Cell Freq

Cell- and Frequency Planning
Magdaleen Snyman
1/31/20081 May 2004
Cellular Network Planning CE at UP
References
GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance:
evolution towards 3G/UMTS
o T.Halonen, J. Romero, J. Melero
o Second Edition
o John Wiley & Sons
o ISBN 0-470-86694-2
The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel

o J.David Parsons,
o Second Edition,
o John Wiley & Sons
o ISBN 0 471 98857 X
1/31/20081 May 2004
Course Overview
Conventional Cell and Frequency Planning
o You work, I watch ;-)
Radio Network Features and their impact

Investigating the principles
o We all think a bit ;-)
Real Cell and Frequency Planning

Setting up an AFP
Site selection discussion
1/31/20081 May 2004
The inputs to Cell Planning

ic:
f
raf
(T
le
aff
Tr
tio
nm
ila
b
Sp
ec
u
rib
tru
t
dis
Av
a
ic
GoS
QoS
Quality
Coverage
Speech Quality
System Choice - C/I
s)
ap
Cost / Money
1/31/20081 May 2004
4/12 Cell Pattern

Frequency
Groups
Channels
A1 B1 C1 D1
A2 B2 C2 D2
A3 B3 C3 D3
1
13
5
17
9 10
21 22
2
14
3
15
4
16
6
18
7
19
8
20
11 12
23 24
12
D3
24
4
D1
D2
16
C1
15
20
1
11
A1
C3
13
19
23
9
A3
7
C2
A2
21
B1
17
14
10
B3
22
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6
B2
18
5
Prediction algorithms
Lees model and other empirical models
o Ploss = PR1 + 10log(d / d1) + n10 log( f / f0) - 0
o PR1 is the reference loss at d1(normally 1 mile)
(e.g. -84dBm in a city like Tokyo and -49dBm for
open areas)
o depends on the type of terrain

(value between 2 and 4)
o n is between 2 and 3
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Co-channel interference
GSM
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
MCS-1
MCS-2
MCS-3
MCS-4
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9
# Info # Coding Code Max data rate Required C/I (dB) Modul
(BLER <10%; TU3 FH) ation
bits
bits
Rate
(kbs) /TS
260
196 0.5
13.3
9 GMSK
181
275 0.45
9.05
9 GMSK
268
188 0.65
13.4
13 GMSK
312
144 0.75
15.6
15 GMSK
428
28
21.4
23 GMSK
176
0.53
8.4
9 GMSK
224
0.69
11.2
13 GMSK
296
0.89
14.8
15 GMSK
352
1
16.8
23 GMSK
448
0.38
22.4
14.5 8PSK
592
0.5
29.6
17 8PSK
896
0.78
44.8
23.5 8PSK
1088
0.92
54.4
29 8PSK
1184
1
59.2
32 8PSK
1/31/20081 May 2004
Adjacent Channel interference

for co-channel interference
C/Ic=9 dB
for adjacent (200 kHz) interference C/Ia1=-9 dB
1/31/20081 May 2004
Adjacent channel interference

Relative
power
(dB)
Relative
power
(dB)
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
measurement bandwidth 30 kHz

measurement bandwidth 100 kHz
-50
-50
measurement bandwidth 30 kHz measurement bandwidth 100k Hz
-60
-60
-70
-70
-80
-80
200
400
600
Frequency from the carrier (kHz)

1/31/20081 May 2004
1200
1800
3000
6000
200
400
600
Frequency from the carrier (kHz)

1200
1800
3000
6000
Edge of TX
band + 2 MHz
Co-channel interference
The total co-channel
interference experienced at
the yellow spot is the sum of
interference of all six cells
with the same frequency
R
D
The interference from one

co-channel interferer can be
written as
I =KD-
The carrier level is
C= KR-
C/I = (D/R) /6
1/31/20081 May 2004
10
Re-use distance
D = (i2 + ij + j2)2Rcos 30
D = (i2 + ij + j2) (3) R
v
j
u
i
30
Number of cells in the

re-use pattern
N = i2 + ij + j2
i in (1,2,3,4 ..)
j in (0,1,2,3,4 ..)
D/R = (3N)
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11
The Hexagon
Area of a hexagon:
A = 3 (3)R2/2
R
d
1/31/20081 May 2004
Distance between centers

of two adjacent cells:
d = (3)R
12
Traffic calculations revision

An Erlang
Erlang B Table
Examples of Traffic channels
1/31/20081 May 2004
13
Problem
The average traffic generated by one user is
10milliErlang/Subscriber
The population density is 50 people/km2
Assume a phone penetration of 80%
You are implementing a GSM system.
You have 48 (1-48)channels available
Assume free-space propagation i.e. = 2
Draw the re-use pattern and assign frequencies to
the cells.
Calculate the site to site distance that you will
need to implement.
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14
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15
Sectorisation
C/I = (D/R) /2
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16
Effect of and C/I

Minimum Assuming 3 sectored sites
C/I (dB
frequencies
gamma
9 12 13 17
36
2
18 33 42 102 7965
2.5
12 18 21 42 1323
3
9 12 12 24 399
3.5
6 9 9 15 171
4
6 6 9 12
90
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17
Spectral Efficiency
Erlang/Hz/km2
Using the previous problem as starting point
calculate the spectrum density that could
be achieved if the sites were sectorised.
Compare with the omni-cells
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18
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19
Benefits of sectorisation
Higher gain antennas are available better
penetration
Less cost for same traffic density
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20
Underlay / Overlay - MRP
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21
Cell Splitting
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22
Hierarchical Cells
Umbrella Cell:
Macro Cell: Antenna above average rooftop height
Micro Cell: Antenna below average rooftop height
Pico Cell: Indoors
1/31/20081 May 2004
23
DTX- Discontinuous
Transmission
Average Voice activity is around 50%
DTX is a feature that allows to be
transmitted only when there is something to
be transmitted
o Uses VAD (Voice Activity Detector)
It safes on battery power

Improves the overall network quality by
reducing unnecessary interference
1/31/20081 May 2004
24
Dynamic Power Control

This enable the BTS and the Mobile to transmit
only the power necessary for effective
communications
Power Control Commands are via the SACCH
This improves the battery live of Mobile Phones
And it improve the overall network quality by
reducing unnecessary interference
1/31/20081 May 2004
25
Effect of DTX and PC on Quality

10.00%
DTX + PC Off
%HOIU
9.00%
%HOID
Percentage
8.00%
PC Off
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
0
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10
20
Tim e (hours)
30
40
26
Base Band Frequency Hopping

Number of frequencies equal to number of transceivers
Tx and Rx on f0
Controller
CALL 2
Tx and Rx on f1
Controller
CALL 3
Tx and Rx on f2
f0 f1 f2 f3
Combiner
Controller
CALL 1
f1 f2 f3 f0
f2 f3 f0 f1
f3 f0 f1 f2
Controller
CALL 4
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Tx and Rx on f3
Baseband Bus
for routing bursts
27
Synthesised Hopping
Number of frequencies more or equal
to number of transceivers
Controller
CALL 1
Tx and Rx hopping
f0 f1 f2 f3
Controller
CALL 2
Tx and Rx hopping
f1 f2 f3 f0
Controller
CALL 3
Tx and Rx hopping
f2 f3 f0 f1
Controller
CALL 4
Tx and Rx hopping
f3 f0 f1 f2
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28
Frequency Diversity
Signal level
Raleigh fading is frequency dependant
f0
f1
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Position
29
Frequency Diversity
Diversity: combining two or more
uncorrelated versions of the same signal
For conventional frequency diversity the info
is sent on two different frequencies at the
same time.
To be uncorrelated the two frequencies
should be more than 1/(multi-path spread),
where the multi-path spread is dependant on
the environment.
For urban areas the frequencies should be
more than 600kHz apart
1/31/20081 May 2004
30
Why does hopping work?

Review interleaving
If one timeslot gets completely lost during
transmission 1/8 of two speech frames are lost.
At the receiver the speech frames are de-interleaved
The channel coding can recover from the 12.5%
BER.
Interleaving and Channel Coding is part and parcel
of the GSM standard - it works even without hopping.
1/31/20081 May 2004
31
Frequency Diversity Gain

Frequency Diversity Gain vs Number of Hopping Channels
8
7
6
Gain (dB)
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Number of Carriers
Cyclic
1/31/20081 May 2004
Random
Poly. (Cyclic)
Poly. (Random)
32
Interference Diversity
Extent of Interference diversity depends on:
o Interference load (DTX and Power Control)
o Frequency reuse: low re-use -> low gain;
Dependant on area type.
o Number of Frequencies (less -> less gain)
o Cyclic or Random
Interference diversity gain reached with 25%

load, 12 frequencies in Urban area with
random hopping is 2.5dB - mostly it is less.
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33
Planning for FH network

Use separate frequency blocks for TCH and
BCCH
o BCCH frequency channel must be Always On
o No hopping over BCCH.
Plan TCH layer:

o MAL : Mobile radio frequency channel
Allocation List
o HSN: Hopping sequence number
o MAIO: Mobile Allocation Index Offset
o MAI: Mobile Allocation Index
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34
Selecting a BCCH block

Why a BCCH block?
o Identifying the source of interference
o Re-evaluation of the neighbour list
o For collecting data for a measurement based
plan
Optimum size?
o Where a change in a BCCH carrier will on
average make the same difference as a change
in a TCH carrier in the optimised plan
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35
Selecting a BCCH block

BlockSizeBCCH =
Total _ Number _ of _ Carriers _ Available
( AverageTrafficonTCHlayerperCell / 8) Scaling ( DTX , PC ) + 1
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36
TCH layer
MAIO
0
2
1
3
2
4
3
1
4
2
MAI
1
2
3
4
1A
1
10
19
28
HSN =x
TRX1 on 1A has MAIO = 0
TRX2 on 1A has MAIO = 2
1/31/20081 May 2004
2A
2
11
20
29
3A
3
12
21
30
1B
4
13
22
31
MA
2B 3B
5 6
14 15
23 24
32 33
1C
7
16
25
34
2C
8
17
26
35
3C
9
18
27
36
4 1 2 3 2 4 3 1
28 1 10 19 10 28 19 1
10 19 28 1 28 10 1 19
37
Automatic Frequency
Planning Tools
TRX
Requirements
etc
Propagation
Predictions
Coverage
Analysis
Interference
Matrix
AFP Tool
Frequency
Plan
Separation
Constraints,
etc
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38
Automatic Frequency Planning

Model of Network
Model effect of particular
assignment on quality
Propagation Predictions
Drive Test Data
Handover Statistics
Live Measurements
Cost Function:
Sum of remaining
interference and
other penalties.
Quality
Change:
Frequency
BSIC
HSN, MAIO
1/31/20081 May 2004
39
Interference Matrix
The conventional interference matrix
represent:
o The Traffic that will be interfered on if two
radios were assigned the same frequency;
o The area that will be interfered on if two radios
were assigned the same frequency
o pixel by pixel.
o Need ACCURATE propagation predictions and
traffic distribution maps.
o What is the cost of accurate enough
predictions?
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40
Generating the
Interference Matrix
50 m Resolution
2.0 km
2 m Resolution
2.0 km
2.5 km
2.5 km
Microcell Service Area 1 pixel

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41
Probability of C/I>9dB
Cummulative Probability Distribution
for C/I exceeding 9dB
1
Probability that C/I will be below 9dB
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
Calculated C/I (dB)

1/31/20081 May 2004
42
AFP
Implements a mathematical optimisation
method or Artificial Intelligence method to
minimise
Cost = Cijij + Aijij
o ij = 1 if radios i and j are assigned the same(adjacent)
frequency,
o ij = 0 else
By changing the frequency assignments to

the different cells
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43
What are the true aims in

Cell and Frequency Planning
What will really give optimum quality?

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44
The inputs to Cell Planning

ic:
f
raf
(T
le
aff
Tr
tio
nm
ila
b
Sp
ec
u
rib
tru
t
dis
Av
a
ic
GoS
QoS
Quality
Coverage
Speech Quality
System Choice - C/I
s)
ap
Cost / Money
1/31/20081 May 2004
45
Quality
Voice Quality
o Impacted by the FER (Frame Erasure Rate /
Probability
o And to some extent by the BER (Bit Error Rate /
probability)
Dropped Calls
o Radio Link Timeout based on unsuccessful
SACCH frame - FER
1/31/20081 May 2004
46
FER and SQI vs.RxQual

30
SQI
20
SQI/ %FER
Non-Hopping
Non-Hopping
Hopping
10
Hopping
FER
-10
0
RxQual
1/31/20081 May 2004
47
C/I to FER
Frame Erasure Rate
0
-5
10 log(FER)
-10
Non-Hopping
-15
-20
Frequency Hopping
on 8 freqquencies,
Random Hopping
-25
-30
-5
10
15
20
C/I(dB)
1/31/20081 May 2004
48
Measurement Based
Frequency Planning
Using Mobile Measurement Reports how
will you go about generating the optimal
Interference Matrix?
1/31/20081 May 2004
49
The first Measurement

Based Plan
Johannesburgs Central Business District
12km12km
65 sites (350 cells)
477 carriers
Despite questioned cluttered data and propagation
prediction models
very low dropped call rate of about 1.4% was very
often achieved
partly due to dedicated optimisation
1/31/20081 May 2004
50
Measurement Based
Frequency Planning
Cell Traffic Recordings was used to collect Mobile
Measurement Reports on all the cells
With the mobiles measuring on all BCCH channels
The process took about a month.
The signal strength of the serving cell and the
reported neighbours was used to calculated the
C/I and eventually the FER.
The average FER for each server-interferer
relation was calculate.
and multiplied with the traffic on the serving cell
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51
The
Sanity
Check
1/31/20081 May 2004
52
Dropped Call Rate

2.30%
1.90%
Percentage
Using
MMRs in
Frequency
Planning
Plan Im plem ented
2.10%
1.70%
Traffic
1.29%
1.50%
%Drop
DayAvg
1.30%
1.10%
0.90%
0
1/31/20081 May 2004
10
20
Time
30
40
53
Intra-cell Hand-over and TCH Dropped

due to Bad Quality
Plan Im plem ented
The
Results:
Quality
Percentage (of tcalls for H and tcassal for T)
8.00%
7.00%
6.00%
%HoBUQ
%HoBDQ
Traffic
%TBQDis*50
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
0
10
20
30
40
Tim e
1/31/20081 May 2004
54
Data Sources for the

Interference Matrix (1)
o Well established conventional method
o Based on Predicted Carrier to Interference
ratios that is often translated with a C/I weights
curve
o Integration with AFP tools eases use
o Suited for new networks with many new cells
o Dependant on elevation and clutter data that
often has limited accuracy
1/31/20081 May 2004
55

Neighbour relations statistics
o Well suited for very tight plan
o Too little information for a less tight plan
o Hand-over statistics not directly related to C/I
o Can not model interference from nonneighbours
1/31/20081 May 2004
56

Drive Test Data
o Measurements done with network set on measure on all
BCCH channels
o Independent of accuracy of elevation and clutter data
o Extensive measurements necessary for interference
matrix
o Difficult to deduce interfered traffic from data
o Drives are limited to roads and does not include high
rise buildings
o Effort in importing into an AFP
o Often used to supplement propagation predictions
1/31/20081 May 2004
57

Live Data: Mobile Measurement Reports
o Mobile Measurement Reports are collected with the cell
set to measure on all BCCHs
o Data reflect the actual traffic distribution as well as the
actual C/I. (as the customer sees it)
o No additional neighbour relations or exceptions required
o Extensive data collection - slow process. Requires the
network to be fairly mature and stable.
o Difficult to model new sites
o Takes some effort to import into an AFP.
1/31/20081 May 2004
58
Prediction vs. MMRP

LIMITED accuracy
o
o
o
o
Propagation predictions
Clutter and Height data
In building
Traffic distribution
1/31/20081 May 2004
Cannot represent new

sites
MMR limitations:
o
o
o
o
RxLev: -110 -> -48dBm

Only integers
Only six neighbours
BSIC decoding
problems
59
Combining Data Sources

.one of the remaining challenges. E.g:
o How to complement the shortcomings of the
mobile measurements reports with the
propagation predictions to include new cells.
o How to combine limited measurements with
predictions.
without
o Spoiling good data with bad data.
o Skewing the matrix, e.g. when drive test data is
available for only part of the network.
1/31/20081 May 2004
60
Penalties for AFP

A bare necessity approach i.e. set
penalties only when
o it is required by law or
o It is required for feasibility e.g. filter combiner
separation
o it will assist in the improvement of network
quality
o Is penalties to avoid adjacencies required?
The size of the penalties must reflect their

importance and effect on network quality
1/31/20081 May 2004
61
Examples of Scaling Factors

Difference in interference introduced
o Traffic load on TCH channels
o Power Control
o Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
o Over-laid Under-laid - depend on effectiveness
of implementation
o Synthesizer Hopping - dependant on fractional
load
Difference in immunity to interference

o Frequency Diversity Gain of Hopping Networks
1/31/20081 May 2004
62
Interference Load
The core questions:
o How much interference will assigning the same
frequency to a carrier in Cell A and Cell B
cause ?
o How much less will that be after DTX?
o How much less will that be after Power Control?
Interference Load
o How much signal or potential interference is
carried on a particular carrier
o Interference Load = Traffic on Cell
8 * #Carriers
1/31/20081 May 2004
63
Interference Load Reduction

For BCCH
o Interference Load = 1
For Non-Hopping TCH without DTX and PC

o Interference Load = Traffic on TCH Carriers
o
8 * Number of TCH Carriers
After DTX
o Voice Activity Factor 40% on TCH channels
o Interference Load = 0.4 * Traffic on TCH Carriers
o
1/31/20081 May 2004
64
Interference Load Reduction

After Power Control ?
o Consider a very simplified model:
C/I = Server SS / (6* Interferers SS)
Reducing the signal level of the server and of the
interferers by approximately 10dB:
C/I = 0.1* Server SS / (6*0.1* Interferers SS)
Approximately unchanged.
o Practical implementation suggest a definite

interference reduction - by 60%
o Interference Load = 0.6 * Traffic on TCH Carriers
o
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65
Inter-modulation Products
Harmonics or Inter-modulation products
results from non-linearity in the system
May cause a problem if one of these
products fall on a receiving frequency.
IM originate from frequencies in the transmit
band and cause interference in the receive
band
1/31/20081 May 2004
66
Inter-modulation Products
GSM
900
Dualband
890MHz
915MHz
935MHz
GSM900 Uplink - MobileTx
960MHz
GSM900 Downlink - BaseTx
GSM1800
1710MHz
1785MHz
1805MHz
GSM1800 Uplink - MobileTx
1/31/20081 May 2004
1880MHz
GSM1800 Downlink -BaseTx
67
A few terms
Frequency Allocation Re-use
o FAR = Total Number of Frequency Channels
Number of Frequencies per Cell
Effective Re-use
Reff= Total Number of Frequency Channels
Average number of TRX per Cell
Fractional Load
o Lfrac=
Number of TRX per Cell

.
Number of Frequencies per Cell
Hardware Load
o LHW= (Busy Hour Traffic) / (TN /TRX)
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68
A few terms
Frequency Load
o Lfreq= LHW Lfrac
Effective Frequency Load

o EFL =.
1/31/20081 May 2004
Busy Hour Traffic per Cell

.
(TN per TRX for Traffic).(Total # FreqCH)
69
Optimum # carriers to
Hop over = 24/6
Optimum frequency Re-use
40
Erlang per Site
35
30
25
20
6MHz available for TCH
15
10
5
0
1
Frequency Reuse = #TCH carriers / #TCH per cell
1/31/20081 May 2004
70
Quality vs Capacity
150
Minute Erlang per Drop (Quality)
145
The challenge: To maximize Quality * Capacity
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
6
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Average Erlang per Cell (Capacity)

(deduced from Spectrum Utilisation)
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71
Major Interferers
Effect of reducing major interferers
1 00.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
Cummulative Contribution
30.00%
With 5 sites' interference removed
20.00%
1 0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1 0.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
1 00.00%
P e r c e nt a ge of C e l l s c ont r i but i ng t o I nt e r f e r e nc e
1/31/20081 May 2004
72
What criteria would you

use for site selection?
Close to traffic most effective Power Control
Contained (high )
o In building
o In valleys rather than on top of mountains
What effect will an unbalanced link have?

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73
What criteria will you provide an

Automatic Cell Planning tool with?
Effective Frequency load
Traffic distribution - GIS
Hand over areas
Possible sites
Income: Coverage
of potential traffic
Equipment used
Frequency Allocation
Cost: cost of
changes / sites
Interference Matrix
MMR
1/31/20081 May 2004
74
Evaluating automatic tools...

Automatic Frequency Planning Tools
o Must Allow various data sources to be imported
o Must model the network accurately (e.g. Model
hopping accurately)
o Must be simple to use, hence most of the
modelling should be integrated
Automatic Network Optimisation

o Must be reliable and accurate enough to allow it to
run free with very little manual input
Automatic Cell Planning

o Cost function is so complex it should come with
the tool... and allow manual changes
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80

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Cell- and Frequency Planning

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Radio Network Features and their impact

Real Cell and Frequency Planning

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

The inputs to Cell Planning

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

4/12 Cell Pattern

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

o depends on the type of terrain

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Adjacent Channel interference

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Adjacent channel interference

measurement bandwidth 30 kHz

Frequency from the carrier (kHz)

Frequency from the carrier (kHz)

The interference from one

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Number of cells in the

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Distance between centers

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Traffic calculations revision

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Effect of and C/I

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Underlay / Overlay - MRP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

It safes on battery power

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Dynamic Power Control

1/31/20081 May 2004

Cellular Network Planning CE at UP

Effect of DTX and PC on Quality