfort and constipation in children.
1. Method of use for abdominal discomfort:
Seeds are chew and extract formed in mouth is taken inside.
2. Method of use for constipation in children:
3-5 g of seeds are pour in 200 mL of water for 30-40minutes and 1-2 spoon of that water is
given to the children.
Previous studies on the Foeniculum vulgare:
Seeds of the plants are used in Chinese drug which is used as antiviral and antimicrobial drug.
The fruit is rich in essential oil, which's the main constituent - the phenylpropene (E)-anethole.
Other constituents are (+)-fenchone, limonene, -pinene and estragole. Besides, fennel fruit
stilbene trimers - derivs. of cis-miyabenol C, monoterpenoid glycosides and phenolic compds.
98
It has been reported that plant possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,

hepatoprotective and antiplatelet,inflammation and ulcer, regulating blood sugar, reducing
blood fat, preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, and treating
hyperglycemia.In traditional Chinese medicine whichis used for improving immunity plant is
also the part of formulation.In other folk medicines it has been used to treat obstruction of the
liver, spleen and gall bladder and for digestive complaints such as colic, indigestion,nausea and
flatulence.
Foolwing are the compounds isolated from Foeniculum vulgare:
trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone and polyphenolics were isolated from this plant and some of
these interact with potential mechanisms of the body peroxidn.
99
Botanical Name: Grewia tenax (Forsk)

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Tiliaceae
Genus:
Grewia
Sindhi Name: Wingo, Kamkeh

Description of Grewia tenax:
Grewia tenax
A suberect to erect shrub, up to 3 m tall. Stem with ash-grey bark, young twigs stellate hairy.
Leaves 3-5-costate, almost glabrous to sparsely or densely stellate hairy on both sides, ovateelliptic or obovate to almost orbicular, 0.6-4.5 cm long, 0.4-4 cm broad, sharply serrate, cuneate
at the base, acute to obtuse, rarely emarginate at the apex; petiole 2-14 mm long, hairy; stipules
linear-lanceolate, caducous. Flowers solitary or rarely paired, on solitary, antiphyllous, (0.6-)
1.2 cm long, hairy peduncle, white, rarely yellowish-white, 2-2.5 cm across; pedicel c. half as
long as peduncle, stellate tomentose. Sepals linear-oblong, (1-) 1.4 (-1.6) cm long, c. 3-4 mm
broad, stellate hairy outside. Petals linear, (0.8-) 1.1-1.4 cm long, c. 2 mm broad, claw much
smaller than limb, with somewhat reniform densely ciliate gland, bilobed at the apex. Stamens
numerous, filaments slightly shorter than style or subequal. Torus angular. Ovary 4-lobed,
glabrous, rarely stellate hairy; style c. 8-10 mm long, clavate, glabrous, rarely sparsely stellate
hairy, stigma somewhat cupular. Drupe usually 2-4-lobed, lobes c. 5-7 mm in diameter,
glabrous, rarely with sprinkled stellate hairs, orange yellow with red-dish tinge.
Flowering period: February - August
Medicinal Uses of Grewia tenax in Sindh:

Leaves are used against hepatitis and boil (daanay).
1. Method of use for hepatitis:
10-15g of the fresh leaves are boiled with 1 liter of water till the colour changes to greenish
then filter the water and drink 1 glass twice a day for 40 dys.
2. Method of use for Boil(daanay):
Just make a paste of leaves and apply on the boils in night for 3-4 days only.
Previous studies on the Grewia tenax:
Following compounds are isolated from Grewia tenax:
Triacontan-1-ol,-amyrin,-sitosterol,lupenone,erythrodiol,-amyrin, and betulinol from stem
bark of G. tenax.
100
Botanical Name: Inula grantioides

(Boiss.)
Synonyms:
Iphionia grantioides
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Genus:
Inula
Sindhi Name: Khol meer
Inula grantioides
Description of Inula grantioides:

Inula is a large genus of about 90 species of in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe,
Asia and Africa. The genus is thought by some to be paraphyletic, based on the study of the
different phenolic compounds the various species have.They are mostly perennial herbs that
vary greatly in size, from small species a few centimeters tall to enormous perennials over 3
meters tall.Some common characteristics include pappus with bristles, flat capitulum, and lack
of chaff.Several species are popular flowers for the garden, with cultivation going back to
antiquity. The name Inula was already used by the Romans and derived from Helen of
Troy fame.1] The smaller species are used in rock gardens and the more common larger ones,
which tend to have very coarse foliage, in borders.
Medicinal Uses of Inula grantioides in Sindh:

Leaves are used against itching ,haepatitis and against snake bite.
1. Method of use for hepatitise:
Pour the fresh leaves of plant in water for overnight and in the morning grind them and drink it
after filtration.
2. Method of use for itching:
Grind the fresh plant make a paste and apply on the affected area.
3. Method of use for snake sting:
Grind the fresh 10g whole plant and add 1 glass of water and drink that and also make paste by
grinding the whole plant apply on the affected area of the skin.
101
Bioassays of Inula grantioides:

The Methanolic extract of ther whole plant showed the strong antibacterial activity, antimalarial
activity and antifungal activity.
Previous studies on the Inula grantioides:
Oil of the plant has been reported topossess strong antibiotic activity.
Following arethe compounds isolated from Inula grantioides:
-sitosterol,stigmasterol and -sitosteryl glucoside.11-Hentriacontene, pentatriacontene and a
saturated hydrocarbon, pentatriacontane from the flowers of the Inula grantioides. 5-hydroxy3,6,7,2',5'-pentamethoxyflavone1,-Sitosterol,lupeol, taraxasterol, taraxasterol acetate,and
triacontanol were also isolated for the first time from this plant.
OMe
O
Me O
Me O
OMe
OH
102
OMe
I
Botanical Name: Heliotropium uropeum

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Family:
Boraginaceae
Genus:
Heliotropium
Sindhi Name: Nangan wall
Description of Heliotropium uropeum:
Heliotropium uropeum
This is an annual herb growing from a taprootand reaching maximum heights near 40
centimeters. The stem and oval-shaped leaves are covered in soft hairs. Theinflorescences are
coiled spikes of white flowers with fuzzy or bristly sepals. Each flower is just a few millimeters
wide. The fruit is a bumpy nutlet. Medicinal uses of Heliotropium uropeum in Sindh: Paste of
the whole plant is used against hemorhoides.
Medicinal Use of Heliotropium uropeum in Sindh:

Plant is used effectively against hemorrhoids:
Method of use:
Take 20g fresh leaves grind them and add 5 mL of hair oil and aplly on the affected area and
tide with cotton and cloth for 24 hours however you can change the paste 3 times a day. Repeat
that for three days. And on 4th day add 3-4 drops of the milk of Akk (calotropes procera).
Hemorrhoids will be finshed within days.
Previous studies on the Heliotropium uropeum:
Following compounds are isolated from the plant:
The major alkaloids present in plant is named isoheliotrine present in 75-85% of all the
alkaloids and lasiocarpine is trhe minor alkaloid.
103
Botanical Name: Leptadenia pyrotechnica

(Forssk.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Apocynaceae
Genus:
Leptadenia
Sindhi Name: Kheer khip
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
Description of Leptadenia pyrotechnica:

Erect, much branched generally leafless shrub, generally 0.6-2.5 m tall. Branches erect, slender,
green, spinescent. Leaves (when present), 2.5-6 x 2.5-3 mm, linear to linear-lanceolate,
subsessile, glabrous, acute. Flowers in small umbellate cymes. Peduncle 2.5-8 mm long, pedicel
c. 2.5 mm long, pubescent. Calyx c. 1.5 mm long, lobes as long as the tube, pubescent. Corolla
3-3.5 mm long, deeply divided, funnel-shaped, glabrous below, lobes pubescent within and
without. Follicles 7.5-11.5 cm x 6-7 mm, lanceolate, terete, and glabrous. Seeds c. 8 mm long,
coma 2.5-3.8 cm long.
Flower Period: December - January
Medicinal Uses of Leptadenia pyrotechnica in Sindh:

Extracted milk of plant is used against psoriasis (skin disease).
Method of use:
Just apply the extracted milk of the plant on the affected skin area twice a day.
Previous studies on Leptadenia pyrotechnica:
It has reported that plant posses antitumor on initial potato disk screen.
Following are the compounds isolated from Leptadenia pyrotechnica:
It has been reported that Oil of Leptadenia pyrotechnica seeds to contain 12,13-epoxy octadeccis-9-enoic acid (vernolic acid) (32%) and following are the compounds which are also islated
from the plant;
104
Cardiac glycosides; 14,19-dihydroxycard-20

(22)-enolide-3-O-[-d-glucopyranosyl-digitoxoside] C-I, 14,19-dihydroxycard-20 (22)-enolide-3-O-[-d-glucopyranosyl--dglucopyranoside] C-II and 14,19-dihydroxycard.kaempferol-3-O--l-rhamnopyranosyl (1''' 6'')O--d-glucopyranoside (E-I.1), kaempferol-3-O--d-rhamnopyranosyl (1''' 6'')-O--dglucopyranoside (E-I.2), texasin-7-O--d-glucopyranoside E-II.2, kaempferol-3-O--dglucopyranoside (E-III.1), kaempferol (E-IV.1) and kaempferide-3-O--l-rhamnopyranosyl (1'''
6'')-O--d-glucopyranoside (E-I.1a) are reported from this plant.
105
Botanical Name: Moringa rivae

(Chiovenda)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Moringaceae
Genus:
Moringa
Sindhi Name: Swanjehro

Description of Moringa rivae:
Moringa rivae
A large tree, with gummy bark, younger parts pubescent. Leaves alternate, tripinnately
imparipinnate, up. to 60 cm long (including 4-15 cm long petiole), deciduous; rachis pubescent,
slender, pulvinate and jointed at base; pinnae 5-11, stalk of the pinna 1-3 cm long, articulated at
base; pinnules 5-11, petiolule of pinnule 4-8 mm long; rachis of the pinnule articulated with a
small rounded gland; leaflets 3-9 (-11), 1-1.75(-2.4) cm long, 0.5-1.8 cm broad, sparsely
tomentose above, glabrous below; lateral leaflets elliptic, while terminal obovate and slightly
larger; petiolule 1-4 mm long. Inflorescence 8-30 cm long with ovoid buds. Flowers white, c.
2.5 cm across, with 1.3-2.1 cm long pedicel, honey scented. Calyx tube hairy; lobes slightly
unequal, petaloid, imbricate, linear to lanceolate 1.3-1.5 cm long, 5-6 mm broad, reflexed, with
prominent yellow streaks in the centre, entire, obtuse. Petals white, the anterior erect, others
reflexed, ascending imbricate, spathulate with prominent veins, 1.2-1.8 cm long, 5-6 mm broad,
acute, entire. Stamens 5, alternating with 5(-7) sterile filaments or sometimes with non
functional stamens; filaments villous at base, yellow, stamens 1 cm long, antherless
filaments 7 mm long. Ovary oblong, c. 5 mm long; style cylindric, less villous than the ovary.
Fruit a 9-ribbed pendulous pod, 30-45 cm long, somewhat tomentose when young. Seeds
embedded in the pits of the valves, 3 angled, winged, blackish, rounded.
Flowering Period: January - April
Medicinal Uses of Moringa rivae in Sindh:

Leaves are used against weakness of thigh and calf muscles and, gum of the plant is used
against arthritis.
1. Method of used against weakness of thigh and calf muscles:
Take 1-2 kg of leaves and extract the liquid of the leaves and take 1 cup in every morning in
fasting for 4-5 days.
106
2. Method of use for arthritis:

Gum of the plant and Chanori bhanto bothare easily available at pinsaar shops and take 5 g of
each and make powder of them together and then add 2g of butter and take 1g in fasting for 20
days.
Bioassays of the Moringa rivae:
The methanolic extract of
phytotoxic activities.
plant showed antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal and
Phytochemistry of the Moringa rivae:

To the best of our knowledge so for as no phytochemical work is done on this plant.
107
Botanical Name: Mangifera Indica Linn.

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Anacardiaceae
Genus:
Mangifera
Sindhi Name: Anmb/Aam
Mangifera Indica
Description of Mangifera Indica:

A glabrous tree up to 15 m tall. Leaves 11-24 x 4-8 cm, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate,
coriaceous, shiny and dark green on upper surface. Flowering panicles erect, conspicuous,
longer than the leaves, pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate, pubescent on the outside. Petals imbricate,
oblong, inner surface prominently 3-nerved. Drupe ovoid in outline, compressed, 3.5-20 cm
long. Mesocarp fleshy. Endocarp (stone) hard and fibrous.Flowering period: March-April.
The mango is a native of Burma,Sikkim, Khasia and the W.Ghats(India).Widely cultivated in
the Punjab and Sind for its edible and tasty grafted varieties.
Medicinal Uses of Mangifera Indica in Sindh:

Leaves are used against cut or unhealing injury and seeds are used against losse motion.
1. Method of use for cut or unhealing inury:
Take 2-3 fresh leaves of mango and add 100 mL oil and heat them gently and grindh together
by any means and apply the paste on the affected area.
2. Method of use against loose motions:
From the well dried seed of mango take out the internal part of the seeds and grind it and make
powder just take 2 spoon of that with water. Motions will be stop within 15-20 minutes.
Previous studies on Mangifera Indica:
It has been reported previously:
Monoterpene hydrocarbons are the major volatile components of many mangoes and contribute
to the flavor. The importance of a mixt. of volatile lactones to good mango aroma also is
evident. 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone does not seem to contribute significantly to a
good mango flavor.Cis-ocimene and -myrcene are the major components of essential oils.
108
Botanical Name: Physalis minima

(D. Don)
Synonym:
Physalis divaricata
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae
Genus:
Physalis
Physalis minima
Sindhi Name: Aknaj/Rusbharry

Description Physalis minima:
A diffuse annual from 15-45 cm tall, subglabrous to pubescent. Leaves 3-8 5 (-11) x 1.5-4 (-7)
cm, ovate. sinuate, repand or sinuate- Pedicel less than 10 mm long, somewhat elongating in
fruit. Calyx c. 2.5 mm long, campanulate. inflated, globular-avoid, membranous and up to 25
mm in fruit, pubescent. Corolla 5 mm long, shortly tubular, yellow; lobes acute, pubescent.
Stamens subincluded. Anthers c. 1 mm long; filaments 2 mm long. Ovary 1.1 mm long.
ovoid. Style linear, stigma subcapitate. Berry globose, 10 mm broad, orange. Seeds c. 2 mm
long, subreniform, compressed; minutely reticulate-undulate. brownish-yellow.
Flowering period: August-October, later in the plains.
Type: C. Nepal. Ad pagum Bassaria, Buch.-Ham. s.n. (BM).
Distribution: Afghanistan and eastward to Nepal.
Var. indicaapart from the 5-angled calyx, does not differ to any substantial degree from the type
variety. A fairly common field weed in the monsoon season, found from 610-981 m.
Dentate to subentire, acute or acuminate, base cordate to oblique. Petiole up to 40 mm long,
slender. Flowers solitary axillary.
Medicinal Uses of Physalis minima in Sindh:

Plant is used against scabies and itching.
Physalins are the steroidal lactone constituents of Physalis and other closely related genera,
belonging to the family Solanaceae. The P. minima (Linn- Var. Indica) is a herb widely used in
folk medicines The plants of the genus Physalis possess a number of interesting biological
properties including anti-inflammaotyr, immunomodulatory and antiparasitic.
109
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa parasites of the genus Leishmania, a biologically diverse

group of flagellate parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family, which can be differentiated by
genetic, biochemical, and immunological studies. Leishmaniasis typically occurs in the Old
World around the Mediterranean Sea, in East and West Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Bangladesh, and in China. In the New World, this disease is found in the southern parts
of the United States to the northern pats of Argentina and Paraguay. Both domestic and wild
animals are main reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, while the female flying insects of the
genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomya are the vectors of Leishmaniasis. The secondary metabolites
of plants, alkaloids, quinines, and terpenes, have been used to cure protozoan parasitic diseases.
The use of quinine and emetine are best examples for the treatment of parasitic diseases such as
malaria and amoebiasis. (3)
Some natural products have also shown leishmanicidal activities. Diospyrin, isolated from
Diospyros mantana, is active against L. donovani (1); berberine is effective against cutaneous
Leishmaniasis in rats; and harmaline, which was isolated from Peganum harmala, shows
antiprotozoal action.
Situation in Pakistan:
Leishmaniasis has become a particular problem in the rural areas of Pakistan of all the
provinces. In January 2002, a joint assessment mission of the Ministry of Health and WHO to
the Northwest Frontier Province identified 5000 cases of CL in Kuram Agency alone; most of
them were young children under fifteen years of age. It is also endemic in Balochistan, rural
upper Sindh, and Multan region (2).
Table-1: In vitro Leishmanicidal activity:
Plants Extracts
(IC50 g/mL S.D)
Medicinal Plant
Physalis minima Linn.
(Sun berry)
Standard Drugs
Pet. Ether
13.62 0.30
CHCl3
2.05 0.02
MeOH
26.00 0.59
E.A
35.36 0.08
M.W
5.70 0.07
Amphotericin B
0.12 0.10
Pentamidine
5.13 0.02
Topical Ointment Preparation:

Chemotherapeutic agents with potential or established antileishmanial activity have been
incorporated in different ointment and cream formulations and tested for their efficacy when
applied topically. For the preparation of ointment we used methnolic extracts of Physalis
minima in White Soft paraffin with pharmaceutical grade.
110
Human Clinical Trials:

Human clinical trials have been done on 100 patients for Physalis minima extracts with soft
paraffin ointment. Out of 100 subjects 35 patients come for two weeks follow up. Out of 35, 23
patients (65.71%) showed excellent response and come to recovery by the topical applications.
Before Treatment
After Treatment
111
Conclusion:
In short it can be concluded that this new invention as ointment preparation containing active
ingredient in plants extracts is capable of eliminating the parasites and healing the wound
because of its anti-Leishmanial activity when applied directly to the lesion.
This preparation is non invasive material easy to comply and apply. It has good absorption with
no notable local/systemic effects. The encouraging results of this study are suggestive that we
are on the way for developing cost effective/efficient local therapy (Ointment preparation) for
treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the near future.
References:
112
1.
B. Hazra, A. K. Saha, R. Ray, D. K. Roy, P. Sur, A. Banerjee, Trans. R. Soc. Trop.

Med. Hyg. 1987, 81, 738.
2.
Atta-ur-Rahman, M. Iqbal.C., "Recent studies on bioactive natural products", Pure

Appl. Chem. 1999; l71 (6): 107-108.
3.
M. J. Chan-Bacab, L. M. Pefia-Rodriguez, Nat. Prod. Rep. 2001, 18, 674.
4.
Bhutto AM, Soomro RA, Nonaka S, Hashiguchi Y. Detection of new endemic areas
of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a 6-year study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2003 Jul;
42(7):543-8.
Previous studies on the Physalis minima:

It has been reported that chloroform extract of the plant possess antibacterial properties.
Follwing are the compounds isolated from Physalis minima:
physalins, 16,24-cyclo-13,14-secoergosta-2-ene-18,26-dioic acid-14: 17,14:27-diepoxy11,13,20,22-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxy-1,15-dioxo--lactone -lactone (I), and 16,24-cyclo13,14-secoergosta-2-ene-18,26-dioic
acid-14:17,14:27-diepoxy-5,11,13,20,22-pentahydroxy-1,6,15-trioxo--lactone -lactone (II), Both of these compds. showed potent
leishmanicidal activity against the promastigotes of Leishmania major.
It has been reported that the whole plant of Physalis min. Linn could be considered as a
potential candidate for bioactivity-guided isolation of natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic
agents.
113
Botanical Name: Phyllanthus

reticulatus (Pair)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Anura
Family:
Rhacophoridae
Genus:
Philautus
Sindhi Name: Patt Pairoon
Phyllanthus reticulatus
Descrition of Phyllanthus reticulates:

Shrub is usually a much-branched somewhat climbing shrub, rarely a small tree. Leaves are
ovate-oblong to elliptic, 1-5 cm long, 0.7-3 cm wide, produced on short lateral branchlets,
looking like leaflets of a compound leaf. Flowers are borne in clusters on short axillary
branchlets, small, yellowish, sexes separate on the same plant, flowering before or with the new
leaves. The flowering shoots and pedicels are covered in short, velvety hairs. Fruit is berry-like,
4-6 mm across, blackish when ripe. Flowering: March-July.
Medicinal Uses of Phyllanthus reticulatus in Sindh:

Leaves are used against kidney pain and stomach pain.
1. Method of use against kidney pain:
Grind the 5-8g fresh leaves; 2-3g add misree and glass of water. Drink water after filteration
three times a day.
Bioassay of Phyllanthus reticulatus:
The Methanolic extract of the plant showed antifungal and insecticidal activities.
Previous studies on Phyllanthus reticulates:
It has been reported that petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of leaves of the P. reticulates
possess antidiabetic activity and petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of roots of the plant
posess very good hypoglycemic activity.
Ethanol (95%) extract of aerial parts of Phyllanthus reticulatus possess promising
hepatoprotective activity.
114
Following are the compounds isolated from Phyllanthus reticulates:

Lupeol acetate, stigmasterol,lupeol,terpenoidsglycosides, protein, carbohydrates are isolated
from the leaves of Phyllanthus reticulates.
From the petrol extract of the stems and leaves of P.reticulatus both gave friedelin and
sitosterol,and
friedelan-3-ol,glochidonol,21-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one,1-hydroxyfriedel4(23)-en-3-one are isolated.
115
Botanical Name: Prosopis cinerria

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Prosopis
Sindhi Name: Gujjo
Prosopis cinerria
Description of Prosopis cinerria:

Tree to 6.5 m high; cortex cinereous; prickles internodal, scattered, straight, somewhat
acroscopic, conical with broad bases. Taproot to more than 3 m long. Leaves 13-jugate,
glabrous or puberulous; petiole and rachis 0.54 cm long, the pinnae 27 cm long; leaflets 7
14-jugate, ovate, straight to subfalcate, without nerves (or 24-nerved at base, the midrib
excentric), mucronate, 415 mm long x 24.5 mm broad, grayish when dry; stipules foliaceous,
deciduous. Racemes spiciform, 513 cm long, several together, subpaniculate; peduncle with
amplexicaul bract (or 2 bracts united), this caducous and leaving an oblique scar, 1.52 mm
long; bractlets ovate, sessile, 0.50.8 mm long, caducous; pedicels 0.5 mm, to 1.5 mm long
when mature; flowers yellow, glabrous; calyx truncate, 0.81.2 mm long; corolla 3.5 mm long,
glabrous, the petals rolled back in age; anthers 0.81 mm long; pistil glabrous. Fruit slender,
elongate, 819 cm long (including the stipe 0.82 cm), subcylindric-torulose, 47 mm in
diameter, glabrous; pericarp thin, brittle; endocarp segments thin, longitudinal, little developed;
seeds distant, longitudinal, ovate, 6 mm long, the tegument with open horse-shoe fissural line
on faces (Burkart, 1976), 1015 in a pod, brown (C.S.I.R., 19481976).
Medicinal Uses of Prosopis cinerria in Sindh:

Leaves are used aginst the injuries.
Bioassays of Prosopis cinerria:
The Methanolic extract of plant showed Antifungal activity.
Previous studies on the Prosopis cinerria:
Following are the compounds isolated from Prosopis cinerria:
Me heptacosanoate (1), heneicosanoic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), Me 4hydroxycinnamate (4), Me 2-methoxy-5-hydroxycinnamate (5), Me 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate
(6) and 1-O-coumaroylglycerol (7).
116
Botanical Name: Phyla nodiflora (Linn.)

Synonyms:
Lippia nodiflora
Kingdom:
Plantae
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Verbenaceae
Genus:
Phyla
Sindhi Name: Bhucccan
Phyla nodiflora
Descrition of Phyla nodiflora:

Perennial, prostrate herb with somewhat woody rootstock, rooting at nodes, appressedly
pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves oblanceolate, obovate to spathulate, somewhat fleshy, 5-40
mm long, 4-20 mm broad, serrate above, entire below, glabrous to appressedly pubescent,
subsessile to sessile, obtuse, rarely subacute. Spikes 1-4.5 cm long, 6-8 mm broad, solitary,
axillary, peduncled, appressedly pubescent to glabrous. Flowers very small, white, rarely
pinkish, c. 3 mm long; bracts c . 2 mm long, mucronate or acuminate, imbricate. Calyx
flattened, shorter than bracts, hyaline-membranous, deeply dissected with lanceolate lobes,
pubescent. Corolla slightly exceeding the bracts, unequally 4-lobed with spreading lobes. Fruit
ovate, c. 1.6 mm long, subcompressed, enclosed by the persistent calyx, separating at maturity
into two, 1-seeded pyrenes.
Flower Period: Throughout the year.
Type: Habitat in Virginia.
Distribution: Throughout tropical and subtropical regions.
Common in wet places almost throughout Pakistan plains, often in gregarious patches. Leaves
and young shoots are sometimes used in curing indigestion in children; its decoction is
considered as cooling agent and used as a demulcent in cases of venereal diseases.
Medicinal Uses of Phyla nodiflora in Sindh:

Leaves are used against anti dote for snake sting and, whole plant is used for hepatitis and
against abscess(Rat Gharhi).
1. Method of use for Hepatitis:
Grind 10-12g of fresh the whole plant and pour them in 1 glass of water for overnight and drink
1 glass in fasting. Continue that practice for 40 days.
117
2. Method of use for sting of scorpion:

In case of sting bite bandage the effected area with grinded fresh leaves.
3. Method of use for abscess (Rat Gharhi):
Make paste of the 10g whole plant and also add 2-3g of butter. Apply the paste over the
affected area twice a day.
Bioassays of Phyla nodiflora:
Methanolic extract of plant showed anti leishmanial activity.
Previous studies on the Phyla nodiflora:
It has been reported that methanol ext. of whole plant possesses good hepatoprotective activity
probably by its antioxidative potential on hepatocytes.
It has also been reported that plant cossess Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. sitosterol glucoside,stigmasterol glucoside, nodifloridin A,and nodifloridin B, and can be
processed into various dosage forms for clin. use in hepatitis.
Following are the compounds isolated from Phyla nodiflora:
4',5'-dimethoxybenzoloxystigmasterol (1) was isolated from methanolic ext. of the aerial parts
of Phyla nodiflora.From the alcoholic extract 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-6,4'-dimethoxy flavone is alos
reported. From the flowers flavone glycosides (6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-apioside and luteolin-7O-glucoside) and 3 flavones (6-hydroxyluteolin, nepetin, and batatifolin) are also repoted.
118
Botanical Name: Pennisetum typhoides

(Burm. f.)
Synonym:
Pennisetum glaucum
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Pennisetum
Pennisetum typhoides
Sindhi Name: Bhaajheri/Baajra

Description of Pennisetum typhoides:
It is an important food and forage crop in Africa and Asia, and an important forage in
Americas. It has great potential because of its suitability to the extreme limits of agriculture. A
total
of
21,392
germplasm
accessions
including
750
accessionsofwildspeciesofgenera Pennisetum and Cenchrus, assembled from 50 countries are
conserved at ICRISAT genebank. Many of the wild relatives have evolved surviving drought,
floods, extreme heat and cold, and in the process they have become adapted or developed
resistance to the pests and diseases, which causes heavy losses to the crops.
Medicinal Uses of Pennisetum typhoides in Sindh:

Seeds are use against cough.
Method of use:
Make flour of the seeds and make meal of that flor and eat in night and donot drink water upto
an hour after eating meal.
Previous studies on Pennisetum typhoides:
It has been reported that the enzyme-hydrolyzed carbohydrates was mostly glucose, with only
traces of disaccharides.
119
Botanical Name: Phoenix dactylifera

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Arecales
Family:
Arecaceae
Genus:
Phoenix
Sindhi Name: Khajji
Phoenix dactylifera
Descrition of Phoenix dactylifera:

Solitary tree, 30 m or more, suckers producing offsets (frequently removed) and roots present at
base. Crown large, open, leaves larger than Phoenix sylvestris, glabrous, 1-5.1 m long, leaflet in
many planes, 20-40 x 2-2.5 cm; pinnae strongly keeled; apex hard, spiny. Lower leaflets
transformed into spines, 4-ranked or the upper ones 2-ranked, 10-20 cm long, apex yellowish.
Inflorescence covered by a hard, boat-like bract. Female inflorescence 90-120 cm long, main
stalk flat, 45-75 cm long, glabrous, rachilla 30 cm or so long, spikelets numerous. Flowers
rounded, green, distant. Calyx lobes 3, united at the base, forming a cup-like structure, upper
portion thin and translucent, lower one hard, greenish. Sepals c. 4 x 2 mm, petals more than two
times larger than the sepals, rounded. Male inflorescence much smaller, 12-25 cm long,
sometimes larger, main stalk 60-90 cm long, flat, glabrous, rachilla arises from and near the
apex of the main stalk. Flowers sessile, white, sweet-scented, much larger than the female
flower, stamens 6, c. 4 mm long, anthers erect, filaments short, subulate; pistillodes minute,
three, scale-like. Petals 3-lobed, valvate, 7-8 mm long; sepals 3-lobed, much smaller than the
petals, united, forming a cup. Fruit cylindric, 2.5-5.0 x 1-1.5 cm broad, edible, fleshy,
yellowish-brown to reddish brown. Seeds stony, acute at the apex, longitudinally grooved from
one side.
Type: Palma hortensis mas et foemina of Kdaempfer, Amoenitatum Exot. 668, 686, t. 1, 2.
1712. (Moore & Dransfield, l.c. 64).
Distribution: Probably native to W. Asia and N. Africa. Widely domesticated in Punjab and
Sind and also cultivated for their valuable fruits in lower Baluchistan and N.W.F.P.
In places where the date palm is common it has very considerable economic importance. A
variety of articles are made from the leaves including fans, baskets and mats. The trunk of the
palm is also used by the natives in building their houses and other similar purposes. Fruits are
eaten as food.
120
Medicinal Uses of Phoenix dactylifera in Sindh:

Leaves are used against tooth ache and redishness of the birds like cock , hen other birds.
Just chew the leaves of khajoor for 10-15 minutes
2. Method of use for reddishness of eyes of the birds:
Chew the leaves and put the extract of the leaves from ur mouth to the affected eye of bird for
1-2 days.
Previous studies on Phoenix dactylifera:
It has been repoted that fruit of Phoenix dactylifera is very rich in proteins.
121
Botanical Name: Ricinus communis

(Linn.)
Synonym:
Castor oil tree
Kingdom:
Plantae
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Malpighiales
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Genus:
Ricinus
Ricinus communis
Sindhi Name: Haran

Urdu Name:
Arand, Arandae, Murpad, Harnoli, Murghpad, Bed Anjeer.
Description of Ricinus communis:

An erect, single-stemmed or much-branched shrubby or treelike somewhat glaucous herb upto
5 m, rarely taller. Stems hollow, becoming woody at the base. Young shoots often pruinose.
Petioles 5-20 cm long; petiolar glands variously-shaped. Leaf-blades commonly 7-9-lobed, the
median lobe usually 10-20 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, sometimes larger, the lateral lobes
progressively smaller; lobes lanceolate, acutely acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate or biserrate, lateral nerves c. 10-20 pairs, running to the margins, dark green above, paler beneath.
Stipular sheath ovate, c. 1-2 cm long, leaving a circular scar when fallen. Inflorescence 10-25
cm long; bracts c. 1 cm long, the bracteoles smaller. Male flowers; pedicels c. 1 cm long; calyxlobes elliptic-ovate, 6-8 x 3-4 mm, acute, yellowish-green; stamens 7 mm long, anthers 0.5 mm.
long, pale yellow. Female flowers: pedicels 3-5 mm. long, extending to 2 cm or more in fruit;
sepals lanceolate, 5 mm long, acuminate, purplish; ovary trilobate-subglobose, 2 x 2 mm; styles
3-7 mm long. Fruit trilobate, 1-1.8 x 1-1.5 cm, smooth or sparingly to densely covered with
narrowly cylindric bristle-tipped fleshy processes 3-5 mm long. Seeds 7-12 x 5-8 x 4-6 mm,
shiny, greyish, silvery or beige generally streaked and flecked with brown; caruncle depressedconic, 1-2 x 2-3 mm.
Flowering Period: Almost throughout year.
Lectotype: In both Indies, Africa and Southern Europe, Hart. Cliff., 450 (BM!).
Distribution: (As for the genus).
Widely planted up to 4000'/1220 in. in the Sub-Himalayan tract and in the plains, and
naturalized near villages.The oil from the seed has many uses - as an illuminant, in medicine as
a purgative, in tanning as a leather-preservative, and in industry as a lubricant, especially for
122
delicate machinery; the oil-cake is used for fertilizer and fuel. The Castor Oil Plant exhibits
considerable variation in fruit and seed characters, but although attempts have been made to
formally categorize the variants, these do not appear to be of much value taxonomically, and
not followed here.
Medicinal Uses of Ricinus communis in Sindh:

Leaves are used as pain killer against bone strike and are also used against bronchial
pneumonia.
1. Method of use internal inury in bons and bronchial pneumonia:
Take 20-30 mL hair oil and 5-8g of add haldi in or you may vary the amount according to inury
size heat them together for 3-5 minutes and also heat the leaves of the plant separately for 30
seconds. First aplly the the moderaltely hot oil on the affetcted area and massage that for 5
minutes apply the leaves on it and tide with cotton clothes and repeat the practice in the
morning and before sleep and same method could be used for brochial pneumonia.
Previous studies on Ricinus communis:
It has ben reported that root extract of Ricinus communis
Possess Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity.
Following are the compounds isolated from Ricinus communis:
3- hydroxy-pentatriacont-14-en-26-one (ricipentatriacontanol) and 3-O-benzyol-stigmast5,22-dien-3,21-diol (ricinusteryl benzoate) and dipiperenoyl Me ester methylene (ricipiperanyl
ester) and glyceride 1-oleo-2-palmitoglyceryl phosphate and 24-Ph tetracosan-6-one-19-ol, ntricos-10-en-1-ol-3-one and 24-phenyl-n-tetracosan-10-one-19-ol are reported from Methanolic
extract of the root bark of Ricinus communis L.
123
Botanical Name: Rhazya stricta

(Decne)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Apocynaceae
Genus:
Rhazya
Sindhi name: Seenhaar/Shaar

Description of Rhazya stricta:
Rhazya stricta
A stout erect evergreen shrub. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elliptic or oblanceolate, spirally

arranged, yellow and thick when dry, sessile, entire, tapering at both ends, 7.5-10 x 1-2 cm,
glabrous or puberulous on midrib beneath, lateral nerves obscure, sessile. Inflorescence axillary
or terminal, of peducled shortly branched cyme, peduncle c. 2.5 cm long, pubescent. Flowers c.
3.5 mm across, fragrant, white, bract foliaceous, bracteoles subulate-lanceolate, acute, c. 2.5
mm long. Calyx deeply divided, lobes ovate, acute-acuminate, long. Corolla 1-1.6 cm long,
dialated above the middle; lobes c. 2.5 mm long, ovate, acute spreading. Disc cup-shaped. Style
c. 3 mm long, filiform, stigma shortly bibbed, rounded. Follicles 2, 5-7 x 0.5 cm, straight or
slightly curved, pale brown in colour, glabrous, striated. Seeds c. 6 mm long, brown, rugose,
shortly winged.
Flowering period: December - March
Type: Yemen. (P)
Distribution: Arabia, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Medicinal Uses of Rhazya stricta in Sindh

Paste of Leaves is used against weakness of new born baby and are used against skin infections,
stem is used to improve eyesight, against hepatitis, against toothache and against infection.
1. Method of use in weakness of the newly born baby:
Make the pase of the fresh leaves and mother of the child apply very minute quantity on the
nipple of the chaste befor feeding the child milk.
2. Method of use for Skin infection:
Dry the leaves and make powder of them and add 5g of desi ghee and apply on the affected area
like ointment. Twice a day.
124
3. Method of use for tooth ache:

Brush the teeth with the stem of the plant twice a day.
4. Method of use for improving the eye sight:
Burn the stem of the plant and grind its 2-3g cole with antimony and append every day in
morning.
5. Method of use for hepatitis:
Make paste of the 5 fresh stem of the plant and pour it in 1 glass and lave it for overnight and
drink in fasting for 30-40 days.
Bioassays of Rhazya stricta:
The crude sample of plant showed antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic
activities.
Previous studies on Rhazya stricta:
It has been reported that methanolic extracts of the Leaves of Rhazya stricta posses
Antioxidant Properties and alkaloids of this plant possessanticancer properties.Rhazya stricta
leaves have also been reported to possess antidepressant and sedative properties.
Following are the compounds isolated from Rhazya stricta:
From the leaves of R. stricta two alkaloids, aspidospermiose (I) and strictibine (II).
N
HO
CH 2 Me
H
CO 2Me
HO
OH
O
N
H
II
From roots of Rhazya stricta (Apocynanaceae) fatty esters 9-octadecenoic acid-2',3'-dihydroxy

Pr ester (1) and hexadecanoic acid-2',3'-dihydroxy Pr ester (2). And from air-dried aerial parts
of Rhazya stricta two pentacyclic indole alkaloids e.g.(+)-aspidospermidine and (+)dehydroaspidospermidine, two shikimate aroms. (vanillin and 5-methoxyeugenol), and four
terpenoids; viz. trans,trans-farnesol, phytol,dihydroactinidiolide and (4R,8R,12R)-4-hydroxy4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecanoic acid lacton have been isolated. From the fruit,indole
alkaloid tetahydroalstonine is also isolated.
125
Botanical Name: Rosa indica (Linn.)

Family:
Rosaceae
Genus:
Rosa
Sindhi Name: Gulaab
Description of Rosa indica:
Rosa indica
A rose is a perennial flower shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that
contains over 100 species and comes in a variety of colours. The species form a group of erect
shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.
Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and
northwest Africa. Natives,cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and
fragrance. The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, with sharply toothed oval-shaped
leaflets. The plant's fleshy edible fruit, which ripens in the late summer through autumn, is
called a rose hip. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can
reach 7 meters in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has
given rise to the many types of garden roses.
Medicinal Uses of Rosa indica in Sindh:

Buds and petals are used for the removal of gal bladder and kidney stone and flowers are use
against asthma.
1. Method of use to remove stone from kidney and gall bladder:
10-12g Dry the flowers alongwith buds in shadow now boil these dried flowers and Buds in 1
cup of water (i.e 150 mL) and add 2g of Soonph,boil till water is reduced to half and add cup
of Arq Kashni. Drink that after cooling twice a day. Stones will be removed with 25-40 days.
Previous studies on Rosa indica:
Following comounds are isolated from Rosa indica:
Following compounds are isolated from oil of plant:
linoleic acid (44.4-55.7%), -linolenic acid (18.6-31.4%), oleic acid (13.5-20.3%), palmitic
acid (2.3-3.3%), stearic acid (1-2.5%), octadecenoic acid (0.38-0.72%), eicosenoic acid (0.30.7%), eicosadienoic acid (0-0.16%), erucic acid (0.03-0.17%) and minor fatty acids.
126
Botanical Name: Solanum surattense

(Burm.)
Family:
Solanacae
Genus:
Solanum
Sindhi name: Candairi

Urdu Names: Katai khurd,
Bhat Khattiya, kateli
khurd, Badinjan - barri
Descrition of Solanum surattense:
Solanum surattense
Prostrate, diffuse prickly herb; prickles up to 15 mm long, yellow. Stem and branches glabrous
to stellate pubescent. Leaves 30-80 x 25-50 mm, elliptic-oblong, sinuate to deeply lobed, darkgreen above; lobes unequal, obtuse or acute, often toothed or lobulate. Flowers 2-4, purple; on
peduncled cymes. Peduncle 10-20 mm long. Calyx lobes 5 mm long, acute, prickly. Corolla
limb 2-2.8 cm broad; lobes 10-12 mm long, ovate-triangular. Anthers 7.5 mm long, elongated.
Berry globose, 15-20 mm broad. Seeds discoid, smooth to faintly reticulate.
Flower Period: Mostly throughout the year.
Medicinal Uses of Solanum surattense in Sindh:

Leaves are used against chronic fever and are also used against scabies, whole plant is used for
skin infections, and paste of the plant is orally used for chest congestion.Whole plant is also
used against the prolong period of menses.
Boil 8-10g of the fresh or shadow dried leaves of the plant boil them with liter of water. Boil
till the colour of the water changes to greenish or yellowish. Take cup of that water twice a
day.
2. Method of use for skin infection:
Dry the whole plant make powder of the plant and apply the powder on the skin infected area.
3. Method of use for chaste conjustion:
Take 200g of whole ple plant and grin that and make apste of that add 50-80 mL of water.
Apply the paste over chaste and forhead. Repeat the practice for 3 days only.
127
Bioassays of the Solanum surattense:

The methanolic etract of whole plant showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal and anti
leishmanial activities.
Previous studies on Solanum surattense:
Following are the compounds isolated from Solanum surattense:
Solasodine (I) is reported from the fruits of Solanum surattens
H
N
Me
Me
Me
HO
Me
O
H
H
H
I
solasonine, m. 275-7, solamargine (I), m. 293-5, and glycoalkaloid solasurine (II),m.228-30

solasodino-L-rhamnosyl--D-glucoside.I contained D-glucose and L-rhamnose in an unknown
linkage are reported from berries Solanum surattense.
128
Botanical Name: Suaeda fruticosa

(Forssk)
Genus:
Suaeda
Sindhi Name: Laani
Previous studies on Suaeda fruticosa:
Suaeda fruticosa
In Pakistan, S.fruticosa is the most common and ecologically most adaptable species of the
genus. It covers vast stretches of salty alluvial flats with clayey or sandy soils subjected to
episodic waterlogging, on drier sites and coastal belts; Distribution: From the Cape Verde and
Canary Islands through N Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, Iraq, S and C Iran ,
Baluchistan, southern- and easternmost Afghanistan to the Indus and upper Ganges plains,
along coastal India at least up to Madras, southwards down to Kenya and Ceylon.
Saharo-Sindian element extending into the southern Irano-Turanian.
The species is extremely polymorphic. Greatest variability is apparent in growth form
(prostrate, erect, climbing), shape and size of leaves (linear and almost needle-like, short and
broadly cylindric, oblong to almost circular) length of internodes (1-8 mm), diameter and
orientation of inflorescence axes (delicate to very robust, straight to zigzag), and number of
flowers in the axillary clusters (3,5 etc. up to more than 30).
Fodder for camels; commercial use of its ash for extracting soda (sajji, sajismati) which is
locally used in place of soap (Sind).
Medicinal Uses of Suaeda fruticosa in Sindh

Leaves and stem are used against the retention of urine.
Method of use:
Dry the 5 g of leaves and 5g of the stem in shadow and add 5g of misree (refined sugar) and
grind them together and pour them in 1 glas of water and drink that water 2-3 times after short
breaks. Urine will passed very soon.
Bioassays of Suaeda fruticosa:
The crude sample of plant showed antifungal, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities.
129
Botanical Name: Salvadora oleoidess

(Decne)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Salvadoraceae
Genus:
Salvadora
Sindhi Name: Mithi jhaar
Salvadora oleoidess
Description of Salvadora oleoidesss:

A shrub or tree; branches stiff, rough, whitish. Leaves coriaceous; petiole .2-l.2 cm long;
lamina 1.5-7.5 cm long, .4-1.5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute, rarely obtuse or
mucronate glabrous with obscure lateral veins. Inflorescence axillary panicles, or branched
spikes, 2.5-4 cm long. Flowers greenish white, 2-3 mm across; pedicel c.1 mm long or absent.
Calyx 1.5-2 mm long, with round lobes and wavy margin, divided nearly half way down,
glabrous. Corolla c. 2.5 mm long, obovate or oblong; lobes sub-acute and recurved. Stamens 4,
inserted at the base of the corolla tube. Style absent, stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe, 5 mm in
diameter, globose, yellow on maturation.
Flowering period: March - June
Syntypes: Sylvassaepe ingentes constituens in declivit. occidentalibus Jumnae et Hyphasis,
Jacquemont (P); ad Khitul et Pallinlah, Jacquemont (P); in arenosis salinis Penjabiae,
Jacquemont (P); frequens inter Agrah et Delhi usque ad desertum Bihassir, Jacquemont (P).
Distribution: West Pakistan, India (Gujrat, Junagarh, Rajputana) and Aden.Wood is used as
fuel. Branches and leaves serve as camel fodder. The sweet fruits are eaten and seeds yield a
green oil, which is said to be medicinal.
Medicinal Uses of Salvadora oleoidesss in Sindh:

Leaves are used against kidney pain and against pneumonia fever.
Method of use:
Pour the 5g leaves in 1 glass of water for overnight and grind the on next morning and drink
after filteration.
130
Previous studies on Salvadora oleoidesss:

Following are the compounds isolated from Salvadora oleoidesss:
Dihydroisocoumarin whose structure is 8-benzyl-6-[6-(6-ethyl-7-methyl-5,8-dihydro-2naphthalenyl)-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-8-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-1-one.
Phospholipids to include phosphatidylethanolamine 29.9%, phosphatidylcholine 17.1%,
phosphatidylinositol 27.3%, and cardiolipin 22.7%.
131
Botanical Name: Salvadora persica

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Salvadoraceae
Genus:
Salvadora
Sindhi Name: Khabbar/Jhaar
Salvadora persica
Description of Salvadora persica:

An evergreen, profusely branched, glabrous shrub or a small tree, up to 2-6 m tall. Branches
drooping with bark whitish yellow to almost white but on the stem somewhat rugose and grey.
Leaves sub-fleshy; petiole l-2.1 cm long; lamina l-5.5 cm long, 0.8-2.3 cm broad, elliptic ovate,
acute or mucronate sometimes obtuse; acute or rarely rounded at base; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs.
Inflorescence drooping, panicled, 5-31 cm long. Flowers greenish yellow, 3-4 mm across;
pedicel l-2 mm long. Calyx c. 1 mm long with round lobes. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed, c. 3
mm long; apex acute to mucronate, reflexed. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of corolla tube,
shorter than the corolla but exserted due to reflexed corolla lobes. Ovary 1-locular, glabrous;
style absent; stigma more or less peltate. Fruit a drupe, 2.5-5 mm in diameter, globose, smooth,
red or white on maturation.
Distribution: Widely distributed in the drier parts of W. Pakistan, Arabia, Palestine, Syria &
Africa.
The branches are commonly used as a toothbrush. The young branches and the leaves are a
favourite fodder for camels.
Medicinal Uses of Salvadora persica in Sindh

Leaves are used against chronic fever, heat stroke and against internal pain of bones due to
injury or by any means.
1. Method of use against internal pain of bones:
Take 1 Kg of fresh leaves and heat them in metal pot they will release extract on heating. Apply
the extract of the leaves on the pain area and massage that for 5 minutes and tide the area with
cotton cloth. Repeat that practice twice a day.
132
Bioassays of Salvadora persica:

The crude sample of plant showed antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal and phytotoxic
activities
Previous studies on Salvadora persica:
It has been reported previously that sticks of the plant posees antiplaque,anticarious and
antibacterial effects. It has also been reported that plants possess invivo antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities.Stem of the plant possess hypoglycemic effects.
Following compounds are isolated from Salvadora persica:
Essential oil from the roots of Salvadora persica,benzyl isothiocyanate limonene and pinene.Kaempferol 3--L-rhamnosyl-7--xylopyranoside Quercetin leaves of Salvadora.
133
Botanical Name: Senna italica (Mill)

Synonym:
Cassia bovata
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Senna
Sindhi name: Goora wall
Senna italica
Descrition of Senna italic:

The sennas aretypically shrubs or subshrubs,some becoming candent when growing into other
vegetation. Some are herbs or small trees. Many species have extra floral nectaries. The leaves
are paripinnately compound,the leaflets opposite.The inflorescence is a raceme,
orsomearrangementorracemes.The pedicels lack bracteoles. The flowers produceno nectar.
They are buzzpollinated andoffer pollen as a reward to pollinators. They are often asymmetric.
The petals are 5 in number, similar to each other, yellow, or rarely white.The stamens may be
as few as 4, but usually there are 10. When 10, they occur in 3 sets. The 3 adaxial stamens
arestaminodial. The 4 medial stamens are smaller than the 3abaxial stamens. The anthers are
basifixed and open by two terminal pores or short slits.The gynoecium is often enantiostylous;
that is, it is deflected laterally to the right or left. This makes the flower asymmetric, but the
perianth and the androecium may be asymmetrical as well.
The fruit is a legume, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent.
Medicinal Uses of Senna italica in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against urine problems, kidney stone and against itching in urine and
leaves joint swelling.
1. Method of use for urine problems, kidney stone and itching in urine:
Pour 8-10g of the whole frsh plant in 1 glass of water leave them for over night and drink that
water in fasting. Repeat the same practice for 4-5 days continuously for itching in urine while
continue that practice for 30-40 days in case of kidney stone.
2. Method of use for joint swealing:
Heat the leaves gently for 2-3 minutes in metal pot and add haldi and hair oil. And the make
paste of them and bind them over the affected area and repeat that practice twice a day.
134
Previous studies on Senna italica:

It has been reported ethylacetate extract of the leaves possess anti-tick properties of the root
extract. Plant is also reported to possess antioxidant activities.
Following are the compounds are isolated from Senna italica:
-sitosterol, stigmasterol, -amyrin,1,5-dihydroxy-3-Me anthraquinone and a anthraquinone
(I). The compd. is reported to possess antimicrobial and antitumor activity.
OH
Me
OMe
OH
135
Botanical Name: Solanum nigrum

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae
Genus:
Solanum
Sindhi Name: Kaanwal
Solanum nigrum
Description of Solanum nigrum:

Annual 15-60 cm tall, with a suffrut escent base; branches and shoots subglabrous or pubescent
to glandular-villous; hairs appressed or patent. Leaves 2.5-10 x 2-5.5 cm, sinuate to irregularly
dentate, glabrous to puberulous-pubescent or glandular. Lamina decurrent. Petiole 8-40 mm
long, appressed pubescent or glandular. Peduncle (8-) 10-25 min long, exceeding or shorter
than the pedicel length. Calyx lobes 1-1.5(-2) mm long, glabrous to pubescent. Corolla much
exceeding the calyx in length; lobes triangular-acute, 4-6 mm long; anthers yellow, dehiscing
by 2 apical pores. Filaments as long or shorter than the anthers, pilose. Style included,
pubescent at the base. Stigma capitate. Ovary glabrous. Berry globose to subovoid, 5-8 mm
broad, black or orange-red. Seeds discoid, minutely reticulate-foveolate.
Medicinal Uses of Solanum nigrum in Sindh:

Leaves are used against Asthma.
Method of use:
Dry the leaves in shadow and prepare green tea using dry leaves and take 3-4 cups in a day.
Previous studies on Solanum nigrum:
It has been reported that ethanolic extract possess effective heptoprotective activiy.Fruit possess
antioxidant activity.Alkaloids of the Solanum nigrum possess antitumor effects.
Pregnane saponins, solanigroside A (I)
136
Me
Me
Me
HO
HO
O
O O
OH
HO
OH
O O
Me
OH
O
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
5-pregn-16-en-3-ol-20-one
3-O--D-xylopyranosyl-(13)-O-[-L-arabinopyranosyl(12)]-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-O-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)]-O--D-galactopyranoside (1) and 5-pregn-16-en-3-ol-20-one 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-O-[-Dglucopyranosyl-(13)]-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-O--D-galactopyranoside (2).
137
Botanical Name: Tamarix aphylla

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Tamaricaceae
Genus:
Tamarix
Sindhi Name: Laee
Tamarix aphylla
Description of Tamarix aphylla:

Trees or tall shrub, up to c. 13 m tall with reddish brown to grey bark, entirely glabrous. Leaves
vaginate, abruptly mucronate 1.5-2 (-3) mm long, hoary due to the salt deposition from the
impressed punctate glands. Racemes mostly aestival, simple or compound, 2-6 cm long, (2-) 34
(-5) mm broad, spirally curved. Flowers bisexual, subsessile, pinkish white, pedicel less than 1
mm long. Bracts vaginate, ovate, acuminate, 1.25-1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm broad. Sepals 5, free,
1.5 mm long, c. 1 mm broad, almost entire, obtuse, broadly ovate to elliptic, outer 2 somewhat
smaller than the inner 3. Petals 5, filaments filiform, 2 mm long, anthers cordate, somewhat
apiculate. Disc deeply 5 lobed, filaments inserted in between the lobes of the disc
(mesodiscine), insertion peridiscal. Stigmas 3 or 4, discoid, styles half the length of the ovary,
ovary conical, 1.75-2 mm long. Capsule pyramidal, rounded at the tip, 2.5-3.5 mm long, c. 1.5
mm broad.
Flower Period: June - October
Medicinal Uses of Tamarix aphylla in Sindh:

Flowers are used for removal of kidney stone and retention of urine and its dried bark is used as
powder against wound and injuries.
1. Method of use for kidney stone:
Grind the fresh 10g flowers, add 1 glass of water, and filter it. Drink 1 glass in fasting every
morning.
2. Method of used for cut or injury:
Try to find the plant with wider stem and take it bark and dry that and then make powder of
that. Use that powder instead of septran powder on freshly cut or unhealing wounds.
138
Previous studies on the Tamarix aphylla:

Following are the compounds isolated from Tamarix aphylla:
Glycosylated isoferulic acid, isoferulic acid 3-O--glucopyranoside, together with the new
phenolics, tamarixetin 3,3'-di-sodium sulfate and dehydrodigallic acid dimetyl ester and
isoferulic acid and ferulic acid are found to be active antioxidants and as cell activity
stimulating agents as well are reported from a flowers of Tamarix aphylla.
From leaves,-sitosterol,stigmasterol,phytol,6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentanone,Me ferulate,Me
vanillate,Me 4-hydroxybenzoate, acetophenone,cyclohexanone,o-xylene,4-hydroxy-4-methyl2-pentanone and mesityl oxide, in addn. to some fatty acids.
From ethanolic of extract, 3,4,8-trihydroxybenzopyranopyran-6,9-dione is also reported.
Triterpene D-friedoolean-14-en-3,28-diol [isomyricadiol (I)], its 3 isomer (myricadiol) and
its 3-ketone
Me Me
Me
Me
Me
CH 2 OH
H
HO
Me
H
Me
From the flowers of tamarix aphylla,kaempferol 7,4'-dimethyl-ether-3-sulfate and quercetin 3O-isoferulyl--glucuronide is also reported.
139
Botanical Name: Tamarix passenoides

Del.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Family:
Tamaricaceae
Genus:
Tamarix
Sindhi Name: Lao, Gulab jay gullan wari

Laee
Tamarix passenoides
Description of Tamarix passenoides:

A medium sized shrub, 1-2 (-3) m tall with greyish brown to blackish brown bark, younger
parts pubescent. Leaves amplexicaul to semiamplexicaul, somewhat ovate with spreading apex,
1-2.5 mm long, (on the older branches 3-3.5 mm long) 1-1.5 mm broad with punctate glands.
Racemes mostly aestival, 2-4 (-5) cm long, 6-8 mm broad with papillose to almost glabrous
rachis. Flowers pentamerous, pinkish to purplish pink. Bracts amplexicaul to semiamplexicaul,
triangular, acuminate (1-) 1.25-1.75 mm long, c. 1 mm broad; pedicel usually shorter than
bract, c. 1 mm long. Sepals 5, slightly connate at the base, 2 mm long, slightly more than 1 mm
broad, outer 2 more acute, ovate finely denticulate, inner 3 trullate-ovate, obtusish. Petals 5,
elliptic obovate, to slightly ovate, entire, 34 (-5) mm long, 1.75-2 (-2.5) mm btoad. Stamens 710, usually less than 10, inconspicuously alternately long and short, longer, 3 mm long, shorter
stamens 2.5-2.75 mm long, anthers apiculate, cordate, less than 0.75 mm long, filaments
confluent with the discal lobes, disc epdiscine, styles 3, short, stigma discoid, ovary bottleshaped, 2.5 mm long. Capsule ovate-pyramidal shaped, 8-10 (-12) mm long, 2.5-3 mm broad
rupturing by 3 valves, seeds somewhat oblong.
Flower Period: January - October
Medicinal Uses of Tamarix passenoides in Sindh:

Whole plant is used against cut or inuries.
Method of use:
Wash the whole fresh plant with water and dry that in shadow and make powder of the whole
plant and aply on the cuts or injuries.
Phytochemical Tamarix passenoides:
Previously no work is done on it and currentlyphytochemical work is under progress at H.E.J
Research Institute of chemistry, University of Karachi.
140
Botanical Name: Tamarind indica Linn.

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Tamarindus
Sindhi Name: Giddamri

Urdu Name:
Tamarind indica
Immlee, Imbli
Description of Tamarind indica:

A large evergreen tree. Stipules linear, caducous. Leaves 3.5-15 cm long, paripinnate. Leaflets
10-20 pairs, opposite, 1.2-1.8 cm long, c. 3.7-5 mm wide, oblong, obtuse. Inflorescence 10-15
flowered lax raceme. Pedicel 8-10 mm. Calyx c. 1.2 cm long, tube turbinate, teeth lanceolate,
the lowest two connate. Petals 3, 1-1.5 cm long, pale yellow, with red veins, the two lower
reduced to scales. Stamens monadelphous, 3 perfect, others reduced to bristles. Pods 7.5-20 cm
long, 2-2.5 cm wide, slightly compressed, indehiscent. Seeds dark brown or black.
Flower Period: May - June
Distribution: Probably native of Tropical Africa, cultivated in West Pakistan.
Almost all parts of the plant are used, particularly the pulp of the fruit and young leaves which
are regarded as important ingredients of many tasty dishes. Pulp of the fruit, seeds, leaves,
flowers and bark are also put to various medicinal uses.
Medicinal Uses of Tamarind indica in Sindh:

Fruit is used against hepatitis, spermarrhea and jaundis.
Method of use:
Pour 8-10g of fruit in 1 glass of water and drink in fasting every day upto 40 days.
Bioassyas of Tamarind indica:
Plant showed B-glycosidase activity.
Previous studies on Tamarind indica:
It has been reported that plant has been used as natural coagulant.
141
Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris

Linn.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Zygophyllales
Family:
Zygophyllaceae
Genus:
Tribulus
Sindhi Name: Tikundi, Gokhru

Description of Tribulus terrestris:
Annual or biennial, prostrate, densely appressed
whitish silky pubescent herb. Stem hirsute to
sericeous,
branches
spreading.
Leaves
paripinnate, 2.5-5 cm long; stipules lanceolate to
falcate, 3-5 mm long; leaflets (4-) 5-6(-8) pairs
ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5-10(-12) mm long, 3-8
mm broad, inequilateral, acute. Flowers yellow,
1-1.5 cm across; pedical up to 1.5(-2) cm long.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, c. 3 mm
Tribulus terrestris
broad, acute. Petals obovate, 6-8 mm long, 3-4
mm broad, obtuse. Stamens 10, filaments c. 3-5 mm long, anthers versatile. Ovary ovoid,
hirsute; style c. 1.5 mm long, stigmas decurrent. Fruit up to c. 1 cm in diameter, 4-8 mm long,
mericarps densely crested and tuberculate on dorsal side, densely hairy to glabrescent, with 2
long patent and 2 short downwardly directed spines (rarely all or lower 2 reduced to tubercles).
Flower Period: Almost throughout the year.
Type: Described from South Europe.
Distribution:
Tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, Africa, S. Europe, North Australia and introduced in
new world tropics.
Common throughout Pakistan from sea level to 3500 m, in sandy soils of barren lands and
cultivated fields as a weed.
A highly variable species in leaf and flower size and fruit characters. Many authors recognize
subspecies and varieties on the basis of presence or absence of spines, tubercles and
142
indumentum on the dorsal side of mericarps but these characters do not seem constant and
correlated and I prefer to recognize one variable species without any formal infra-specific taxa.
The plant is used as a diuretic, demulcent, tonic, aphrodisiac and aperient. The fruit is used in
painful micturition, urinary diseases, impotence, cough and heart diseases.
Medicinal Uses of Tribulus terrestris in Sindh:

Thumbtack-like Tribulus terrestris nutlets are used against retention and itching in urine and
whole fresh plant is used for for improving male sexual strength and juriyan.
1. Method of use for itching and retention of urine:
Boil the 5-8g of the thorns in 1 glass of water and also add some sugar for the taste. Cool the
water and take one cup every day.
2. Method of use for juriyan and male sexual weakness:
Take 1 glass of water and dipp the 10-12g of the leaves for only 1-2 minutes and drink that
water. Repeat same pratice 3 times a day.
Previous studies on Tribulus terrestris:
It has been reported that plant possess hypoglycaemic activity.
Following are the compounds isolated from Tribulus terrestris:
Furostanol saponin 1, named tribol, spirostanol saponins 2 and 3 and sitosterol
glucoside,tribol(25R)-furost-5(6)-ene-3,16,26-triol-3-O--rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-[rhamnopyranosyl-(14)]--glucopyranoside (1).
From flower extract of Tribulus terrestris quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and is found to be possess
hypoglycaemic activity .
143
Botanical Name: Triticum aestiuum

(Linn.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Triticum
Sindhi Name: Kanik

Urdu Name:
Triticum aestiuum
Gandum
Descrition of Triticum aestiuum:

The wheat plant has long, slender leaves, stems that are hollow in most varieties, and heads
composed of varying numbers of flowers, ranging from 20 to 100. The flowers are grouped
together in spikelets, each having two to six flowers. In most spikelets, two or three of the
flowers become fertilized, producing grains.
Medicinal Uses of Triticum aestiuum in Sindh:

Seeds are used against pimples of checks and against fungus of skin.
Method of use:
Just chew the seeds in your mouth for 2-3 minutes and apply the seeds from the mouth to the
pimples and affected area every night.
Previous studies on Triticum aestiuum:
144
Botanical Name: Tinospora cordifolia

(DC.) Miers
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Ranunculales
Family:
Menispermscese
Genus:
Tinospora
Sindhi Name: Satta gulio
Tinospora cordifolia
Description of Tinospora cordifolia:

A tall climber. Stem c. 6.5 cm in diameter, smooth, shining, lenticellate, bark light grey, papery,
branches pubescent. Leaves c. 7.5-13.8 cm long, 9-17 cm broad, broadly ovate or orbicular,
deeply cordate at the base, 7-nerved, subacuminate, young pubescent above, tomentose
beneath; petiole 5-12.3 cm long, thickened and twisted at the base. Flowers greenish yellow in
racemes 7-14 cm long, pedicels slender, usually solitary in the female, clustered in the male.
Male flowers: sepals 6 in 2 series, the outer ones small, ovate-oblong, obtuse, concave, the
inner large suborbicular, membranous, flat, 2.5-4 mm long, 2-3 mm broad; petals subequal, 2-3
mm long, 1.2-1.8 mm broad, clawed, membranous, smaller than the sepals; stamens 6,
filaments free, 2.5-3 mm long, thickened at the apex. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in the
male flowers; staminodes 6; carpels 3. Drupes 1-3, ovoid, 6-9 mm long, 4-5 mm broad, smooth,
crimson, endocarp tubercled.
Flowering Period: March - June
Medicinal Uses of Tinospora cordifolia in Sindh:

Leaves are use against large size boils.
Method of use:
Heat the leaves gently for 1-2 minutes only tide them over boil and tide that over boil two tmes
a day.
145
Botanical Name: Vitex negundo Linn.

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Verbanaceae
Genus:
Vitex
Sindhi name: Sanbhalu
Vitex negundo
Description of Vitex negundo:

Shrubs, usually 1-2 m tall, rarely reaching the size of a small tree, up to 5 m tall, whitish to
greyish tomentose except the upper surface of leaves and fruits. Leaves opposite-decussate, (1-)
3-5-foliolate, petiolate; petiole 3-6 cm long; leaflets usually lanceolate, 5-10 (-15) cm long, 1.54 cm broad, middle one largest, entire to irregularly denticulate, subsessile to petiolulate
(petiolule 5-20 mm long). Terminal inflorescence 10-25 cm long, tapering-thyrsoid; cymes
verticillate at nodes, peduncled. Flowers small, 3-5 mm across, usually blue or violet, subsessile
to shortly pedicelled (pedicels up to 1 mm long). Calyx c. 2 mm long, increasing up to 3 mm in
fruit, persistent, campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla tube as long as the calyx; limb slightly 2lipped, with 5, unequal lobes, densely ciliate, up to 2 mm long, largest one obovate-orbicular,
undulate or crenulate, the others oblong, smaller. Stamens 4, didynamous, protruding, anther
cells divaricating later. Drupe subglobose or somewhat ovoid, c. 5 mm in diameter, usually 4celled, with 1 seed in each cell.
Flowering Period: Round the year.
Distribution: Pakistan, India, W. Asia and N. Africa; introduced and widely cultivated as an
ornamental elsewhere.
Medicinal Uses of Vitex negundo in Sindh:

Leaves are use against abdominal comfort and flu.
1. Method of use for abdominal discomfert:
dry the leaves in shadow and make powder of them and take 2-3g without water twice a day.
2. Method of use for flu:
Make green tea of dried leaves and take 2-3 times a day.
146
Bioassays of Vitex negundo:

Plant showed antibactrerial activity.
Previous work on Vitex negundo:
It has been reported that Vitex negundo pssess anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antibiotic,
hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, oxidative stress, anti-androgen, snake venome
neutralization,antimicrobial and anti-allergic activities. In addition leaves are also repoted to
possessmosquito repellant.
Following are the compounds isolated from Vitex negundo:
-phellandrene (31.3%), phytol (28.3 %) and -caryophyllene (12.6%). Were -caryophyllene
(5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (3.6%), -pinene (3.4%) and bicyclogermacrene.
147
Botanical Name: Vernonia anthelmintica

(Linn.)
Synonyms:
Centratherum anthelmintica
Family:
Compositae / Asteaceae
Genus:
Vernonia
Sindhi Name: Kari geeri

Urdu Name:
Kali ziri, Zira dashti
Description of Vernonia anthelmintica:

This is a small annual erect plant. The stem is leafy
and hairy. The leaves are lanceolate, acute and
serrate, pubescent on both the sides. The lowering
season is December to February. The flowers are
purpleor violet bract one at the top of the peducle.
The seeds are black.
Medicinal Uses of Vernonia anthelmintica

in Sindh:
Seeds are used join swealing, joint pain and scabies,
chronic fever.
Vernonia anthelmintica
1. Method of use for joint swealin and joint pain:

Grind the seeds and make powder of them and make powder and take 20-25mg with 1 glass of
water in fasting for 10-12 days.
2. Method of use for Scabies/ itching:
Take 1g of the seeds in fasting with 1 glass of water and repeat the procedur just for 3-4 days
only.
3. Method of use for Chronic fever:
Take 2g of the powder of the seeds and add 1 in glass of water and shake well and drink that
water 2 times a day.
4. Method of use for Scabies:
Take 10g of seeds of the Vernonia anthelmintica and take 10g of the dried fruit of Azadirachta
inica and make powder of them. Take 1 g with 5 mL of honey for 10 days in fasting.
148
Botanical Name: Withania coagulans

(Stocks)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae
Genus:
Withania
Sindhi Name: Paneer
Withania coagulans
Description of Withania coagulans:

Branched shrub up to 1 m tall. Shoots rigid, greyish-green, stellate-tomentose. Leaves 3-8 x
1.4-3.5 cm, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, cuneate, leathery, nerves faint.
Petiole 5-10 mm long. Bisexual flowers: calyx cupular-campanulate, stellate-tomentose; lobes
1.5-2.5 mm long, acute. Corolla exceeding calyx, campanulate, stellate-tomentose outside,
yellowish Within. Stamens included. Stigma subexserted. Male flowers: stamens subexserted.
Anthers c. 3.5 mm long; filaments 2.0 mm long. Female flowers: stamens included. Anthers
smaller than in male flowers. Style glabrous. Berry globose, 10-12 mm broad, red, included in
fruiting calyx. Seeds c. 2.5 mm broad. reniform, brown, minutely rugose-reticulate to smooth.
Flowering Period: January - April
Distribution: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
Fairly common in dry hot and stony places up to 1700 m. The fruit is emetic and diuretic and
also has coagulating properties.
Medicinal Uses of Withania coagulans in Sindh:

Seeds are used against constipation, blood purification and boils.
Method of use:
Pour 4-5 seeds in I glass of water and drink that in fasting for For 7 days only.
Previous studies on Withaniacoagulans:
It has been reported that plant possess antifungal, antibacterialand cytotoxic activities.
149
Follwing are the compounds isolated from Withaniacoagulans:

Withanolides, coagulins P, Q and R, their structure is as follow:
20,27-dihydroxy-3-(O--D-glucopyranosyl)-1-oxo-(20S,22R)-witha-5,14,24-trienolide
(I),
1,20-dihydroxy-3-(O--D-glucopyranosyl)-(20S,22R)-witha-5,24-dienolide(II) and 3,17dihydroxy-14,20-epoxy-1-oxo-(22R)-witha-5,24-dienolide(III). withanolides,14,15 epoxy
withanolideI and 17-hydroxywithanolide K and 5,20 (R)-dihydroxy-6 ,7 -epoxy-1-oxo(5 )-witha-2,24-dienolide, a new steroidal lactone.
150
Botanical Name: Xanthium strumarium

Linn.
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Genus:
Xanthium
Sindhi Name: Gusato
Xanthium strumarium
Description of Xanthium strumarium:

X. strumarium is an annual herb with a short, stout, hairy stem. Leaves broadly triangular-ovate
or suborbicular; flower heads in terminal and axillary racemes; white or green; numerous; male
upper most; female ovoid, covered with hooked bristles; Fruit obovoid, enclosed in the
hardened involucre, with 2 hooked beaks and hooked bristles. Flowering time in India is
August-September. It can be propagated through seeds. This weed is easily dispersed through
animals as the fruits have hooked bristles and 2 strong hooked beaks (Agharkar 1991).
Medicinal Uses of Xanthium strumarium in Sindh:

Plant is used against hemorhoides (bawaseer).
Method of use:
Grind the fresh leaves and mix them with 1 glass of water and use in fasting after filtering it for
10-12 days
Bioassays of Xanthium strumarium:
The alcoholic extract of the plant showed antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal activities.
Previous studies on Xanthium strumarium:
Following are the compounds isolated from Xanthium strumarium: sesquiterpene ketolactone
xanthinin, two cryst. xanthanolides were isolated from the entire fruiting plan.
151
Botanical Name: Zea mays Linn.

Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Cyperales
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Zea
Sindhi Name: Makai
Zea mays
Descrition of Zea mays:

Zea mays Linn., Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753. is the familiar Maize or Indian Corn introduced to the Old
World from tropical America and cultivated as a summer crop throughout Pakistan up to an
altitude of about 2500 m. The male spikelets are usually collected in terminal racemes, while
the solitary female in-florescence consists of numerous female spikelets seated on a spongy
axis. It is discussed by Parandekar (in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 473.1950), Mangelsdorf
(Corn, its Origin, Evolution and Improvement, 1974) and Wilkes (The Origin of Corn: Studies
of the last 100 years, 1977).
Medicinal Uses of Zea mays in Sindh:

Bushes of are used against kidney pain and retention of urine and also for the removal of
kidney stone.
Method of use:
Take 500-800g of bushes (hair) of the plant which cover the fruit. Boil the them 2 liter of water
till volume reduce to 1 liter and glass every day.
Previous studies on: So for as no phytochemical investigation is reported on this plant.
152
Botanical Name: Ziziphus nummularia

(Burm. f.)
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rhamnaceae
Genus:
Ziziphus
Sindhi Name: Bhair

Urdu Name:
Ziziphus nummularia
Bairi
Descrition of Ziziphus nummularia:

A bushy much branched shrub, branches divaricating, flexuous, tomentose, young branches
puberulous, grey, spines in unequal pairs, bigger straight c. 1 cm long, smaller recurved,
whitish tomentose when young. Leaves 1-2 cm x 0.5-2 cm, orbicular or ovate-orbicular to
elliptic, dark green and densely pubescent above, densely velvety tomentose beneath, entire or
serrate, apex obtuse apiculate or mucronate, base round to sub cordate, lateral nerves
prominent, pedicel 2-3 mm long. Flowers 3-4 mm in diameter. Calyx pubescent, lobes c. 1.5
mm, ovate lanceolate. Petals cuneate longer than stamens c. 1.25 mm long, stamen included c.
1 mm long. Disc. 10-lobed, pitted. Styles 2, united to above the middle. Drupe globose, 5-10
mm long, reddish brown-black when ripe, 2 celled, 2 seeded.
Flowering Period: March - June
Type: Described from India.
Distribution: Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
The branches are often used for fencing the fields, the leaves are threshed out and used as
fodder.
Medicinal Uses of Ziziphus nummularia in Sindh:

Root is used against diabetes and chronic fever.
1. Method of use for diabetes:
Just suck the gum of the plant like lolly pop for 2 times a day.
153

Boil 5-8g of the root with 1 glass of water, boi till volume of water reduced to half take cup
of that water twice a day.
Previous studies on Ziziphus nummularia:
It has beeen reported that bark of plant possess anthelmintic activityPet-ether extract showed
significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Leaves are used against scabies and
boils.
Following are the compounds isolated from Ziziphus nummularia:
Fatty acid compounds of seed oil Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids are the major
components of oil along with ricinoleic acid in minor one.
NummularineE(I) is reported from the stem bark of Z. mnummularia.
Whose structure is given below.
O
Ph
O
NH
HN
N
H
O
CHMe 2
Me 2 N
OH
Me
cyclopeptide alkaloid, nummularine-P (I)
154
OMe
O
O
N
Me
Me
O
N
H
N
H
CH 2 CHMe 2
NH
O
Me
H NMe
Two peptide alkaloids nummularine M (I) and nummularine N (II). I is a 14-membered

cyclopeptide of the integerrinine type, whereas II is a 13-membered cyclopeptide like
nummularine B.
OMe
O
O
Ph
Me 2 N CHCON H
Me CHEt
O
O
O
NH
NH
HN
Me 2 CH CH CO
HN
CHMeEt
NHCOCH 2 NMe 2
CH 2 Ph
II
155
Scientific evaluation and product development from the folk medicines

used in the province of sindh.
Biodata of Person from Whom the Information was Taken:
Name: __________________________________ Profession: _________________________
Village: ________________________________ Talka: _______________________________
District: ___________________________ GPS Reading: _____________________________
Field Trip Code: __________________ Name of the Disease: __________________________
Plant Code: __________________________________________________________________
Vernacular name of the Plant: ___________________________________________________
Botanical Name of the Plant: ____________________________________________________
Part of the Pant Used: __________________________________________________________
Collection Status: _______________________ Place of collection: _____________________
Additive/Herb Used: ___________________________________________________________
Recipe Preparation: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Method of Use: _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Age Group Prescribed for Treatment: _____________________________________________
Recovery Period: _____________________________________________________________
Can this herb be used for maintenance: ____________________________________________
156
Photographs:
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Kehar Chandio (District Larkana)
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Bilawal Shah (District Tando Alah Yar)
157
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Muhammad Bux Chandio (Distt. Dadu)
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Ladhan (District Mirpur Khas)
158
Survey team conducting the interviews of the villagers of Goth Sulaiman Shah (District Larkana)
Survey team collecting plants
159
160
Glossary of Typical Termed used in the Book:
S. No.
Sindhi
Urdu
English
1.
Haida
Haldi
Turmeric Powder
2.
Sindhi Ghee
Desi Ghee
Ghee obtained from the Butter.
3.
Goond
Goond
Gum of the Plant
4.
Nimorion
Neem k bheej
Seeds of neem
5.
Sippyoon
Seep
Shell found near Sea
6.
Trooh
Kor Tumba
7.
Sireehan jo Tail
Sarsoon ka tail
Mustard Oil
8.
Longa
Long
Clove
9.
Kishmish
Kishmish
Currants
10.
Thoma
Lehsan
Garlic
11.
Adrak
Adrak
Ginger
12.
Badam
Badam
Almond
13.
Pan jo Pato
Paan ka Patta
Betal Leaf
14.
Sawa Dhana
Hara Dhaniya
Cilantro
15.
Maakhi
Shehid
Honey
16.
Misree
Misri
Refined Sugars
17.
Gurhu
Gurh
Jaggery /Unrefined Sugar
18.
Khajji
Khajoor
Dates
19.
Soonfa
Soonf
Fennel seeds
20.
Anjeer
Anjeer
Fig
21.
Kara Mirch
Kali Mirchi
Black Peeper
22.
Jeero
Zera
Cumin
23.
Aamla
Aamla
Gooseberry
24.
Lemoon
Nibu
Lemon
25.
Makai
Makai
Maize
161
S. No.
162
Sindhi
Urdu
English
26.
Bhajehri
Bajra
Millet
27.
Kalonji
Kalomji
Nigella seeds
28.
Nim Jo Bhoor
Neem kay Phool
Neem flower
29.
Wada Phota
Bari ilaichi
Large cardamom
30.
Jhangli Basar
Jangli Piyaaz
Wild Onion
Glossary of scientific terms:

1.
Acaulescent: The leaves and inflorescence rise from the ground, appearing to have no
stem.
2.
Acme: The period when the plant or population is at its maximum vigor.
3.
Annual: Plants that live reproduce and die in one growing season.
4.
Acephalous: Without a head, used for flower styles without a well-developed stigma.
5.
Apetalous: A flower without petals.
6.
Achene: Dry indehiscent fruit, they have one seed and form from a single carpel, the
seed is distinct from the fruit wall.
7.
Aerial: In the air.
8.
Analgesic: A drug characterized by its ability to relieve pain.
9.
Alkaloids: Are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds which mostly

contain basic nitrogen atoms.
10. Antimicrobial: A substance that is antimicrobial possesses the property of being lethal
to bacteria and other unicellular organisms.
11. Antioxidant: An agent that inhibits oxidation. May reduce risks of contracting certain
diseases.
12. Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints due to infectious, metabolic, or constitutional
disorder.
13. Asthma: Disease of the respiratory tract characterized by difficult.
14. Antibacterial: A substance with the property of killing bacteria.
15. Asparagales: Asparagales is the name of an order of plants, used in modern
classification systems.
16. Antifungal: Inhibiting the growth of fungi.
17. Anti parasitic: Destroying or inhibiting the growth and reproduction of parasites.
18. Bark: The outer layers of woody plants; cork, phloem, and vascular cambium.
19. Bud: An immature stem tip, typically an embryonic shoot, ether producing a stem,
leaves or flowers.
20. Bulb: An underground stem normally with a short basal surface and with thick fleshy
leaves.
163
21. Biennial: Plants that need two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, normally
vegetative growth the first year and flowering the second year.
22. Bronchial asthma: The chronic inflammatory disease of respiratory tracts
characterized by reversible bronchial obstruction and a hyperreactivity of bronchuses.
23. Bioassays: Commonly used shorthand for biological assay or biological
standardization is a type of scientific experiment. Bioassays are typically conducted to
measure the effects of a substance on a living organism and are essential in the
development of new drugs and in monitoring environmental pollutants.
24. Caulescent: With a distinctive stem.
25. Climbing: Typically long stems, that clings to other objects.
26. Cladophyll: A flattened stem that is leaf-like and green, used for photosynthesis,
normally plants have no or greatly reduced leaves.
27. Carpel: The female organs of a flower. They have three parts: 1) an ovary, holding
one or more egg cells. 2) style and 3) stigma which is at the tip of the style and
receives the pollen.
28. Cholera: A bacterial disease contracted through contaminated drinking water.
Symptoms include severe gastrointestinal problems such as acute diarrhea and
infection of the small intestine.
29. Corolla: The petals of a flower surrounding the stamens and pistil.
30. Cytotoxicity Bioassays: Experiment used to measure the degree to which an agent
possesses a specific destructive action on certain cells.
31. Cholesterol: It is a waxy steroid of fat that is manufactured in the liver or intestines.
32. Caryophyllales: It is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations,
amaranths, ice plants, and many carnivorous plants.
33. Constipation: It is defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per
week. With constipation stools are usually hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to
eliminate. Some people who are constipated find it painful to have a bowel movement
and often experience straining, bloating, and the sensation of a full bowel.
34. Carpel: The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma,
style and ovary.
35. Cosmetics: Are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body.
36. Dormant: A state of no growth or reduced growt.
37. Decumbant: Lying on the ground at the base, but rising at the tip.
38. Dermatitis: General term for inflammation of the skin.
164
39. Decumbant: Lying on the ground at the base, but rising at the tip.
40. Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes is a group of
metabolic diseases in which a person has highblood sugar, either because the body
does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is
produced.
41. Emetic: A substance that induces vomiting.
42. Frond: The leaf of a fern.
43. Fabales: It is an order of flowering plants.
44. Flavonoids: Also called bioflavonoids from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow also
collectively known as Vitamin P and citrin, are a class of plant secondary metabolites
or yellow pigments having a structure similar to that of flavones.
45. Fugacious: lasting for a short time: soon falling away from the parent plant.
50. Gentianales: These are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group
of dicotyledons.
51. Hemorrhoids: Are vascular structures in the anal canal which help with stool control.
They become pathological or piles[3] when swollen or inflamed.
52. Herbaceous: Plants with shoot systems that die back to ground each year - both
annual and non-woody perennial plants.
53. Hepatitis: Disease marked by inflammation of the liver.
54. Jaundice: A disease characterized by obstruction of bile, leading to yellowing of the
skin, fluids, and tissues, by weakness, by constipation, and by loss of appetite.
55. Malaria: Disease caused by protozoans in the genus Plasmodium, carried by
mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever and hemolysis of red blood cells.
56. Monocarpic: Plants that live for a number of years then after flowering and seed set
die.
57. Nectar: Afluid produce by nectaries high in sugar content, used to attract pollinators.
58. Pneumonia: Disease with many varieties characterized mainly by inflammation of the
lungs. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, phlegm, aches, and fever.
59. Rhizome: An underground stem, typically horizontal, that sends out roots and
60. Shoots: Are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems with flower
buds, and leaves.
61. Shrubs: A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and
shorter height, usually under 56 m (1520 ft) tall. A large number of plants can be
either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience.
165
62. Scabies: It is known colloquially as the seven-year itch, is a contagious skin infection
that occurs among humans and other animals. It is caused by a tiny and usually not
directly visible parasite, the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the host's
skin, causing intense allergic itching.
63. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils.
64. Terpenoids: Sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturallyoccurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene
units assembled and modified in thousands of ways.
65. Terpenes: They are a large and varied class of organic compounds, produced primarily
by a wide variety of plants, particularly conifers,[1] though also by some insects such
as termites or swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeterium.
66. Ulcer: An open, internal sore.
67. Woody perennial: True shrubs and trees or some vines with shoot systems that remain
alive above the soil surface from one year to the next.
166
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Medicinal Plants of Sindh

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Medicinal Plants of Sindh

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MONOGRAPH

Department of Planning and Development

DELIVERABLE OF THE PROJECT

SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION AND

Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS, N.I., H.I., S.I., T.I.

Prof. Dr. M. Iqbal Choudhary, H.I., S.I., T.I.

Mr. Saifullah Bullo

Dr. Shakil Ahmed

Dr. Nadeem Akhtar Korai

Mr. Zaheer Abbas

Mr. Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar

Dr. M. Tariq Rajput

Mr. Abdul Hafeez

PEOPLE OF THE PROVINCE OF SINDH

1.1 Districts of Sindh Surveyed

2.0 Map of Sindh (With marked places)

2.1 Historical Places of Sindh

Moen Jo daro (1000 3000 BC)

Historical Sukkur Bridge

Culture and Life of Rural Sindh

Shrine of Hazrat Sachal Sarmast

Tomb Quaid-e-Azam M. Ali Jinnah

2.2 Brief History of Sindh

3.0 Summary of the Study

To create an authentic folk ethnomedicinal database of medicinal practices in Sindh

To initiate scientific evaluation of folk medicines of Sindh for the purpose of

To work on value addition to the floral resources of Sindh by possible production of

Name of the place and exact geographical locations

Duly executed survey forms

Photographs of the people interviewed.

Photographs of the medicinal herbs/plants collected or purchased

Prepration of taxonomic specimen of the plant

Information about the plant parts used for therapeutic purposes.

Method of preparation of herbal formulation

Chemical Abstracts (In Print)

Sci Finder (Online)

Science Direct (Online)

Journals of Natural Products

Other journals of pharmacognosy, ethnobotany and herbal medicinal research

Varnacular Part Used

Infection, cut, external injury

Leavesfor infertility in women,

Stomach pai, removal of kidney

Arithritis and sexual weakness in

Root, whole Hemorrhoids, skin dryness and

Whole Plant Infection of wounds and

Pneumonia and asthma

Aloe vera (Linn.)

Diabetes, hepatitis and hair

T.B, redishness in eyes and boils

Whole Plant Hotness of the body

Whoel plant Joint pain, scabies and

Whole Plant Impotency, fracture of bones,

Varnacular Part Used

Asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, eye

Whole Plant Prolong bleeding during menses,

Whole Plant Diabetes, hepatitis, hair fall and

Hepatitis and asthma

Malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis,

Hepatitis, and infection of injury

Chronic fever, hepatitis and

Hepatitis, jaundice and

Blood purification and abdominal

Whole Plant Chronic fever