Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Brydson Chap3

    Uploaded by

    Karim Aly
    5 views8 pages
    koko

    Original Title

    Brydson_Chap3

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    koko

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    5 views8 pages

    Brydson Chap3

    Uploaded by

    Karim Aly
    koko

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8
    NCSU Libraries Reserve Room Cover Sheet INSTRUCTOR: Hudson, Sam COURSE: TC504 AUTHOR: Brydson, J.A. TITLE: Measurement of Flow Properties (Ch. 3) SOURCE: Brydson, J.A. Flow Properties of Polymer Melts (c. 1981). pp. 35-46. Reserve Module Filename: € ae DRA Record Number: flmF-_§ 90S ** BEST COPY AVAILABLE ** 88s] BB 58:8 8:8#8®:8 6d E88 ‘WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS ‘The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproduction of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship or research. If electronic transmission of reserve material is used for purposes in excess of what constitutes “fair use”, that user may be liable for copyright infringement. SSSSSS_______a______ ‘oem cums vee usanes CHAPTER 3 Measurement of Flow Properties 3.1 INTRODUCTION Many methods have been devised to study the flow properties of liquids. Some of them are highly empirical and do not lead to the quantitative determination of fundamental data whilst others are of litte value with polymer melts. For such melts two types of instrument are of particular interest. (a) Rotational viscometers (or rheometers). () Capillary viscometers (or theometers). ‘Among well known rotational viscometers are the concentric, cylinder viscometer, the cone and plate and the rotating bob. They all suffer from the disadvantage that it is only practical to measure, in the case of polymer melts, flow properties at shear rates much lower than those employed in such processes as extrusion and injection moulding. Therefore, because of the limited practical value of such data and because the mathematics and techniques of using such apparatus have been discussed widely elsewhere! * ? these instruments will not be discussed here. Instead this chapter will concer itself with capillary viscometers and in particular inthe measurement of shear stesrahea? Tate data 32 TYPES OF CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS The common type of capillary viscometer for polymer melts, consists of a heated barrel at the bottom of which is fitted a small as 36 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW PROPERTIES die containing a capillary. Two basic variants of this design exist. (@) Instruments in which a plunger is forced down into the barrel (filled with polymer) at a constant rate and the pressure required is measured by a dynamometer, pressure capsule or transducer. (©) Instruments in which a load is applied to the top of the melt and the output rate for this load is measured. The load may be applied by means of weights or by the pressure of an inert gas. tis important that close control on all the operating variables be maintained and that the properties determined, ie. pressure in case (a) and output rate in case (b) be carefully measured. The dimensions of the capillary should also be accurately known. This is particularly true of the capillary radius because of the considerable sensitivity of output to radius (to the 4th power in the case of a Newtonian fuid). 33. REVIEW OF ASSUMPTIONS In the analysis of flow through a pipe made earlier the following. assumptions were made. (a) That there is no slip at the wall. (®) That the fluid is time-independent, (c) That the flow pattern is constant all along the tube. (@) That the flow is isothermal. (e) That the melt is incompressible. It is now proposed to consider the validity of those assumptions, 3.3.1 NosuP If slip occurred at the wall a form of plug flow would super- ‘impose on the normal flow patterns. It would therefore be expected oe? sity that f experiments were carried out on tubes of difering dimensions eo a iv ‘and because the calculated values of shear rate would be in error the flow curves plotted would not superimpose as they should, It should be noted that lack of superimposition of calculated flow curves could also be due to any of the three following effects: MEASUREMENT OF FLOW PROPERTIES y ™ (a) Thixotropie or other time-dependent effect 7 (b)Endeffects. 27 38 4 v0ye JUG) Head eects. 3 Wace Gv eneeZine It is important to eliminate these possibilities before drawing conclusions about slip (see below). ‘When these factors are taken into account it is often found that curves do superimpose so that a no-slip condition can be assumed. There is, however, evidence that at high shear rates *® (in particular above the critical shear rate) and with high molecular weight polymers stip conditions prevail. Under such conditions the conventional analysis is useless and flow curves derived from them have no validity. Useful analyses for capillary flow in conditions where slip occurs have however been proposed by Oldroyd” and by Lupton and Regester,° the latter probably being of more value with polymer melts. (See Appendix A.9.) 3.3.2 TIME-NDEPENDENCE Ifa material was time-dependent then it would be expected that in passing through a tube the apparent viscosity of the melt would change. fend effects and head effects (see below) are eliminated and the flow curve still depended on the capillary dimensions then this could be due to either time-dependence or slip. One way of dis- tinguishing this difference would be to take three capillaries of thé ‘same diameter but of lengths y, y-+x and y-+2x. If the flow rate for the tube'of length y was Q, that for the tube of length y-+x = Qy and that for the tube of length y-+2x was 05 then if the fluid was time-independent Q;—Q, would be equal to Q2—Qs, If the viscosity decreased with time, progressive increases in tube length x would have less and less effect so that Q;—Q3 ‘would be less than Q,—Q,. Similarly ifa series of tubes were pro- duced of size y-+nx giving flow rates Q,., then in general Qu41-Qn

    You might also like