INTRODUCTION

TO
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Hands on workshop developed for field relay techs practical approach

Yellow Brick Road

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS
RATIO SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
VARIOUS TOPICS
TEST

Z = V/I --- accurate value of I

DISTANCE

INTRODUCTION
IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument
Transformers C57.13
IEEE Guide for the Application of Current
Transformers Used for Protective Relaying
Purposes C37.110

INTRODUCTION
Bushing, internal to Breakers and
Transformers
Free standing, used with live tank breakers.
Slipover, mounted externally on
breaker/transformers bushings.
Window or Bar - single primary turn
Wound Primary
Optic

MAGNETO-OPTIC CT
Light polarization passing through an
optically active material in the presence of a
magnetic field .
Passive sensor at line voltage is connected
to substation equipment by fiber cable.
Low energy output used for microprocessor
relays
Eliminates heavy support for iron.

DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE
EXCITATION VOLTAGE
EXCITATION CURRENT
EXCITATION IMPEDANCE

DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
POLARITY
BURDEN
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C

DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT
RELAY ACCURACY CLASS
MULTI-TAPS ACCURACY
SATURATION ERROR - RATIO/ANGLE

EXCITATION CURVE

EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ip

Rp

Xp

Rs

Is
g

c
Pri

Ie

Ze

Sec
h

Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef

Ie = CURRENT (
)
Ze = IMPEDANCE
Vt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE Vgh
POLARITY read a few values

next

TYPICAL EXCITATION BBC

CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts)
3.0
7.5
15
42
85
180
310
400
425
450
500
520

Ie(amps)
0.004
0.007
0.011
--------------------0.25
----------5.0
10.0

Ze(ohms)
750
1071
1364
-------------3100
1600
----------100.0
52.0

CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts)
3.0
7.5
15
42
85
180
310
400
425
450
500
520

Ie(amps)
0.004
0.007
0.011
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.1
0.25
0.5
1.00
5.0
10.0

Ze(ohms)
750
1071
1364
2100
2833
3600
3100
1600
850
450
100.0
52.0

I1

Rsec

Zint
Ie+I2

N1 I1
N2

I2

Ie

RB

Ze

EXTERNAL
BURDEN

POLARITY

LB

DEFINITIONS

EXCITATION CURVE
EXCITATION VOLTAGE
EXCITATION CURRENT
EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
BURDEN - NEXT

BURDEN
The impedances of loads are called BURDEN
Individual devices or total connected load,
including sec impedance of instrument
transformer.
For devices burden expressed in VA at
specified current or voltage, the burden
impedance Zb is:
Zb = VA/IxI
or VxV/VA

EXTERNAL BURDEN
Burden:

0.27 VA @ 5A = .. Ohms
2.51 VA @ 15A = .. Ohms

BURDEN
=
VA / I

RB
LB

QUIZ

I2

RB

CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms

Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire
Relay burden = 0.05 ohms

DEFINITIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C

ANSI/IEEE STANDARD FOR

CLASSIFICATION T & C
CLASS T:
CTs that have
significant leakage flux within the
transformer core - class T; wound
CTs, with one or more primarywinding turns mechanically
encircling the core. Performance
determined by test.

CLASS C
CTs with very minimal leakage
flux in the core, such as the
through, bar, and bushing types.
Performance can be calculated.

KNEE POINT

DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT IEEE IEC - effective
saturation point
Quiz- read a few knee point voltages and also
at 10 amps Ie.

Knee Point Volts

Excitation Volts

45 LINE

ANSI/IEEE
KNEE POINT

QUIZ: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

KNEE POINT OR EFFECTIVE

POINT OF SATURATION
ANSI/IEEE: as the intersection of the curve
with a 45 tangent line
IEC defines the knee point as the intersection
of straight lines extended from non saturated
and saturated parts of the excitation curve.
IEC knee is higher than ANSI - ANSI more
conservative.

IEC KNEE POINT

ANSI/IEE
KNEE POINT

EX: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM
EXCITATION VOLTAGE, CURRENT,
IMPEDANCE
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
BURDEN
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
EXCITATION CURVE
KNEE POINT IEEE IEC
ACCURACY CLASS

CT ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION
The measure of a CT performance is its
ability to reproduce accurately the primary
current in secondary amperes both is wave
shape and in magnitude. There are two
parts:
Performance on symmetrical ac component.
Performance on offset dc component. Go over the
paper

ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS

ANSI/IEEE CLASS DESIGNATION C200:
INDICATES THE CT WILL DELIVER A
SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF
200V
TO A STANDARD BURDEN B - 2 (2.0 ) AT
20 TIMES THE RATED SECONDARY
CURRENT
WITHOUT EXCEEDING 10% RATIO
CORRECTION ERROR. Pure sine wave
Standard defines max error, it does not specify the actual error.

ACCURACY CLASS C
STANDARD BURDEN
ACCURACY CLASS: C100, C200, C400, & C800 AT POWER
FACTOR OF 0.5.
STANDARD BURDEN B-1, B-2, B-4 AND B-8 THESE
CORRESPOND TO 1, 2, 4 AND 8.
EXAMPLE STANDARD BURDEN FOR C100 IS 1 , FOR C200
IS 2 , FOR C400 IS 4 AND FOR C800 IS 8 .
ACCURACY CLASS APPLIES TO FULL WINDING, AND ARE
REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY WITH LOWER TAPS.
EFFECTIVE ACCURACY =
TAP USED*C-CLASS/MAX RATIO

AN EXERCISE

2000/5 MR

C800

tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS

KNEE POINT

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5

..

...

1500/5

..

...

1100/5

..

...

500/5

..

...

300/5

..

...

AN EXERCISE

2000/5 MR

C800

tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS

KNEE POINT

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5

590

800

1500/5

390

600

1100/5

120

440

500/5

132

200

300/5

78

120

AN EXERCISE

2000/5 MR

C400

tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS

KNEE POINT

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5

..

...

1500/5

..

...

1100/5

..

...

500/5

..

...

300/5

..

...

AN EXERCISE

2000/5 MR

C400

tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS

KNEE POINT

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5

220

400

1500/5

170

300

1100/5

125

220

500/5

55

100

300/5

32

60

CT SELECTION
ACCURACY CLASS

POINT OF SATURATION : KNEE

POINT
IT IS DESIRABLE TO STAY
BELOW OR VERY CLOSE TO
KNEE POINT FOR THE
AVAILABLE CURRENT.
Recap

ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY
CLASS C400

STANDARD BURDEN FOR C400: (4.0 )

SECONDARY CURRENT RATING 5 A
20 TIMES SEC CURRENT: 100 AMPS
SEC. VOLTAGE DEVELOPED: 400V
MAXIMUM RATIO ERROR: 10%
IF BURDEN 2 , FOR 400V, IT CAN SUPPLY
MORE THAN 100 AMPS SAY 200 AMPS
WITHOUT EXCEECING 10% ERROR.

I1

Rsec

Zint

Isec = 100

Ie+Isec

Ie <10
N1 I1
N2

Ze

RB
EXTERNAL
BURDEN
LB

ACCURACY ACLASS: C200

RATED SEC CURRENT = 5 A
EXTERNALBURDEN = STANDARD BURDEN = 2 .0 OHMS
Ve=200 V
Isec = 100 A
Ie <10 Amps.

PERFORMANCE
CALCULATIONS

BUT
THE REST OF US
SHOW US THE DATA

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
THE MEASURE OF A CT
PERFORMANCE IS ITS ABILITY TO
REPRODUCE ACCURATELY THE
PRIMARY CURRRENT IN SECONDARY
AMPERES - BOTH IN WAVE SHAPE
AND MAGNITUDE . CORRECT
RATIO AND ANGLE.

CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS
600/5 MR
Accuracy class C100 is selected
Load Current= 90 A
Max 3 phase Fault Current= 2500 A
Min. Fault Current=350 A
STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
CT Performance using Excitation Curve

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
CT Performance using Excitation Curve

STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
- within short time and continuous current thermal limits
- max load just under 5A
Load Current= 90 A
CT ratio selection : 100/5

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Relay Tap Selection
O/C taps min pickup , higher than the max. load
167%, 150% of specified thermal loading.
Load Current= 90 A for 100/5 CT ratio = 4.5 A sec.
Select tap higher than max load say = 5.0
How much higher relay characteristics, experience and
judgment.
Fault current: min: 350/20 = 17.5
Multiple of PU = 17.5/5 = 3.5
Multiple of PU = 17.5/6 = 2.9

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Determine Total Burden (Load)
Relay: 2.64 VA @ 5 A
Lead: 0.4 Ohms

and

580 VA @ 100 A

Total to CT terminals:
(2.64/5*5 = 0.106) + 0.4 = 0.506 ohms @ 5A
(580/100*100 = 0.058) + 0.4 = 0.458 ohms @ 100 A

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEPS:
CT Ratio selection
Relay Tap Selection
Determine Total Burden (Load)
CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE
Standard
CT Performance using Excitation
Curve

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard
Ip

Rp

Xp

Rs

Is
g

c
Pri

Ie
d

Ze

Sec
h

Determine voltage @ max fault current CT must develop

across its terminals gh

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard
Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.458 = 57.25
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective
accuracy class
(100/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts.
Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard
For microprocessor based relay:
Burden will change from 0.458 to o.4
Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.4 = 50.0
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective
accuracy class
(100/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts.
Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard
Alternative: use 400/5 CT tap:
Max Load = 90 A
Relay Tap = 90/80 = 1.125 Use: 1.5 relay tap.
Min Fault Multiples of PU=(350/80=4.38, 4.38/1.5= 2.9)
Relay burden at this tap = 1.56 ohms
Total burden at CT terminals = 1.56 + 0.4 = 1.96
Vgh = 2500/80 * 1.96 = 61.25
600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 400/5-- effective accuracy
class is = (400/600) x 100 = ?
CT is capable of developing 66.6 volts. Within CT
capability

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve
ANSI/IEEE ratings ballpark. Excitation curve method provides relatively exact
method. Examine the curve

Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance +

relay burden
Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171
For load current 1.5 A:
Vgh = 1.5 * 2.171 = 3.26 V
Ie = 0.024
Ip = (1.5+0.024) * 80 = 123 A
well below the min If = 350 A (350/123=2.84 multiple of
pick up)

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve
For max fault current
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden
Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171
Fault current 2500/80 = 31.25 A:
Vgh = 31.25 * 2.171 = 67.84 V

Ie = 0.16

Beyond the knee of curve, small amount 0.5% does not significantly
decreases the fault current to the relay.

TEST

I2

RB
Determine CT performance using Excitation Curve
method:
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms
Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire
Relay burden = 0.05 ohms as constant
Fault current = 12500A/18000A
CT CLASS = C400/C800
2000/5 MR current transformer
CT RATIO = 800/5

AN EXAMPLE C400
CT RESISTANCE
0.3 OHMS
LEAD RESISTANCE
1.5 OHMS
IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05
OHMS
FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
CT RATIO 800/5
ACCURACY CLASS
C400

supply curves C400/800

CALCULATIONS for 12500 A C400

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
Plot on C400

CALCULATIONS for 18000 C400

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
Ve = 209 VOLTS Plot on curve
Plot on C400

ANOTHER EXAMPLE C800

CT RESISTANCE
0.3 OHMS
LEAD RESISTANCE
1.5 OHMS
IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05
OHMS
FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS
CT RATIO 800/5
ACCURACY CLASS
C800

supply curves C400/800

CALCULATIONS for 12500 A C800

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160
Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve
Plot on C800

CALCULATIONS for 18000 A C800

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES)
Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160
For 18,000 A (Ve =209 V) Plot on curve
Plot on C800

FAULT CURRENT
MAGNITUDES

25 -33 KA
20 - 25 KA
12.5 -20 KA
20 - 25 KA
10 -12.5 KA
<10 KA

8
10
46
35
35
+150
REFER TO PAGE 6 OF PAPER

RED DELICIOUS

C400

ZONE1

Z = V/A

DISTANCE

~Z

STANDARD DATA FROM

MANUFACTURER
ACCURACY:
RELAY CLASS C200
METERING CLASS, USE 0.15%
0.3%, 0.6% & 1.2% AVAIALABLE BUT NOT
RECOMMENDED
0.15% MEANS +/- 0.15% error at 100%
rated current and 0.30% error at 10% of rated
current ( double the error)

STANDARD DATA FROM

MANUFACTURER
CONTINUOUS (Long Term) rating
Primary
Secondary, 5 Amp ( 1Amp)
Rating factor (RF) of 2.0 provides Twice
Primary and Secondary rating continuous at
30degrees

STANDARD DATA FROM

MANUFACTURER
SHORT TIME TERMINAL RATINGS
Transmission Voltage Applications
One Second Rating = 80% Imax Fault, based
on IxIxT=K where T=36 cycles & I=Max fault
current
Distribution Voltage Applications
One Second Rating = Maximum Fault Current
level

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED
CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY
RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE
DELTA CONNECTD CTs PRODUCE
CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS
THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE
SECONDARY CURRENTS

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER THAN
THE MAXIMUM DESIGN CURRENT
RATINGS OF THE ASSOCIATED
BREAKERS AND TRANSFORMERS.

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS
TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY,
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE
RANGES.

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20
TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR
5A RATED SECONDARY)

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE
SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE
WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN
THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE.

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

FULL WINGING OF MULTI-RATIO CTs

SHOULD BE SELECTED WHENEVER
POSSIBLE TO AVOID LOWERING OF
THE EFFECTIVE ACCURACY CLASS.

TESTING
Core Demagnetizing
The core should be demagnetized as the final
test before the equipment is put in service.
Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough
voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate
the core and produce a cecondary currrent of 35 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero
before turning off the variac.

TESTING
Saturation
The saturation point is reached when there is a rise
in the test current but not the voltage.

TESTING
Flashing
This test checks the polarity of the CT

Ratio
Insulation test