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bảo hiểm Hàng hải
bảo hiểm Hàng hải
Vic xut nhp khu hng ho thng c thc hin thng qua hp ng gia ngi mua v
ngi bn vi ni dung v: s lng, phm cht, k m hiu, quy cch ng gi, gi c hng ho, trch
nhim thu tu v tr cc ph, ph bo him, th tc v ng tin thanh ton...
Trong qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho c s chuyn giao quyn s hu l hng ho xut
nhp khu t ngi bn sang ngi mua.
Hng ho xut nhp khu thng c vn chuyn qua bin gii quc gia, phi chu s kim
sot ca hi quan, kim dch... tu theo quy nh, thng l ca mi nc. ng thi vn chuyn ra
(hoc vo) qua bin gii phi mua bo him theo tp qun thng mi quc t. Ngi tham gia bo
him c th l ngi mua hng (ngi nhp khu) hay ngi bn hng (ngi xut khu). Hp ng
bo him th hin quan h gia ngi bo him v ngi mua bo him i vi hng ho c bo
him. Nu ngi bn hng mua bo him th phi chuyn nhng li cho ngi mua hng, khi hng
v n nc nhp, nu b tn tht c th khiu li i ngi bo him bi thng.
Hng ho xut nhp khu thng c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin khc nhau theo
phng thc vn chuyn a phng tin, trong c tu bin. Ngi vn chuyn hng ho ng thi
cng l ngi giao hng cho ngi mua. V vy ngi chuyn ch l bn trung gian phi c trch nhim
bo v, chm sc hng ho ng quy cch, phm cht, s lng t khi nhn ca ngi bn n khi giao
cho ngi mua hng.
Qu trnh xut nhp khu hng ho c lin quan n nhiu bn, trong c bn bn ch yu l:
ngi bn (bn xut khu), ngi mua (bn nhp khu), ngi vn chuyn v ngi bo him. V
vy, cn phi phn nh r rng trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan v khi tin hnh xut nhp khu
hng ho cc bn lin quan phi thc hin y cc ngha v ca mnh.
Trch nhim ca ngi bn (bn xut khu): phi chun b hng ho theo ng hp ng trong
mua bn ngoi thng v s lng, cht lng, quy cch, loi hng, bao b ng gi ...v tp kt hng
n cng ti ngy nhn, thng bo tu n nhn chuyn ch, giao hng cho tu khi qua lan can an ton
mi ht trch nhim v nhng ri ro tai nn i vi hng ho. Ngoi ra, ngi bn phi lm cc th tc
hi quan, kim dch, ly giy chng nhn kim nh phm cht, ng gi bao b phi chu c iu kin
vn chuyn bc d thng thng. Cui cng, ngi bn phi ly c vn ti n sch. Nu bn hng
theo iu kin CIF ngi bn cn c trch nhim mua bo him cho l hng ho sau k hu vo n
bo him chuyn nhng quyn li bo him cho ngi mua.
Trch nhim ca ngi mua (bn nhp khu): nhn hng ca ngi chuyn ch theo ng s
lng, cht lng... ghi trong hp ng vn chuyn v hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, ly giy
chng nhn kim m, bin bn kt ton giao nhn hng vi ch tu, bin bn hng ho h hng v
do tu gy ln (nu c), nu c sai lch v s lng hng nhp khc vi hp ng mua bn nhng
ng vi hp ng vn chuyn th ngi mua bo lu quyn khiu ni i vi ngi bn. nu phm
cht, s lng hng ho c nhn c sai lch vi vn ti n th ngi mua cn c vo bin bn trn
bo lu quyn khiu ni vi ch phng tin chuyn ch. Ngoi ra, ngi mua cn c trch nhim mua
bo him cho hng ho nu mua hng theo gi CF v mua bo him, thu tu tr cc ph vn chuyn
hng ho nu mua hng theo ga FOB hay nhn li chng t bo him do ngi bn chuyn nhng
nu mua hng theo gi CIF.
-Trch nhim ca ngi vn chuyn: chun b phng tin chuyn ch theo yu cu k thut
thng mi v k thut hng hi, giao nhn hng ng quy nh theo hp ng vn chuyn. Theo
tp qun thng mi quc t th tu ch hng bt buc phi tham gia bo him thn tu v P and I.
Ngi vn chuyn cn c trch nhim cp vn n cho ngi gi hng. Vn n (Bill of Loading) l
mt chng t vn chuyn hng hi trn bin do ngi vn chuyn cp cho ngi gi hng nhm
ni ln mi quan h php l gia ngi vn chuyn, ngi gi hng v ngi nhn hng. C nhiu
loi vn n, nhng y ch quan tm n hai loi c bn l: vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) hay
cn gi l vn n sch v vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L). Ngi vn chuyn phi chu
trch nhim vi nhng ri ro xy ra i vi hng ho theo quy nh v phi c trch nhim bo v,
chm sc cho l hng ho chuyn ch trong hnh trnh t cng i n cng ch.
Theo nghip v bo him th nhng ri ro ca hng ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng
bin c th c chia thnh cc loi sau y:
* Ri ro thng thng c bo him: l nhng ri ro c bo him mt cch bnh thng theo
cc iu kin bo him gc. y l nhng ri ro mang tnh bt ng ngu nhin xy ra ngoi mun
ca ngi c bo him nh: thin tai, tai ho ca bin, tai nn bt ng khc tc l bao gm c
ri ro chnh v ri ro ph.
* Ri ro bo him ring: l nhng ri ro m mun c bo him th phi tho thun ring, tho
thun thm ch khng c bi thng theo cc iu kin bo him gc. Loi ri ro ny gm : ri
ro chin tranh, nh cng, khng b c bo him theo iu kin ring.
* Ri ro khng c bo him: l nhng ri ro khng c ngi bo him nhn bo him hoc
khng c ngi bo him bi thng trong mi trng hp. l cc ri ro ng nhin xy ra,
chc chn xy ra hoc cc thit hi do ni t, bn cht ca hng ho, do li ca ngi c bo
him, thit hi m nguyn nhn trc tip l chm tr, ri ro c tnh cht thm ho m con ngi
khng lng trc c, quy m, mc v hu qu ca n.
Tm li, cc ri ro c bo him phi l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra tn tht. Vic phn nguyn
nhn trc tip hay nguyn nhn gin tip c vai tr rt quan trng xc nh ri ro gy ra tn tht
c phi l ri ro c bo him hay khng. Nhng tn tht no c nguyn nhn trc tip l ri ro
c bo him gy ra mi c bi thng.
th ba l ch tu, ngi chuyn ch hoc ch kho hng u c quy nh ring v thi gian cho php
khiu ni theo lut trong nc, lut quc t hay cc vn bn di lut.
Vic bo v ti sn trc nhng tnh hung c nguy c thuc phm vi trch nhim ca hp ng
bo him u i hi s n lc ca c hai bn v khi cha cn xt n bin php gii quyt bi
thng ca ngi bo him. Xut pht t nhng c im ny, ngi bo him c quy nh vic
ngi bo him tham gia vo cc bin php cu h v bo v hng ho u khng th coi l du
hiu ca s khc t hay chp nhn vic t b hng ho.
Th tc khiu ni i bi thng.
Khiu ni l s thnh cu hay yu cu ngi bo him bi thng trn c s nhng chng c do
ngi c bo him a ra. H s khiu ni i ngi bo him bi thng gm nhiu loi
giy t khc nhau nhng phi chng minh c:
- Ngi khiu ni c li ch bo him;
- Hng ho c bo him;
- Tn tht thuc mt ri ro c bo him;
- Mc tn tht;
- Thc hin nguyn tc th quyn ngi bo him c th i c ngi th ba bi thng.
H s khiu ni i bi thng phi bao gm cc loi giy t sau y:
1- n bo him hoc giy chng nhn bo him (bn gc)
2- Vn n ng bin (bn gc) v hp ng thu tu (nu c)
3- Ho n thng mi
4- Ho n v cc chi ph khc (nu c)
5- Giy chng nhn trng lng, s lng
6- Bin bn kt ton nhn hng vi tu
7- Phiu ng gi
8- Vn bn, giy t lin quan ti vic i ngi th ba bi thng v tr li (nu c)
9- Khng ngh hng hi hoc nht k hng hi
10- Th khiu ni c ghi r s tin yu cu bi thng
11- Bin bn bt thng v hng ho vn chuyn
12- Bin bn gim nh .
Sau khi kim tra chng t v thanh ton bi thng, mi khon khiu ni v quyn khiu ni ca
ngi c bo him i vi ngi th ba u c chuyn cho ngi bo him m gii hn l s
tin bi thng. Ngi c bo him mun khiu ni tn tht ton b c tnh cho hng ho
Trn th gii
Bo him hng hi c lch s rt lu i. N ra i v pht trin cng vi s pht trin ca hng
ho v ngoi thng. Khong th k V trc cng nguyn, vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin
ra i v pht trin ngi ta bit trnh tn tht ton b mt l hng bng cch chia nh, phn tn
chuyn ch trn nhiu thuyn khc nhau. y c th ni l hnh thc s khai ca bo him hng
ho. n th k th XII thng mi v giao lu hng ho bng ng bin gia cc nc pht
trin. Nhiu tn tht ln xy ra trn bin v khi lng v gi tr ca hng ho ngy cng tng, do
thin tai, tai nn bt ng, cp bin... gy ra lm cho gii thng nhn lo lng nhm i ph vi
cc tn tht nng n c kh nng dn ti ph sn h i vay vn bun bn kinh doanh. Nu
hnh trnh gp phi ri ro gy ra tn tht ton b th cc thng nhn c xo n, nu hnh trnh
may mn thnh cng th ngoi vn vay h cn phi tr ch n mt khon tin li vi li sut rt cao.
Li sut cao v nng n ny c th coi l hnh thc ban u ca ph bo him.
Nm 1182 Lomborde - Bc , hp ng bo him hng ho ra i, trong ngi bn n
ny cam kt vi khch hng s thc hin ni dung ghi trong n. T hp ng bo him,
ngi bo him ra i vi t cch nh l mt ngh ring c lp.
Nm 1468 ti Venise nc o lut u tin v bo him hng hi ra i. S pht trin ca
thng mi hng hi dn n s ra i v pht trin mnh m ca bo him hng hi v hng
lot cc th l, cng c, hip c quc t lin quan n thng mi v hng hi nh: Mu hp
ng bo him ca Lloyd's 1776 v Lut bo him ca Anh nm 1906 (MiA - Marine insurance Act
1906), cng c Brucxen nm 1924, Hague Visby 1986, Hmbua nm 1978, Incoterms
1953,1980,1990,2000 ... Cc iu khon v bo him hng hi cng ra i v ngy cng hon thin
.
Ni v bo him hng hi khng th khng ni ti nc Anh v Lloyd's. Nc Anh l mt trong
nhng nc c s pht trin hin i v thng mi v hng hi ln nht trn th gii. C th ni
lch s pht trin ca ngnh hng hi v thng mi th gii gn lin vi s pht trin ca nc
Anh, th k XVII nc Anh c nn ngoi thng pht trin vi i tu bun mnh nht th gii
v tr thnh trung tm thng mi v hng hi ca th gii. Do nc Anh cng l nc sm c
nhng nguyn tc, th l hng hi v bo him hng hi. Nm 1779, cc hi vin ca Lloyd's thu
thp tt c cc nguyn tc bo him hng hi v quy thnh mt hp ng chung gi l hp ng
Lloyd's. Hp ng ny c Quc hi Anh thng qua v c s dng nhiu nc cho n
1982.T ngy 1/1/1982, n bo him hng hi mu mi c Hip hi bo him London thng
qua v c s dng hu ht cc nc trn th gii hin nay.
Khng ch ring bo him hng hi, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca nn kinh t th gii, cc
loi hnh bo him cng pht trin ht sc mnh m p ng yu cu pht trin kinh t v mi
mt ca i sng x hi, vn ho v giao lu quc t.
Vit Nam:
Thi k u, nh nc giao cho mt cng ty chuyn mn trc thuc B Ti chnh kinh doanh bo
him l cng ty Bo him Vit Nam nay l Tng cng ty Bo him Vit Nam (gi tt l Bo Vit).
Cng ty Bo him Vit Nam c thnh lp ngy 17/12/1964 theo Quyt nh s 179/CP v chnh
thc i vo hot ng ngy 15/1/1965.
Trc nm 1964 Bo Vit ch lm i l bo him hng ho xut nhp khu cho cng ty Bo him
nhn dn Trung Quc trong trng hp mua theo gi FOB, CF v bn theo gi CIF vi mc ch l
hc hi kinh nghim.
T nm 1965 - 1975 Bo Vit mi trin khai ba nghip v bo him i ngoi trong c bo him
hng ho xut nhp khu. T sau 1970 Bo Vit c quan h ti bo him vi Lin X (c), Ba Lan,
Triu Tin. Trc Bo Vit ch c quan h ti bo him vi Trung Quc.
T nm 1975 - 1992 Bo Vit trin khai thm nhiu nghip v v m rng phm vi hot ng. T
ch ch c quan h ti bo him vi mt s nc x hi ch ngha c th trong thi k ny Bo Vit
c quan h i l, gim nh, ti bo him vi hn 40 nc trn th gii. Nm 1965 khi Bo Vit
i vo hot ng, B Ti chnh ban hnh quy tc chung v Bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng
ng bin. Gn y, ph hp vi s pht trin thng mi v ngnh hng hi ca t nc,
B Ti chnh ban hnh quy tc chung mi - Quy tc chung 1990 (QTC-1990) cng vi Lut Hng
hi Vit Nam. Quy tc chung ny l c s php l ch yu iu chnh cc vn v bo him hng
ho xut nhp khu vn chuyn bng ng bin.
Trong bi cnh nn kinh t Vit Nam ang c nhng bc pht trin mnh m, xut pht t yu cu
bo m cho nn kinh t pht trin n nh thu ht vn u t nc ngoi th vic a dng ho cc
loi hnh kinh doanh bo him l mt i hi thit thc. p ng yu cu cp bch trn, Ngh
nh 100/CP ca chnh ph v hot ng kinh doanh bo him c ban hnh ngy 18/12/1993