DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES First Edition-2008 Volume 3 Mashhour Ghoneim Mahmoud EI-Mihilmy Lares Pla ee Coy ogee eg att) Concrete Structures fori MUU Cairo UniversityDESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES PED CU emt Ue Ug Features Reflects the very latest Egyptian Code provisions (ECP 203- 2007) and includes all major changes and additions. Numerous illustrations and figures for each topic. Good theoretical background for each topic with code provisions. Extensive examples in each chapter utilizing SI units. All examples are worked out step-by-step ranging from simple to advanced. Full reinforcement details for every example. = Numerous design charts. Volume 3 covers the following topics: Reinforced Concrete Frames, Arches and Arched Slabs Design of Deep Beams and Corbels Deflections of Reinforced Concrete Members Crack Control of Reinforced Concrete Members Design of Shallow Foundations and Pile Caps Design of Raft Foundations Strut-and-Tie Model for Reinforced Concrete Members Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Members Shear and Torsion in Prestressed Concrete Analysis of Continuous Prestressed Beams aes a Cha Ced a] AT-MDESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Volume 3 Mashhour Ahmed Ghoneim Professor of Concrete Structures Cairo University Mahmoud Tharwat El-Mihilmy Associate Professor of Concrete Structures Cairo University First Edition 2008 First Pri 1 September 2006 Second Print: September 2007PREFACE Teaching reinforced concrete design, carrying out research relevant (0 the behavior of reinforced concrete members, as well as designing concrete structures motivated the preparation of this book. This volume is considered part of a series of books that covers the subject of Reinforced Concrete Design. The success and the positive feedback that we have received from our students and colleagues have provided the inspiration for us to proceed with volume three. Due to the numerous changes in the provisions of the 2007 edition of the Egyptian Code of Practice ECP 203, the publication of this volume became more of a necessity than mere addition. ‘The first vol _.e covers the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design and the design of beams whereas the second volume focuses primarily on the design of slabs, columns and frames. This third volume covers the following topics: ‘+ Arches, Special Types of Frames and Vierendeel. ‘+ Deep Beams and Corbels. + Control of Deflections and Cracking. ‘+ Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations. + Strut-and-Tie Model. * Prestressed Conerete. Numerous illustrative examples are given, the solution of which has been supplied so as to supplement the theoretical background and to familiarize the reader with the steps involved in actual design problem solving, To ensure the accuracy, all of the examples in this book are solved and verified using EXCEL, spread sheet programs that were prepared exclusively for this book. In writing the book, the authors are conscious of a debt to many sources, to friends, colleagues, and co-workers in the field. Finally, this is as good a place as any for the authors to express their indebtedness to their honorable professors of Egypt, Canada and the U.S.A. Their contributions in introducing the authors to the field will always be remembered with the deepest gratitude. ‘The book is aimed at two different groups. First, by treating the material in a logical and unified form, it is hoped that it can serve as a useful text for undergraduate and graduate student courses on reinforced concrete. Secondly, as a result of the continuing activity in the design and construction of reinforced concrete structures, it will be of value to practicing structural engineers. The authors strongly recommend that the Code be utilized as a companion publication to this book.TABLE OF CONTENTS = 41. ARCHES, SPECIAL TYPES OF FRAMES AND TRUSSES 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Reinforced Conerete Arches 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Design of the Arch with a Tie. : 1.2.3 Layout of a Hall Covered by Arched Girders. 1.3 Saw-tooth Roof Structures. 1.3.1 North Direction Normal to the Span. = 13.1.1 Frames as the Main Supporting Elements 13.1.2 Arches as the Main Supporting Elements 1.3.2 North Direction is Parallel to the Span 1.3.2.1 Frames as the Main Supporting Elements. 144 Vierendeel Girders E : = 1.5 Expansion and Settlement Joints. 1.5.1 Expansion Joints 1.5.2 Settlement Joints 1.6 End gables ‘Example 1.1: Structural system for workshop. [Example 1.2: Structural system for car maintenance workshop. Example 13: Structural system for medical faci Example 1.4: Structural system for textile factory Example 1.5: Structural system of a factory Example 1.6: Arch with a Tie Example 1.7: Frame with the north direction is normal 0 span. Example 1.8: Frame with north direction is parallel to the span... 1.7 Arched Slab Systems wn... 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Steuetural system of the Arched Slab... 1.7.3 Structural Analysis of Arched Slabs 1.73.1 Circular Arched Slabs ... 1.7.3.2 Parabolic Arched Slabs .. Example 1.9: Circular arched slab. Example 1.10 Parabolic arched slat2, DEEP BEAMS AND CORBELS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Deep beams 2.2.1 General. 2.2.2.1 The Empirical Design Method 2.2.2.2 Design Using the Strut and Tie Method. 2.2.3 Detailing of Other Types of Deep Beams. 2.2.3.1 Bottom Loaded Deep Beam 2.2.3.2 Continuous Deep Beam: 22.3.3 Deep Beam Supporting Another Deep Bear 2.3 Shear- Friction Concept. 24 Short Cantilevers (Brackets or Corbels) Example 2.1 Example 2.2 3. CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS 3.1 Introduction. . 3.2 Load-Deflection Behavior of RC Beams. saree 243 3.3 Moment of Inertia of RC sections. 3.3.1 Gross moment of inertia ... 3.3.2 Cracked Transformed Moment of Inet 3.33 Effective moment of inertia J, .. 3.4 Code Provisions for Control of Deflections.. '34.1 Limiting Deflection by Span-Depth Ratio (Approach One 3.4.1.1 Beams and One-Way slabs... 3.4.1.2 Two-way slabs. 3.4.2 Caleulation of Deflection (Approach Two) 3.4.2.1 Calculation of Immediate Deflection .. 3.4.2.2 Long Term Deflection 3.4.2.3 Permissible Deflections.. 3.4.2.4 Deflection of Continuous Beams ... Example 3.1. Example 3.2. iti 4, CONTROL OF CRACKING 4,1 Introduction... 4.2 Reasons for Controlling Crack Widths 4.3 Types of Cracks .. 44 Development of Cracks due to Loads 4.5 Crack Control in the Egyptian Code 4.5.1 Categories of structures 4.5.2 Satisfaction of Cracking Limit Stat 4.5.3. Code Related Provisions... 4.6 Liquid Containing Structures... 47 Design Ald for Calculating Example 4.1 Example 4.2 Example 4.3 Example 44 5. DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 304 5.2 Types of Foundations... 325 5.3 Soil Pressure under concentrically Loaded Footings 328 5.4 Soil Pressure under Eccentrically Loaded Footings Example 5.1 = 5.5 Gross and Net Soil Pressures Example 5.2 5.6 Design of Isolated Footings ‘5.6.1 Introduction... 5.6.2 Design Steps Example 5.3, 5.7 Combined Footings ne Example 5.4: Combined footing with Example 5.5: RC combined footing resting dirty ‘on soil. 5.8 Strap Footings : Example 5.6 5.9 Raft Foundations... 5.9.1 Introduction. 5.9.2 Conventional Rigid Method. 5.9.3 Analysis of the Raft Using Computer Programs .. 5.9.3.1 Modeling of the Ratt. 5.93.2 Modeling of the soil 5.9.3.3 Analysis of the Computer Output. ‘Example 5.8: Raft using the Conventional methodExample 5.9: Raft design wsing computer analysis 5.10 Design of Pile Caps... 5.10.1 Introduction... 5.10.2 Pile Cap shapes. 5.10.3 Design of Pile Caps.. '5.103.1 Design Using the conventional Method 5.1.3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Pile Caps... 5.10.3.3 Design using The Strut and Tie Method .. Example 5.10 : Example 5.11. Example 5.12.. 6, STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Principle of B and D Regions 6.3 Components of the Strut-and-Tie Model 6.4 Design of the Struts. . ‘64.1 Idealization ofthe Strut. 6.4.2 Strength of Un-reinforced Struts. 6.433 Strength of Reinforced Struts 6.5 Design of Ties... : 6.5.1 Strength of the Tie 6.5.2 Anchorage of Reinforcement. 6.6 Design of Nodal Zones . ‘6.6.1 Types of Nodal Zones.. 6.6.2 Strength of Nodal Zones. 6.7 Applications Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 7. INTRODUCTION TO PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Systems of Prestressin; 7.2.1 Pretensioned Concrete 7.2.2 Post-tensioned Concrete 7.3 General Design Principle. 7A Materials 7.4.1 Concrete 7.4.2 Non-presiressing Reinforcement. v 7.4.3 Prestressing Reinforcement... 7.5 Losses in Prestressed Members... 7.5.1 Introduction... 75.2 Anchorage Sli 7.53 Elastic Shortening Losses(©) 7.5.4 Wobble Friction Losses (W), 7.5.5 Curvature Friction Losses (F). 7.56 Shrinkage Losses (sh).. 7.5.7 Creep Loss (CR) 7.58 Steel Relaxation Losses (R). Example 7.1: Calculations of losses for a pre-tensioned beam. Example 7.2: Step by step computation of losses in post-tensioned beam....548 7.6 Anchorage Zones... 7.6.1 Introduction... 7.6.2 Stress Distribution. 7.6.3 Methods of Analysis 7.6.3.1 Strut-and-Tie Method 7.63.2 Beam Analogy... 7.6.3.3 Finite element method... Example 73 Example 7.3 Example 7. 8. FLEXURE IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS 8.1 Introduction 572 8.2 Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members Under Service Loads SB 8.2.1 General _ 5B 8.2.2 Allowable Concrete and Steel Stresses 8.2.2.1 Allowable Steel Stresses .. 8.2.2.2 Allowable Concrete Stresses. 8.2.3 Calealations of Stresses at Transfer. 8.2.4 Calculations of Stresses zt Full Service Loads. 8.2.5 Summary..... Examole 8.1 conn Example 8.2 Example 83 Example 84 Example 8.5 8.3 Flexural Strength of Prestressed Beams 8.3.1 Introduction... —— 83.2 Calculations of the Ultimate Moment Capacity 62 575 575 oe 582 5838.3.3 Calculation of Prestressing Steel Stress at Ultimate fps......614 8.3.3.1 Calculation of fps in bonded tendons. : 8.3.3.2 Calculation of fps for unbonded tendons 8.3.4 Maximum Limits for the Areas of Prestressing and non- prestressing Reinforcing Steel revn Example 8.6: Mu using the approximate equation (I-section). Example 8.7: Mu using the approximate equation (T-section) Example 8.8: Mu using the approximate equation (R-section) Example 8.9: Mu using the strain compatibility metho« 8.4 Combined Flexure and Axial Loads . 8.4.1 Stresses at service loads... 8.4.2 Capacity at ultimate loads... Example 8.10: Strain compatibility method for combined flexure and axial load.. 643 8.5 Proper Beam Shape Selection. 649 8.6 Limiting Eccentricity Envelopes. 650 Example 8.11: Upper and lower envelopes 653 8.7 Determination ofthe Prestressing Force and the Eccentricity in Flexural ‘Members Example 8.12: Determination of P and e combinations Example 8.13: Determination of P and e combinations. 8.8 Reduction of Prestressing Force Near Supports 8.9 Deflection of Prestressed Beams. 4 8.9.1 Introduction. 8.9.2 Calculations of Example 8.14 Example 8.15 Example 8.16 SHEAR AND TORSION IN PRESTRESSED CONGRETE BEAMS 9.1 Introduction 700 9.2 Shear in prestressed Beams. 701 9.2.1 Inclined Cracking, 701 9.2.2 Bifect of Prestress... 702 703 703 9.2.3 Shear Strength According to ECP 203 . 9.2.3.1 Upper limit of Design Shear Stress qumax... 9.2.3.2 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete qcu. 105 9.2.4 Shear Reinforcement Calculations. 72 Example 9.1: Shear design using the simplified procedure... 715 Example 9.2: Shear design using the detailed procedure ..n.nu-720 9.3 Torsion in Prestressed Concrete. 9.3.1 General... 913.2 The Design for Torsion inthe Egyptian Code. 9.3.2.1 Introduction . 9.3.2.2 Calculation of the Shear Stress due to Torsion ........729 93.2.3 Consideration of Torsion. 9.3.24 Check the Adequacy of the Concrete Section. 93.25 Design of Torsional Reinforcement 9.3.2.6 Code Requirements = ‘9.4 Combined Shear and Torsion, 9.4.1 Introduction... 9.4.2 Design for Shear and Torsion in ECP 203. 9.4.2.1 Consideration of Torsion 9.4.2.2. Adequacy of the Concrete Cross-Section. 9.4.2.3 Design of Transverse Reinforcement. 9.4.2.4 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement. Example 9.3: Combined shear and torsion design(1). Example 9.4: Combined shear and torsion design(2) 10 .CONTINUOUS PRESTRESSED BEAMS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Tendon Profile for Continuous Beams. 10.3 Blastic Analysis of Continuous Beams... 10.3.1 Bffects of the Prestress. 10.3.2 Support Displacement Method 103.2.1 Background Example 10.1 Example 10.2... 10.3.3 Equivalent Load Method. Example 10.3, 10.4 Linear Transformation and Concordant Profiles. Appendix A: Design Charts for Sections Subjected to Flexure... Appendix B: Design Charts for Calculating Ler and We sen Appendix C: Slope and Deflection Equations... REFERENCES........ARCHES, SPECIAL TYPES OF FRAMES AND TRUSSES _ Photo 1.1 Arched reinforced concrete bridge. 1.1 Introduction This chapter presents the use and design of reinforced concrete arches. and trusses as supporting elements of systems that cover halls having relatively large spans. It covers also the design and the construction of the saw tooth roofs in which the light from the windows is directly reflected by the roof inside the hall giving a uniform distribution of natural light.Choosing the most economical structural system depends on many factors such ‘as the type of soil, the architectural features of the building, and most femal I" importantly the span that needs to be covered. ‘Table 1.1 gives the suitable TOrETt COCO structural system according t0 the span of the hall (short direction). For example, simple girders are suitable for relatively short spans (7-10 m) while frames are appropriate for medium spans (12-25m). In contrast, arches and trusses are suitable to cover large spans. od L ‘Table 1.1 Choosing of structural system according to the span v" * Seo, AA ipestaeacn Span — | 2 simple beam subjected to uniform loads Simple girders 710m Frames Bm ‘Arch with ate 240m — certs compecsion Trusses 2040 m Vierendeel Systems 30-40 m - \ 14) bg 300-400 mea F Frame Spacing (2) ! Frame spacing im Roof Angle mae -3F ‘Column thickness: Os 1LHy ‘Secondary beam thickness | Frame spacing (8 —> 10) Post spacing 24m Post dimensions 200x200 mm Ridge beam thickness ‘ost spacing (8 —> 10) One should note the difference between Sec. A-A and Sec. B-B. At Sec. B-B the inctined simple beams and the roof slabs are at the level of the frame. At See. B-B, these elements are at the top level of the posts. As shown in Sec. C-C, the frames are connected together in the out of plane direction at three levels, namely at the girder level, approximately at mid-height of the column (frame leg) and at the level of the foundations where semelles are provided to-support the walls. Note: As the rain water is accumulated at the lowest point of the slab, it is essential to choose the shape of cross-section of the girder of the frame in the form of a Y-shape so that there is sufficient space for the rain water and the necessary slopes for the gutter. BFig. 1.6a Isometric for a frame system in which the north is perpendicular to the span 250500 Fra-case been _ ie > Frame Beoxis057 ‘cour eaxs2007 © © @ © Plan © Fig 1.60 No rth ight sa -tooth system (Frames) (Nort is normal to the span) 15(ouoa) (sormeay) w9}5Ks ROO Aes IMT ION pO'T “Sty a 30g (aoe ai as Tig pases Tues ob (qu09) (someay) wraysis yy00) Mus INT WION 99°] “Bh Vey 395 one Oe oognose) ‘ones twumog [ous a 7 ancora aS coco / ozxo0g, Wood abn Wed 7 16hes as the Main supporting Elements a 4.3.1.2 Arcl a all 28.0 ms wide and 36.0 ™ Jong in if so that a uniform general layout of dis covert’ 1.7 shows the Figure Tie fhe north is normal tothe Shoe direction an ie “Fepibution of natural Tight i wrovided. Reinforced cont arches are vtilized ak ig se the main supposing elements ‘rnd are arranged parallel (© the short direction 5B |] ¢ Ey of the hal r] ‘The statical system can be, summarized a8 follows: “sThe arches are arranged every 6,0 ms in order to obtain © ~ re onably economic Syste: jabs Jab consists of a system of One st tab System of inctined simply supported ‘s The inclined roof sl that are supported beams. ware mere ‘The inclined simply supported PRY are supported on the is aating, as compression Side and on the posts acting as tension yy on the arches supported. direct sane of the arch by the ABE beam. and are «The posts are connected in the I t See. C-C Fig. 1.6 ie North light saw tooth system (frames) ( 8) (cont.) bok PIC Footing sap 100mm) 1 21 Footrg rehed bridge Photo 1.4 A\ 18 19Fig. 1.7a Isometric for an arch system with north-light saw-tooth "Boe299eo9 eee 1028280. Plan Fig. 1.7b North-tight saw-tooth system (Arches) at(aoa) (sayaay) miaysds HyOOF-MwS INBT-WVION PLT “BL ooswng, ‘IeWSS 99S, 1 —>} |__| | | | | i f ed f (wuooex002) seg sbi Ae (ossxonz) 8 Tie Hepuc08s (wwoogxoge) g mee cxoxooe cowcse tee esr conone ed (au09) (saypay) mages qiooy-ses SH -INION 21°T “Bia W°V "208 wae TTTG sear oneTable 1.4 gives guide lines for choosing the dimensions ofthe system. ‘Table 14 Recommended dimensions for the frame sytem m aggested dimensions 1.3.2 North Direction is Parallel to the Span ‘The concept of having the main supporting elements arranged in the short — direction of the hall is still valid in case the north direction is parallel to the & Span) | span. Also, the windows have to be arranged to face the north direction. Ifthe Frame spacing ST me Frame spacing short direction is not more than about 20.0 ms, it is recommended to use frames. If, on the other hand, the short direction is more than 20.0 ms, it will be I Y-beam spacing 446m eta | Roofheight ‘beam spacing/2 [ Roof Angle (| 2ae-32" 1.3.2.1 Frames as thi Elements | ae eer aement | Column thickness @iop | (080 1.0) Figure 1.8 shows the general layout of a hall 22.0 ms wide and 27.0 ms long in which the north is parallel to the short direction and is covered so that a uniform distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete frames are utilized | Column thickness @bottom | (0.4 — 0.60) ty Secondary beam thickness | Y-beam spacing (8—+10) as the main supporting elements and are arranged parallel to the short direction ee of the hall a - ‘The statical system can be summarized as follows: Post spacing 24m | Post dimension 200x200 mam + The frames are arranged every 5.4 ms in order to obtain a Post dimensions 100200 5] reasonably economic system. | | Ridge beam thickness Post spacing (810) ‘+A system of horizontal continuous beams (called the Y- beams) is supported on the frames. | * The inclined roof consists of a system of one-way slabs that are supported on a system of inclined simply supported | beams. | ‘+ The inclined simply supported beams are supported on the posts at one side and directly on the Y-beam at the other side. * The posts are supported directly on the Y-beams and are connected in the plane of the Y-beams by the ridge beam. | ‘These posts can be assumed to resist axial forces only. Photo 1.5 Stadium during construction 24 25© © So © © ©(ous) (soureag) w9ys4s yp003-aus S-APAON PRT “Set 4 wonsag co ROTTS TROET OT c 1 = ongxose eae oo2xone 80d i 29 cgsxooz cosxooz eed oon eg 06 TaaeOT aS (quo) (soureaz) w9ysks_pOo}-MU: ON 98°F “SL Y-V woRseg Taper ‘Baeey ORE bie 1 uneo ‘uz Zia 281.3.2.2 Trusses as the Main Supporting Elements ‘Trusses in reinforced concrete are seldom used and their shape is generally chosen similar to those constructed in steel. One of the disadvantages of reinforced concrete trusses is that formwork of concrete and the detailing of reinforcement are complicated. However, in special cases of saw-tooth roofs in which the north is parallel to the span of the hall, the truss may give a convenient solution. Figure 1.9 shows the general layout of a hall 20.0 ms wide and 25.0 ms long in which the north is parallel to the short direction and is covered so that a uniform, distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete trusses are utilized as the main supporting elements and are arranged parallel to the short direction of the hall. ‘The statical system can be summarized as follows: ‘+ The trusses are arranged every 5.0 ms in order to obtain a reasonably economic system. ‘© A system of horizontal continuous beams (called the Y- beams) are supported on the trusses every 5.0 ms. ‘+ The inclined roof consists of a system of one-way slabs. At the location of the trusses, the slabs are supported on the diagonal members. Between trusses, inclined beams are provided to support the slabs. The inclined beams are simply supported at posts from one side and directly at the Y-bear from the other side ‘+ The posts are supported directly on the Y-beams and are connected in the plane of the ¥-beams by the ridge beam. ‘These posts can be assumed to resist axial forces only. 30 515.0:250m of ae 415.042 Plan Fig. 1.10a North-light saw-tooth system (Truss) (Noth direction is parallel to the span) 31(Cquo.) (ssn) wroysAs MBOos-Mes IMB-MAON 9OT'T “BLL aa "98 dis cozranz Wod pulyeg ssruL ames OTIS none Deen 305 Tiago BROT (Cauos) (sen) wrays4s poo}-mes INSTEON GOTT SUL VV "Ss —— cscs g = lz eT ae hone ‘ploy WeHOR en ee ‘aqua UOBAG BORELSiab (160mm) Vertical ruse S0non beam Top choes 2080 Fidge boom a ‘Boar (2504500) {connecting corns) Feu Bottom chor Ybeam, ‘oa00x800 — x50 g Post ‘Samalle ‘250x500 PIG Feeting See. C-C ‘Fig. 1.10d North-light saw-tooth system (truss) (cont.) 34 Approximate Analysis of RIC Trusses Unlike steel trusses, reinforced concrete trusses are subjected to direct loading from the surrounding slabs. Moreover due to the rigidity of the members connecting bending moments are induced. Truss members are mainly subjected to normal force, and therefore bent bars are not. used in trusses and the reinforcement is distributed symmetrically ‘The intemal forces in the members of a truss are: 1- The axial forces due to the concentrated loads at the joints. 2- The bending moments and shearing forces due to the direct loads ‘on the members of the truss on which the slabs are supported, and 3- The bending moments and shearing forces due to the fact that in reinforced concrete trusses, the joints are partially rigid ‘The intemal forces can be obtained using the computer programs. It should be noted that the effect of the partial rigidity of the joints has to be evaluated. ‘The approximate dimensions of the truss can be obtained from Fig. 1.10. spa 36 a Fig. 1.10 Truss approximate dimensions 351.4 Vierendeel Girders Vierendeel girders are similar to trusses except that they do not have diagonals 4s shown in Fig. 1.11. Moreover the connecting joints are rigid such that they develop moment. Vierendeel girders are often used in transfer floors of high-rise buildings to support planted columns giving a wide space in the floor below as shown in Fig. 1.12. They also can be used in saw-tooth roofs when indirect sunlight is required as shown in Fig. 1.13a and Fig 1.13b. A Vierendeel girder consists of a top chord, a bottom chord and vertical ‘members. The system is externally statically determinate, while itis internally indeterminate. Internally, itis 3n times statically indeterminate, where n is the ‘number of panels. ‘The exact analysis of a Vierendeel girder is quite compticated. In the past, approximate solutions were used to calculate the force in the different members. Nowadays, computer programs are used to compute the straining actions. In Such a case, the members are modeled as 2D frame elements, while the joints are modeled as rigid joints that permit moment transfer among members. Top chord Ir _ 4s ‘OOOO coun ais Si Fig, 1.11 Vierendeel Girders 36 "By 8 PTE FFE oF rE : a) a 3 q ot. maa aE ee fr Fel Le ok. 5 ® | Plan Golan @ ——- = —— 090 aa Viergegeal cow, . «1205 Section A-A Fig 112 Vierendee! girder 37"Be PP PPE 9% o> i ag Oo--- R - @--+- — 44 se Be At Section AA @©--z-- all 7 3 4 ©--§-- = Sec. beam jrater Toasters Sa ale a8 bass wane | our vents || [| Passa o--+- ‘ = th a pe iia ay ol _ PC Fete 2 Section B-B Plan ' : Fig 1.13a Vierendeel girder | Fig.1.13b Vierendeel girder 38 | 3 9Summary Figure 1.14 gives guidelines for choosing the appropriate structural system when indirect light is needed according to the span and the direction of the north. 1.5 Expansion and Settlement Joints In the construction of reinforced concrete structures, two types of joints may be considered namely, expansion joints and settlement joints 1.5.1 Expansion Joints Expansion joints are provided to reduce the effect of temperature. Thermal effects induce additional straining actions that lead to additional reinforcement in the structural members. For example, continuous beams running over several spans are affected by the stresses induced due to temperature. The ECP 203 specifies the use of these joints when the dimensions of the building exceed 30- 35 m in hot regions and 40-45 in warm regions. Expansion joints are achieved by a complete vertical separation in the super- structure at the location of the joint. This is usually achieved by placing foam sheets with a thickness of 20 mm. No need, however, for separating the foundations at the location of the expansion joint as shown in Fig. 1.15. Expansion joints are made in such a way to prevent water and moisture from Penetrating the building by providing insulation material. The insulation ‘material is provided at roof level as shown in Fig. 1.16a as well as at the Aifferent floors levels as shown in Fig, 1.16b. It should be mentioned that the requirements of the ECP 203 can be waived if the designer carry out an analysis that takes into account the temperature effects. 40 7 | I$ s Z| |Y-beam, ig 2 a5 7 ' ptt < + | 1- Frame with Y-beam (L < 20m). 2 true (0-20 0n) ‘A-Main system parallel to the north ;-—_ sen LA ‘Seo 8-8 ‘Main system normal to the north Fig. 1.14 Choosing the appropriate structural system according to the span and the direction of the north 4- Frame (L <20 m), 6 5 stab ' 2 Arch witha to(L=20 - 40m) 1 i 7 “Fe .3- Vierendee! ( L=30 - 40m) 4Z g 3 £ 3| 3 ; a i wae ate 3 : 3 q 3 f3 z q 8 ag 3 z 8 q Zl i gi i H | 4 i 3g 3 —N_ 4g | — ag 3| e g 3 ? j i ql al séuypqyng uy ‘woysuedxg ST “Sty oxicos — et SS _ = 3 ty ToS at ue WSO eS | aie DOSEORS © © © © Oo © © o ¥. WoEOTS1.5.2 Settlement Joints ‘This type of joints is related to height rather than length. If the loads of two adjacent columns differ significantly, the differential settlement becomes large ‘and could affect the foundation. This is can occur in case of low rise building adjacent to high rise building as shown in Fig. 1.14. The footings in this case should be completely separated (20 mm apart) to allow the settlement of each column to take place independently Photo 1.6 Settlement joints is provided between low and high-rise buildings fee eee ge eee ee eee 1 . 1 | high rise i Setiment building [tarot tice wang |} stant oa Low tee tain etaka Section 1 Low te “Gum Caen Aettored Conroe conpressie ‘| ral ssvap foam Pain Conroe Pate roy roar at Detail-A Fig. 1.17 Settelment joint details. 454.6 End gables End gable consists of a group of columns supporting continuous beams instead of the typical frames used as the main system of the hall as shown in Fig. 1.15a. ‘The spacing between the columns is chosen in such a way that the area of the enclosed walls should not be more than 25-30 m?. This is to facilitate the construction of the brick wall, to reduce its buckling length, and to increase its capacity for resisting wind loads If a future extension of the hall is expected, another system is provided at the fend as shown in Fig. 1.15b. In such a case, a frame is used at the end of the hall, End gable consists of a group of columns that are connected to the frame by dowels to reduce their buckling length and to allow for possible future Gemolishing the wall. The length of the dowels should not be less than the development length of the steel bars (La) as shown in Fig. 1.15c. Moreover, compressible material should be provided to allow for the deflection of the secondary beam Photo 1.7 A multistory reinforced concrete building Wal oa | enone iE i } | coxrmn 3 oor Level ot L = pet I v [Semalie. Jin Concreto VES eenggose sec h-A | End gable r wartean_y/ Cob 4 A A jan (future extension is not sam 26m Detail ain ger ‘Main gi 4 1 i igi Wa ara Frame STMT sep jessom? Son 4 ‘End gable peso je] | \|osar| | counn | 1S| cag B Foo Lal a Se {someto, Piain Concrete. \\R.C. footit ‘ootg $0088 b-Plan (future extension is res Fig. 1.18 End gable details. aExample 1.1: Structural system for workshop = | Solution ‘The: riven below an ales ares Kshop that consists of a large hall dat A-Wrokshop a ms span. It is required to 8 a i ere jietural system for such a sueture lease artes bie Since the span of the hall is relatively large, and indirect lighting is required, {ghing required for the workshop while a horizontal oo is requted for hg RC frames are uilized as the main structural element. The spacing between the so imns are only allowed at the outside perimeter as well as line See a Ttem ‘Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions = b A re SpankiZ 14) = 167213 @ [Frame spacing | 7m Tm Frame height | Frame spacing? ‘| 25m ‘Column thickness 0.80 ty =0.80x13=L04S11m e ‘Secondary beam frame spacing (810) | =5mx1000/10 =500mm g Workshop § Post spacing im Im £ 2 8 Post dimensions 2005200 mam 200% 200 mm ° Ridge beam thickness | Post spacing (@>10) | = 2000/8 = 250mm B-Storage Area A simple girder spanning 8.0 ms is chosen for the storage area, The spacing 16m @m between these girders is taken the same as that between the frames (5.0m). Plan Secondary beams are provided to get reasonable slab dimensions (5.0 4.0 ms). Ginter depth = 52%. — 21009 _ 509 mm | 10 10 & TE] ‘The layout of the workshop is given in the following set of figures. 2 & Section 48 B(w-¥ 99g) tHaysKs IS QE EX “BE a we! oe! @ @*P © © @ @ (oosxosz) oo _ : = : : g il a = . tt 8 ‘coe pose) sur 92.00-160m I} + Fig. Ex.1-La Structural system (plan) (ooseo02) Reg wooeoseFigo beam Example 1.2: Structural system for car maintenance workshop f ‘The figure given below shows a car maintenance workshop that consists of a fd ‘main hall that spans 18.0 ms attached to an office area of 9.0 ms span. It is fequired to propose an appropriate structural aystem for such a structure. Ht ‘Columns are only allowed at the outside perimeter as well as on line ab. g se . i : fe ae |] e2 5 5g Sg ou C as = 2 a : u a 5 é L é 3 J z | g g 2 iy a : 2 Z H Skylight rt & ge a 2) Te al 3 Hy] 5 Sj @ ae : 7 i Se 2 9 Section levation 52 53Solution ‘A-Main Hall Since the span of the main hall is relatively large, RC frames are used as the main structural elements. Posts supported on the girder of the frames are utilized to support the skylight roof. ‘The spacing between the frames is chosen as 5.0m. Trem ‘Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions . Spal TISE=128 mw STS Frame spacing Tm om Frame height ( Frame spacing/2_—([ 25m [Column thickness [080% ‘| =0.80x13=104=1 ‘Secondary beam Beam Spani@—10) | =5mx1000/10=500mm Post dimensions 200x300 mm 200x200 mam B-Office area An inclined simple girder spanning 9.0 ms is chosen as the main supporting, element for the office area. The spacing between these girders is taken the same as that between the frames (5.0m). Secondary beams are provided to get reasonable slab dimensions (5.0 x3.0 ms). Span _9%1000 10 10 ‘The layout of the car workshop is given in the following set of figures. Girder depth = 100 mm 6x6.0-00m Beam Tens GOES 54 ig. Ex.1.2a Structural system (plan) 55 i i fa i 5 ae SI 8 ©} simple pede - 1 TT sno} 1 1 212250180 somExample 1.3: Structural system for a medical facility halls is 6.0m. It is required to suggest an appropriate structural system. ‘The figure below shows a medical facility that consists of two large halls ‘covered with horizontal roof. Hall (1) spans 18.0 ms while hall (2) spans 15.0 ms. Columns are only allowed on the outside perimeter. Clear height of the 6x2.00-16.0™m 15m ta Plan Section A-A A A = o g < 7 2] | 2 : | | Coton @ | lowed let a: 5 > E E 2 a gy 2 8 3 a se = 56 7Solution Hall (1) Since the span of the hall is relatively large, and north light is not required, frame system with secondary horizontal beams is chosen. The spacing between the frames is chosen as 5.0m, while the spacing between the secondary beams is taken as 3.0m, Tem Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions & Spanla—Ty = 18/1 31.28 m 2130m ‘Frame spacing | 47m 5.0m [Column thickness | 0.80 % =O80x13= 10421. Im Secondary team | Beam Spal) | Sea XTOGOTTO~SO Hall(2) ‘Item ‘Suggested dimensions | Chosen dimensions ~ @ Spanlkai) =IS/4= 107 m 21 Frame spacing | 47m 50m Column thickness | 0.80%, ‘Secondary beam | Beam Span/(@—+10) | =5mx1000/10=500mm Since columns are not allowed inside the halls, some of the frames of Hall (1) have to be supported on another frame that spans 15m, Such a frame is separated from the frame that constitutes a part of the main system of Hall (2) by an expansion joint. The expansion joint is needed since the length of the hall ismore than 40.0m. ‘The layout of the medical facility is given inthe following set of figures. 435.0-350 0 OG OOOO D ® | eed FT| Frame fsoac10) Column thickness | 0.807, = - i 80 x1 S=12 Post spacing Im 24m Secondary beam ondary be Beam span(8—10) | =Smx1000/10 =500mm [Post dimensions | 200x200 mm’ 7200%200 mam ‘Ybeat [Rid im Spank8) =4876=0.80 m Ridge beam thickness | Post spacing KE>10) | = 240078 = 300mm Post spacing im 24m 7 Post dimensions 2005200 min 2005200 mm ‘Since columns are not allowed inside the halls, some of the frames of Hall (1) Ridge beam thickness | Post spacing (810) | = 2400/8 = 300mm have to be supported on another frame that spans 15m. Such a frame is separated from the frame that constitutes a part of the main system of Hill (2) by an expansion joint. The expansion joint is needed since the length of the hall is more than 40.6m. ‘The layout of the factory is given in the following set of figures. 2 63Y-baam BI, Column_J” asarso0xe06 Maia Frame “4080071200 2000 Beam eons) Frame eorer Detail Coun “ooxeca/ 0 12.4519.20 5x4.8-24.00 Fig. Ex.1.4a Structural system (plan) ‘S00, beam Ridge beam lage beam Seo. boar eonesee) aan ‘Stab (100mm) Frame “ext 505 ‘column Walt beam BGR ——~ Wallbeam "250H500 wee= Sec. A-A Fig. Ex.1.4b Structural system (sections A-A.)Example 1.5: Structural system of a factory ‘The figure given below shows a factory to be constructed in 10% of Ramadan city. The factory consists of two floors. In the ground floor level, columns are only allowed along the outside perimeter as well as on line ab. However, the | first floor level must be free from inside columns and must have indirect lighting IL is required to propose an appropriate structural system for the factory and to show the details of such a system in plan and sections. $200 A) Sec. B-B ‘ig, Ex.1.4e Structural system (sections B-B ) 30m 66 Tom Tom Roof Ground floor plan amo g é \ 7 3 First floor « é Ground floor i} U | Section | 61 |Ai Structural System the First Floor ‘Since horizontal floor is required, a continuous frame system with secondary bbeams is chosen. The spacing between frames is taken as 6.0m on ea Sage Cisees Sioar PORE REHH EE dimensions fb FF wanton | § % SpanlI214) =16714=1.14 me - qi = — Frame spacing Im 0m @—tL. a = — Side Column thickness | Same as roof column | 15m Middle column thickness | 0.8%, Tom Secondary beam Beam spani(10—112) | =6mx1000/12 = 550mm Oo TE ——T — Roof ak bas Since the roof has a relatively large span and north lighting is required, an arch | | | ©—S}—~ ee = aa with ate is chosen as the main structural system. q Ttem ‘Suggested dimensions g toa Spanl5 s [oO tie walt 44 ‘Arch spacing im @—-+- ‘Arch height © Span 5 8) ag a8 es ag ae es Column thickness | span/20 . iS 8 ey ‘Secondary beam | Beam span/(8—10) Post spacing atm r Post dimensions 200200 mm i ~ — “The layout of the factory is given in the following set of figures. ot Fig, Ex.15a Structural system for the first floor (plan) Weert ©ef Ff c a if @—L. ‘® a —_____—4 gl L_ jzsouzon Fig. ExL.5 ¢ Sec. A-A pert rti ou | Io wos~ [ees hah cet |_| See. beam 1200800 2 | Fig. Ex.1.5b Structural system for the roof (plan) 70 aExample 1.6: Arch with a Tie Its required to design a saw-tooth structural system forthe factory shown in the figure below. The material properties are ..=30 Némmy” and f;=360 Nimm*. Live oad = 1.0 kNim? Lh Flooring load = 10 in? ‘Wind load = 0.7 KN/m* - ; tat ' i le HU Span =26.0m I i le ae fe 3 al A A g +] N : ® Hi a & § ' a 5 be OF a : a HS & Ly 3 ig i 2 rca eee a5 3 yi | 1] Plan le al TT {El ql a He i section B 2on re Hob ot ob ‘Solution ‘The span of the factory is relatively large (>20 m) such that the choice of a N = frame system leads to an uneconomical solution. Since the span of the factory is normal tothe north dition, an arch with a te i chosen as the main POPPE POPES e+ ++ _ + + _ +4 —_+—_ +1 structural system. | ‘Assume the following dimensions: oF Slab thickness ¢, = 120mm Ridge beam = (200 mm x 300 mm) ‘Secondary beam = (200 mm x 550 mm) © Post dit i = (200 200 mm) : non aie Span of the arch. =26m 1 ag span/25 =10m Girder (350 mm x 1000 mm) | 4 1 IS tie 0.5 tg 0.5m Tie (350 mm x 500 mm) ee T Spacing between arches = = 6.5m. A hob ow @ bob ot Secondary beams spacin; =2.60 - 4 4 i i i i it y cee eee Hob ob of toto ‘The rise of the arch equals (f)= 22% OF 6-8 g 3 3 o Choose the column cross section (350 mm x1300 mm) i eee eee ob ob bod eee Plan Fig. Ex.1.6a: North-light saw-tooth system (Arches) 4 i 5+ TeBeam 8” asaxsooy ‘Step 1: Design of solid slabs ‘Assume that the slab thickness f,=120 mm ‘The total dead load of the slab and flooring load are equal to: 1X7, + flooring =0.12%25+1.0=4.0 RN J? Be ‘The slab ultimate load w., equals, Wig, =1AX B, +L.6X py =14K4 + 1.61.07. RN Jn perce cto -—_—__}+___+__ 26m 26m See. A-A Asem Sauder A 7 SNOB See. beam i oes | ABT Post Loa woo Fea ows Te beam 250x500 ae ‘The slab is a one-way slab (2,6 m x 6.5 m) and continuous in the short alum direction, thus the maximum moment is given by: i sso ao ae eo = Wake 1226 497 pm 10 10 | —xsssesce — |} eres |r | ‘Assuming 20 mm cover, the effective depth d = 120-20 =100 mm = mi oh ity __ My __487x10° py o169 Faxbxd* — 30x1000x100" Pc Foning7 BIC Footing” Sonata ky + 20800 a Sec. B-B Fig. Ex.1.6b: North-light saw-tooth system (Arches) For small values of R, @ can be approximated by 1.2R. Thus, the reinforcement index 0.019 16 cr1000%100 = 166mm? Xxbx 30x 200250" 337x108 0.009 0108 30 2 a = 0.0108x-=>. x 200%250 = 45 mm A, = oxl2xb xd =0. - 0225s 4 9225409 995.259 =171 mm ifs 360 1.3A, 3x45 =58.5 mm* ‘Use 212 (226.2 mm?) 81Step 4: Design of post (200x200 mm) Posts in the arch with a tie system are subjected to tension or compression according to their locations as shown in the figure below “Tension post (2005200) ‘Tie @50x500) Secondary beam 200350 Step 4.1: Design of the compression post ‘The height of the post hp = the height of the rise — arch thickness/2 ~ tie thickness /2 as shown in figure, - ‘Arch (850x100) a Post (200x200) z| 4 tie 250x500) AX25X0,20%0.20%2.7! P,,, =14xy, xb xIxh, 85 kN ‘The load acting on the post results from the reactions of the ridge beam and the secondary beam Fo = Pay FBS candry beam) + P, (ridge beam) =3.85 +80.21+12.95 =97kN Since the factory has no special system for resisting the lateral forces, it is considered unbraced. The effective length factor k can be obtained from Table 6-10 in the code. The top and the bottom part of the column are considered case 1. Thus k=1.2, H, = kxh, =1.2%2.15=3.30 m ‘The slenderness ratio 2 is given as A 6.50 fe «OD Since 2. greater than 10, the post is considered long and additional moment is developed. 2 xt _ 1657x200 6 = 27.2 mm (note 6,, = 4) 2000 2000 = Ht =0.05%200=10 mm var of {POP =008 =20mm <6 ‘Thus the lateral deflection due to buckling is larger than the code minimum eccentricity. The post is subjected to axial force of P=97 KN and the additional ‘moment equals Mogg =P, x5 =97 x2 2 2 2.64 km 1000 My =M, + Mag = 042.64 = 2.64 EN B 971000 FaXbxt 30%200%200 08 My, 264x101 Fa. xbxt* ~ 30%200%200 Assuming thatthe distance from the concrete to the e.g. of the reinforcement is 15m 20 mm. Thus the factor ¢ equals “The ultimate self-weight ofthe post (200 x 200 mm) equals gata 2xcover _ 200-220 _ 9 9 : 200 82 8Using interaction diagram with uniform steel f;=360 N/mm’, and C=0.8 ‘The point is below the chart Use His Since the column is long the minimum reinforcement ratio Hnie equals Haig = 0:25-+ 0.052 A = 0.25 +0.052x16.5= 1.1% A, 200% 200 = 443 mm™ F Pg DE 100 ‘Choose (4412, 452 mm?) ‘Step 4.2: Design of the tension post (Hanger) “The reaction on the tension post (T) = o.w. + Reaction from secondary beam + Tie weight Tie weight =1.4xy, xbxt xpost spacing 4x25 x0.35x0.50x2.6 = 15.925kN Tie (350x500) T =3.85+80.21415.925=99.98 kN T___ 99.98x1000 F158 3601.15 =319 mm? Choose (4¢612, 452 mm’) Step 5: Design of the arch and the tie Step 5.1: Calculations of the loads ‘The total loads on the arch are the summation of the uniform and the concentrated loads. A: Uniform loads 1. own weight of the arch SLAXY, XbXt = 1.4X25x0.35%1.0 $12.25 kN Jn 2. own weight of the tie = LAX, xbxt = 1.4%25%0.35%0.5 = 6.125 ANI! B: Concentrated loads 1. reaction from the post = 97 kN 2. reaction from the secondary beam =P,=80.21 KN P, = Prog +P, =97 480.21 = 177-21EN + Mug =12.25+ 6.125 =18.375 KN It Secondary beam load tothe post ‘Secondary beam, P;.80.21 load to the de ‘To simplify the calculations of the bending moment, the concentrated loads on the arch can be replaced by a uniform load as follows: 9xI77.21 Loe, L 26 ‘The total uniform load on the frame equals 1.345 EN! 84 85Wy = Way + Weg = 18.375 461.345 = 79.72 Kim’ ‘The concentrated loads on the sides can be estimated by 0.6 P,=106.33 KN 10633 17.21 197.21 177.21 177.21 H7721 1772117721 A77A-17721- 106.33 a Ryael142.7 kN] ‘Equivalent load system and reactions ‘The reaction from the arch to the columns equals L 79.7226 2 Rg =0.6-P, + = 106.334 = 1142.7 kN 2 2 The total bending on the arch equals the simple beam bending moment w4L7/8, “The determination of the intemal force in the arch can be performed using a structural analysis program. As an approximation, the internal forces can be obtained as follows: 1. 95% of the simple bending moment is resisted by compression in the arch and tension in the tie because of the elastic deformation of the system, 0.95%M sroie _ 0.956736 _ 6399.5 828.4kN f 35 35 Arch Compression, C=1828.4 Post 8 Int=6399.5 KN E 6399.5 a we ‘Tension, T=1828. 2. 5% of the simple bending acts on the arch alone M, =0.05M gpyye = 0.05% 6736 = 336.8 kN. Step 5.2: Design of the tie (350x500) ‘The te resists only tension forces=1828.4 KN T___ 182841000 AS Fis 3607115 5840 mm? Choose 12425 (5890 mm?) — distributed uniformly Step 5.3: Design of main girder (380x100) Py=C=18284 KN M3368 kN “The section is subjected to a normal compression force and a bending moment. ‘The design interaction diagram is used for the determination of the reinforcement 86 87P, >____ 1828.4x1000 Fa.xbxi 30%350%1000 0.174 My, 336.8x10° FaXbxt — 30x350%1000 Assuming the concrete cover is 80 mm. Thus the factor ¢ equals ata 2xcover _ 1000-280 aoaaa 1000 Use an interaction diagram with fj=360 N/mm? ‘The intersection point is below the chart, use Hin (0.006) for compression member. A, = HXDXt = 0.006%350%1000 = 2100 mum? (Choose (8620, 2512 mm) Use 4620 at top of the arch and 420 at the bottom, ‘Step 6: Design of Columns ‘Step 6.1: Loads ‘The column is subjected to an axial load in addition to wind loads on the walls. A. Wind loads Assuming the extension of the column to the foundation is 1.0 m, the height of the column equals to: h =clear height +-extentionof the column to the foundation =7.5+1.0 =8.5 m = 0.84 ind C=0.8 (conservative). for both sides ‘The intensity of the wind load on the walls is given as 0.7 KN/m?. ‘Thus, the pressure on the walls equals to: 88 (windward side) (leeward side) 64 RN Im’ 18X0.1X6.5 “2%, spacing = 2.215 KNIm! W, = €,X qu Xspacing = 0.5%0.7X6: ‘The columns are tinked together with the arch-with-a-tie system. Such a system can be simulated by an equivalent link member subjected to either tension or compression. ar r 4 y —{ fea fia tH zt |¢ 3 i |g q 1m 10067, The system is once statically indeterminate. The unknown is the force in the link member. Using the principle of superposition, one can obtain the deflection at the end of each column as follows: 89wxht , Txh SET 3BI yxht Tx wy xh! SET SET O° SEL SEL Neglecting the axial deformation in the equivalent link member, the deflection of the first column A; must be equal to the lateral deflection of the second column Ao A=; wyxht | Txh? SE SET ‘Simplifying the terms gives the axial fore inthe link member (T). 2285 (2.2753.64) =-2.175 RN (compression) O85 5 -9.175)x8.5=113.0 Nm Ae 2.175)x8.5 = 100.67 EN.m B. Vertical Loads ‘The vertical loads on the column is the summation of the following: 1. Self-weight =14xy, xbx1xh =1.4%25%0,35x1.3%8.5 = 135.36 kV 2. Weight of the wall beams: two wall beams are provided as shown in the following figure. 2x1.4X7, xb xt Xspacing = 2X1.4x 25%0.25x0.6X6.5 = 68.25 kN 3, Wall load =14%7, XbXLX(h—2Xteat tam) 4x12 0.25%6.5x (8.5206) =199,29 LN 4, Arch load =Rach sh 96:33 4 29:72%26 35.36 + 68.25 +199,29 + 1142.7 = 1545.59 kN 6-P, + 142.7 kN 90, wall beam SOHO 250x600, falta poe column 35 ‘wall 0.60 ba8.5 wall 10 Step 6.2: Calculation of the reinforcement ‘The column is considered unbraced in its plane and braced in the out-of-plane direction. The unsupported length in X-direction is 8.5 m and the unsupported length in ¥-direction is 3.8m, The calculation of the additional moment can be summarized in the following table and in the figure given below.